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Supernova Technology Chicago Office

Connect design and engineering data in a single design system tool. Supernova adapts to your company&#x27;s needs and enables your teams to accelerate and scale product development.

Supernova | The Design System Platform That Grows With You

Supernova Companies Salaries trends. 22 salaries for 16 jobs at Supernova Companies in Chicago, IL. Salaries posted anonymously by Supernova Companies employees in Chicago, IL.

Supernova Companies Salaries in Chicago, IL | Glassdoor

WAYNE, Pa., May 19, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Alden Investment Group announces a new lending solution for their advisors and clients in partnership with Supernova Technology™, a Chicago-based FinTech company focused on security-based lending (SBL).

Alden Launches New Securities-Based Lending Solution with Supernova ...

Supernova Company | Supernova Chicago | Built In Chicago

By combining thought leadership in suitability and risk management with industry-leading education and the latest technology, Supernova enables advisors to deliver holistic, goals-based advice and to help their clients achieve financial wellness. The company was founded in 2014 and is headquartered ...

Supernova Technology™ | LinkedIn

Supernova, a financial technology company based in Chicago, has built the industry&#x27;s first and only fully-customizable, end-to-end software solution to automate securities-based lending from origination through the life of the loan. The company empowers banks, wealth management firms, and financial ...

Supernova Technology Named a 2019 Top 10 FinTech Solution Provider

By combining thought leadership ... technology, Supernova enables advisors to deliver holistic, goals-based advice and to help their clients achieve financial wellness. We partner with the industry’s largest banks, most prominent insurance companies and leading online ...

Supernova Technology | About Our Company

We recently caught up with Supernova Companies CEO Tom Anderson to learn more about the company’s growth, hiring plans and its work with blockchain.

This strategic pivot sent Supernova Companies on a rapid growth ...

Supernowa

supernowa

This article will mainly interpret , a new recursive proof system for incrementally producing succinct proofs of correct execution of programs on a stateful machine with a particular instruction set. SuperNova These seem to be fantastic features. This article will mainly interpret how these features are implemented. For easy understanding, all interpretations are based on the itself. paper What is folding? First, let’s look at the definition in the paper: As shown by the green marker in the figure: input: two (instance, witness) pairs output: a new (instance, witness) pair the same size: the size of the input tuples needs to be the same, which also means they correspond to . The diagram below expresses the folding concept very well (source: ): the same computation ZK Study Club: Supernova (Srinath Setty - MS Research) - YouTube Each gate’s input and output form pairs of (instance, witness), and the same computation represents the same circuit structure and (instance, witness) size. Represent computation with R1CS First, let’s look at the definition in the paper: Here: m: the number of variables, i.e., the size of vector Z n: the number of non-zero elements in the matrix l: the number of public I/Os A, B, C: coefficient matrices, each corresponds to a calculation Z.W: private input Z.x: public I/O Z.1: constant information Previously, we mentioned that to achieve the folding scheme, it must be the same computation. This way, the coefficient matrix of the corresponding constraint system (R1CS) remains unchanged, thereby achieving the superposition of two computation instances in the constraint system. Let’s try folding: The following diagram effectively illustrates the settlement process of folded Relaxed R1CS instances (source: ): ZK Study Club: Supernova (Srinath Setty - MS Research) - YouTube From the perspective of preventing malicious behavior by the prover and improving verifier succinctness, the following additions are necessary: Introduce a commitment scheme to ensure the effectiveness of folding. Delegate the processing of E to the prover, while the verifier only verifies the equivalence under the commitment, achieving succinctness for the verifier. The complete process is depicted in the following diagram: (Source： ): ZK Study Club: Supernova (Srinath Setty - MS Research) - YouTube Please note that the verifier needs to perform additional calculations on commitments, which requires the adoption of a commitment scheme that supports homomorphic addition calculations. Note: For relaxed schemes in other constraint systems, you can refer to the paper HyperNova: : Recursive arguments for customizable constraint systems. Nova: NIVC for a single instruction NIVC(Non-uniform incrementally verifiable computation), NIVC (Non-uniform incrementally verifiable computation) is a generalization of , as defined in the paper: IVC In the image, the green and red markers represent the following: Standard IVC: It applies to a single constraint type, such as VDF, where there is only one type of computation. Non-uniform IVC: It applies to multiple constraint types, such as ZKVM, where different instructions lead to different computations and, therefore, different constraints. The following diagram effectively illustrates the process of Nova (NIVC) (source: ): ZK Study Club: Supernova (Srinath Setty - MS Research) - YouTube SuperNova: NIVC for multiple instructions(ZKVM) As defined in the paper: Compared to IVC, which corresponds to a single function, NIVC corresponds to multiple functions. It introduces an additional selection polynomial φ, to indicate the function corresponding to each step. The following diagram effectively represents the process of SuperNova (NIVC for multiple instructions) (source: ): ZK Study Club: Supernova (Srinath Setty - MS Research) - YouTube Compared to Nova: Comment It introduces additional constraint logic for the selection function φ, which takes inputs ( ) and outputs the index of the next instruction. wi,zi It maintains a running claims list where the number of elements is equal to the number of instructions. U Based on the instruction index it updates the corresponding running claims instance running claims . pci Upci Different with other Recursion A comparison of various recursion approaches is shown in the following image (source: ): ZKP MOOC Lecture 10: Recursive SNARKs - YouTube The first recursion approach: . The circuit implements all the verification processes, similar to the recursive structure in Plonky2 and Plonk. without delay The second recursion approach: . The circuit implements partial verification processes and ultimately achieves one-time verification, as seen in Halo’s Accumulator scheme. part-verify delay The third recursion approach: . It utilizes the folding scheme to continuously compress instances and generates the proof at the end. prover delay Questions Is it possible to define a computation that covers all computations? This way, we wouldn’t need to separately maintain a running list. This is the current implementation approach in ZKVM and ZKEVM, where a universal circuit is designed to cover the processing logic for all instructions. However, for specific computations like Keccak and ECDSA, separate sub-circuits are used, similar to the idea of adding a running claim instance in the above-mentioned approaches. Does the size of the running claims need to match the number of instructions? EVM has 140+ instructions. 43:16s a. Refer to the video: ZK Study Club: Supernova (Srinath Setty - MS Research) - YouTube b. Refer to Section 4.4 of the research paper Is it possible to for improved performance? a. For example, can we perform parallel proofs for**(F′)i/2−1(z0) = zi/2−1 and (F′)i/2(zi/2−1)=zi−1**? b. Related discussions can be found . execute proof generation in parallel here About This weekly report aims to provide an update on the latest developments and news related to Sin7y - Ola and zero-knowledge cryptography, which has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach privacy and security in the digital age. We will continue to monitor and report on the latest developments in this field. Please write to if you’d like to join or partner with us. contact@sin7y.org Also published . here

Is SuperNova’s Folding Scheme the Endgame for ZK?

