Tixr

tixr

VCs, institutional investors and family offices descend on South Beach for the weeklong rave with Christo, Calvin Harris, Kaskade, Die Antwoord and Zedd If all of your crypto friends are racing down to Florida next week, it’s because world’s hippest art show, , is bringing together 77,000 fans, celebrities, collectors, institutional investors, family offices and venture capitalists for a week of epic partying and talks on decentralized art. Art Basel Miami There will be 4,000 artists from 268 galleries showcasing their works but the real story will unfold afterhours in popup nightclubs, elevators of the ultra chic hotels: , , , , , , , , , , , , and maybe, just maybe, Jeremy Gardner’s Crypto Castle Miami. Soho Beach House W South Beach Delano Miami Beach Edition Fontainebleau 1 Hotel Faena The Plymouth Freehand Sagamore SLS Brickell JW Marriott Marquis This year headliners announced include Calvin Harris, Kaskade, Die Antwoord, Action Bronson and Zedd! Last year, All Day I Dream/Lee Burridge, Bob Moses, Bjork, Chromeo, Claude von Stroke, Cut Copy, Diplo, Doug E Fresh & The Sugarhill Gang, Major Lazer, Markus Schulz, Paris Hilton, Rick Ross, Wu-Tang Clan, 2 Chainz, and 50 Cent performed. The Art Basel epicenter takes place December 5 through December 9 at the Miami Convention Center with satellite shows sprawling beyond which include Art Miami, Aqua Art Miami, CONTEXT Art Miami, The Directed Art Modern, INK Miami Art Fair, Faena Festival, Miami River Art Fair, NADA , PINTA, PRIZM Art Fair, PULSE, Red Dot Miami, SCOPE, Spectrum, Superfine! and UNTITLED. To get a sense of what Art Basel is like, check out by Florum Fashion. this 2017 pictorial review I’ll be on the scene speaking at the SCOPE Art Show on and tweeting all of the shenanigans . When Deals Turn Digital: New Technologies, Banking, and the Future of the Art Market @contentnow Here’s what’s on for crypto: Bass Museum, 2100 Collins, 33139 WHEN: Wednesday, December 5, 6–8pm/8–10pmWHAT: Bass Museum Opening Party featuring The Haas BrothersWHERE: HOW: https://thebass.org/event/member-reception-haas-brothers/ Soho Studios, 2136 NW 1st Avenue, Miami, FL, 33127 WHEN: Wednesday, December 5, 10pmWHAT: Die AntwoordWHERE: HOW: https://www.seetickets.us/event/DIE-ANTWOORD-at-Soho-Studios/373623 Lemon City Studios, 261 NE 73rd, 33138 WHEN: Wednesday, December 5, 11pmWHAT: ARIA with Guy Laliberte, Alex Neri: Maria Callas TributeWHERE: HOW: https://www.residentadvisor.net/events/1189938 disrupting a $64 billion marketplace. Featuring visual artist, .2–3pm Tokenizing Art with Forbes’ Rachel Wolfson and artists Jesselyn Contreras, Johnny Dollar, Carrie Eldridge and Rob Charles3:15–3:45pm Investors Panel with TheStreet’s Jordan French, Ausum Ventures’ Jeremy Gardner, Bluesky Capital’s Andrea Lecesse, Lex Capital’s Alex Mendoza, Kryptal Group’s Edna Yuan, Park Capital Partners’ Alexander Lopatine, Level 7’s Michael Blin, Crowdsmart.io VC’s Richard Swart. Nikki Beach, 1 Ocean Drive, Miami Beach, 33139 WHEN: Thursday, December 6, 9–6pm WHAT: Art Decentralized, The World of Distributed Masterpieces Vesa WHERE: HOW: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/art-decentralized-the-world-of-distributed-masterpieces-blockchain-art-registration-51810706217 Soho Studios, 2136 NW 1st Avenue, Miami, FL, 33127 WHEN: Thursday, December 6, 10pmWHAT: Action BronsonWHERE: HOW: https://www.seetickets.us/event/ACTION-BRONSON-at-Soho-Studios/373655 LIV Nightclub at Fontainebleau, 4441 Collins Avenue WHEN: Thursday, December 6, 11pm-5am WHAT: Zedd Basel Edition at LIV WHERE: HOW: https://www.tixr.com/groups/liv/events/zedd-basel-edition-11166 E11EVEN, 29 NE 11th Street WHEN: Thursday, December 6, 11pm-8amWHAT: G-Eazy Basel Edition at E11EVEN WHERE: HOW: https://www.tixr.com/groups/11miami/events/art-basel-g-eazy-11073 with Kiki Del Valle, SVP Digital Future, Mastercard Katya Fisher, Tech and Corporate Attorney, Fisher Catalotti Vanessa Grellet, Executive Director, Consensys Elena Zhavelev, Forbes contributor and Founder, New Art Academy, Martine Paris, Tech Reporter, The FinTech Times MasterCard Tent, 801 Ocean Drive, Miami Beach, 33139 WHEN: Friday, December 7, 10–12pm WHAT: SCOPE Art Show presented by MasterCard, When Deals Turn Digital: New Technologies, Banking, and the Future of the Art Market WHERE: HOW: https://scope-art.com/show/miami-beach-2018/programming , Christo best known for massive environmental installations like the Umbrellas in California and Japan, the Wrapped Reichstag in Berlin and the Floating Piers in Lake Iseo, Italy will talk about Miami Beach Convention Center, Auditorium, West Lobby, 1901 Convention Center Drive, Miami Beach 33139 FREE, open to the public, or watch live: , WHEN: Friday, December 7, 10–11:30am WHAT: Artist Talk - Christo, Tomás Saraceno, and Hans Ulrich Obrist WHERE: HOW: facebook.com/artbasel https://www.artbasel.com/events/detail/7854/Conversations-Artist-Talk-Artists-Influencers with Ruth Catlow, Furtherfield/DECL London, Matt Hall, Cryptopunks New York, Harm van den Dorpel, Artist, Berlin, and Orit Gat, Writer, New York, London — What are the social and political implications of decentralized financial networks? Is blockchain a reliable source for fundraising? How are artists using it in their artistic practice? Miami Beach Convention Center, Auditorium, West Lobby, 1901 Convention Center Drive, Miami Beach 33139 FREE, open to the public, or watch live: WHEN: Friday, December 7, 2:30–3:30pm WHAT: Art Market Talk — Which Art Problems Can Blockchain Solve? WHERE: HOW: facebook.com/artbasel **WHEN: Friday, December 7, 4:30–5pmWHAT: Brian Kelly, CNBC’s Fast Money Keynote at CryptoProExpo**This conference provides a market update and fundamentals, how to set up a crypto fund, how to identify blockchain investment opportunities including STOs, and the intersection of art, crypto and blockchain Fontainebleau WHERE: HOW: https://cryptoproexpo.com/miami-art-week-2018 Foxhole, 1218 14th Court, Miami Beach 33139 WHEN: Friday, December 7, 9pm–5amWHAT: DJ Jazzy Jeff WHERE: HOW: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/jazzy-jeff-at-foxhole-bar-art-basel-2018-tickets-52617016914 Basement at Miami Beach EDITION Hotel, 2901 Collins Avenue In List App WHEN: Friday, December 7, 10pm–5amWHAT: Saint Vie + Coss + Mateo WHERE: HOW: Historic Virginia Key Beach WHEN: Saturday, December 8, 3pm-7amWHAT: Rakastella feat Dixon + DJ Tennis WHERE: HOW: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/rakastella-2018-by-innervisions-life-and-death-tickets-46128112426 Nikki Beach, 1 Ocean Drive WHEN: Saturday, December 8, 8pmWHAT: Airthereum party WHERE: HOW: https://www.eventbrite.com/o/fly-by-airthereum-18269671711 Soho Studios, 2136 NW 1st Avenue, Miami, FL, 33127 WHEN: Saturday, December 8, 10pm-3amWHAT: KaskadeWHERE: HOW: https://wl.seetickets.us/event/2018-BLNK-CNVS-Basel-Pass/373660 Racket, 150 NW 24th Street, Miami Beach, 33127 WHEN: Saturday, December 8, 9pm-3amWHAT: DJ Jazzy Jeff WHERE: HOW: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/jazzy-jeff-at-racket-art-basel-2018-tickets-52616606687 Basement at Miami Beach EDITION Hotel, 2901 Collins Avenue In List App WHEN: Saturday, December 8, 10pm–5amWHAT: Bedouin + Guy Laliberte WHERE: HOW: LIV Nightclub at Fontainebleau, 4441 Collins Avenue WHEN: Saturday, December 8, 11pm-5am WHAT: Calvin Harris Basel Edition at LIV WHERE: HOW: https://www.tixr.com/groups/liv/events/calvin-harris-basel-edition-11066

Art Basel Miami on the Blockchain

The HackerNoon Newsletter: Netflix and Amazon: A Tale of Two Ad Tiers (11/14/2024)

