TRAY

tray

As a developer working with , I often have multiple port-forward open sessions to debug pods across namespaces. Keeping track of all those terminals can get chaotic quickly. To help streamline my debugging workflow, I created an tool called KFTray that centralizes all your port forwards in a system tray. In this post, I demonstrate how it can save developers time by comparing workflows with and without it. Kubernetes open-source The Pain of Kubernetes Debugging with Kubectl Port Forward As an SRE, one of my primary responsibilities is debugging Kubernetes applications and infrastructure. The go-to tool for debugging pods in Kubernetes is kubectl port-forward. However, this utility has several limitations that often complicate the debugging process such as: The kubectl port-forward command does not automatically reconnect if the connection is interrupted for any reason. This means if there is an issue with the network or Kubernetes API server, the port forward will stop working, and I have to manually restart it. For debugging unstable applications, this missing feature results in a poor experience and loss of productivity. Lack of Auto-Reconnect for Unstable Connections: Kubectl port-forward only supports TCP and does not natively support UDP. Many applications rely on UDP, so without support for UDP forwarding, debugging them is very difficult. We often have to modify applications to use TCP instead of UDP just for debugging purposes, which is far from ideal. No UDP Support: Single Pod Forwarding Only The kubectl port-forward command can only forward ports for a single pod at a time. When debugging complex, multi-pod applications, this means I frequently have to open multiple terminal tabs to port forward to each pod individually. This process is tedious, difficult to manage, and negatively impacts productivity during debugging sessions. Difficulty Keeping Configurations in Sync On our team, we have port forwarding configurations defined in a shared Git repository so we can standardize them across projects. However, with kubectl, the only way to use these shared configurations is to manually download them and run them locally. This makes it difficult to keep everyone's configurations in sync and up-to-date. Introducing KFtray: A Developer Tool for Kubernetes As a developer working with Kubernetes, managing multiple port forwards for debugging applications can quickly become tedious and time-consuming. To simplify this process, I created KFtray, an open-source system tray application that provides a user-friendly interface for handling Kubernetes port forwarding. Simplified Port Forward Management KFtray allows developers to easily start, stop, and manage multiple port forwarding configurations simultaneously through an intuitive interface. Users can save configurations locally or sync them with a GitHub repository for team collaboration. KFtray automatically restarts pods as needed to maintain service continuity in the event of pod failure, improving reliability. Customized Configuration Developers can customize KFtray to use a specified local IP address instead of the default localhost for port forwarding. They can also enable TCP/UDP proxy forwarding through Kubernetes for additional flexibility. KFtray uses each operating system's keyring to securely store confidential information like API keys. Staying Up-to-Date with Git Synchronization For teams collaborating on Kubernetes applications, keeping port forwarding configurations in sync can be challenging. KFtray addresses this through an optional Git synchronization feature. Developers can connect KFtray to a GitHub repository containing their port forwarding configurations. KFtray will then automatically pull the latest configurations from that repository on an adjustable polling schedule. Improved Productivity By simplifying the management of Kubernetes port forwarding, KFtray aims to make developers more productive. No longer do they have to manually restart pods or switch between multiple terminal windows to handle port forwarding. KFtray provides a single interface to control all their port forwarding needs. Keep your configurations updated with Github Sync KFtray allows developers to easily store and manage port forward configurations from local files or GitHub repositories. This means users can save a configuration once and reload it whenever needed, reducing repetitive work. Developers can also share configurations with team members by committing them to a GitHub repo. Simultaneous Port Forwards A key pain point KFtray solves is the ability to run multiple port forwards simultaneously. Without a tool like KFtray, developers have to manually run each port forward separately in their terminal. KFtray handles running all port forwards in the background, freeing up the developer’s terminal. This is especially useful when debugging microservice-based applications that have many component services. Convenient System Tray KFtray runs in the system tray, providing an easy way to manage all port forwards in one place. From the system tray menu, developers can start, stop, restart or remove port forwards. KFtray also displays the status of each port forward, indicating if it is running or stopped. This convenient UI enhances productivity by giving developers quick access to manage and monitor their port forwards. A Case Study: Debugging Microservices With and Without KFtray As a developer focused on building microservices, I found the debugging process to be tedious and time-consuming. Each microservice has its own deployment, necessitating a separate port forward for debugging. Without an efficient tool to manage multiple port forwards, significant time was lost setting up and keeping configurations up to date. The Situation Before Prior to using KFtray, I had to manually run a command for each microservice I wanted to debug. If a pod restarted, the port forward would need to be re-established, causing further delays. When code was updated, the port forward configurations had to be manually updated to match, requiring diligent version control. Overall, managing the debugging infrastructure for microservices was inefficient and distracting. kubectl port-forward A New Approach KFtray simplified the debugging workflow by allowing me to define port forward configurations for each microservice in a central repository. With a single click, KFtray establishes all required port forwards, freeing me to focus on debugging my code. KFtray automatically reconnects port forwards when pods restart, and stays up-to-date with configuration changes through Git version control. Get Started Installation KFtray is available for macOS and Linux users via Homebrew, and directly from the GitHub releases page for other systems. Here's how you can get started: For macOS and Linux: brew tap hcavarsan/kftray