Your true wealth is your time and freedom. Money is just a tool for trading and acts as a container to store your economic energy unit when you are ready to deploy it BUT, the whole world has been turned away from real money and has been fooled into using currency, a deceitful imposter that is silently stealing your two most valuable assets, time and freedom. We’re entering in the greatest financial crisis the world will ever know. This will be the greatest wealth transfer in history, as wealth is never destroyed; it is merely transferred. Opposite side of every crisis is an Opportunity I believe the best investment that you can make in your lifetime is your own financial education. Education on history of money, global economics, scams. Currency VS Money Currency

Money



Medium of Exchange

Medium of Exchange



Unit of Account

Unit of Account



Portable

Portable



Durable

Durable



Divisible

Divisible



Fungible

Fungible





STORE OF VALUE Fiat currency exists at the dictate or from a government. Question: Are there any historical examples of a fiat currency—a paper currency not backed by any physical asset—successfully enduring over time?
Answer: NO US Dollar has lost more than 95% of its purchasing power since the creation of Federal Reserve in 1913. National currencies are really a tool by the government and the financial sector to leach away your time and freedom by stealing your purchasing power. So rather than storing your economic energy, currencies leak. Whereas, Money must be a store of value and maintain its purchasing power over long periods of time. Gold is only formed when a star explodes, a supernova, and it stays around forever! This is one of the properties that make it limited in supply and an ultimate money. NOBODY CAN PRINT GOLD and SILVER. Inflation Inflation: Expansion of currency supply Deflation: Contraction of currency supply As the supply of currency increases, the prices of goods and services rise, reducing the purchasing power of that currency. QE (Quantitative Easing) fancy way of saying “currency creation”. QE started with banking bailouts in 2009, when the currency was created out of thin air and then given to the banks who paid themselves record bonuses in reward for crashing the world economy. Global Crisis After World War II, US Dollar became the global base currency and was pegged by Gold. Every other country trades with the exchange rates calculated in US Dollar. It was simply an IOU note backing every dollar in existence with equivalent amount of gold, until it wasn’t in 1970 when US Dollar was no longer pegged to Gold, and the paper notes now not backed by Gold. The currency printing accelerated especially after the 2008 financial crisis, when we the problem got too big to be ignored. Given the premise of poor class, inflation affects them disproportionately in the percentage of their income that goes to food. For example, in Egypt, once the ratio got to 40% of income going to food, and the price of food rising due to inflation, historcally a point where people actually stage a revolution. At this point the risk-reward was favourable for a revolution. When you have a runaway inflation, its punishing people who are most productive in society. In other words people that produce more than they consume and save the difference, and these people save in their national currency. The Great Opportunity This all seems pretty scary! However, the great news is that Gold and Silver always end up doing accounting of the expansion of these currency supplies. When governments do this kind of stuff to their currency supply, they debase it, eventually it comes back in inflation. People sense the loss of their purchasing power, and they rush back to gold and silver, bidding its value higher until it meets or exceed the value of all currency in circulation. This is a process that’s been going on over and over again throughout history, except this time it’s happening on a Global Scale. That means, its the greatest wealth transfer in history. Therefore, it’s the greatest opportunity in history and it’s not gonna happen again in your lifetime. Lessons Your true wealth is your time and freedom.
Money is a trading tool that stores the economic energy that is your time and freedom, whereas currencies leak them away.
Gold and Silver are the ultimate money, simply because of their properties.
Fiat currencies are based solely on confidence, and always return to their intrinsic value of ZERO.
Rising prices are a symptom of an expanding currency supply.
Gold and Silver always account for this expanding currency supply. Reference for this article: Hidden Secrets of Money Episode 1 - Mike Maloney Your true wealth is your time and freedom. Money is just a tool for trading and acts as a container to store your economic energy unit when you are ready to deploy it BUT, the whole world has been turned away from real money and has been fooled into using currency, a deceitful imposter that is silently stealing your two most valuable assets, time and freedom. We’re entering in the greatest financial crisis the world will ever know. This will be the greatest wealth transfer in history, as wealth is never destroyed; it is merely transferred. Opposite side of every crisis is an Opportunity I believe the best investment that you can make in your lifetime is your own financial education. Education on history of money, global economics, scams. Currency VS Money Currency