One of the biggest developments among New Hollywood streaming services consists of the growth of advertising tiers, or ad-supported plans that cost less than ad-free options. The growth of ad-supported tiers in streaming services has been significant, with many platforms seeing a large portion of their new subscribers opting for these cheaper, ad-based plans. This trend is driven by rising subscription costs, making ad-supported plans an appealing alternative for consumers looking to save money. In 2024, the majority of new subscribers for several streaming platforms chose ad-supported plans. For instance, 74% of new Peacock subscribers chose the ad-supported tier, up from 70% in 2023, and 58% of new Disney+ subscribers opted for the ad-supported tier, a significant increase from earlier years. In November 2022, Netflix announced the launch of its own ad-supported tier, and Amazon did the same for Prime Video in January 2024. Both companies have taken very different approaches that speak volumes to their content monetization strategies. The Netflix Approach: Your Choice When Netflix introduced its ad-supported tier two years ago, the company gave subscribers a choice: keep the current tier with no ads, or switch to the ad-supported tier and pay less. Stay with the existing plan or trade it in for a more affordable option. Since then, Netflix reports that its ad-supported tier reaches more than 70 million monthly active users globally, and over 50% of new members are opting for the ads plan where available. Netflix expects its ad revenue to double in 2025, albeit from a relatively small base, and has already sold out its ad inventory for two Christmas Day NFL games set to air in 2024. Amazon: Level Up or Pay Up When Amazon launched ads on Prime Video in January 2024, it gave subscribers an unpleasant surprise: stick with the existing plan and experience ads or pay $2.99 more a month to go ad-free. This was especially contentious because Prime Video subscribers typically pay $139 per year for Amazon Prime, which includes access to Prime Video.The change prompted user backlash. But so far, Amazon reports that customer churn has been lower than expected and that only about 15% of users have opted to pay the additional $2.99 per month for an ad-free experience. __Hub Entertainment Research found__no measurable impact on overall subscription rates after the ad rollout, and Prime Video’s share of U.S. streaming customers increased from 55% in Q4 2023 to 57% in Q1 2024. Amazon recently decided to shut down the ad-supported Freevee channel and integrate ad-supported content directly into Prime Video rather than across multiple platforms. This reflects a competitive strategy to centralize efforts and focus investments, allowing Amazon to better compete with other streaming giants. Which Approach Works: Netflix’s or Amazon’s? One might conclude that it doesn’t matter whether you deliver a subpar user experience—people may tolerate being forced into a plan they did not ask for, similar to shoppers being directed to self-service lanes at retail stores. That might be true, but the bigger takeaway from Amazon’s perspective is the power of bundling services within the Prime membership. Prime Video subscribers are willing to tolerate some level of inconvenience because they are already invested in the broader Prime ecosystem. Netflix needs to grow subscribers to please advertisers. For Amazon, the end game is different: drive Prime membership. Prime members spend more than non-Prime members. Amazon figures, What’s an additional $2.99 a month to members who are already accustomed to paying more to get all the perks that come with a Prime membership? The Battleground for Netflix and Amazon: Live Sports The real battleground for all ad-supported tiers, including Netflix and Amazon, focuses on live sports. The live sports industry is the last bastion of linear TV viewing. But the world is changing fast. About half of U.S. audiences no longer pay for cable TV or other traditional pay TV services, according to Insider Intelligence. About four out of 10 viewers mainly consume sports content through ad-supported CTV platforms or social media, according to Trade Desk’s Future of TV Report. Streaming services have been gobbling up live sports content over the past few years, ranging from Amazon’s and Peacock’s deals to stream NFL games to Netflix acquiring rights for the WWE. And competition is heating up. Netflix is a relative newcomer to live sports but is catching up quickly, as shown in its NFL Christmas Day broadcasts. But the company is making strides. Only a few months after Netflix dipped its toes into live sports, the company signed a $5 billion deal to become the exclusive home of WWE’s Raw from January 2025 onward in the U.S., Canada, U.K. and Latin America. This means the WWE’s flagship show will leave traditional television for the first time in 31 years. Amazon, meanwhile, is flexing its retail and advertising strength by combining live sports with shoppable ads during NFL’s Thursday Night Football and Black Friday game that Amazon launched in 2023. On November 29, Amazon will stream its second annual Black Friday game featuring Super Bowl Champion Kansas City Chiefs against the Las Vegas Raiders. Beginning in 2025, Amazon will also stream NBA games on Black Friday, creating an NFL-NBA doubleheader. A Black Friday game in either the NFL or NBA is a particularly interesting gamble. Amazon’s inaugural Black Friday NFL game was not exactly a ratings bonanza on the biggest shopping day of the year. As the ratings for the 2023 game shows, there’s no guarantee a game will be engaging enough to hold viewers’ attention especially on a day when pro football and basketball have been traditionally absent. Still, Amazon is betting on success by integrating shoppable TV, enabling viewers to make purchases right from their screens. By merging entertainment and ecommerce, Amazon will offer exclusive deals on items like NFL gear during the games. This feature is designed to enhance the shopping experience, catering to viewers who are already hunting for deals. Additionally, the NFL will gain exposure to Prime’s 200 million global subscribers, along with corporate sponsors who opt to advertise during the broadcasts. But it’s not just about shopping. Amazon is using AI to create a richer, more interactive viewing experience. Its Prime Vision stream showcases advanced statistics and analytics powered by Next Gen Stats, allowing fans to access real-time player data and game strategies. This makes the broadcast more dynamic and engaging for sports fans. Netflix or Amazon? Considerations for Advertisers Of course, advertisers need to consider myriad factors when choosing any streaming platform, including costs, ad formats, and desired audiences. Here are some additional considerations to keep in mind based on Netflix’s and Amazon’s approaches to their ad tiers. Experiment with Contextual and Interactive Ads in Sports Content With live sports emerging as a key battleground, advertisers should tap into opportunities for shoppable, contextual, or interactive ads on platforms that feature sports. Amazon’s integration of shoppable ads in NFL games shows the potential for highly engaging ad formats in sports content, appealing to viewers who expect action and interaction. Assess Long-Term Brand Impact of Forced Ads The backlash Amazon faced suggests that a forced ad experience, without clear user choice, can erode brand perception. In the shor tun, advertisers should carefully weigh the potential benefits of reaching Prime Video’s vast audience against the potential for negative brand associations. For certain brands, aligning with Netflix’s user-friendly model may better protect brand sentiment. But in time, audiences will grow accustomed Amazon’s approach, and audiences won’t remember the initial user backlash. Align with Audience Expectations on Each Platform Since Amazon relies on its Prime bundle to retain viewers, advertisers could use it to reach a broader, more commercially engaged audience. However, this audience might be more tolerant of product-centered ads rather than disruptive or intrusive formats. Tailoring ad formats to match each platform's distinct user expectations will enhance brand effectiveness and avoid alienating viewers. Adapt to Consolidation in Streaming and Build Agile Campaigns With Amazon and other companies consolidating ad-supported content within a single platform, advertisers should remain agile, adapting campaigns quickly as platform strategies shift. Having flexible, cross-platform campaigns allows advertisers to reach users effectively, regardless of changes in streaming service structures. Amazon and Netflix are only two players (albeit big ones) in an increasingly crowded sea of streaming companies. The above recommendations, though, give you a sense of some of the factors involved in navigating different platforms with their own approaches. One of the biggest developments among New Hollywood streaming services consists of the growth of advertising tiers, or ad-supported plans that cost less than ad-free options. The growth of ad-supported tiers in streaming services has been significant, with many platforms seeing a large portion of their new subscribers opting for these cheaper, ad-based plans. This trend is driven by rising subscription costs, making ad-supported plans an appealing alternative for consumers looking to save money. In 2024, the majority of new subscribers for several streaming platforms chose ad-supported plans. For instance, 74% of new Peacock subscribers chose the ad-supported tier, up from 70% in 2023, and 58% of new Disney+ subscribers opted for the ad-supported tier, a significant increase from earlier years. 74% of new Peacock subscribers 74% of new Peacock subscribers 58% of new Disney+ subscribers 58% of new Disney+ subscribers In November 2022, Netflix announced the launch of its own ad-supported tier, and Amazon did the same for Prime Video in January 2024. Both companies have taken very different approaches that speak volumes to their content monetization strategies. The Netflix Approach: Your Choice When Netflix introduced its ad-supported tier two years ago, the company gave subscribers a choice: keep the current tier with no ads, or switch to the ad-supported tier and pay less. Stay with the existing plan or trade it in for a more affordable option. Since then, Netflix reports that its ad-supported tier reaches more than 70 million monthly active users globally , and over 50% of new members are opting for the ads plan where available. 70 million monthly active users globally 70 million monthly active users globally Netflix expects its ad revenue to double in 2025, albeit from a relatively small base, and has already sold out its ad inventory for two Christmas Day NFL games set to air in 2024 . two Christmas Day NFL games set to air in 2024 two Christmas Day NFL games set to air in 2024 Amazon: Level Up or Pay Up When Amazon launched ads on Prime Video in January 2024, it gave subscribers an unpleasant surprise: stick with the existing plan and experience ads or pay $2.99 more a month to go ad-free. This was especially contentious because Prime Video subscribers typically pay $139 per year for Amazon Prime, which includes access to Prime Video. The change prompted user backlash. But so far, Amazon reports that customer churn has been lower than expected and that only about 15% of users have opted to pay the additional $2.99 per month for an ad-free experience. __ Hub Entertainment Research found __no measurable impact on overall subscription rates after the ad rollout, and Prime Video’s share of U.S. streaming customers increased from 55% in Q4 2023 to 57% in Q1 2024. Hub Entertainment Research found Amazon recently decided to shut down the ad-supported Freevee channel and integrate ad-supported content directly into Prime Video rather than across multiple platforms. This reflects a competitive strategy to centralize efforts and focus investments, allowing Amazon to better compete with other streaming giants. shut down the ad-supported Freevee channel shut down the ad-supported Freevee channel Which Approach Works: Netflix’s or Amazon’s? One might conclude that it doesn’t matter whether you deliver a subpar user experience—people may tolerate being forced into a plan they did not ask for, similar to shoppers being directed to self-service lanes at retail stores. That might be true, but the bigger takeaway from Amazon’s perspective is the power of bundling services within the Prime membership. Prime Video subscribers are willing to tolerate some level of inconvenience because they are already invested in the broader Prime ecosystem. Netflix needs to grow subscribers to please advertisers. For Amazon, the end game is different: drive Prime membership. Prime members spend more than non-Prime members . Amazon figures, What’s an additional $2.99 a month to members who are already accustomed to paying more to get all the perks that come with a Prime membership? Prime members spend more than non-Prime members Prime members spend more than non-Prime members The Battleground for Netflix and Amazon: Live Sports The real battleground for all ad-supported tiers, including Netflix and Amazon, focuses on live sports. The live sports industry is the last bastion of linear TV viewing. But the world is changing fast. About half of U.S. audiences no longer pay for cable TV or other traditional pay TV services , according to Insider Intelligence. About four out of 10 viewers mainly consume sports content through ad-supported CTV platforms or social media , according to Trade Desk’s Future of TV Report. About half of U.S. audiences no longer pay for cable TV or other traditional pay TV services About half of U.S. audiences no longer pay for cable TV or other traditional pay TV services About four out of 10 viewers mainly consume sports content through ad-supported CTV platforms or social media About four out of 10 viewers mainly consume sports content through ad-supported CTV platforms or social media Streaming services have been gobbling up live sports content over the past few years, ranging from Amazon’s and Peacock’s deals to stream NFL games to Netflix acquiring rights for the WWE. And competition is heating up. Netflix is a relative newcomer to live sports but is catching up quickly, as shown in its NFL Christmas Day broadcasts. But the company is making strides. Only a few months after Netflix dipped its toes into live sports, the company signed a $5 billion deal to become the exclusive home of WWE’s Raw from January 2025 onward in the U.S., Canada, U.K. and Latin America. This means the WWE’s flagship show will leave traditional television for the first time in 31 years. signed a $5 billion deal signed a $5 billion deal Raw Amazon, meanwhile, is flexing its retail and advertising strength by combining live sports with shoppable ads during NFL’s Thursday Night Football and Black Friday game that Amazon launched in 2023. Thursday Night Football Thursday Night Football On November 29, Amazon will stream its second annual Black Friday game featuring Super Bowl Champion Kansas City Chiefs against the Las Vegas Raiders. Beginning in 2025, Amazon will also stream NBA games on Black Friday, creating an NFL-NBA doubleheader. A Black Friday game in either the NFL or NBA is a particularly interesting gamble. Amazon’s inaugural Black Friday NFL game was not exactly a ratings bonanza on the biggest shopping day of the year. As the ratings for the 2023 game shows, there’s no guarantee a game will be engaging enough to hold viewers’ attention especially on a day when pro football and basketball have been traditionally absent. Still, Amazon is betting on success by integrating shoppable TV, enabling viewers to make purchases right from their screens. By merging entertainment and ecommerce, Amazon will offer exclusive deals on items like NFL gear during the games. This feature is designed to enhance the shopping experience, catering to viewers who are already hunting for deals. Additionally, the NFL will gain exposure to Prime’s 200 million global subscribers, along with corporate sponsors who opt to advertise during the broadcasts. But it’s not just about shopping. Amazon is using AI to create a richer, more interactive viewing experience. Its Prime Vision stream showcases advanced statistics and analytics powered by Next Gen Stats, allowing fans to access real-time player data and game strategies. This makes the broadcast more dynamic and engaging for sports fans. Netflix or Amazon? Considerations for Advertisers Of course, advertisers need to consider myriad factors when choosing any streaming platform, including costs, ad formats, and desired audiences. Here are some additional considerations to keep in mind based on Netflix’s and Amazon’s approaches to their ad tiers. Experiment with Contextual and Interactive Ads in Sports Content Experiment with Contextual and Interactive Ads in Sports Content With live sports emerging as a key battleground, advertisers should tap into opportunities for shoppable, contextual, or interactive ads on platforms that feature sports. Amazon’s integration of shoppable ads in NFL games shows the potential for highly engaging ad formats in sports content, appealing to viewers who expect action and interaction. Assess Long-Term Brand Impact of Forced Ads Assess Long-Term Brand Impact of Forced Ads The backlash Amazon faced suggests that a forced ad experience, without clear user choice, can erode brand perception. In the shor tun, advertisers should carefully weigh the potential benefits of reaching Prime Video’s vast audience against the potential for negative brand associations. For certain brands, aligning with Netflix’s user-friendly model may better protect brand sentiment. But in time, audiences will grow accustomed Amazon’s approach, and audiences won’t remember the initial user backlash. Align with Audience Expectations on Each Platform Align with Audience Expectations on Each Platform Since Amazon relies on its Prime bundle to retain viewers, advertisers could use it to reach a broader, more commercially engaged audience. However, this audience might be more tolerant of product-centered ads rather than disruptive or intrusive formats. Tailoring ad formats to match each platform's distinct user expectations will enhance brand effectiveness and avoid alienating viewers. Adapt to Consolidation in Streaming and Build Agile Campaigns Adapt to Consolidation in Streaming and Build Agile Campaigns With Amazon and other companies consolidating ad-supported content within a single platform, advertisers should remain agile, adapting campaigns quickly as platform strategies shift. Having flexible, cross-platform campaigns allows advertisers to reach users effectively, regardless of changes in streaming service structures. Amazon and Netflix are only two players (albeit big ones) in an increasingly crowded sea of streaming companies. The above recommendations, though, give you a sense of some of the factors involved in navigating different platforms with their own approaches.