brew install --HEAD kftray For other systems, visit the for downloadable binaries. GitHub releases page Configuring Your First Port Forward In a few simple steps, you can configure your first port forward: Launch the application Open the configuration panel from the tray icon Add a new configuration: Give it a unique alias and set if you want to set the alias as domain to your forward Indicate if the configuration is for a port forward for a service (common use) or a proxy (port forward to an endpoint via a Kubernetes cluster). Specify the Kubernetes context Define the namespace housing your service Enter the service name Choose TCP or UDP Set the local and remote port numbers Configure a custom local IP address (optional) : With your configuration saved, simply click on the switch button in the main menu to start the port forward in a single por forward or in Start All to start all configurations at the same time . Activate Your Configuration Demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqEhmcKeCc4&embedable=true Export configurations to a JSON file Open the main menu in the footer Select the option Export Local File Choose a file name and location to save the JSON file The JSON file will contain all your current configurations You can then import this JSON file at any time to restore your configurations. Example Json configuration File: [
 {
  "service": "argocd-server",
  "namespace": "argocd",
  "local_port": 8888,
  "remote_port": 8080,
  "context": "test-cluster",
  "workload_type": "service",
  "protocol": "tcp",
  "remote_address": "",
  "local_address": "127.0.0.1",
  "alias": "argocd",
  "domain_enabled": true
 }
] Sharing the configurations through Git now, with the local json saved, you can share your configurations with your team members by committing the JSON file to a Github repository. This allows for easy collaboration and synchronization of KFtray configurations across your team. To import and sync your github configs in kftray: Open the application's main menu Select the button with github icon in the footer menu Enter the URL of your Git repository and path containing the JSON file If your GitHub repository is private, you will need to enter the private token. Credentials are securely saved in the SO keyring (Keychain on macOS). Kftray does not store or save credentials in any local file; they are only stored in the local keyring. Select the polling time for when Kftray will synchronize configurations and retrieve them from GitHub. KFtray will now sync with the Git repository to automatically import any new configurations or changes committed to the JSON file. This allows you to quickly deploy any port forward changes to all team members. And if someone on your team adds a new configuration, it will be automatically synced to everyone else's KFtray. Demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAdL7IzaEh8&embedable=true Share Your Thoughts: Help Us Enhance KFtray with Your Feedback! We hope our app makes your work easier. Any ideas for improvement? We’re all ears! Star us on ⭐ Github Kftray Website: https://kftray.app

Kubernetes Debugging: How to Handle Multiple kubectl port-forward from Your Tray 

GREETINGS FROM THE UNIVERSE. HERE ARE THIS WEEK’S TOP TECH STORIES. HACKER NOON Deep Thoughts, Drama & Actionable Tips for Crypto & Software Development. Deep Developer Thoughts by COMPUTER SCIENCE: EXPECTATION OF COMMUNITY VS REALITY Piyush Badkul by How To Tell Your Own Story: Hype Reels Meg Adams by Just-In-Case vs. Just-In-Time Learning Osman Ahmed Osman by The most common problem I’ve seen in product/engineering process Lily Chen Deep Crypto Thoughts by Crypto Moats Robert Miller by Digital Asset Ownership: Why It Matters & How Blockchain Will Save The Day Luke Lappala by Facebook’s (hypothetical) crypto strategy Monica Desai by Why the Price of Bitcoin Doesn’t Matter Beautyon Crypto Drama by Has Craig Wright Committed Perjury? New Information in the Kleiman Case Peter McCormack Developer Drama by Why Developers Should NOT Use MacBook Pro Charlee Li Actionable Developer Tips by Build a realtime map using Kotlin Neo Ighodaro by How to Make Mountains Memorable With Perlin Noise John David Martin by 3 easy steps to writing compound components Steven Natera by React 16.0–16.3 new features for every day use Artem Sapegin Actionable Crypto Tips by A HUGE List of Crypto Influencers to Follow on Youtube Crowdcreate by Investing VS Trading In Cryptocurrencies Hansel by Portfolio Diversity: A Technical Analysis ShrimpyApp by Trading: earning an income or building wealth? AndyN Until next time, don’t take the realities of the world for granted. Kind Regards, , David Smooke AMI Network

Beyond the Ice Cube Tray

I have been hearing about a lot of problems from people not being able to access the tray icons of some of their apps/background processes on Ubuntu after they upgraded to the recent Ubuntu 17.10, that uses GNOME as its default desktop environment. Well, the first fix is to just choose Unity while logging in or if you still prefer the new GNOME UI, like me, you might have to do a little bit of work to make it happen. Not a lot of it, I promise. So why is this happening? If you go to your terminal and type the following: It prints “ubuntu:GNOME” and this is what the problem is. You see, previously, that is before Ubuntu 17.10, this environment variable used to print “Unity” (or “Unity7” in some cases) as its value and some programs started to rely on this fact. So we will do the same. We will enforce our programs to run with echo $XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP=Unity The fix Suppose we have our very favorite app named “foobar” that is now unable to show its tray icon. All we have to do is write a stupid little shell script that has the content: That’s one part done. The second part is to find the respective file for your app and replace the existing line with something like You can find the .desktop file in either or . Once you have done this, restart your computer and if everything is alright, then voila! Your tray icon is back! .desktop “EXEC” “EXEC=~/path/to/foobar_run.sh”. ~/.local/share/applications/ /usr/share/applications/ Note that if your process already uses a shell script to run, all you need to do is place the export statement from the above shell script (foobar_run.sh) at the top of the shell script that is used to execute the program. Hope this helps! 😁

No tray icons after upgrade to Ubuntu 17.10?