Money



Medium of Exchange

Medium of Exchange



Unit of Account

Unit of Account



Portable

Portable



Durable

Durable



Divisible

Divisible



Fungible

Fungible





STORE OF VALUE Currency

Money Medium of Exchange

Medium of Exchange Unit of Account

Unit of Account Portable

Portable Durable

Durable Divisible

Divisible Fungible

Fungible STORE OF VALUE Currency Money Currency Currency Currency Money Money Money Medium of Exchange Medium of Exchange Medium of Exchange Medium of Exchange Medium of Exchange Medium of Exchange Unit of Account Unit of Account Unit of Account Unit of Account Unit of Account Unit of Account Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Portable Durable Durable Durable Durable Durable Durable Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible Fungible Fungible Fungible Fungible Fungible Fungible STORE OF VALUE STORE OF VALUE STORE OF VALUE STORE OF VALUE Fiat currency exists at the dictate or from a government. Question: Are there any historical examples of a fiat currency—a paper currency not backed by any physical asset—successfully enduring over time? Answer: NO Question: Are there any historical examples of a fiat currency—a paper currency not backed by any physical asset—successfully enduring over time? Answer: NO Answer: NO US Dollar has lost more than 95% of its purchasing power since the creation of Federal Reserve in 1913. National currencies are really a tool by the government and the financial sector to leach away your time and freedom by stealing your purchasing power. So rather than storing your economic energy, currencies leak. Whereas, Money must be a store of value and maintain its purchasing power over long periods of time. Gold is only formed when a star explodes, a supernova, and it stays around forever! This is one of the properties that make it limited in supply and an ultimate money. NOBODY CAN PRINT GOLD and SILVER. Inflation Inflation: Expansion of currency supply Deflation: Contraction of currency supply As the supply of currency increases, the prices of goods and services rise, reducing the purchasing power of that currency. QE (Quantitative Easing) fancy way of saying “currency creation”. QE started with banking bailouts in 2009, when the currency was created out of thin air and then given to the banks who paid themselves record bonuses in reward for crashing the world economy. Global Crisis After World War II, US Dollar became the global base currency and was pegged by Gold. Every other country trades with the exchange rates calculated in US Dollar. It was simply an IOU note backing every dollar in existence with equivalent amount of gold, until it wasn’t in 1970 when US Dollar was no longer pegged to Gold, and the paper notes now not backed by Gold. not not The currency printing accelerated especially after the 2008 financial crisis, when we the problem got too big to be ignored. Given the premise of poor class, inflation affects them disproportionately in the percentage of their income that goes to food. For example, in Egypt, once the ratio got to 40% of income going to food, and the price of food rising due to inflation, historcally a point where people actually stage a revolution. At this point the risk-reward was favourable for a revolution. When you have a runaway inflation, its punishing people who are most productive in society. In other words people that produce more than they consume and save the difference, and these people save in their national currency. The Great Opportunity This all seems pretty scary! However, the great news is that Gold and Silver always end up doing accounting of the expansion of these currency supplies. When governments do this kind of stuff to their currency supply, they debase it, eventually it comes back in inflation. People sense the loss of their purchasing power, and they rush back to gold and silver, bidding its value higher until it meets or exceed the value of all currency in circulation. This is a process that’s been going on over and over again throughout history, except this time it’s happening on a Global Scale. That means, its the greatest wealth transfer in history. Therefore, it’s the greatest opportunity in history and it’s not gonna happen again in your lifetime. Lessons Your true wealth is your time and freedom. Money is a trading tool that stores the economic energy that is your time and freedom, whereas currencies leak them away. Gold and Silver are the ultimate money, simply because of their properties. Fiat currencies are based solely on confidence, and always return to their intrinsic value of ZERO. Rising prices are a symptom of an expanding currency supply. Gold and Silver always account for this expanding currency supply. Your true wealth is your time and freedom. Money is a trading tool that stores the economic energy that is your time and freedom, whereas currencies leak them away. Gold and Silver are the ultimate money, simply because of their properties. Fiat currencies are based solely on confidence, and always return to their intrinsic value of ZERO. Rising prices are a symptom of an expanding currency supply. Gold and Silver always account for this expanding currency supply. Reference for this article: Hidden Secrets of Money Episode 1 - Mike Maloney Hidden Secrets of Money Episode 1 - Mike Maloney

Money vs Currency

Here's Why We Need To Build A Lunar Economy - Now!