Netflix and Amazon: A Tale of Two Ad Tiers

Netflix və Amazon: İki reklam səviyyəsinin nağılı

Netflix и Amazon: Разказ за две рекламни нива

Netflix y Amazon: una historia de dos niveles de publicidad

नेटफ्लिक्स और अमेज़ॅन: दो विज्ञापन स्तरों की कहानी

Netflix ak Amazon: Yon istwa de de nivo piblisite

Netflix dan Amazon: Kisah Dua Tingkatan Iklan

Netflix と Amazon: 2 つの広告層の物語

Netflix ແລະ Amazon: A Tale of two Ad Tiers

Netflix e Amazon: Um conto de dois níveis de anúncios

Netflix și Amazon: A Tale of Two Ad Tiers

ኔትፍሊክስን ኣማዞንን: ዛንታ ክልተ ደረጃታት መወዓውዒ

Netflix va Amazon: Ikki reklama darajasi haqidagi ertak

Tired? Burned Out? You Might Just Be Bored

Yorğun? Yandı? Sadəcə Darıxmış Ola bilərsən

Κουρασμένος; Κάηκε; Μπορεί απλά να βαριέσαι

¿Cansado? ¿Agotado? Puede que simplemente estés aburrido

Canso? Queimado? Podes estar aburrido

疲れている？燃え尽きている？退屈しているだけかも

Pavargote? Perdegė? Jums gali būti tiesiog nuobodu

Уморен? Изгорени? Можеби ќе ви биде досадно

Obosit? Ars? S-ar putea să te plictisești

Umechoka? Umechomwa? Unaweza Kuchoshwa Tu

சோர்வாக? எரிந்துவிட்டதா? நீங்கள் சலிப்படையலாம்

Charchadimi? Yondimi? Siz shunchaki zerikishingiz mumkin

Ndidiniwe? Utshisiwe? Unokuba Ukruqukile

Dear Wizards, We are thrilled to announce that after over two years and nearly 1,000 days of preparation, Lumoz is about to launch its third and final incentive testnet — the Lumoz Quidditch Match. This will be an unprecedented adventure. The Lumoz Quidditch Match officially started on August 27th, and we are offering 50 million Lumoz Points, equivalent to 50 million MOZ Tokens (with a 1:1 conversion rate), as rewards. This event is open to users worldwide and represents the last opportunity to participate before the Lumoz TGE (expected in Q4) and the mainnet launch! Start your journey here: lumoz.org/quidditch-join 1. Open the Magical Gate: Event Background and Prize Pool Lumoz is inspired by the 'Lumos' spell from Harry Potter and leverages revolutionary zk technology, symbolizing the power of zero-knowledge proofs to illuminate the blockchain world. To celebrate the launch of the final Quidditch testnet, we have prepared a generous prize pool: 50 million Lumoz Points (with a 1:1 conversion rate, equivalent to 50 million MOZ tokens) plus additional token support from several top-tier ecosystem projects, such as Merlin Token, Nubit, and Oribiter Points, among other incentives. To ensure fair participation for users worldwide, our event will last for one month. We encourage everyone to participate fully and deeply, and we also hope to receive valuable feedback during this period. The Lumoz team will continuously listen to the community and refine the product details, ensuring we are well-prepared for the mainnet launch! 2. Embark on a Magical Journey: Lumoz Quidditch Match Rules How can you participate? To make this event more engaging, the team has developed a special Telegram Bot. By visiting Lumoz's official event page, users can access the Telegram Bot, which serves as the gateway to the Quidditch Tournament. Upon entering this magical world, you will receive 200,000 Golden Snitches as a welcome gift. These shimmering Golden Snitches can be exchanged for valuable Lumoz Points at a set ratio. In short, users can earn more points by collecting Golden Snitches. You can also gather more Snitches by completing various tasks. In addition to basic tasks like following social media accounts and joining community groups, we’ve also designed advanced tasks for experienced wizards, such as staking nodes and claiming water. There are many ways to collect, so click here to explore further: lumoz.org/quidditch-join And don’t forget to try our Magic Wheel! You can invite friends or spend 200,000 Golden Snitches to spin for a chance to win more Snitches, ecosystem tokens, magic stones, badges, and even a zkVerifier node worth 532 USDT, among other exciting rewards. Dive into the step by step guide to learn how to play:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BuLFr7pS9u04FLI6NMh3Q69J0e4c5_Z6Jkr89ZCApTE/edit#heading=h.8umgai1jbmjd 3. Friends of the Magical World: Collaboration with 30+ Ecosystem Projects In addition to the main event on Telegram, the Lumoz Quidditch Tournament adventure, we are honored to have top players from the blockchain world join us. Each partner has brought unique tasks and generous additional rewards to this grand event: OKX Wallet: As a leading cryptocurrency wallet in the industry, OKX Wallet enhances the magical powers of participants.
Bitget Wallet: As a globally leading one-stop trading crypto wallet, Bitget Wallet has designed challenging social tasks for wizards. Moreover, star projects like Coin98 Wallet, TokenPocket, Merlin, and Nubit have also joined our ranks. They will support the entire event, ensuring that every participant can enjoy their time in the magical world. At the Lumoz Quidditch sub-venues, each partner project has set up unique magical levels. Completing these levels not only earns Lumoz Points as rewards but also grants access to exclusive treasures from our partners, allowing adventurers to accumulate multiple token incentives in a single quest. 4. The Future is in Sight Previously, Lumoz successfully completed two rounds of incentive testnets, attracting 373,746 users, 28,137 validators, 145 PoW miners, and over 60 deployed ecosystem projects. This year, Lumoz has launched star products such as ZKFair and Merlin Chain, with plans to introduce more L2 chains in the future. In the first half of this year, Lumoz completed Pre-A and strategic funding rounds. To date, institutions such as OKX Ventures, HashKey Capital, KuCoin Ventures, Polygon, IDG Blockchain, NGC Ventures, Gate Ventures, MH Ventures, BWARE LABS, and Comma 3 Ventures have participated, raising a total of $14 million. Additionally, the team began node sales in June, which were met with market frenzy, with cumulative node sales exceeding 73,424 (out of a total of 100,000), and real-time FDV surpassing $150 million. Of course, the past is merely prologue! Lumoz plans to launch its mainnet and conduct the TGE by the end of this year. The Quidditch testnet is a crucial step for us to test our capabilities and empower the community. With Lumoz’s brilliance guiding us, we are sure to embark on an extraordinary adventure, experiencing Lumoz’s zk technology and earning rich points and token rewards! If you’re ready, let’s shout the spell together: Lumos Maxima! Dear Wizards, We are thrilled to announce that after over two years and nearly 1,000 days of preparation, Lumoz is about to launch its third and final incentive testnet — the Lumoz Quidditch Match. This will be an unprecedented adventure. The Lumoz Quidditch Match officially started on August 27th, and we are offering 50 million Lumoz Points, equivalent to 50 million MOZ Tokens (with a 1:1 conversion rate) , as rewards. This event is open to users worldwide and represents the last opportunity to participate before the Lumoz TGE (expected in Q4) and the mainnet launch! 50 million Lumoz Points, equivalent to 50 million MOZ Tokens (with a 1:1 conversion rate) Start your journey here : lumoz.org/quidditch-join Start your journey here Start your journey here : lumoz.org/quidditch-join lumoz.org/quidditch-join 1. Open the Magical Gate: Event Background and Prize Pool Lumoz is inspired by the 'Lumos' spell from Harry Potter and leverages revolutionary zk technology, symbolizing the power of zero-knowledge proofs to illuminate the blockchain world. To celebrate the launch of the final Quidditch testnet, we have prepared a generous prize pool: 50 million Lumoz Points (with a 1:1 conversion rate, equivalent to 50 million MOZ tokens) plus additional token support from several top-tier ecosystem projects, such as Merlin Token, Nubit, and Oribiter Points, among other incentives. To ensure fair participation for users worldwide, our event will last for one month. We encourage everyone to participate fully and deeply, and we also hope to receive valuable feedback during this period. The Lumoz team will continuously listen to the community and refine the product details, ensuring we are well-prepared for the mainnet launch! 2. Embark on a Magical Journey: Lumoz Quidditch Match Rules How can you participate? To make this event more engaging, the team has developed a special Telegram Bot. By visiting Lumoz's official event page, users can access the Telegram Bot, which serves as the gateway to the Quidditch Tournament. Upon entering this magical world, you will receive 200,000 Golden Snitches as a welcome gift. These shimmering Golden Snitches can be exchanged for valuable Lumoz Points at a set ratio. In short, users can earn more points by collecting Golden Snitches. You can also gather more Snitches by completing various tasks. In addition to basic tasks like following social media accounts and joining community groups, we’ve also designed advanced tasks for experienced wizards, such as staking nodes and claiming water. There are many ways to collect, so click here to explore further : lumoz.org/quidditch-join There are many ways to collect, so click here to explore further lumoz.org/quidditch-join And don’t forget to try our Magic Wheel! You can invite friends or spend 200,000 Golden Snitches to spin for a chance to win more Snitches, ecosystem tokens, magic stones, badges, and even a zkVerifier node worth 532 USDT, among other exciting rewards. Dive into the step by step guide to learn how to play:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BuLFr7pS9u04FLI6NMh3Q69J0e4c5_Z6Jkr89ZCApTE/edit#heading=h.8umgai1jbmjd Dive into the step by step guide to learn how to play:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BuLFr7pS9u04FLI6NMh3Q69J0e4c5_Z6Jkr89ZCApTE/edit#heading=h.8umgai1jbmjd Dive into the step by step guide to learn how to play: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BuLFr7pS9u04FLI6NMh3Q69J0e4c5_Z6Jkr89ZCApTE/edit#heading=h.8umgai1jbmjd https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BuLFr7pS9u04FLI6NMh3Q69J0e4c5_Z6Jkr89ZCApTE/edit#heading=h.8umgai1jbmjd 3. Friends of the Magical World: Collaboration with 30+ Ecosystem Projects In addition to the main event on Telegram, the Lumoz Quidditch Tournament adventure, we are honored to have top players from the blockchain world join us. Each partner has brought unique tasks and generous additional rewards to this grand event: OKX Wallet: As a leading cryptocurrency wallet in the industry, OKX Wallet enhances the magical powers of participants. Bitget Wallet: As a globally leading one-stop trading crypto wallet, Bitget Wallet has designed challenging social tasks for wizards. OKX Wallet: As a leading cryptocurrency wallet in the industry, OKX Wallet enhances the magical powers of participants. Bitget Wallet: As a globally leading one-stop trading crypto wallet, Bitget Wallet has designed challenging social tasks for wizards. Moreover, star projects like Coin98 Wallet, TokenPocket, Merlin, and Nubit have also joined our ranks. They will support the entire event, ensuring that every participant can enjoy their time in the magical world. At the Lumoz Quidditch sub-venues, each partner project has set up unique magical levels. Completing these levels not only earns Lumoz Points as rewards but also grants access to exclusive treasures from our partners, allowing adventurers to accumulate multiple token incentives in a single quest. 4. The Future is in Sight Previously, Lumoz successfully completed two rounds of incentive testnets, attracting 373,746 users, 28,137 validators, 145 PoW miners, and over 60 deployed ecosystem projects. This year, Lumoz has launched star products such as ZKFair and Merlin Chain, with plans to introduce more L2 chains in the future. In the first half of this year, Lumoz completed Pre-A and strategic funding rounds. To date, institutions such as OKX Ventures, HashKey Capital, KuCoin Ventures, Polygon, IDG Blockchain, NGC Ventures, Gate Ventures, MH Ventures, BWARE LABS, and Comma 3 Ventures have participated, raising a total of $14 million. Additionally, the team began node sales in June, which were met with market frenzy, with cumulative node sales exceeding 73,424 (out of a total of 100,000), and real-time FDV surpassing $150 million. Of course, the past is merely prologue! Lumoz plans to launch its mainnet and conduct the TGE by the end of this year. The Quidditch testnet is a crucial step for us to test our capabilities and empower the community. With Lumoz’s brilliance guiding us, we are sure to embark on an extraordinary adventure, experiencing Lumoz’s zk technology and earning rich points and token rewards! If you’re ready, let’s shout the spell together: Lumos Maxima! Lumos Maxima!