How to Build a Database From Scratch: Understanding LSM Trees and Storage Engines (Part 1)

Day 2: Wandering around the multiple paths 🛣️ In the third post of the #30DaysOfSwift series, I am going to teach you how to make a sticky navigation bar. The output would look something like this: Steps: Create a new SwiftView file called "HomeView." Replace the ContentView() with HomeView() in YourAppNameApp.swift (In this case, my project is called ShipiOS. Thus, file name is ShipiOSApp.swift). var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            HomeView()
        }
    } Lastly, add the following code in your HomeView() file: Code: struct HomeView: View {
    @State private var selectedTab = 0 // Track the selected tab
    let generator = UIImpactFeedbackGenerator(style: .light) // For Haptics

    @EnvironmentObject var userCommonData: CommonData

    var body: some View {
        TabView(selection: $selectedTab) {
            ContentView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Home", systemImage: "house")
                }
                .tag(0)

            SecondView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Chats", systemImage: "tray")
                }
                .tag(1)

            ThirdView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Profile", systemImage: "gearshape")
                }
                .tag(2)
        }
        .accentColor(Color("AppSecondaryColor"))
        .onChange(of: selectedTab) {
            generator.impactOccurred()
        }
    }

} Does it work? Let me know :) Happy coding! Day 2: Wandering around the multiple paths 🛣️ Day 2: Wandering around the multiple paths 🛣️ In the third post of the #30DaysOfSwift series, I am going to teach you how to make a sticky navigation bar. The output would look something like this: Steps: Create a new SwiftView file called "HomeView." Create a new SwiftView file called "HomeView." Replace the ContentView() with HomeView() in YourAppNameApp.swift (In this case, my project is called ShipiOS. Thus, file name is ShipiOSApp.swift). Replace the ContentView() with HomeView() in YourAppNameApp.swift (In this case, my project is called ShipiOS. Thus, file name is ShipiOSApp.swift). var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            HomeView()
        }
    } var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            HomeView()
        }
    } Lastly, add the following code in your HomeView() file: Lastly, add the following code in your HomeView() file: Code: struct HomeView: View {
    @State private var selectedTab = 0 // Track the selected tab
    let generator = UIImpactFeedbackGenerator(style: .light) // For Haptics

    @EnvironmentObject var userCommonData: CommonData

    var body: some View {
        TabView(selection: $selectedTab) {
            ContentView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Home", systemImage: "house")
                }
                .tag(0)

            SecondView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Chats", systemImage: "tray")
                }
                .tag(1)

            ThirdView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Profile", systemImage: "gearshape")
                }
                .tag(2)
        }
        .accentColor(Color("AppSecondaryColor"))
        .onChange(of: selectedTab) {
            generator.impactOccurred()
        }
    }

} struct HomeView: View {
    @State private var selectedTab = 0 // Track the selected tab
    let generator = UIImpactFeedbackGenerator(style: .light) // For Haptics

    @EnvironmentObject var userCommonData: CommonData

    var body: some View {
        TabView(selection: $selectedTab) {
            ContentView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Home", systemImage: "house")
                }
                .tag(0)

            SecondView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Chats", systemImage: "tray")
                }
                .tag(1)

            ThirdView() // Replace with your view
                .tabItem {
                    Label("Profile", systemImage: "gearshape")
                }
                .tag(2)
        }
        .accentColor(Color("AppSecondaryColor"))
        .onChange(of: selectedTab) {
            generator.impactOccurred()
        }
    }

} Does it work? Let me know :) Happy coding! Happy coding!

Navigation Bar Tutorial in iOS 18 - #30DaysOfSwift

What is Really Wrong With Education Using a Simplistic Model of Society as an Example

Што насамрэч не так з адукацыяй на прыкладзе спрошчанай мадэлі грамадства

Què és realment incorrecte amb l'educació utilitzant un model simplista de societat com a exemple

Hvad er der virkelig galt med uddannelse ved at bruge en forenklet samfundsmodel som eksempel

Was ist wirklich falsch an der Bildung am Beispiel eines vereinfachten Gesellschaftsmodells?

¿Qué es lo que realmente está mal en la educación? Tomando como ejemplo un modelo simplista de sociedad

समाज के सरल मॉडल का उदाहरण देकर शिक्षा में वास्तव में क्या गलत है?

社会の単純化されたモデルを例に挙げて、教育の何が本当に間違っているのか

Kas iš tikrųjų negerai švietime, kaip pavyzdį naudojant supaprastintą visuomenės modelį

Ce este cu adevărat greșit cu educația folosind un model simplist de societate ca exemplu

อะไรผิดพลาดจริง ๆ กับการศึกษาที่ใช้แบบจำลองสังคมแบบเรียบง่ายเป็นตัวอย่าง

Toplumun Basit Bir Modelini Örnek Olarak Kullanarak Eğitimde Gerçekten Ne Yanlış Var?