Web3 gaming is here to stay and is growing into a significant market within the web3 industry. This emergence is evolving beyond a game into a new ecology and economy in which players are active stakeholders rather than passive participants. In this exciting time of development, we are honoured to have Faizy Ahmed, a real pioneer and visionary, to share his views and skills. As a seasoned crypto veteran, blockchain thought leader, Web3 VC partner and driving force behind Astra Nova, as well as a Blockchain Game Alliance member, Faizy has played a key role in developing the MENA region's Web3 gaming environment. Now, let's get started. Ade: You've had an impressive journey in the blockchain and crypto space since 2015. Can you share some experiences and how they've shaped your approach to Web3 gaming? Faizy: My journey started in 2015 as a crypto miner, and it didn’t take long for me to see the incredible potential blockchain holds, especially for gaming. I’ve always been a gamer, but the idea that you could actually own your in-game assets and have a say in how the game world evolves fascinated me. Over the years, I moved from mining to trading, participating in ICOs, and contributing to DAOs. This broad exposure to different aspects of blockchain helped shape my approach to Web3 gaming. What excites me about this space is the ability to give players real ownership and build along with the users, which is lacking in traditional games. That’s what we’re bringing to Astra Nova, an ecosystem where players are stakeholders, not just consumers. Ade: How has blockchain's value proposition in gaming evolved in MENA, and what emerging trends or models show promise? Faizy: The MENA region is one of the fastest-growing gaming markets in the world. In countries like Saudi Arabia, 8 out of 10 people identify themselves as gamers, and the region as a whole has over 400 million people with a strong mobile-first culture. Blockchain adds immense value here by offering digital ownership and decentralized economies. Gamers in MENA are already spending heavily on in-game purchases, so the transition to owning these digital assets is a natural next step. One of the most promising trends is the play-to-earn model, which is gaining traction as it blends entertainment with financial incentives. Players want to be rewarded for their time, and that’s what we’re doing with Astra Nova by offering real ownership and opportunities to earn from their gameplay. Ade: Your work with Astra Nova aims to bridge the gap between traditional gamers and Web3 gaming in the MENA region. Can you share insight about your offerings and products? Faizy: At Astra Nova, we’re not just creating a game; we’re building a Web3 gaming ecosystem that’s designed to bring the benefits of blockchain to traditional gamers. Our game is an action RPG, where players can own in-game assets through NFTs and participate in UGC (User generated content) contests, which actually shape the world they’re playing in. One of our recent milestones was securing Saudi royal family backing from Prince Faisal Turki Al Saud, which has given us a strong foundation to expand. We’ve raised over $2.5M across fundraising rounds, showing that our community has real buying power and investor interest despite challenging market conditions. We’re also proud of selling out our SuperNova NFT series with OKX in record time and having onboarded 200k+ users through our Black Pass Loyalty & Questing Platform. We’ve also strengthened our team by onboarding top talent, including AAA gaming experienced senior executives for Creative Director, Technical Director, Executive Producer and Art Director roles who’ve worked on renowned blockbuster games. Looking forward, we’re excited to be selected for the NTDP and Outlier Ventures Riyadh Base Camp Acceleration Program, along with launching our Telegram Mini-Game through the NOTCOIN TON Accelerator to a potential audience of 40M+ users. These achievements demonstrate the strong appetite for Web3 gaming in the region. Ade: As a member of the Blockchain Game Alliance and Forbes Web3 Council, how do you envision the future of blockchain gaming? Will Giant traditional game Leaders take the lead in the blockchain space in the long run? Faizy: I believe blockchain gaming will be shaped by early innovators before traditional gaming giants fully enter the space. Right now, smaller, more agile projects like Astra Nova are pushing the boundaries of what’s possible. While big companies like Ubisoft are starting to experiment with blockchain, the real innovation is happening in projects that are built from the ground up on Web3 principles. The community-driven aspect of blockchain gaming, where players own assets and have a say in governance is something that large traditional companies will struggle to fully integrate. However, as blockchain gaming gains traction, I do expect traditional gaming leaders to adopt some elements of it, but Web3-first projects like ours will be leading the charge. Ade: What advice would you give to entrepreneurs and developers entering Web3 gaming, and how can they scale up and on? Faizy: My biggest advice is to build around your community from day one. In Web3, the community isn’t just important; they are your co-creators and investors. Engage them early, listen to their feedback, and let them help shape your project. Secondly, make sure your game has real utility. NFTs and tokens are great, but they need to have value beyond speculation, whether that’s in gameplay or governance. In terms of scaling, partnerships are crucial. At Astra Nova, our growth has been fueled by collaborations with top-tier partners like Aethir, OKX, Gate.io, Base, TON, Google Web3 Accelerator, and Outlier Ventures, which have helped us expand our reach and credibility. Don’t be afraid to network and build strategic alliances early on. Ade: What factors will drive blockchain gaming's mainstream adoption in MENA, and how might AI and blockchain technologies converge to create new gaming possibilities? Faizy: The MENA region is ripe for blockchain gaming adoption. With gaming being such a major part of the culture, especially in countries like Saudi Arabia, where 80% of the population identifies as gamers—blockchain gaming’s offer of true ownership and earning potential is incredibly appealing. The region is tech-savvy and hungry for innovative experiences. As for the convergence of AI and blockchain, I see it creating more dynamic, personalized gaming experiences. AI can enhance how games respond to players, while blockchain ensures that these personalized experiences are truly owned by the player. At Astra Nova, we’re already exploring how these technologies can intersect to create a more immersive, player-driven game world. Web3 gaming is here to stay and is growing into a significant market within the web3 industry. This emergence is evolving beyond a game into a new ecology and economy in which players are active stakeholders rather than passive participants. In this exciting time of development, we are honoured to have Faizy Ahmed, a real pioneer and visionary, to share his views and skills. As a seasoned crypto veteran, blockchain thought leader, Web3 VC partner and driving force behind Astra Nova, as well as a Blockchain Game Alliance member, Faizy has played a key role in developing the MENA region's Web3 gaming environment. Now, let's get started. Ade: You've had an impressive journey in the blockchain and crypto space since 2015. Can you share some experiences and how they've shaped your approach to Web3 gaming? Ade: You've had an impressive journey in the blockchain and crypto space since 2015. Can you share some experiences and how they've shaped your approach to Web3 gaming? Faizy: My journey started in 2015 as a crypto miner, and it didn’t take long for me to see the incredible potential blockchain holds, especially for gaming. I’ve always been a gamer, but the idea that you could actually own your in-game assets and have a say in how the game world evolves fascinated me. Over the years, I moved from mining to trading, participating in ICOs, and contributing to DAOs. This broad exposure to different aspects of blockchain helped shape my approach to Web3 gaming. What excites me about this space is the ability to give players real ownership and build along with the users, which is lacking in traditional games. That’s what we’re bringing to Astra Nova, an ecosystem where players are stakeholders, not just consumers. Faizy: Ade: How has blockchain's value proposition in gaming evolved in MENA, and what emerging trends or models show promise? Ade: How has blockchain's value proposition in gaming evolved in MENA, and what emerging trends or models show promise? Faizy: The MENA region is one of the fastest-growing gaming markets in the world. In countries like Saudi Arabia, 8 out of 10 people identify themselves as gamers, and the region as a whole has over 400 million people with a strong mobile-first culture. Blockchain adds immense value here by offering digital ownership and decentralized economies. Gamers in MENA are already spending heavily on in-game purchases, so the transition to owning these digital assets is a natural next step. One of the most promising trends is the play-to-earn model, which is gaining traction as it blends entertainment with financial incentives. Players want to be rewarded for their time, and that’s what we’re doing with Astra Nova by offering real ownership and opportunities to earn from their gameplay. Ade: Your work with Astra Nova aims to bridge the gap between traditional gamers and Web3 gaming in the MENA region. Can you share insight about your offerings and products? Ade: Your work with Astra Nova aims to bridge the gap between traditional gamers and Web3 gaming in the MENA region. Can you share insight about your offerings and products? Faizy: At Astra Nova, we’re not just creating a game; we’re building a Web3 gaming ecosystem that’s designed to bring the benefits of blockchain to traditional gamers. Our game is an action RPG, where players can own in-game assets through NFTs and participate in UGC (User generated content) contests, which actually shape the world they’re playing in. One of our recent milestones was securing Saudi royal family backing from Prince Faisal Turki Al Saud, which has given us a strong foundation to expand. We’ve raised over $2.5M across fundraising rounds, showing that our community has real buying power and investor interest despite challenging market conditions. Faizy: We’re also proud of selling out our SuperNova NFT series with OKX in record time and having onboarded 200k+ users through our Black Pass Loyalty & Questing Platform. We’ve also strengthened our team by onboarding top talent, including AAA gaming experienced senior executives for Creative Director, Technical Director, Executive Producer and Art Director roles who’ve worked on renowned blockbuster games. Looking forward, we’re excited to be selected for the NTDP and Outlier Ventures Riyadh Base Camp Acceleration Program, along with launching our Telegram Mini-Game through the NOTCOIN TON Accelerator to a potential audience of 40M+ users. These achievements demonstrate the strong appetite for Web3 gaming in the region. Ade: As a member of the Blockchain Game Alliance and Forbes Web3 Council, how do you envision the future of blockchain gaming? Will Giant traditional game Leaders take the lead in the blockchain space in the long run? Ade: As a member of the Blockchain Game Alliance and Forbes Web3 Council, how do you envision the future of blockchain gaming? Will Giant traditional game Leaders take the lead in the blockchain space in the long run? Faizy: I believe blockchain gaming will be shaped by early innovators before traditional gaming giants fully enter the space. Right now, smaller, more agile projects like Astra Nova are pushing the boundaries of what’s possible. While big companies like Ubisoft are starting to experiment with blockchain, the real innovation is happening in projects that are built from the ground up on Web3 principles. The community-driven aspect of blockchain gaming, where players own assets and have a say in governance is something that large traditional companies will struggle to fully integrate. However, as blockchain gaming gains traction, I do expect traditional gaming leaders to adopt some elements of it, but Web3-first projects like ours will be leading the charge. Faizy: Ade: What advice would you give to entrepreneurs and developers entering Web3 gaming, and how can they scale up and on? Ade: What advice would you give to entrepreneurs and developers entering Web3 gaming, and how can they scale up and on? Faizy: My biggest advice is to build around your community from day one. In Web3, the community isn’t just important; they are your co-creators and investors. Engage them early, listen to their feedback, and let them help shape your project. Secondly, make sure your game has real utility. NFTs and tokens are great, but they need to have value beyond speculation, whether that’s in gameplay or governance. In terms of scaling, partnerships are crucial. At Astra Nova, our growth has been fueled by collaborations with top-tier partners like Aethir, OKX, Gate.io, Base, TON, Google Web3 Accelerator, and Outlier Ventures, which have helped us expand our reach and credibility. Don’t be afraid to network and build strategic alliances early on. Faizy: Ade: What factors will drive blockchain gaming's mainstream adoption in MENA, and how might AI and blockchain technologies converge to create new gaming possibilities? Ade: What factors will drive blockchain gaming's mainstream adoption in MENA, and how might AI and blockchain technologies converge to create new gaming possibilities? Faizy: The MENA region is ripe for blockchain gaming adoption. With gaming being such a major part of the culture, especially in countries like Saudi Arabia, where 80% of the population identifies as gamers—blockchain gaming’s offer of true ownership and earning potential is incredibly appealing. The region is tech-savvy and hungry for innovative experiences. As for the convergence of AI and blockchain, I see it creating more dynamic, personalized gaming experiences. AI can enhance how games respond to players, while blockchain ensures that these personalized experiences are truly owned by the player. At Astra Nova, we’re already exploring how these technologies can intersect to create a more immersive, player-driven game world. Faizy:

Leveling Up MENA's Web3 Gaming Scene: Insights from Faizy Ahmed, Astra Nova CEO & Co-Founder

Authors:
(1) Antonio Riotto, Département de Physique Theorique, Universite de Geneve, 24 quai Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Universite de Geneve, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
(2) Joe Silk, Institut d’Astrophysique, UMR 7095 CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA, and Beecroft Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Some open questions 2.1 What is the abundance of PBHs? 2.2 What is the effect of PBH clustering? 2.3 What fraction of the currently observed GW events can be ascribed to PBHs? 2.4 Are PBHs the Dark Matter? 3 The PBH Roadmap 3.1 High redshift mergers 3.2 Sub-solar PBHs 3.3 Plugging the pair instability gap with PBH? 3.4 PBH eccentricity, 3.5 PBH spin and 3.6 Future gamma-ray telescopes 4 Conclusions and References 3 The PBH Roadmap Future experiments abound, ranging from approved projects to imminently enter the detailed design phase, to provide significantly enhanced constraints on PBH scenarios, including terrestrial laser interferometers (Einstein Telescope, Cosmic Explorer)[25], and space laser interferometers (LISA, DECIGO [26], TianQin and Taiji [27]), to atomic interferometers on the ground with demonstrators under construction and extensions planned to km scales (AION MAGIS, MAGIA, MIGA, ELGA, ZAIGA), as well as in space (AEDGE) [28], and designs for lunar interferometer/seismometer arrays (LGWA, GLOC)[29]. The science goals focus on bridging frequency gaps in the LIGO/VIRGO/KAGRA frequency range that has so far led to hundreds of detections of BH mergers in the (10 − 100)M⊙ range by going both to higher and lower frequencies. The new science that can be explored ranges from the masses and equation of state of neutron stars as well as multimessage signals from core collapse supernovae to kpc distances (kHz to Hz range) to SMBH and IMBH detections and BH inspiralling (Hz to mHz, and eventually µHz). One would ultimately approach the pulsar timing array sensitivities (NANOGrav, SKA) at nanohertz frequencies to enable exploration of first order very early universe phase transitions, and presence of loop decays in a network of cosmic strings [30]. We next address various “smoking-gun” signatures that may identify PBHs, notably including high redshift mergers and sub-solar mass PBHs. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Antonio Riotto, Département de Physique Theorique, Universite de Geneve, 24 quai Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Universite de Geneve, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (2) Joe Silk, Institut d’Astrophysique, UMR 7095 CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA, and Beecroft Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK. Authors: Authors: (1) Antonio Riotto, Département de Physique Theorique, Universite de Geneve, 24 quai Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Universite de Geneve, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (2) Joe Silk, Institut d’Astrophysique, UMR 7095 CNRS, Sorbonne Universite, 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 21218, USA, and Beecroft Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Some open questions 2 Some open questions 2.1 What is the abundance of PBHs? 2.1 What is the abundance of PBHs? 2.2 What is the effect of PBH clustering? 2.2 What is the effect of PBH clustering? 2.3 What fraction of the currently observed GW events can be ascribed to PBHs? 2.3 What fraction of the currently observed GW events can be ascribed to PBHs? 2.4 Are PBHs the Dark Matter? 2.4 Are PBHs the Dark Matter? 3 The PBH Roadmap 3 The PBH Roadmap 3.1 High redshift mergers 3.1 High redshift mergers 3.2 Sub-solar PBHs 3.2 Sub-solar PBHs 3.3 Plugging the pair instability gap with PBH? 3.3 Plugging the pair instability gap with PBH? 3.4 PBH eccentricity, 3.5 PBH spin and 3.6 Future gamma-ray telescopes 3.4 PBH eccentricity, 3.5 PBH spin and 3.6 Future gamma-ray telescopes 4 Conclusions and References 4 Conclusions and References 3 The PBH Roadmap Future experiments abound, ranging from approved projects to imminently enter the detailed design phase, to provide significantly enhanced constraints on PBH scenarios, including terrestrial laser interferometers (Einstein Telescope, Cosmic Explorer)[25], and space laser interferometers (LISA, DECIGO [26], TianQin and Taiji [27]), to atomic interferometers on the ground with demonstrators under construction and extensions planned to km scales (AION MAGIS, MAGIA, MIGA, ELGA, ZAIGA), as well as in space (AEDGE) [28], and designs for lunar interferometer/seismometer arrays (LGWA, GLOC)[29]. The science goals focus on bridging frequency gaps in the LIGO/VIRGO/KAGRA frequency range that has so far led to hundreds of detections of BH mergers in the (10 − 100)M⊙ range by going both to higher and lower frequencies. The new science that can be explored ranges from the masses and equation of state of neutron stars as well as multimessage signals from core collapse supernovae to kpc distances (kHz to Hz range) to SMBH and IMBH detections and BH inspiralling (Hz to mHz, and eventually µHz). One would ultimately approach the pulsar timing array sensitivities (NANOGrav, SKA) at nanohertz frequencies to enable exploration of first order very early universe phase transitions, and presence of loop decays in a network of cosmic strings [30]. We next address various “smoking-gun” signatures that may identify PBHs, notably including high redshift mergers and sub-solar mass PBHs. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