Lumoz Quidditch Match is live! Claim 50 Million Points and 30+ top-tier ecosystem project rewards!

Lumoz Quidditch ተዛማጅ በቀጥታ ነው! የይገባኛል ጥያቄ 50 ሚሊዮን ነጥቦች እና 30+ ከፍተኛ-ደረጃ የስነ-ምህዳር ፕሮጀክት ሽልማቶችን!

Lumoz Quidditch ukan anatäwipax uñt'ayatawa! ¡50 Millones de Puntos ukat 30+ proyecto ecosistema de alto nivel ukan premios ukanakap mayiñamawa!

Матч Lumoz па квідытчу ў прамым эфіры! Атрымайце 50 мільёнаў балаў і больш за 30 узнагарод экасістэмнага праекта вышэйшага ўзроўню!

¡El partido de quidditch de Lumoz ya está en marcha! ¡Reclama 50 millones de puntos y más de 30 recompensas de proyectos del ecosistema de primer nivel!

Lumoz Quidditch Match zuzenean da! Erreklamatu 50 milioi puntu eta goi mailako ekosistema proiektuen 30 sari baino gehiago!

Lumoz Quidditch Match ap viv! Reklame 50 milyon pwen ak plis pase 30 rekonpans pwojè ekosistèm ki pi wo!

A Lumoz kviddics meccs élőben! Szerezzen 50 millió pontot és 30+ felső szintű ökoszisztéma projekt jutalmat!

Lumoz クィディッチ マッチが始まりました! 5,000 万ポイントと 30 以上のトップ レベルのエコシステム プロジェクト報酬を獲得しましょう!

Lumoz Quidditch Match ຖ່າຍທອດສົດແລ້ວ! ຮັບ 50 ລ້ານຄະແນນ ແລະ 30+ ລາງວັນໂຄງການລະບົບນິເວດຊັ້ນນໍາ!

Ntlangu wa Lumoz Quidditch wu le ku hanyeni! Koxa 50 wa Timiliyoni ta Tinhla na 30+ wa hakelo ya phurojeke ya ikhosisteme ya xiyimo xa le henhla!

Lumoz Quidditch میچ لائیو ہے! 50 ملین پوائنٹس اور 30+ اعلی درجے کے ایکو سسٹم پروجیکٹ کے انعامات کا دعوی کریں!

Lumoz Quidditch Match jonli efirda! 50 million ball va 30 dan ortiq yuqori darajadagi ekotizim loyihasi mukofotlarini talab qiling!

Lots of service providers offer a free tier of their service. The idea is to let you kick their service's tires freely. If you need to go above the free tier at any point, you'll likely stay on the service and pay. In this day and age, most services are online and accessible via an API. Today, we will implement a free tier with Apache APISIX. A naive approach I implemented a free tier in my post Evolving your RESTful APIs, a step-by-step approach, albeit in a very naive way. I copy-pasted the limit-count plugin and added my required logic. function _M.access(conf, ctx)
    core.log.info("ver: ", ctx.conf_version)

    -- no limit if the request is authenticated
    local key = core.request.header(ctx, conf.header)                               #1
    if key then
        local consumer_conf = consumer_mod.plugin("key-auth")                       #2
        if consumer_conf then
            local consumers = lrucache("consumers_key", consumer_conf.conf_version, #3
                    create_consume_cache, consumer_conf)
            local consumer = consumers[key]                                         #4
            if consumer then                                                        #5
                return
            end
        end
    end
-- rest of the logic Get the configured request header value
Get the consumer's key-auth configuration
Get consumers
Get the consumer with the passed API key if they exist
If they exist, bypass the rate-limiting logic The downside of this approach is that the code is now my own. It has evolved since I copied it, and I'm stuck with the version I copied. We can do better with the help of the vars parameter on routes. APISIX route matching APISIX delegates its matching rule to a router. Standard matching parameters include: The URI
The HTTP method. By default, all methods match.
The host
The remote address Most users do match on the URI; a small minority use HTTP methods and the host. However, they are not the only matching parameters. Knowing the rest will bring you into the world of advanced users of APISIX. Let's take a simple example: header-based API versioning. You'd need actually to match a specific HTTP request header. I've already described how to do it previously. In essence, vars is an additional matching criterion that allows the evaluation of APISIX and nginx variables. routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]] The above route will match if, and only if, the HTTP Accept header is equal to vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json. You can find the complete list of supported operators in the lua-resty-expr project. APISIX matches routes in a non-specified order by default. If URIs are disjointed, that's not an issue. routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]] Problems arise when URIs are somehow not disjointed. For example, imagine I want to set a default route for unversioned calls. routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1 We need the third route to be evaluated last. If it's evaluated first, it will match all requests, regardless of their HTTP headers. APISIX offers the priority parameter to order route evaluation. By default, a route's priority is 0. Let's use priority to implement the versioning correctly: routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
    priority: 10                                              #1
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]]
    priority: 10                                              #1
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1 Evaluated first. The order is not relevant since the URIs are disjointed. Implementing a free tier with matching rules We are now ready to implement our free tier with matching rules. The first route to be evaluated should be the one with authentication and no rate limit: routes:
  - uri: /get
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_apikey", "~~", ".*"]]                      #1
    plugins:
      key-auth: ~                                             #2
    priority: 10                                              #3 Match if the request has an HTTP header named apikey
Authenticate the request
Evaluate first The other route is evaluated afterward. - uri: /get
    upstream_id: 1
    plugins:
      limit-count:                                            #1
        count: 1
        time_window: 60
        rejected_code: 429 Rate limit this route. When you configure APISIX with the above snippets, and it receives a request to /get, it tries to match the first route only if it has an apikey request header: If it has one:

The key-auth plugin kicks in
If it succeeds, APISIX forwards the request to the upstream
If it fails, APISIX returns a 403 HTTP status code