Що насправді не так з освітою на прикладі спрощеної моделі суспільства

United States of America v. Google LLC., Court Filing, retrieved on April 30, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series. You can jump to any part of this filing here. This part is 9 of 37. D. Search Access Points 1. A Search Access Point Is Where A Desktop Or Mobile-Device User Can Enter A Query 146. A search access point is any place on a device where a user enters a search query. Tr. 323:11-19 (Barton (Google)); Des. Tr. 44:5-8 (Google-NF 30(b)(6) Dep.); Tr. 1027:23-25 (Higgins (Verizon)) (search entry points are “different mechanisms for you to access search on the device"). 2. Search Access Points On Desktop 147. Desktop browsers allow users to view websites, including GSEs. Tr. 7642:13–17 (Pichai (Google)) (in 2004, browser users could “navigate to Yahoo.com or Google.com or whatever your choice was"). Desktop browsers direct queries entered into the address bar to a GSE. Des. Tr. 211:16–212:5 (Google-RG2 30(b)(6) Dep.) (queries entered into a browser's address bar are conducting “default search”); Tr. 700:12–701:2 (Rangel (Pls. Expert)) (discussing DXD-01 at .001–04 and showing general search being conducted from an address bar in Safari on desktop). In the past, toolbars, or plug-ins for different browsers, were another method by which consumers could access GSEs (and by which Google could track general search market share). Tr. 7642:2–12 (Pichai (Google)) (“Google Toolbar was a way by which, in those days in browsers, you could add an extension . . . a search box . . . it provided users a convenient way to search Google”); Tr. 201:2–6 (Varian (Google)). The advent of built-in search boxes on browsers rendered downloadable tool bars obsolete. Tr. 7676:16–7677:19 (Pichai (Google)) (toolbar was developed when there was no built-in browser search box); Tr. 201:4–8 (Varian (Google)) (toolbars are “no longer popular”). 3. Search Access Points On Mobile 148. The number of search access points on mobile has grown over time. Des. Tr. 71:8–19, 72:4–20 (Ezell (AT&T) Dep.) (search access points include search widgets, browser search, and voice search); Tr. 3714:3–11 (Nadella (Microsoft)) (“search access point[s]” are “the places where people get to a search engine” and have “changed over time and have multiplied”); UPX0581 at -625. 149. Market participants have developed a lexicon to describe the geography of mobile devices and places where app icons and widgets, including ones containing search access points, can be placed. Des. Tr. 65:19–68:15 (Ezell (AT&T) Dep.) (describing terms such as the hot seat, minus one screen, plus one and plus two screens, and application tray). The default home screen is the screen users sees after unlocking a mobile device or pressing the home button. Tr. 790:22– 791:2, 805:25–806:2 (Kolotouros (Google)). The plus one screen refers to the screen to the right of the default home screen, i.e., the screen a user navigates to by swiping from right to left from the default home screen. Id. 947:23–948:8. The minus one screen refers to the screen to the left of the default home screen, i.e., the screen a user navigates to by swiping from left to right from the default home screen. Tr. 3123:1–12 (Tinter (Microsoft)); Des. Tr. 42:2–17 (Giard (T-Mobile) Dep.). 150. The hot seat or application dock on a mobile device refers to the bottom row of apps that a user can access quickly and that persist when swiping to the right or left. Tr. 923:8– 23 (Kolotorous (Google)). a) Mobile Browsers 151. Mobile browsers are preinstalled on virtually all mobile devices distributed in the United States. Tr. 1518:17–19 (Yoo (Google)) (MADA requires Chrome to be pre-loaded on the device); Tr. 2454:11–16 (Cue) (Apple)) (Safari browser is preloaded onto Apple devices). 152. Mobile browsers contain preinstalled search access points (e.g., address bar, default homepage) set to default GSEs. Tr. 1518:17–21 (Yoo (Google)) (MADA requires Chrome with Google set as the default search engine); Tr. 795:15–17 (Kolotouros (Google)) (address bar on Chrome is a search access point); Tr. 1028:1–3 (Higgins (Verizon)) (a search bar in a browser is a search entry point). b) Search Apps 153. Search apps are applications that allow users to conduct searches and direct queries to a preset GSE. Tr.797:25–798:11 (Kolotouros (Google)) (the Google Search app directs a search query to Google through the same process as searching through Chrome.); Des. Tr. 55:16–19 (Ribas (Microsoft) Dep.) (Bing search app links to searches on Bing); Des. Tr. 142:20–25 (van der Kooi (Microsoft) Dep.) (a search app is an entry point that “can either be downloaded or that is the default on a third-party platform”). Search apps are search access points that can be preinstalled on a smartphone or other device. Tr. 323:11–19 (Barton (Google)) (The Google search app is one access point). The preset GSE in a search app generally cannot be changed by the user. Tr. 6066:17–21 (Whinston (Pls. Expert)) (a search widget is a manifestation of a search engine application with a convenient search entry box); Tr. 833:11–16 (Kolotouros (Google)) (the widget can be removed but the search itself cannot be changed). 154. The Google Search App—with Google set as the default GSE—is preinstalled on virtually all Android devices distributed in the United States. Tr. 1518:12–16 (Yoo (Google)) (MADA requires the Google search app to be preinstalled on the device); UPX0129 at -905 (MADA requires preinstallation of the Google search app). c) Search Widgets 155. Widgets are self-contained code that display a program, or a piece of a program, that is a shortcut to an application. Tr. 1029:6–12 (Higgins (Verizon)) (a search widget is “a small piece of software that sits on your device that allows access to search capability.”). Search widgets are search access points, directing queries to a preset GSE. Tr. 794:3–5, 795:8–14 (Kolotouros (Google)) (Google search widget is a search access point that must be set to Google search); Des. Tr. 98:1–10 (Christensen (Motorola) Dep.) (a search widget is “a common way to search” and home screen placement enhances accessibility of the widget); Tr. 559:9–13 (Rangel (Pls. Expert)) (the search widget “allows consumers to type a search there without having to open a browser; a search app and, by default, searches with Google”); Des. Tr. 143:2–23 (van der Kooi (Microsoft) Dep.) (the search default/search box is “already on the device and is staring you in the face”). The Google Search Widget is a visual representation of the Google search app in which users can enter queries. Tr. 791:3–7, 794:3–9 (Kolotouros (Google)) (explaining that the Google Search Widget is part of the GSA and that it is a search box users can enter questions in). The Google Search Widget is sometimes referred to as the QSB or quick search box. Tr. 796:16–19 (Kolotouros (Google)). 