The Primordial Black Hole Roadmap

The First Miracle: The Emergence of Life Is an Expected Phase Transition

In the ever-expanding universe of cryptocurrency, few names command as much intrigue and reverence as Ryoshi. Known for his pioneering work in blockchain technology, Ryoshi, the enigmatic creator of decentralized community-driven projects, has emerged as the driving force behind Omikami and RyuJin. This is the story of how one visionary, disillusioned by past experiences, is revolutionizing the crypto world and creating a fascinating universe of possibilities. A Journey of Reinvention: From Shiba Inu to Omikami and RyuJin Ryoshi first gained notoriety as the enigmatic founder of Shiba Inu, a project that captivated the crypto community with its meteoric rise. After stepping away from the public eye, this period of reflection led to the birth of a new vision: Omikami and RyuJin. Ryoshi’s Vision for Amaterasu Omikami ($OMIKAMI) and RyuJin ($RYU) Omikami was conceptualized by Ryoshi, a name synonymous with innovation and forward-thinking in the crypto space. Known for his strategic insights and ability to foresee market trends, Ryoshi's involvement has given Omikami a significant edge over competitors. His vision is to create a comprehensive platform that fosters community engagement, ensures security, and promotes sustainable growth. Ryoshi's previous ventures have already marked him as a pioneer in the blockchain industry, and his work with Omikami continues this legacy. Drawing inspiration from RyuJin, a majestic dragon symbolizing strength, wisdom, and abundance, the token integrates blockchain technology with a vision of decentralization and community empowerment. RyuJin is not just a token but a beacon of prosperity, leveraging blockchain's capabilities to foster a future where technology and community intersect seamlessly. Ryoshi, known for his commitment to decentralization and community-driven projects, brings his expertise and vision to RyuJin. His influence ensures that RyuJin adheres to the highest standards of fairness, transparency, and innovation, much like his previous successful ventures. Unique Aspects of Omikami Omikami Ecosystem is not just another blockchain project. With utilities like the OmiAI Bot, Apollo BuyBot, and Burn Bot, Omikami offers its users a suite of tools that enhance their experience and provide tangible benefits. Ryoshi's innovative approach ensures that the platform stays ahead of the curve in the ever-changing crypto landscape. Omikami seamlessly integrates advanced technologies, including AI, Machine Learning, Metaverse, and VR/AR systems with DeFi and Web3 functionalities. This integration positions Omikami as a leader in providing cutting-edge solutions that revolutionize the blockchain experience. RyuJin: The Guardian Dragon of Omikami RyuJin, the dynamic reward token within the Omikami Ecosystem, embodies Ryoshi’s innovative spirit. Named after a mythical dragon, RyuJin serves as the guardian of the ecosystem, fostering community engagement and enhancing rewards. Ryoshi’s vision for RyuJin extends beyond mere transactions; it is about creating value through user engagement, transforming the token into a powerful catalyst for growth within the ecosystem. A New Era of Integrity: Lessons Learned Ryoshi’s experience with Shiba Inu provided valuable lessons. Determined to avoid past mistakes, he has instilled a culture of transparency and integrity within both Omikami and RyuJin. There is no room for the misuse of power or deployer wallets. Ryoshi’s leadership ensures that both projects adhere to the highest standards of fairness and accountability, setting a new benchmark for the crypto industry. Community-Centric Leadership: The Star Cluster of Omikami and RyuJin One of the most compelling aspects of Ryoshi’s leadership is his dedication to building a robust community. He understands that the strength of Omikami lies in its users, who are treated as stakeholders in the ecosystem's success. Ryoshi actively engages with the community, fostering a sense of belonging and shared purpose. This community-driven approach ensures that the development of Omikami and RyuJin is always aligned with the needs and desires of its users. The Future: A Supernova of Possibilities Under Ryoshi’s guidance, the future of Omikami Ecosystem and RyuJin is as bright as a supernova. With plans for further integrations, more utilities, and continuous improvements, both Omikami and RyuJin are set to become dominant forces in the blockchain space. Ryoshi's strategic vision and leadership are key drivers behind the ecosystems' growth, ensuring that Omikami and RyuJin not only keep up with the crypto revolution but lead it. Conclusion: Join the Cosmic Journey Omikami Ecosystem and RyuJin, under the guidance of Ryoshi, are poised to revolutionize the way we interact with blockchain technology. By focusing on community, security, and growth, Omikami and RyuJin are not just keeping up with the crypto revolution; they are leading it. Ryoshi’s influence ensures that these projects adhere to the highest standards of fairness, transparency, and innovation, much like his previous successful ventures. Join us on this journey towards a decentralized, prosperous future in the ever-expanding universe of possibilities. For more information and updates, visit: Omikami: - Website: https://omikamitoken.com - CoinMarketCap: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/amaterasu-omikami/ - CoinGecko: https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/amaterasu-omikami RyuJin: - Website: https://ryujin.ai/ - CoinMarketCap: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ryujin/ - CoinGecko: https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/ryujin In the ever-expanding universe of cryptocurrency, few names command as much intrigue and reverence as Ryoshi . Known for his pioneering work in blockchain technology, Ryoshi, the enigmatic creator of decentralized community-driven projects, has emerged as the driving force behind Omikami and RyuJin . This is the story of how one visionary, disillusioned by past experiences, is revolutionizing the crypto world and creating a fascinating universe of possibilities. Ryoshi Ryoshi Omikami Omikami RyuJin RyuJin A Journey of Reinvention: From Shiba Inu to Omikami and RyuJin Ryoshi first gained notoriety as the enigmatic founder of Shiba Inu, a project that captivated the crypto community with its meteoric rise. After stepping away from the public eye, this period of reflection led to the birth of a new vision: Omikami and RyuJin. Ryoshi’s Vision for Amaterasu Omikami ($OMIKAMI) and RyuJin ($RYU) Omikami was conceptualized by Ryoshi, a name synonymous with innovation and forward-thinking in the crypto space. Known for his strategic insights and ability to foresee market trends, Ryoshi's involvement has given Omikami a significant edge over competitors. His vision is to create a comprehensive platform that fosters community engagement, ensures security, and promotes sustainable growth. Ryoshi's previous ventures have already marked him as a pioneer in the blockchain industry, and his work with Omikami continues this legacy. Drawing inspiration from RyuJin, a majestic dragon symbolizing strength, wisdom, and abundance, the token integrates blockchain technology with a vision of decentralization and community empowerment. RyuJin is not just a token but a beacon of prosperity, leveraging blockchain's capabilities to foster a future where technology and community intersect seamlessly. Ryoshi, known for his commitment to decentralization and community-driven projects, brings his expertise and vision to RyuJin. His influence ensures that RyuJin adheres to the highest standards of fairness, transparency, and innovation, much like his previous successful ventures. Unique Aspects of Omikami Omikami Ecosystem is not just another blockchain project. With utilities like the OmiAI Bot, Apollo BuyBot, and Burn Bot, Omikami offers its users a suite of tools that enhance their experience and provide tangible benefits. Ryoshi's innovative approach ensures that the platform stays ahead of the curve in the ever-changing crypto landscape. Omikami seamlessly integrates advanced technologies, including AI, Machine Learning, Metaverse, and VR/AR systems with DeFi and Web3 functionalities. This integration positions Omikami as a leader in providing cutting-edge solutions that revolutionize the blockchain experience. RyuJin: The Guardian Dragon of Omikami RyuJin, the dynamic reward token within the Omikami Ecosystem, embodies Ryoshi’s innovative spirit. Named after a mythical dragon, RyuJin serves as the guardian of the ecosystem, fostering community engagement and enhancing rewards. Ryoshi’s vision for RyuJin extends beyond mere transactions; it is about creating value through user engagement, transforming the token into a powerful catalyst for growth within the ecosystem. A New Era of Integrity: Lessons Learned Ryoshi’s experience with Shiba Inu provided valuable lessons. Determined to avoid past mistakes, he has instilled a culture of transparency and integrity within both Omikami and RyuJin. There is no room for the misuse of power or deployer wallets. Ryoshi’s leadership ensures that both projects adhere to the highest standards of fairness and accountability, setting a new benchmark for the crypto industry. Community-Centric Leadership: The Star Cluster of Omikami and RyuJin One of the most compelling aspects of Ryoshi’s leadership is his dedication to building a robust community. He understands that the strength of Omikami lies in its users, who are treated as stakeholders in the ecosystem's success. Ryoshi actively engages with the community, fostering a sense of belonging and shared purpose. This community-driven approach ensures that the development of Omikami and RyuJin is always aligned with the needs and desires of its users. The Future: A Supernova of Possibilities Under Ryoshi’s guidance, the future of Omikami Ecosystem and RyuJin is as bright as a supernova. With plans for further integrations, more utilities, and continuous improvements, both Omikami and RyuJin are set to become dominant forces in the blockchain space. Ryoshi's strategic vision and leadership are key drivers behind the ecosystems' growth, ensuring that Omikami and RyuJin not only keep up with the crypto revolution but lead it. Conclusion: Join the Cosmic Journey Omikami Ecosystem and RyuJin, under the guidance of Ryoshi, are poised to revolutionize the way we interact with blockchain technology. By focusing on community, security, and growth, Omikami and RyuJin are not just keeping up with the crypto revolution; they are leading it. Ryoshi’s influence ensures that these projects adhere to the highest standards of fairness, transparency, and innovation, much like his previous successful ventures. Join us on this journey towards a decentralized, prosperous future in the ever-expanding universe of possibilities. For more information and updates, visit: For more information and updates, visit: Omikami: Omikami: - Website: https://omikamitoken.com - https://omikamitoken.com https://omikamitoken.com - CoinMarketCap: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/amaterasu-omikami/ https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/amaterasu-omikami/ https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/amaterasu-omikami/ - CoinGecko: https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/amaterasu-omikami https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/amaterasu-omikami https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/amaterasu-omikami RyuJin: RyuJin: - Website: https://ryujin.ai/ - https://ryujin.ai/ https://ryujin.ai/ - CoinMarketCap: https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ryujin/ https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ryujin/ https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/ryujin/ - CoinGecko: https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/ryujin https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/ryujin https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/ryujin