If it has no such request header, it matches the second route with a rate limit. Conclusion A free tier is a must for any API service provider worth its salt. In this post, I've explained how to configure such free tier with Apache APISIX. The complete source code for this post can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/ajavageek/free-tier-apisix?embedable=true To go further: Consumer
limit-count plugin
router-radixtree
lua-resty-expr Lots of service providers offer a free tier of their service. The idea is to let you kick their service's tires freely. If you need to go above the free tier at any point, you'll likely stay on the service and pay. In this day and age, most services are online and accessible via an API. Today, we will implement a free tier with Apache APISIX . Apache APISIX A naive approach I implemented a free tier in my post Evolving your RESTful APIs, a step-by-step approach , albeit in a very naive way. I copy-pasted the limit-count plugin and added my required logic. Evolving your RESTful APIs, a step-by-step approach limit-count function _M.access(conf, ctx)
    core.log.info("ver: ", ctx.conf_version)

    -- no limit if the request is authenticated
    local key = core.request.header(ctx, conf.header)                               #1
    if key then
        local consumer_conf = consumer_mod.plugin("key-auth")                       #2
        if consumer_conf then
            local consumers = lrucache("consumers_key", consumer_conf.conf_version, #3
                    create_consume_cache, consumer_conf)
            local consumer = consumers[key]                                         #4
            if consumer then                                                        #5
                return
            end
        end
    end
-- rest of the logic function _M.access(conf, ctx)
    core.log.info("ver: ", ctx.conf_version)

    -- no limit if the request is authenticated
    local key = core.request.header(ctx, conf.header)                               #1
    if key then
        local consumer_conf = consumer_mod.plugin("key-auth")                       #2
        if consumer_conf then
            local consumers = lrucache("consumers_key", consumer_conf.conf_version, #3
                    create_consume_cache, consumer_conf)
            local consumer = consumers[key]                                         #4
            if consumer then                                                        #5
                return
            end
        end
    end
-- rest of the logic Get the configured request header value Get the consumer's key-auth configuration Get consumers Get the consumer with the passed API key if they exist If they exist, bypass the rate-limiting logic Get the configured request header value Get the consumer's key-auth configuration key-auth Get consumers Get the consumer with the passed API key if they exist If they exist, bypass the rate-limiting logic The downside of this approach is that the code is now my own. It has evolved since I copied it, and I'm stuck with the version I copied. We can do better with the help of the vars parameter on routes. vars APISIX route matching APISIX delegates its matching rule to a router . router Standard matching parameters include: The URI The HTTP method. By default, all methods match. The host The remote address The URI The HTTP method. By default, all methods match. The host The remote address Most users do match on the URI; a small minority use HTTP methods and the host. However, they are not the only matching parameters. Knowing the rest will bring you into the world of advanced users of APISIX. Let's take a simple example: header-based API versioning. You'd need actually to match a specific HTTP request header. I've already described how to do it previously . In essence, vars is an additional matching criterion that allows the evaluation of APISIX and nginx variables. previously vars routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]] routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]] The above route will match if, and only if, the HTTP Accept header is equal to vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json . You can find the complete list of supported operators in the lua-resty-expr project. Accept vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json lua-resty-expr APISIX matches routes in a non-specified order by default. If URIs are disjointed , that's not an issue. disjointed routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]] routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]] Problems arise when URIs are somehow not disjointed. For example, imagine I want to set a default route for unversioned calls. routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1 routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]]
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1 We need the third route to be evaluated last. If it's evaluated first, it will match all requests, regardless of their HTTP headers. APISIX offers the priority parameter to order route evaluation. By default, a route's priority is 0. Let's use priority to implement the versioning correctly: priority priority routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
    priority: 10                                              #1
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]]
    priority: 10                                              #1
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1 routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v1+json" ]]
    priority: 10                                              #1
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 2
    vars: [[ "http_accept", "==", "vnd.ch.frankel.myservice.v2+json" ]]
    priority: 10                                              #1
  - uri: /*
    upstream_id: 1 Evaluated first. The order is not relevant since the URIs are disjointed. Evaluated first. The order is not relevant since the URIs are disjointed. Implementing a free tier with matching rules We are now ready to implement our free tier with matching rules. The first route to be evaluated should be the one with authentication and no rate limit: routes:
  - uri: /get
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_apikey", "~~", ".*"]]                      #1
    plugins:
      key-auth: ~                                             #2
    priority: 10                                              #3 routes:
  - uri: /get
    upstream_id: 1
    vars: [[ "http_apikey", "~~", ".*"]]                      #1
    plugins:
      key-auth: ~                                             #2
    priority: 10                                              #3 Match if the request has an HTTP header named apikey Authenticate the request Evaluate first Match if the request has an HTTP header named apikey apikey Authenticate the request Evaluate first The other route is evaluated afterward. - uri: /get
    upstream_id: 1
    plugins:
      limit-count:                                            #1
        count: 1
        time_window: 60
        rejected_code: 429 - uri: /get
    upstream_id: 1
    plugins:
      limit-count:                                            #1
        count: 1
        time_window: 60
        rejected_code: 429 Rate limit this route. Rate limit this route. When you configure APISIX with the above snippets, and it receives a request to /get , it tries to match the first route only if it has an apikey request header: /get only apikey If it has one:

The key-auth plugin kicks in
If it succeeds, APISIX forwards the request to the upstream
If it fails, APISIX returns a 403 HTTP status code If it has no such request header, it matches the second route with a rate limit. If it has one: The key-auth plugin kicks in
If it succeeds, APISIX forwards the request to the upstream
If it fails, APISIX returns a 403 HTTP status code The key-auth plugin kicks in If it succeeds, APISIX forwards the request to the upstream If it fails, APISIX returns a 403 HTTP status code The key-auth plugin kicks in key-auth If it succeeds, APISIX forwards the request to the upstream If it fails, APISIX returns a 403 HTTP status code If it has no such request header, it matches the second route with a rate limit. Conclusion A free tier is a must for any API service provider worth its salt. In this post, I've explained how to configure such free tier with Apache APISIX. The complete source code for this post can be found on GitHub: https://github.com/ajavageek/free-tier-apisix?embedable=true https://github.com/ajavageek/free-tier-apisix?embedable=true To go further: To go further: Consumer limit-count plugin router-radixtree lua-resty-expr Consumer Consumer limit-count plugin limit-count plugin router-radixtree router-radixtree lua-resty-expr lua-resty-expr