156. Google’s search widget is preinstalled across the home screen of all Android devices distributed in the United States. Tr. 18:1–4 (Sept. 19, 2023 sealed PM session) (Yoo (Google)) (the widget is part of the Google search app, which the MADA requires to be on the device); Tr. 815:9–22 (Kolotouros (Google)) (Google had not granted, any waivers, which would allow manufacturers to remove the widget from the home screen); Tr. 815:16–816:1 (Kolotouros (Google)) (not aware of any Samsung or Motorola device without a pre-installed Google Search Widget); Tr. 792:25–793:23 (Kolotouros (Google)) (discussing JX0049 and confirming that all MADAs require Google Search Widget placement on the default home screen). Tr. 3125:10– 3125:22 (Tinter (Microsoft)) (against Microsoft’s preference, Google widget appears on the home screen of the Microsoft Duo, a dual-screen Android smartphone); Des. Tr. 45:6–11 (Christensen (Motorola) Dep.) (all Motorola devices ship with the Google Search Widget on the default home screen). 157. Neither Android users nor Google’s counterparties like the search widget on the device’s home screen. UPX0128 at -546–47 (2016 Lockheimer (Google) email to Google chief business officer informing him that “[w]e’ve done UX research” confirming that “[u]sers generally are tired (visually) of our widget” and “OEMs are VERY tired (visually) of our widget . . . they feel like they don’t get to differentiate”). 4. Other Search Access Points 158. Other search access points, such as voice assistants and smart keyboards, have miniscule search volume. Tr. 3107:3–3108:19 (Tinter (Microsoft)) (Apple hoped to encourage use of the voice assistant and voice entry point but “in practice, that thesis did not play out as…there was not a significant user behavior shift” from searching in the browser to using Siri and Spotlight). Continue Reading Here. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings.
This court case retrieved on April 30, 2024, storage.courtlistener is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. United States of America v. Google LLC., Court Filing, retrieved on April 30, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series. You can jump to any part of this filing here. This part is 9 of 37. United States of America v. Google LLC., Court Filing, retrieved on April 30, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series . You can jump to any part of this filing here . This part is 9 of 37. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here D. Search Access Points 1. A Search Access Point Is Where A Desktop Or Mobile-Device User Can Enter A Query 1. A Search Access Point Is Where A Desktop Or Mobile-Device User Can Enter A Query 146. A search access point is any place on a device where a user enters a search query. Tr. 323:11-19 (Barton (Google)); Des. Tr. 44:5-8 (Google-NF 30(b)(6) Dep.); Tr. 1027:23-25 (Higgins (Verizon)) (search entry points are “different mechanisms for you to access search on the device"). 2. Search Access Points On Desktop 2. Search Access Points On Desktop 147. Desktop browsers allow users to view websites, including GSEs. Tr. 7642:13–17 (Pichai (Google)) (in 2004, browser users could “navigate to Yahoo.com or Google.com or whatever your choice was"). Desktop browsers direct queries entered into the address bar to a GSE. Des. Tr. 211:16–212:5 (Google-RG2 30(b)(6) Dep.) (queries entered into a browser's address bar are conducting “default search”); Tr. 700:12–701:2 (Rangel (Pls. Expert)) (discussing DXD-01 at .001–04 and showing general search being conducted from an address bar in Safari on desktop). In the past, toolbars, or plug-ins for different browsers, were another method by which consumers could access GSEs (and by which Google could track general search market share). Tr. 7642:2–12 (Pichai (Google)) (“Google Toolbar was a way by which, in those days in browsers, you could add an extension . . . a search box . . . it provided users a convenient way to search Google”); Tr. 201:2–6 (Varian (Google)). The advent of built-in search boxes on browsers rendered downloadable tool bars obsolete. Tr. 7676:16–7677:19 (Pichai (Google)) (toolbar was developed when there was no built-in browser search box); Tr. 201:4–8 (Varian (Google)) (toolbars are “no longer popular”). Yahoo.com Google.com 3. Search Access Points On Mobile 3. Search Access Points On Mobile 148. The number of search access points on mobile has grown over time. Des. Tr. 71:8–19, 72:4–20 (Ezell (AT&T) Dep.) (search access points include search widgets, browser search, and voice search); Tr. 3714:3–11 (Nadella (Microsoft)) (“search access point[s]” are “the places where people get to a search engine” and have “changed over time and have multiplied”); UPX0581 at -625. 149. Market participants have developed a lexicon to describe the geography of mobile devices and places where app icons and widgets, including ones containing search access points, can be placed. Des. Tr. 65:19–68:15 (Ezell (AT&T) Dep.) (describing terms such as the hot seat, minus one screen, plus one and plus two screens, and application tray). The default home screen is the screen users sees after unlocking a mobile device or pressing the home button. Tr. 790:22– 791:2, 805:25–806:2 (Kolotouros (Google)). The plus one screen refers to the screen to the right of the default home screen, i.e., the screen a user navigates to by swiping from right to left from the default home screen. Id. 947:23–948:8. The minus one screen refers to the screen to the left of the default home screen, i.e., the screen a user navigates to by swiping from left to right from the default home screen. Tr. 3123:1–12 (Tinter (Microsoft)); Des. Tr. 42:2–17 (Giard (T-Mobile) Dep.). 