Ryoshi: The Visionary Behind Omikami and RyuJin

Ryoshi: Omikami এবং RyuJin পিছনে স্বপ্নদর্শী

Ryoshi: Der Visionär hinter Omikami und RyuJin

Ryoshi: el visionario detrás de Omikami y RyuJin

Ryoshi : le visionnaire derrière Omikami et RyuJin

रयोशी: ओमिकामी और रयुजिन के पीछे का दूरदर्शी

龍師：大御神と龍神を支える先見者

Ryoshi: Omikami와 RyuJin의 비전

Ryoshi: o visionário por trás de Omikami e RyuJin

Рёши: провидец, стоящий за Омиками и Рюджином

Ryoshi: Omikami ve RyuJin'in Arkasındaki Vizyoner

Ryoshi: Người có tầm nhìn đằng sau Omikami và RyuJin

Ryoshi：Omikami 和 RyuJin 背后的梦想家

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Vitor da Fonseca, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa;
(2) Tiago Barreiro, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa and 2ECEO, Universidade Lus´ofona;
(3) Nelson J. Nunes, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Coupling Dark Energy to Neutrinos
Impact of the Coupling on Perturbations and Observables
Parameter Estimation
Discussion
Acknowledgment, Appendix, and References ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank C. van de Bruck and D. F. Mota for the fruitful discussions. This work is supported by the Funda¸c˜ao para a Ciˆencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020, and the BEYLA project PTDC/FIS-AST/0054/2021. V.d.F. acknowledges FCT support through fellowship 2022.14431.BD. Appendix A: Parameter constraints for the MaVaN and the uncoupled scalar field models In the appendix we show the triangular plots of the analysis made with the Plk18+BAO data for the MaVaN model (β free) and the uncoupled case (β = 0), i.e. no interaction between the quintessence component and the neutrino fluid. References [1] J. Lesgourgues and S. Pastor, Phys. Rept. 429, 307 (2006), arXiv:astro-ph/0603494. [2] M. Gerbino and M. Lattanzi, Frontiers in Physics 5 (2018), 10.3389/fphy.2017.00070. [3] Y. Fukuda et al. (Super-Kamiokande), Phys. Rev. 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Authors: (1) Vitor da Fonseca, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa; (2) Tiago Barreiro, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa and 2ECEO, Universidade Lus´ofona; (3) Nelson J. Nunes, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Vitor da Fonseca, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa; (2) Tiago Barreiro, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa and 2ECEO, Universidade Lus´ofona; (3) Nelson J. Nunes, Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Ciˆencias do Espa¸co, Faculdade de Ciˆencias da Universidade de Lisboa. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Coupling Dark Energy to Neutrinos Impact of the Coupling on Perturbations and Observables Parameter Estimation Discussion Acknowledgment, Appendix, and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Coupling Dark Energy to Neutrinos Coupling Dark Energy to Neutrinos Impact of the Coupling on Perturbations and Observables Impact of the Coupling on Perturbations and Observables Parameter Estimation Parameter Estimation Discussion Discussion Acknowledgment, Appendix, and References Acknowledgment, Appendix, and References ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank C. van de Bruck and D. F. Mota for the fruitful discussions. This work is supported by the Funda¸c˜ao para a Ciˆencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020, and the BEYLA project PTDC/FIS-AST/0054/2021. V.d.F. acknowledges FCT support through fellowship 2022.14431.BD. 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Relaxing cosmological constraints on current neutrino masses: Acknowledgment, Appendix & References