Implementing a Free Tier API: Route Matching with Apache APISIX

While Bitcoin has gained greater institutional acceptance with the recent ETF launches in the US, it is still not a pure institutional asset, and it is not a pure commodity like gold. It is so much more: secure, decentralized, and programmable value. Zulu Network believes that Bitcoin can be so much more. The Bitcoin Ecosystem is ready to evolve by adding BitFi (Bitcoin Native DeFi), integrating existing infrastructure, and advanced programmability to take Bitcoin from a store of value into a new economy with native yield, exciting innovations, and sophisticated DeFi applications. Zulu Network is the first Bitcoin Layer 2 with a Dual-Layer architecture (L2+L3). ZuluPrime L2 is EVM compatible for Bitcoin scaling and BitFi (Bitcoin DeFi); ZuluNexus L3 offers UTXO programmability, a unique solution to continuously support Bitcoin native innovation, making transactions cheaper, fast, extendable, and programmable. Zulu’s other innovations also include the first Bitcoin decentralized bridge (with a working demo coming in the next couple of weeks) and its unique hybrid PoS / PoW mining design. BitFi has the potential to reshape the financial industry and offer individuals greater control over their financial assets. However, its scalability capacity is currently limited. There is clearly massive demand, but poor infrastructure and limitations for mass adoption, like scalability issues, to foster new Bitcoin native format innovations. Zulu Network is building a new infrastructure to solve these limitations with a programmable, extendable, and innovative new approach to the Bitcoin Ecosystem. Zulu wants to unlock the Bitcoin Economy for all developers and users. Zulu Network’s Ground-Breaking Architecture Zulu Network’s unique Two-Tier architecture (L2+L3) aims to move the Bitcoin Network forward with a new infrastructure that solves the limitations of the current Bitcoin ecosystem, such as big demand but poor infrastructure, scalability issues, and lack of native innovations that limit the potential for mass adoption. Zulu’s Bitcoin Layer 2 solution offers a unique two-tiered architecture, supporting both EVM and UTXO, paving the way for revolutionary advancements within the Bitcoin ecosystem: ZuluPrime L2 is EVM compatible, for Bitcoin scaling and BitFi (Bitcoin DeFi). ZuluNexus L3 offers UTXO programmability to support Bitcoin native innovation, making transactions cheaper, faster, extendable, and programmable. Zulu’s other innovations also include the first trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge (with a working demo coming soon) and its unique hybrid PoS / PoW mining design. Zulu Lwazi Alpha Testnet Highlights ZGP Points Campaign: https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1
25k+ users and 52k+ transactions in the first 48 hours.
40k+ users and 287k+ transactions in the first week.
Currently, 140k+ registered users and 1M+ transactions!
Social Media: 40k+ Twitter followers, 35k+ Discord members, 56k+ Telegram members. Zulu Network Architecture With a dual-layer architecture on Bitcoin (L2 & L3), Zulu Network offers: ZuluPrime (EVM): EVM-compatible L2 platform aimed at building a new BitFi (Bitcoin DeFi) ecosystem through smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). ZuluNexus (UTXO): L3 integrates the scalability of UTXO and focuses on the innovation of Bitcoin’s original ecosystem and native assets. The Bitcoin Network is used as an L1 finality for Zulu. Zulu Network is also building the first trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge to connect all Bitcoin Layer 2s and the entire crypto ecosystem to the Bitcoin ecosystem. Like most of the blockchain world, the Zulu team was captivated by the immense possibilities that Robin Linus put forth in the white paper for BitVM. Zulu believes in Satoshi's ethos of true decentralization. That is why, to fully realize the vision of Zulu in its entirety, a trust-minimized bridge with both inflows and outflows to and from the Bitcoin Network and Ethereum ecosystem is necessary. Therefore, in the interest of further advancement of the Bitcoin ecosystem, Zulu has taken it upon themselves to implement the first trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge. Zulu uniquely enhances the Bitcoin network by integrating a dual-layer architecture that supports both traditional UTXO and advanced programmable features, allowing for the development of sophisticated decentralized applications (DApps), expanding Bitcoin’s capabilities while maintaining its foundational principles of security and reliability. For a more in-depth look at the Zulu Network architecture, click here: https://medium.com/@zulu_network/architecture-deep-dive-how-zulu-will-move-bitcoin-forward-837d2492c234 Zulu Network Key Achievements First Dual-Layer Architecture on Bitcoin (L2+L3).
First implementation of a decentralized Bitcoin bridge.
Unique PoW + PoS mining
First Bitcoin Layer 3 (ZuluNexus)
Solving UTXO and BitFi (Bitcoin Native DeFi) limitations through programmability, extendibility, and advanced capabilities.
$3m raised in Pre-Seed Funding from top VCs
Launch of Zulu Lwazi Alpha Testnet and Zulu Genesis Points Moving the Bitcoin Economy Forward Zulu invites everyone to move Bitcoin forward with them. Explore, innovate, and contribute to the evolution of blockchain technology with Zulu. Learn More About Zulu Network Website: https://zulunetwork.io/ Whitepaper: https://zulunetwork.io/whitepaper.pdf Gitbook: https://docs.zulunetwork.io/ Github: https://github.com/zulu-network/ Zulu Lwazi Testnet: https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/lwazi Testnet Points Guide: https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1 ZuluScan: https://testnet.zuluscan.io/ Bridge: https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/bridge/ This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. While Bitcoin has gained greater institutional acceptance with the recent ETF launches in the US, it is still not a pure institutional asset, and it is not a pure commodity like gold. It is so much more: secure, decentralized, and programmable value. Zulu Network believes that Bitcoin can be so much more. The Bitcoin Ecosystem is ready to evolve by adding BitFi (Bitcoin Native DeFi), integrating existing infrastructure, and advanced programmability to take Bitcoin from a store of value into a new economy with native yield, exciting innovations, and sophisticated DeFi applications. Zulu Network is the first Bitcoin Layer 2 with a Dual-Layer architecture (L2+L3). ZuluPrime L2 is EVM compatible for Bitcoin scaling and BitFi (Bitcoin DeFi); ZuluNexus L3 offers UTXO programmability, a unique solution to continuously support Bitcoin native innovation, making transactions cheaper, fast, extendable, and programmable. Zulu’s other innovations also include the first Bitcoin decentralized bridge (with a working demo coming in the next couple of weeks) and its unique hybrid PoS / PoW mining design. BitFi has the potential to reshape the financial industry and offer individuals greater control over their financial assets. However, its scalability capacity is currently limited. There is clearly massive demand, but poor infrastructure and limitations for mass adoption, like scalability issues, to foster new Bitcoin native format innovations. Zulu Network is building a new infrastructure to solve these limitations with a programmable, extendable, and innovative new approach to the Bitcoin Ecosystem. Zulu wants to unlock the Bitcoin Economy for all developers and users. Zulu Network’s Ground-Breaking Architecture Zulu Network’s unique Two-Tier architecture (L2+L3) aims to move the Bitcoin Network forward with a new infrastructure that solves the limitations of the current Bitcoin ecosystem, such as big demand but poor infrastructure, scalability issues, and lack of native innovations that limit the potential for mass adoption. Zulu’s Bitcoin Layer 2 solution offers a unique two-tiered architecture, supporting both EVM and UTXO, paving the way for revolutionary advancements within the Bitcoin ecosystem: ZuluPrime L2 is EVM compatible, for Bitcoin scaling and BitFi (Bitcoin DeFi). ZuluNexus L3 offers UTXO programmability to support Bitcoin native innovation, making transactions cheaper, faster, extendable, and programmable. Zulu’s other innovations also include the first trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge (with a working demo coming soon) and its unique hybrid PoS / PoW mining design. Zulu Lwazi Alpha Testnet Highlights ZGP Points Campaign: https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1 25k+ users and 52k+ transactions in the first 48 hours. 40k+ users and 287k+ transactions in the first week. Currently, 140k+ registered users and 1M+ transactions! Social Media: 40k+ Twitter followers, 35k+ Discord members, 56k+ Telegram members. ZGP Points Campaign: https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1 https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1 https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1 25k+ users and 52k+ transactions in the first 48 hours. 40k+ users and 287k+ transactions in the first week. Currently, 140k+ registered users and 1M+ transactions! Social Media: 40k+ Twitter followers, 35k+ Discord members, 56k+ Telegram members. Zulu Network Architecture With a dual-layer architecture on Bitcoin (L2 & L3), Zulu Network offers: ZuluPrime (EVM): EVM-compatible L2 platform aimed at building a new BitFi (Bitcoin DeFi) ecosystem through smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). ZuluNexus (UTXO): L3 integrates the scalability of UTXO and focuses on the innovation of Bitcoin’s original ecosystem and native assets. The Bitcoin Network is used as an L1 finality for Zulu. Zulu Network is also building the first trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge to connect all Bitcoin Layer 2s and the entire crypto ecosystem to the Bitcoin ecosystem. Like most of the blockchain world, the Zulu team was captivated by the immense possibilities that Robin Linus put forth in the white paper for BitVM. Zulu believes in Satoshi's ethos of true decentralization. That is why, to fully realize the vision of Zulu in its entirety, a trust-minimized bridge with both inflows and outflows to and from the Bitcoin Network and Ethereum ecosystem is necessary. Therefore, in the interest of further advancement of the Bitcoin ecosystem, Zulu has taken it upon themselves to implement the first trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge. Zulu uniquely enhances the Bitcoin network by integrating a dual-layer architecture that supports both traditional UTXO and advanced programmable features, allowing for the development of sophisticated decentralized applications (DApps), expanding Bitcoin’s capabilities while maintaining its foundational principles of security and reliability. For a more in-depth look at the Zulu Network architecture, click here: https://medium.com/@zulu_network/architecture-deep-dive-how-zulu-will-move-bitcoin-forward-837d2492c234 https://medium.com/@zulu_network/architecture-deep-dive-how-zulu-will-move-bitcoin-forward-837d2492c234 https://medium.com/@zulu_network/architecture-deep-dive-how-zulu-will-move-bitcoin-forward-837d2492c234 Zulu Network Key Achievements First Dual-Layer Architecture on Bitcoin (L2+L3). First implementation of a decentralized Bitcoin bridge. Unique PoW + PoS mining First Bitcoin Layer 3 (ZuluNexus) Solving UTXO and BitFi (Bitcoin Native DeFi) limitations through programmability, extendibility, and advanced capabilities. $3m raised in Pre-Seed Funding from top VCs Launch of Zulu Lwazi Alpha Testnet and Zulu Genesis Points First Dual-Layer Architecture on Bitcoin (L2+L3). First implementation of a decentralized Bitcoin bridge. Unique PoW + PoS mining First Bitcoin Layer 3 (ZuluNexus) Solving UTXO and BitFi (Bitcoin Native DeFi) limitations through programmability, extendibility, and advanced capabilities. $3m raised in Pre-Seed Funding from top VCs Launch of Zulu Lwazi Alpha Testnet and Zulu Genesis Points Moving the Bitcoin Economy Forward Zulu invites everyone to move Bitcoin forward with them. Explore, innovate, and contribute to the evolution of blockchain technology with Zulu. Learn More About Zulu Network Website: https://zulunetwork.io/ https://zulunetwork.io/ https://zulunetwork.io/ Whitepaper: https://zulunetwork.io/whitepaper.pdf https://zulunetwork.io/whitepaper.pdf https://zulunetwork.io/whitepaper.pdf Gitbook: https://docs.zulunetwork.io/ https://docs.zulunetwork.io/ https://docs.zulunetwork.io/ Github: https://github.com/zulu-network/ https://github.com/zulu-network/ https://github.com/zulu-network/ Zulu Lwazi Testnet: https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/lwazi https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/lwazi https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/lwazi Testnet Points Guide: https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1 https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1 https://medium.com/@zulu_network/earn-zulu-genesis-points-zgp-now-phase-1-lwazi-c69323fd3ea1 ZuluScan: https://testnet.zuluscan.io/ https://testnet.zuluscan.io/ https://testnet.zuluscan.io/ Bridge: https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/bridge/ Bridge: https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/bridge/ https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/bridge/ https://testnet.zulunetwork.io/bridge/ This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Btcwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. here. here.

Zulu Network: Moving The Bitcoin Economy Forward With a Two-Tiered Bitcoin Layer 2 Architecture

I never moved away from Docker Desktop. For some time, after you use it to build an image, it prints a message: What's Next?
  View a summary of image vulnerabilities and recommendations → docker scout quickview I decided to give it a try. I'll use the root commit of my . Let's execute the proposed command: OpenTelemetry tracing demo docker scout quickview otel-catalog:1.0 Here's the result: ✓ Image stored for indexing
    ✓ Indexed 272 packages
  Target               │  otel-catalog:1.0        │    0C     2H    15M    23L
    digest             │  7adfce68062e            │
  Base image           │  eclipse-temurin:21-jre  │    0C     0H    15M    23L
  Refreshed base image │  eclipse-temurin:21-jre  │    0C     0H    15M    23L
                       │                          │
What's Next?
  View vulnerabilities → docker scout cves otel-catalog:1.0
  View base image update recommendations → docker scout recommendations otel-catalog:1.0
  Include policy results in your quickview by supplying an organization → docker scout quickview otel-catalog:1.0 --org <organization> Docker gives out exciting bits of information: The base image contains 15 middle-severity vulnerabilities and 23 low-severity ones The final image has an additional two high-level severity Ergo, our code introduced them! Following Scout's suggestion, we can drill down the CVEs: docker scout cves otel-catalog:1.0 This is the result: ✓ SBOM of image already cached, 272 packages indexed
    ✗ Detected 18 vulnerable packages with a total of 39 vulnerabilities
## Overview
                    │       Analyzed Image
────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────
  Target            │  otel-catalog:1.0
    digest          │  7adfce68062e
    platform        │ linux/arm64
    vulnerabilities │    0C     2H    15M    23L
    size            │ 160 MB
    packages        │ 272
## Packages and Vulnerabilities
   0C     1H     0M     0L  org.yaml/snakeyaml 1.33
pkg:maven/org.yaml/snakeyaml@1.33
    ✗ HIGH CVE-2022-1471 [Improper Input Validation]
      https://scout.docker.com/v/CVE-2022-1471
      Affected range : <=1.33
      Fixed version  : 2.0
      CVSS Score     : 8.3
      CVSS Vector    : CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L
   0C     1H     0M     0L  io.netty/netty-handler 4.1.100.Final
pkg:maven/io.netty/netty-handler@4.1.100.Final
    ✗ HIGH CVE-2023-4586 [OWASP Top Ten 2017 Category A9 - Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities]
      https://scout.docker.com/v/CVE-2023-4586
      Affected range : >=4.1.0
                     : <5.0.0
      Fixed version  : not fixed
      CVSS Score     : 7.4
      CVSS Vector    : CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N The original output is much longer, but I stopped at the exciting bit: the two high-severity CVEs. First, we see the one coming from Netty still needs to be fixed - tough luck. However, Snake YAML fixed its CVE from version 2.0 onward. I'm not using Snake YAML directly; it's a Spring dependency brought by Spring. Because of this, no guarantee exists that a major version upgrade will be compatible. But we can surely try. Let's bump the dependency to the latest version: <dependency>
    <groupId>org.yaml</groupId>
    <artifactId>snakeyaml</artifactId>
    <version>2.2</version>
</dependency> We can build the image again and . Fortunately, it does. We can execute the process again: check that it still works docker scout quickview otel-catalog:1.0 Lo and behold, the high-severity CVE is no more! ✓ Image stored for indexing
    ✓ Indexed 273 packages
  Target     │  local://otel-catalog:1.0-1  │    0C     1H    15M    23L
    digest   │  9ddc31cdd304                │
  Base image │  eclipse-temurin:21-jre      │    0C     0H    15M    23L Conclusion In this short post, we tried Docker Scout, the Docker image vulnerability detection tool. Thanks to it, we removed one high-level CVE we introduced in the code. To go further: Docker Scout 4 Free, Easy-To-Use Tools For Docker Vulnerability Scanning Also published . here