150. The hot seat or application dock on a mobile device refers to the bottom row of apps that a user can access quickly and that persist when swiping to the right or left. Tr. 923:8– 23 (Kolotorous (Google)). a) Mobile Browsers a) Mobile Browsers 151. Mobile browsers are preinstalled on virtually all mobile devices distributed in the United States. Tr. 1518:17–19 (Yoo (Google)) (MADA requires Chrome to be pre-loaded on the device); Tr. 2454:11–16 (Cue) (Apple)) (Safari browser is preloaded onto Apple devices). 152. Mobile browsers contain preinstalled search access points (e.g., address bar, default homepage) set to default GSEs. Tr. 1518:17–21 (Yoo (Google)) (MADA requires Chrome with Google set as the default search engine); Tr. 795:15–17 (Kolotouros (Google)) (address bar on Chrome is a search access point); Tr. 1028:1–3 (Higgins (Verizon)) (a search bar in a browser is a search entry point). b) Search Apps b) Search Apps 153. Search apps are applications that allow users to conduct searches and direct queries to a preset GSE. Tr.797:25–798:11 (Kolotouros (Google)) (the Google Search app directs a search query to Google through the same process as searching through Chrome.); Des. Tr. 55:16–19 (Ribas (Microsoft) Dep.) (Bing search app links to searches on Bing); Des. Tr. 142:20–25 (van der Kooi (Microsoft) Dep.) (a search app is an entry point that “can either be downloaded or that is the default on a third-party platform”). Search apps are search access points that can be preinstalled on a smartphone or other device. Tr. 323:11–19 (Barton (Google)) (The Google search app is one access point). The preset GSE in a search app generally cannot be changed by the user. Tr. 6066:17–21 (Whinston (Pls. Expert)) (a search widget is a manifestation of a search engine application with a convenient search entry box); Tr. 833:11–16 (Kolotouros (Google)) (the widget can be removed but the search itself cannot be changed). 154. The Google Search App—with Google set as the default GSE—is preinstalled on virtually all Android devices distributed in the United States. Tr. 1518:12–16 (Yoo (Google)) (MADA requires the Google search app to be preinstalled on the device); UPX0129 at -905 (MADA requires preinstallation of the Google search app). c) Search Widgets c) Search Widgets 155. Widgets are self-contained code that display a program, or a piece of a program, that is a shortcut to an application. Tr. 1029:6–12 (Higgins (Verizon)) (a search widget is “a small piece of software that sits on your device that allows access to search capability.”). Search widgets are search access points, directing queries to a preset GSE. Tr. 794:3–5, 795:8–14 (Kolotouros (Google)) (Google search widget is a search access point that must be set to Google search); Des. Tr. 98:1–10 (Christensen (Motorola) Dep.) (a search widget is “a common way to search” and home screen placement enhances accessibility of the widget); Tr. 559:9–13 (Rangel (Pls. Expert)) (the search widget “allows consumers to type a search there without having to open a browser; a search app and, by default, searches with Google”); Des. Tr. 143:2–23 (van der Kooi (Microsoft) Dep.) (the search default/search box is “already on the device and is staring you in the face”). The Google Search Widget is a visual representation of the Google search app in which users can enter queries. Tr. 791:3–7, 794:3–9 (Kolotouros (Google)) (explaining that the Google Search Widget is part of the GSA and that it is a search box users can enter questions in). The Google Search Widget is sometimes referred to as the QSB or quick search box. Tr. 796:16–19 (Kolotouros (Google)). 156. Google’s search widget is preinstalled across the home screen of all Android devices distributed in the United States. Tr. 18:1–4 (Sept. 19, 2023 sealed PM session) (Yoo (Google)) (the widget is part of the Google search app, which the MADA requires to be on the device); Tr. 815:9–22 (Kolotouros (Google)) (Google had not granted, any waivers, which would allow manufacturers to remove the widget from the home screen); Tr. 815:16–816:1 (Kolotouros (Google)) (not aware of any Samsung or Motorola device without a pre-installed Google Search Widget); Tr. 792:25–793:23 (Kolotouros (Google)) (discussing JX0049 and confirming that all MADAs require Google Search Widget placement on the default home screen). Tr. 3125:10– 3125:22 (Tinter (Microsoft)) (against Microsoft’s preference, Google widget appears on the home screen of the Microsoft Duo, a dual-screen Android smartphone); Des. Tr. 45:6–11 (Christensen (Motorola) Dep.) (all Motorola devices ship with the Google Search Widget on the default home screen). 157. Neither Android users nor Google’s counterparties like the search widget on the device’s home screen. UPX0128 at -546–47 (2016 Lockheimer (Google) email to Google chief business officer informing him that “[w]e’ve done UX research” confirming that “[u]sers generally are tired (visually) of our widget” and “OEMs are VERY tired (visually) of our widget . . . they feel like they don’t get to differentiate”). 4. Other Search Access Points 4. Other Search Access Points 158. Other search access points, such as voice assistants and smart keyboards, have miniscule search volume. Tr. 3107:3–3108:19 (Tinter (Microsoft)) (Apple hoped to encourage use of the voice assistant and voice entry point but “in practice, that thesis did not play out as…there was not a significant user behavior shift” from searching in the browser to using Siri and Spotlight). Continue Reading Here. Continue Reading Here . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on April 30, 2024, storage.courtlistener is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on April 30, 2024, storage.courtlistener is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. storage.courtlistener