বর্তমান নিউট্রিনো ভরের উপর বিশ্বতাত্ত্বিক সীমাবদ্ধতা শিথিল করা: স্বীকৃতি, পরিশিষ্ট এবং উল্লেখ

Lockerung der kosmologischen Beschränkungen für aktuelle Neutrinomassen: Danksagung, Anhang und Referenzen

Relajación de las restricciones cosmológicas sobre las masas actuales de neutrinos: reconocimiento, apéndice y referencias

Assouplir les contraintes cosmologiques sur les masses actuelles des neutrinos : remerciements, annexes et références

वर्तमान न्यूट्रिनो द्रव्यमान पर ब्रह्माण्ड संबंधी बाधाओं को शिथिल करना: आभार, परिशिष्ट और संदर्भ

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Relaxando as restrições cosmológicas nas massas atuais de neutrinos: reconhecimento, apêndice e referências

Ослабление космологических ограничений на текущие массы нейтрино: Благодарности, Приложение и Ссылки

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Nới lỏng các ràng buộc vũ trụ học đối với khối lượng neutrino hiện tại: Lời cảm ơn, Phụ lục & Tài liệu tham khảo

放宽对当前中微子质量的宇宙学限制：致谢、附录和参考文献

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References ABSTRACT Keywords: white dwarfs — stars: winds, outflows — stars: rotation 1. INTRODUCTION Consequences of a merger of massive white dwarfs (WDs) are of great astrophysical importance. It may explode as a Type Ia supernova in particular when the binary constitutes of carbon-oxygen WDs with a total mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit (Webbink 1984; Iben & Tutukov 1984). Instead, if a super-Chandrasekhar oxygen-neon core is synthesized after the merger, it may collapse into a neutron star (NS) (Nomoto & Iben 1985; Saio & Nomoto 2004). Such a merger induced collapse has gotten attention as a scenario for the formation of peculiar type of neutron stars, e.g., sources of fast radio bursts (e.g., Kashiyama & Murase 2017; Kremer et al. 2021; Kirsten et al. 2022; Lu et al. 2022). On the other hand, the expansion velocity of the wind observed in WD J005311 significantly surpasses the escape velocity of a WD with a typical mass. This suggests that the wind is either thermally driven, originating from a superor near-Chandrasekhar mass WD, or magnetically driven due to the rapid rotation and strong magnetic field of the WD. In the former case, the wind velocity will be (Parker 1965): while in the latter case, the maximum wind velocity along the equatorial plane is (Weber & Davis 1967; Michel 1969): The wind is so fast that it catches up and clashes into the surrounding supernova ejecta, forming a wind termination shock, which is observed as an inner X-ray nebula (Oskinova et al. 2020; Ko et al. 2023). The X-ray nebula is still in its infancy; given the observed angular size, it is only a few tens of years old (Ko et al. 2023). Subsequent observations may reveal the time variability and anisotropy of the wind, which is generally expected for a rotating magnetic wind but has not been explored in this context. These properties of the wind can also be linked to the mass-loss and spindown rates of the central WD, which are important in determining the fate of the central WD: whether it eventually collapses into a neutron star, and if so, how rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized the neutron star would be. Here we model a system like WD J005311 by numerically constructing a 2D axisymmetric wind solution driven by rotating dipole, with implementing a wind launching region that mimics the near-surface carbon burning region. We investigate the wind structure together with its time evolution (i.e., how the mass, energy and angular momentum loss rate from the system evolves with time), and the scaling of the spin-down torque with respect to system parameters such as surface magnetic field, rotation frequency and mass loss rate. This paper is organized as follows. We introduce our setup in Sec. 2, including numerical details. In Sec. 3, we show our results on wind structure, time evolution and scaling of spin-down torque. Finally, we discuss several implications and applications on observational results in Sec. 4. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References ABSTRACT Keywords : white dwarfs — stars: winds, outflows — stars: rotation Keywords 1. INTRODUCTION Consequences of a merger of massive white dwarfs (WDs) are of great astrophysical importance. It may explode as a Type Ia supernova in particular when the binary constitutes of carbon-oxygen WDs with a total mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit (Webbink 1984; Iben & Tutukov 1984). Instead, if a super-Chandrasekhar oxygen-neon core is synthesized after the merger, it may collapse into a neutron star (NS) (Nomoto & Iben 1985; Saio & Nomoto 2004). Such a merger induced collapse has gotten attention as a scenario for the formation of peculiar type of neutron stars, e.g., sources of fast radio bursts (e.g., Kashiyama & Murase 2017; Kremer et al. 2021; Kirsten et al. 2022; Lu et al. 2022). On the other hand, the expansion velocity of the wind observed in WD J005311 significantly surpasses the escape velocity of a WD with a typical mass. This suggests that the wind is either thermally driven, originating from a superor near-Chandrasekhar mass WD, or magnetically driven due to the rapid rotation and strong magnetic field of the WD. In the former case, the wind velocity will be (Parker 1965): while in the latter case, the maximum wind velocity along the equatorial plane is (Weber & Davis 1967; Michel 1969): The wind is so fast that it catches up and clashes into the surrounding supernova ejecta, forming a wind termination shock, which is observed as an inner X-ray nebula (Oskinova et al. 2020; Ko et al. 2023). The X-ray nebula is still in its infancy; given the observed angular size, it is only a few tens of years old (Ko et al. 2023). Subsequent observations may reveal the time variability and anisotropy of the wind, which is generally expected for a rotating magnetic wind but has not been explored in this context. These properties of the wind can also be linked to the mass-loss and spindown rates of the central WD, which are important in determining the fate of the central WD: whether it eventually collapses into a neutron star, and if so, how rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized the neutron star would be. Here we model a system like WD J005311 by numerically constructing a 2D axisymmetric wind solution driven by rotating dipole, with implementing a wind launching region that mimics the near-surface carbon burning region. We investigate the wind structure together with its time evolution (i.e., how the mass, energy and angular momentum loss rate from the system evolves with time), and the scaling of the spin-down torque with respect to system parameters such as surface magnetic field, rotation frequency and mass loss rate. This paper is organized as follows. We introduce our setup in Sec. 2, including numerical details. In Sec. 3, we show our results on wind structure, time evolution and scaling of spin-down torque. Finally, we discuss several implications and applications on observational results in Sec. 4.

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