Docker Images: Kicking the Tires of Docker Scout

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . RUBBER TIRES FOR TRACTION ENGINES. here RUBBER TIRES FOR TRACTION ENGINES. When it was first discovered that a smooth-faced driving wheel, running on a smooth-faced rail, would "bite," the era of iron railways and locomotive engines may be said to have fairly commenced. The correction of a single radical error was, in this case, the dawn of a new system of travel, so extensive in its growth and marvelous in its results, that even the wildest dreamer could not, at that time, have imagined the consequences of so simple a discovery. A popular and somewhat similar error regarding the bite of wheels on rough and uneven surfaces, has also prevailed. We say popular error, because engineers have not shared it, and it has obtained, to any notable extent, only among those unfamiliar with mechanical science. The error in question is, that hard-surfaced wheels will not bite on a moderately rough surface, sufficiently to give an efficient tractile power. It seems strange that this error should have diffused itself very extensively, when it is remembered that a certain degree of roughness is essential to frictional resistance. The smoothness of the ordinary railway track is roughness compared to that of an oiled or unctuous metallic surface; and it has been amply demonstrated that the resistance of friction, of two bearing surfaces depends, not upon their extent, but upon the pressure with which they are forced together. A traction wheel, of given weight, resting upon two square inches of hard earth or rock, would develop the same tractile power as though it had a bearing surface of two square feet of similar material. On very rough and stony ways, however, another element practically of no importance on moderately rough ways, like a macadam surface or a concrete road, where the prominences are nearly of uniform hight, and so near together as to admit between their summits only very small arcs of the circumference of the wheel; comes into action. This element is the constantly recurring lifting of the superincumbent weight of the machine. Even this would not result in loss of power, could the power developed in falling be wholly applied to useful work in the direction of the advance of the engine. The fact is, however, that it is not so applied, and in any method of propulsion at present known to engineering science, cannot be so applied. Above a certain point where friction enough is developed to prevent slip, the more uneven the road surface is, the greater the power demanded for the propulsion of the locomotive. And this will hold good for both hard and soft-tired wheels. What then is the advantage, if any, of rubber-tired wheels? The advantages claimed may be enumerated as follows: increased tractile power, with a given weight, secured without damage to roadways; ease of carriage to the supported machinery, whereby it—the machinery—is saved from stress and wear; and economy of the power, expended in moving the extra weight required by rigid-tired wheels, to secure the required frictional resistance. The last-mentioned claim depends upon the first, and must stand or fall with it. The saving of roadway, ease of carriage, and its favorable result upon the machinery, are generally conceded. A denial of the first claim has been made, by those interested in the manufacture of rigid-tired traction engines and others, in so far as the rubber tires are employed on comparatively smooth surfaces; although the increased tractile power on quite pavements and roads is acknowledged. rough This denial is based upon results of experiments performed on the streets of Rochester, England, between the 9th October and the 2nd November, 1870, by a committee of the Royal Engineers (British Army), with a view to determine accurately the point in question. Care was taken to make the circumstances, under which the trials took place, exactly alike for both the rubber and the iron tires. The experiments were performed with an Aveling and Porter six-horse power road engine, built in the Royal Engineers' establishment. The weight of the engine, without rubber tires, was 11,225 pounds; with rubber tires, it weighed 12,025 pounds. Without rubber tires it drew 2.813 times its own weight up a gradient of 1 in [missing]; with rubber tires, it drew up the same incline 2.763 times the weight of engine, with the weight of rubber tires added; showing that, although it drew a little over 2,200 pounds more than it could do without the rubber tires, the increase of traction was only that which might be expected from the additional weight. It is claimed, moreover, that the additional traction power and superior ease of carriage on rough roads, secured with rubber tires, is dearly bought at the very great increase in cost, of an engine fitted with them, over one not so fitted. This is a point we regard as not fully settled, though it will not long remain in doubt. There are enough of both types of wheels now in use to soon answer practically any question there may be of durability (upon which the point of economy hinges), so far as the interest on the increased cost due to rubber tires, is offset against the greater wear and tear of iron rimmed wheels. It is stated, on good authority that a rubber tired engine, started at work in Aberdeen, Scotland, wore out its tires between April and September, inclusive, and when it is taken into consideration, that the cost of these tires is about half that of other engines, made with solid iron rimmed driving wheels, it will be seen that, unless very much greater durability than this can be shown for the rubber, the advantages of such tires are very nearly, if not more than, balanced by their disadvantages. The fact that one set of tires wore out so soon does not prove a rule. There may have been causes at work which do not affect such tires generally, and it would be, we think, quite premature to form favorable or unfavorable judgment, of relative economy from such data as have been yet furnished. The difference in the current expenses of running the two most prominent types of engines, with hard and soft tires, now in use, does not affect the question of rubber tires, unless it can be shown that these tires necessitate, , such a form of engine as requires a greater consumption of fuel, and greater cost of attendance, to perform a given amount of work. per se About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19180/pg19180-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