What Are Search Access Points? Explaining How Google Works

So let’s start! Tell us a bit about yourself. For example, name, profession, and personal interests. Hi👋, I am Darshani Persadh. I don’t know… can I call myself a ‘Quantum Engineer’ now?! I’m the Technical co-founder at a tech startup called DARJYO. Though I qualified as a Software Engineer in ‘05, I still feel like I don’t know what I am doing in this industry - let’s just say the imposter syndrome is strong with this one. My personal interests include: Procaffeinating (n). The tendency to not start anything until I’ve had coffee Watching ARB videos! My relationship with my sister includes the exchange of cat & dog videos, so you & I both know those algorithmic recommendations  of “educational“ reels are coming to a feed near me. 60-second Shorts & Reels created by the Tech Gods had me in mind coz’ I have the attention span of a goldfish; I can go from ‘not finish painting the owl on my wall’ to ‘forget replying to a message coz I read it from the notification tray’. Interesting! What was your latest HackerNoon Top story about? My latest HackerNoon opus was titled Bits to Qubits: Decoding my dive into the IBM Quantum Challenge 2024 Big ups to HackerNoon for keeping the cat videos flowing my side. Do you usually write on similar topics? If not, what do you usually write about? Do I stick to the Quantum lane? 😐ehhhhhh! Mostly, yeah! I am fascinated by the bridge between bleeding-edge tech and real-world applications. Quantum computing, AI, and the ever-shifting Blockchain landscape are my usual haunts. But sometimes, I like to veer off-course and chat about the startup rollercoaster - the highs, the lows, and my questionable life choices. Great! What is your usual writing routine like (if you have one?) Quirky as my viewing preferences are, I’m afraid inspiration strikes - often during those aforementioned blooper sessions. But I am disciplined, so when it does, I lock myself away in a quiet abyss (early mornings or late nights work best). Coffee is my constant companion on these intellectual journeys I tend to reflect on. Being a writer in tech can be a challenge. It’s not often our main role, but an addition to another one. What is the biggest challenge you have when it comes to writing? Oh forget writing, when I speak to normal people, I have to hear “I don’t understand what she just said.“ So, that’s a balancing act on its own. I think the biggest hurdle when engaging is finding that sweet spot between brain-freezing technical details and making them digestible for everyone. Imagine explaining rocket science to a particularly curious squirrel - that’s a Chip & Dale struggle, but hey, it’s a challenge that keeps things interesting. What is the next thing you hope to achieve in your career? There is truly so much to do and discover, & I don’t believe we were given enough time to live on earth and achieve them all. I am pushing quantum computing past the event horizon of theoretical possibilities! I would love to develop a groundbreaking product that uses this mind-bending tech to solve real-world problems in a way no one’s seen before. Bonus points for the Educator in me if I get to mentor the next gen of tech-blazers - while I leave a legacy of footprints along the way. Wow, that’s admirable. Now, something more casual: What is your guilty pleasure of choice? Guilty Pleasure? Do I have to tell you? Fine, besides hip-hop music & eating really good, two things really. Firstly, my dad made me watch The Deer Hunter when I was just 4 (something ‘bout Catch22 life lessons), and the impact of this film deeply remained with me, so I’ve found that I’d much rather watch War, Army, Navy, Marine, Airforce, Military movies. I occasionally indulge in the dystopian Netflix offerings, think American Gods - even better, Altered Carbon. I can disappear into those fictional worlds faster than you can say “needlecast.“ Secondly, as much as I love procrastinating with a good cup of coffee, there’s just magic in a perfectly brewed spicy chai on a rainy day. Do you have a non-tech-related hobby? If yes, what is it? My life beyond binary code; this is contradictory as it gets coz being in tech, I hate my phone with a passion! I’m quite simple. I love deep conversations after trekking up a mountain coz’ peaking is a breath of fresh air. There’s a certain Zen-like calmness that comes from being surrounded by nature, away from the relentless ping of notifications. Again, thanks to my Dad, I have #AfricanWanderlust, so exploring the stunning landscapes around Africa is my go-to travel activity - good for the body and soul. What can the HackerNoon community expect to read from you next? What… You want more of my sparkling Dev experiences? I could talk about insights from case studies I’m working on - or just me, VS Code, and those never-ending side projects I have no idea how I started, but still look like fun. All things tech-related I guess? I mean I speak at least 5 languages; English, Sass, Sarcasm, Truth, and Love I got it from my Mamma. And while the sass flows freely in my brain as I weave it into my writing that’s a whole new experiment and one I wasn’t sure HackerNoon would appreciate. But hey if you can handle my Quantum ramblings, you can handle a little bit of sass, right? If not, it’s ok, coz my sister likes this Beta version of me, anyway! What’s your opinion on HackerNoon as a platform for writers? HackerNoon is a haven for tech enthusiasts and writers alike. I’ve been consuming knowledge from here a lot longer than I’ve been writing. The community is vibrant, the content is top-notch, and the freedom to explore niche topics is like finding a unicorn in the server room. A valuable resource for both writers and readers, that’s for sure. Thanks for taking time to join our “Meet the Writer” series. It was a pleasure. Do you have any closing words? Thanks, I’m having a blast. To all the readers and aspiring writers out here, never stop learning, never stop creating. Tech is an ever-evolving, playground and there’s always something new to learn, so keep exploring & pushing boundaries … coz’ curiosity never did kill that cat😜 So let’s start! Tell us a bit about yourself. For example, name, profession, and personal interests. Hi👋, I am Darshani Persadh. I don’t know… can I call myself a ‘Quantum Engineer’ now?! I’m the Technical co-founder at a tech startup called DARJYO. Though I qualified as a Software Engineer in ‘05, I still feel like I don’t know what I am doing in this industry - let’s just say the imposter syndrome is strong with this one. My personal interests include: Procaffeinating (n). The tendency to not start anything until I’ve had coffee Procaffeinating (n). The tendency to not start anything until I’ve had coffee Watching ARB videos! My relationship with my sister includes the exchange of cat & dog videos, so you & I both know those algorithmic recommendations  of “educational“ reels are coming to a feed near me. Watching ARB videos! 