RUBBER TIRES FOR TRACTION ENGINES

Products like Amazon RDS for are fine for smaller deployments, but scaling PostgreSQL is a different story. Once the project grows to many terabytes, these managed databases get slow and expensive, making data management much more complex. PostgreSQL Performance suffers once tables reach billions of rows, and while , the data will carry on growing. Without proper data management, developers can only watch their disks (and bills) increase in size. it there are ways to improve But not anymore. Today, we’re happy to announce the General Availability of Tiered Storage, a multi-tiered storage architecture engineered to enable infinite, low-cost scalability for your time series and analytical databases in the Timescale platform. You can now store your older, infrequently accessed data in a low-cost storage tier while still being able to access it—without ever sacrificing performance for your frequently accessed data. This is what happens when you insert data into a Timescale time-series database with our new multi-tiered storage backend: Your most recent data will be written into a optimized for fast queries and high ingests. high-performance storage tier Once you don’t access that data frequently, you can automatically tier it to a by setting up a tiering policy. The data in the low-cost storage tier remains fully queryable within your database, and there’s no limit to the amount of data you can store—up to hundreds of TBs or more. lower-cost object storage tier Our low-cost storage tier has a flat price of $0.021 per GB/month for data—cheaper than Amazon S3. Developers need a cheap way to scale their large PostgreSQL databases in without compromising performance. While object stores are amazingly scalable and affordable, they are not the fastest, and developers need to get millisecond query responses for their applications. AWS also However, once data becomes older and rarely accessed, real-time performance is often not as essential. Developers still need to be able to access this historical data for ad hoc queries, data analysis, or regulatory compliance, but they can assume some latency for these types of queries. Now, what developers want is the ability to store this historical data as affordably and efficiently as possible. This new Tiered Storage architecture frees developers from choosing between storage costs and performance trade-offs for real-time applications. By keeping their recent and frequently accessed data in the high-performance tier, they’ll leverage the millisecond query speed and ingestion capabilities of Timescale, and by tiering their older data, they can keep as many TBs as they need in their PostgreSQL databases for less. PostgreSQL Data Management With Tiered Storage: What You Need to Know Timescale’s Tiered Storage architecture leverages the flexibility of PostgreSQL and for effective data management. When creating a hypertable, it can now seamlessly stretch across both storage tiers; , Timescale seamlessly figures out what storage tiers to access to generate the response, boosting performance for your most recent data and lowering storage costs for older data. There’s no extra charge per query or data read and no hidden fees, enabling straightforward, cost-effective data management. hypertables when you run a query This storage architecture also eliminates any storage limitations in Timescale services: since our low-cost storage tier is infinite, you can store as many TBs as you’d like. For example, we’re leveraging Tiered Storage internally to store the huge Timescale database powering our Insights product. This Insights database is constantly collecting and analyzing query statistics from across our customer fleet, and it’s exceeded 350 TB today and is growing quickly. From those 350 TB, 250 TB are tiered to low-cost storage. Let’s do the math: We store 5 TB in our high-performance storage tier Of course, we have compression enabled, and we’re getting compression ratios of 20x—meaning that what was originally 100 TB of Postgres data now fits in a 5 TB disk thanks to compression (!) after compression. The remaining 250 TB of data are stored in the low-cost storage tier. This tiering happens automatically once data hits a certain age, which currently is several weeks old. Our customers with large deployments are also already making use of Tiered Storage: "We perform a lot of analysis on market data, and the sheer volume of data we need to store makes a normal disk-based database solution unfeasible (it's just too expensive). Timescale’s Tiered Storage seamlessly allows us to move large volumes of data to the object storage layer. This is a great solution to store large volumes of historical data and perform post-analysis. Without this, we'd be forced to develop a solution in-house." - Chief Technology Officer at a Proprietary Digital Assets Trading Company Simplicity is the key feature of Tiered Storage. To move your data from the high-performance tier to the low-cost object tier, all you need to do is use our to define policies to tier your data as it ages on a particular hypertable. Data tiering policies work on a chunk basis (the policy will tier complete chunks once they reach the age defined by the policy). There’s no need for any ETL (extract-transform-load) processes or infrastructure changes. simple API Timescale hypertables are PostgreSQL tables automatically partitioned by time. Those partitions are called chunks. Chunks are the unit of user-defined policies in Timescale: for example, when you define a data retention policy, you’ll be deleting entire partitions (chunks), and when you move data between storage tiers, you’ll be moving entire chunks. This is a very convenient way to manage data from a resource-utilization and developer experience perspective. Editor's Note: For example, this policy would move all data older than one month to object storage in your hypertable: events SELECT add_tiering_policy('events', INTERVAL '1 month'); That’s all you need! Everything else happens automatically, including intelligent query planning that only executes any SQL queries on the appropriate tier. To drop data currently stored in the low-cost storage tier, you can define a data retention policy so data is deleted automatically after a certain period (e.g., after five years). . You can also manually delete specific chunks Also, if you want to “move back” a particular chunk from the low-cost storage tier to the high-performance tier ( ), you can easily “untier” it. for example, if you need to backfill or update data -- Untier a particular chunk
CALL untier_chunk('_hyper_1_1_chunk'); You can track how much data has been tiered (and how much it will cost at the end of the month) in the Timescale console: And speaking of billing estimations… How much can I save with Tiered Storage? Our high-performance storage tier has an effective price of $0.177 per GB/month of data (considering the expected compression rate we see across our fleet).  This is now joined by a low-cost storage layer with a flat fee of $0.021 per GB/month of data, with the same price across all cloud regions. after compression When tiering data, you will , not for the queries executed or the amount of data scanned: this is truly a flat price. Our goal with this pricing structure was to provide a transparent, unambiguous, and simple way to calculate the total data storage cost, making it easier to manage your data. only pay for the data you store As a quick example, let’s say you have a hypertable with 5.2 TB of storage, with recent hypertable chunks and other Postgres tables taking up approximately 200 GB and about 5 TB of hypertable data older than a month. You do not access or query this older data frequently, meaning you don’t need it for the daily operations of your application. Still, you’d like to keep it accessible in your database for ad hoc queries or compliance requirements (we see many such cases among our customers). As a cost-effective data management strategy, you can tier all chunks older than a month to the low-cost tier and decrease the cost of storing that 5 TB of data from around $478/month to around $105/month, ( a 78% decrease in your storage bill. For this estimation, we assume you enabled compression for your hypertable and consider the median overall compression in all Timescale services). The savings will increase alongside your data: when moving multiple terabytes to this low-cost tier, your storage bill will decrease from thousands of dollars to a few hundred. The following reference table illustrates how affordable our low-cost storage tier actually is. You get the point! The savings’ multiplication effect of Tiered Storage There is one more thing that makes Tiered Storage even more amazing: when you keep data in the low-cost storage tier, you pay for this data only once, independently of if you have a high-availability replica or read replicas running in your service. The same applies to forks. In Timescale, you can create copies of your primary database (we call them forks) by clicking one button from the UI, for example, for running tests or creating dev environments. When creating one (or more) forks, . If you decide to tier more data that’s not in the primary, you will pay to store it in the low-cost tier, but you will still benefit from substantial savings by moving it from the high-performance tier of the fork to the cheaper tier. you won’t be billed for data shared with the primary in the low-cost storage To make this crystal clear, let’s roll out an example. Imagine that you have a primary service with 6.5 TB of data and that you also have set: A high-availability replica to significantly reduce the risk of downtime and data loss due to failures A read replica to serve your read queries and allow the primary to dedicate itself fully to writes A fork of that service for development and testing purposes From a billing perspective, if you kept the 6.5 TB of data in your primary service in the high-performance storage tier, you would see reflected [6.5 TB x 4] in your storage bill to account for the two replicas, the fork, and the primary service—26 TB in total. Assuming our median compression rate, this would be costly: around $4,602 /month. But what happens if your application needs to actively access only the most recent 500 GB of data? You could tier 6 TB to low-cost storage and only keep 500 GB on your high-performance storage tier. And since you only pay for the data in your low-cost storage tier once, this is how your new storage bill would look like: [500 GB x 4] = 2 TB in high-performance storage (instead of 26 TB) [6 TB x 1] in the low-cost storage tier The above storage bill would come up to approximately $480 /month: This is the savings' multiplication effect of Tiered Storage. Especially if you’re running replicas or forks, it is a great idea to take advantage of the low-cost storage tier—the savings you’ll see in your overall bill will be very significant. you would save over $4,000/month! Our Tiered Storage Journey We released an early version of our Tiered Storage functionality in the Timescale platform as Early Access in March. After many improvements, it has now reached General Availability. Since its first release, we have worked hard to make Tiered Storage stable, reliable, and faster. We also thought long and hard about our pricing model, iterating consistently over multiple ways to price our low-cost storage tier. Finally, we leaned towards the simplest: a flat rate over the data volume pre-compression. We’ve already mentioned how we valued simple and predictable pricing, but it was also important for us to provide a price per GB/month as low as possible. Our price landed at $0.021—as a comparison, storing files on Amazon S3 costs . $0.023 per GB/month Personally, I (Yannis) must admit that after leading teams building cloud-native solutions for more than a decade, I still have to go back and occasionally recheck multiple rate tables on various cloud pricing pages, especially looking for extra fees, every time that I want to compute the total costs for our services accurately. At Timescale, we believe that you should not have to build a complicated spreadsheet to be able to run a database service or make informed choices about storage layers. Our commitment to making developers’ lives easier led us to the flat rate of $0.021 per GB/month—no guesswork, hidden costs, or charges per query or data reads. means the data volume before applying Timescale compression. For example, due to Timescale compression, a 500 GB volume in the high-performance storage tier might end up needing only 50 GB of disk space once compressed. If you decided to tier this data to low-cost storage, your bill would be calculated over the original 500 GB volume, as in [500 GB * $0.021] per month. Data volume pre-compression How Tiered Storage Works: Behind the Scenes All data inserted into Timescale is initially written into our high-performance storage layer. Using faster disks for your most recent data will bring top insert and query performance for your most recent values, a usage pattern that fits the needs of data-intensive applications. On the contrary, the low-cost storage tier is an object store built on Amazon S3. This object store is much more than an external bucket to archive your data, though: it’s an integral part of your database. When you move data to this object storage tier, your database will remain fully aware of all the semantics and metadata, and you can keep querying as usual with standard SQL (albeit with slower performance). Behind the scenes, we’re storing the data in a compressed columnar format (specifically, ). When data is tiered, chunks stored in Timescale’s native internal database format (typically in our ) are asynchronously converted to Parquet format and stored in the underlying S3 object. We’ve built several mechanisms to ensure that the tiered chunks are durably stored in the low-cost storage tier before transactionally removing them from the high-performance tier. Apache Parquet native columnar compression When you run your SQL query, it will transparently pull data from the high-performance storage tier, the object storage tier, or both, as required. When we say transparent, we mean transparent: Timescale supports arbitrarily complex queries across its standard and tiered data, including complex predicates, JOINs, CTEs, windowing, hyperfunctions, and more. In the example query below (with an clause), you can see how the query plan includes a when the database is accessing data from the object storage tier. In this example, and are standard Postgres tables (residing only in high-performance storage), while is a hypertable that stretches across both storage tiers.  When executing this query against the hypertable, three of its chunks were read from standard storage, and five chunks were read from object storage. EXPLAIN Foreign Scan devices sites metrics metrics EXPLAIN 
SELECT time_bucket('1 day', ts) as day,
        max(value) as max_reading, 
        device_id  	
    FROM metrics 
    JOIN devices ON metrics.device_id = devices.id 
    JOIN sites ON devices.site_id = sites.id
WHERE sites.name = 'DC-1b'
GROUP BY day, device_id
ORDER BY day;


QUERY PLAN                                                      
----------------------------------------------------------
GroupAggregate
    Group Key: (time_bucket('1 day'::interval, _hyper_5666_706386_chunk.ts)), _hyper_5666_706386_chunk.device_id
    -> Sort
        Sort Key: (time_bucket('1 day'::interval, _hyper_5666_706386_chunk.ts)), _hyper_5666_706386_chunk.device_id
        -> Hash Join
            Hash Cond: (_hyper_5666_706386_chunk.device_id = devices.id)
            -> Append
    -> Seq Scan on _hyper_5666_706386_chunk
                -> Seq Scan on _hyper_5666_706387_chunk
                -> Seq Scan on _hyper_5666_706388_chunk
                -> Foreign Scan on osm_chunk_3334
            -> Hash
                -> Hash Join
                    Hash Cond: (devices.site_id = sites.id)
                    -> Seq Scan on devices
                    -> Hash
                        -> Seq Scan on sites
                           Filter: (name = 'DC-1b'::text) In the above query plan, the corresponds to fetching data from the bottomless object storage tier. Foreign Scan on osm_chunk_3334 To avoid processing chunks falling outside the query’s time window, we perform chunk exclusion to only touch the chunks that are needed to satisfy the query. The database stores various forms of metadata to build a “map” of row groups and columnar offsets within object storage. Furthermore, when a query is run, it is further selective about the data it reads. If your query only touches a range of rows and a few columns, only that subset of the data is read from the S3 object behind the low-cost storage tier. In the above, for example, only the and columns are read from the object storage tier.  If an additional  time-based filter had been included, the database would first use its metadata (stored in high-performance storage and cached in memory) to further reduce which Parquet files and row groups need to be read to execute the query.  All to reduce query latency even when accessing this bottomless storage transparently through PostgreSQL. device_id value WHERE Give Tiered Storage a Try Storage decisions around historical data don’t have to be costly. In Timescale, you now have access to a low-cost, infinite storage tier with no pricing gotchas that allows you to scale your database storage for an affordable price without compromising the performance of your application. If you’re wondering if this is a good solution for your use case, If you’re looking for a more practical perspective, you can also experiment with . check out our Docs for more information and use case fits. Tiered Storage yourself for free in the Timescale platform via our free trial (no credit card required) - Written by Yannis Roussos, Carlota Soto, and Ana Tavares. Also published here.

Scaling PostgreSQL Databases Just Got Cheaper: Timescale's Tiered Storage Hits General Availability

স্কেলিং PostgreSQL ডাটাবেসগুলি সবেমাত্র সস্তা হয়েছে: টাইমস্কেলের টায়ার্ড স্টোরেজ সাধারণ উপলব্ধতাকে আঘাত করে

Die Skalierung von PostgreSQL-Datenbanken ist jetzt noch günstiger: Der mehrstufige Speicher von Timescale ist jetzt allgemein verfügbar

Escalar bases de datos PostgreSQL ahora es más barato: el almacenamiento por niveles de Timescale llega a la disponibilidad general

La mise à l'échelle des bases de données PostgreSQL est devenue moins chère : le stockage hiérarchisé de Timescale arrive en disponibilité générale

PostgreSQL डेटाबेस को स्केल करना अब सस्ता हो गया है: टाइमस्केल का टियर स्टोरेज सामान्य उपलब्धता को प्रभावित करता है

PostgreSQL データベースのスケーリングがさらに安価に: Timescale の階層型ストレージが一般提供開始

PostgreSQL 데이터베이스 확장 비용이 더 저렴해졌습니다. Timescale의 계층형 스토리지가 정식 출시되었습니다.

O dimensionamento de bancos de dados PostgreSQL ficou mais barato: o armazenamento em camadas do Timescale atinge a disponibilidade geral

Масштабирование баз данных PostgreSQL стало дешевле: многоуровневое хранилище Timescale стало общедоступным

PostgreSQL Veritabanlarını Ölçeklendirmek Artık Daha Ucuz: Timescale'in Katmanlı Depolaması Genel Kullanıma Çıktı

Mở rộng cơ sở dữ liệu PostgreSQL vừa rẻ hơn: Bộ lưu trữ theo cấp độ của Timescale đạt mức khả dụng chung

扩展 PostgreSQL 数据库变得更加便宜：Timescale 的分层存储全面上市

Stories, News & Mentions about TIXR

Tixr’s Stories on HackerNoon