60-second Shorts & Reels created by the Tech Gods had me in mind coz’ I have the attention span of a goldfish; I can go from ‘not finish painting the owl on my wall’ to ‘forget replying to a message coz I read it from the notification tray’. 60-second Interesting! What was your latest HackerNoon Top story about? My latest HackerNoon opus was titled Bits to Qubits: Decoding my dive into the IBM Quantum Challenge 2024 Bits to Qubits: Decoding my dive into the IBM Quantum Challenge 2024 Bits to Qubits: Decoding my dive into the IBM Quantum Challenge 2024 Big ups to HackerNoon for keeping the cat videos flowing my side. Do you usually write on similar topics? If not, what do you usually write about? Do I stick to the Quantum lane? 😐ehhhhhh! Mostly, yeah! I am fascinated by the bridge between bleeding-edge tech and real-world applications. Quantum computing, AI, and the ever-shifting Blockchain landscape are my usual haunts. But sometimes, I like to veer off-course and chat about the startup rollercoaster - the highs, the lows, and my questionable life choices. Great! What is your usual writing routine like (if you have one?) Quirky as my viewing preferences are, I’m afraid inspiration strikes - often during those aforementioned blooper sessions. But I am disciplined, so when it does, I lock myself away in a quiet abyss (early mornings or late nights work best). Coffee is my constant companion on these intellectual journeys I tend to reflect on. Being a writer in tech can be a challenge. It’s not often our main role, but an addition to another one. What is the biggest challenge you have when it comes to writing? Oh forget writing, when I speak to normal people, I have to hear “I don’t understand what she just said.“ speak So, that’s a balancing act on its own. I think the biggest hurdle when engaging is finding that sweet spot between brain-freezing technical details and making them digestible for everyone. Imagine explaining rocket science to a particularly curious squirrel - that’s a Chip & Dale struggle, but hey, it’s a challenge that keeps things interesting. and What is the next thing you hope to achieve in your career? There is truly so much to do and discover, & I don’t believe we were given enough time to live on earth and achieve them all. I am pushing quantum computing past the event horizon of theoretical possibilities! I would love to develop a groundbreaking product that uses this mind-bending tech to solve real-world problems in a way no one’s seen before. Bonus points for the Educator in me if I get to mentor the next gen of tech-blazers - while I leave a legacy of footprints along the way. Wow, that’s admirable. Now, something more casual: What is your guilty pleasure of choice? Guilty Pleasure? Do I have to tell you? Fine, besides hip-hop music & eating really good, two things really. Firstly, my dad made me watch The Deer Hunter when I was just 4 (something ‘bout Catch22 life lessons), and the impact of this film deeply remained with me, so I’ve found that I’d much rather watch War, Army, Navy, Marine, Airforce, Military movies. I occasionally indulge in the dystopian Netflix offerings, think American Gods - even better, Altered Carbon . The Deer Hunter The Deer Hunter (something ‘bout Catch22 life lessons), War, Army, Navy, Marine, Airforce, Military American Gods American Gods Altered Carbon Altered Carbon I can disappear into those fictional worlds faster than you can say “needlecast.“ Secondly, as much as I love procrastinating with a good cup of coffee, there’s just magic in a perfectly brewed spicy chai on a rainy day. Do you have a non-tech-related hobby? If yes, what is it? My life beyond binary code; this is contradictory as it gets coz being in tech, I hate my phone with a passion! this is contradictory as it gets coz being in tech, I hate my phone with a passion! I’m quite simple. I love deep conversations after trekking up a mountain coz’ peaking is a breath of fresh air. There’s a certain Zen-like calmness that comes from being surrounded by nature, away from the relentless ping of notifications. Again, thanks to my Dad, I have #AfricanWanderlust , so exploring the stunning landscapes around Africa is my go-to travel activity - good for the body and soul. #AfricanWanderlust What can the HackerNoon community expect to read from you next? What… You want more of my sparkling Dev experiences? I could talk about insights from case studies I’m working on - or just me, VS Code, and those never-ending side projects I have no idea how I started, but still look like fun. All things tech-related I guess? I mean I speak at least 5 languages; English, Sass, Sarcasm, Truth, and Love I got it from my Mamma. I got it from my Mamma. And while the sass flows freely in my brain as I weave it into my writing that’s a whole new experiment and one I wasn’t sure HackerNoon would appreciate. that’s a whole new experiment But hey if you can handle my Quantum ramblings, you can handle a little bit of sass, right? If not, it’s ok, coz my sister likes this Beta version of me, anyway! What’s your opinion on HackerNoon as a platform for writers? HackerNoon is a haven for tech enthusiasts and writers alike. I’ve been consuming knowledge from here a lot longer than I’ve been writing. The community is vibrant, the content is top-notch, and the freedom to explore niche topics is like finding a unicorn in the server room. A valuable resource for both writers and readers, that’s for sure. Thanks for taking time to join our “ Meet the Writer ” series. It was a pleasure. Do you have any closing words? Meet the Writer Thanks, I’m having a blast. To all the readers and aspiring writers out here, never stop learning, never stop creating. Tech is an ever-evolving, playground and there’s always something new to learn, so keep exploring & pushing boundaries … coz’ curiosity never did kill that cat😜

Meet the Writer: HackerNoon's Contributor Darshani Persadh, Quantum Engineer

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