Spectrum AIis in the Healthcare IT Industry

Spectrum AI

spectrumai

Web3 is about to disrupt a bunch of industries that mostly have no clue what’s about to happen… but it’s no guarantee that it will be as decentralized as advertised. So far blockchain technology has had a mixed record of decentralization. All old-school hodlers can look at the ability of besieged Ukrainians to raise funds from around the world and rightfully pat themselves on the back. And the Russian freelance coders who've been dodging taxes by getting paid in crypto for the past five years now seem suddenly prescient as the Ruble collapses in value overnight. But the quiet and rapid adoption of blockchain to decrease currency exchange & money transfer costs and streamline supply chains has largely been implemented by banks and mainstream companies, who have not passed the savings on to customers. As any company with a fiduciary responsibility to shareholders would do, they’ve used the technology to reduce their expenses while billing customers the same amounts as they did before. You can expect more of this as__ __ and banks experiment further with crypto. If you have any doubt about where this is going, just look at the management of Goldman Sachs-backed Circle and it’s clear that centralized traditional finance is already fully on board with crypto. clearinghouses team and board members But what about DeFi? That’s decentralized… Certainly, Web3 optimists can look at the boom in DeFi over the past few years and point to the obvious increase in the  adoption of peer-to-peer lending and borrowing outside of traditional banks as a key achievement. This is from an awareness and adoption standpoint – and even from a technological and UX advancement standpoint; but are these staked crypto loans being used by people in your neighborhood to open a new pizza joint? Or pay for a kid’s college education? No. They are mainly used by crypto daytraders to increase their leverage on speculative trades with other crypto daytraders. The infrastructure has been built for wider, decentralized adoption, but the actual users of the system are the same crypto insiders, technophiles, decentralization idealists and speculators that were there before. If your mom still doesn’t get it, it’s not mainstream and any crypto idealist needs to be realistic about this. We’ve been here before That is not to say that Web3 can’t or won’t be decentralized. It’s merely a modest warning that it will require the purposeful adoption of some technologies over others to guide the eventual adoption of blockchain technology by mainstream audiences. For those old enough to remember, Web1 and Web2 were both envisioned to be utopian knowledge-sharing revolutions that would free people from the constraints of large corporations, media and governments as well. Craigslist and Wikipedia are the surviving species from these early idealist eras… and sites like Github are probably their Web2 descendants. But we all know what happened. In a space with no regulation, the deep-seated caveman instincts of humans were freed of constraining Enlightenment ideas such as – and even ancient religious constraints such as Monopolies thrived, throttling smaller companies. Bullies shouted down disagreeing viewpoints, stalking and threatening dissenters. “human equality” “treat others how you want to be treated.” Racists and pedophiles created forums to amplify their obsessions. The desperate and the dishonest were empowered to extort any person or company they could outwit with almost no repercussion and a low likelihood of being caught or stopped.  And a sociopath who founded his company by stealing it from the people who hired him to do the coding became the owner of the most powerful publishing and communications platform that has ever existed… with predictable results. What’s at stake All I’m saying is this. Facebook has changed its name to Meta – which, aside from being a lame rebranding tactic after years of bad press, is also a clear indication of Zuckerberg’s intent to own the metaverse like a real-world James Halliday. And how does one monetize the metaverse? Digital products and NFTs are already growing exponentially within gaming. If NFTs are the future medium of exchange within immersive or virtual worlds, it is very clear that Big Tech has no intention of sitting on the sidelines while decentralized versions of marketplaces, virtual worlds and content licensing platforms form organically. Even now, the biggest NFT marketplace in the world, OpenSea is a private company, not a DAO. The NFT creators who have driven its exponential growth – widely marketed as proof of the coming Web3 wave – have as much power over its governance as the musicians on Spotify have. And if there were any doubt left, according to Uphold’s Unboxed newsletter, “Meta's total fee for sales made through the Meta Quest Store… [is a] whopping 47.5% all-in, after including hardware platform fees and partner Horizon Worlds' sizable taste.” Compare that to OpenSea’s 2.5% take – or even Apple’s App Store 30% cut and you can see Zuck is not playing around here. And why should anyone expect Spotify or YouTube or Getty Images or any other content licensing & monetization platform to do nothing while a decentralized version of its marketplace forms and drains away their customers and artists? Just as video game makers are realizing that they can make their own interoperable NFT products that can be ported between games without needing ImmutableX or anyone else, we should expect that other platforms ripe for NFT disruption will likewise discover that they can get all the benefits of the NFT economy without decentralizing anything. like Sega Consciously building decentralization into Web3 Okay, enough of the dark side. Believe it or not, I’m not at all pessimistic about decentralization, but the time to impact how this ecosystem develops is now. For a short time, the technology is still too insular to have been adopted yet, which means there is time for the Web3 idealists, visionaries, technologists and yes, even the hustler-speculators to shape how it develops. There are some key nascent technologies in the space that deserve your attention… not just for their potential speculative value, but for the type of Web3 that could exist if we decide we want it to. Projects are built to be decentralized and to truly shift platform ownership, profit-sharing and governance to the users and value-creators of the platform. This is not at all anywhere close to a comprehensive list. I have a day job and kids so I can’t spend all day researching this stuff, but you should – and add anything you think is worth checking out as well. The point is that non-crypto dollars and people will flock to existing marketplaces and products with followings. So it’s important to support projects that are decentralized before the gates fly open and everyone just ends up in Facebook3 because that’s where everyone else seemed to be. Octopus Network Yes, I am submitting this article to the Octopus Network writing contest – which is why I first heard about this project (point for you Octopus marketing team!). BUT, it’s a great project – very much like Polkadot or ImmutableX in that it aims for making interoperability a normal part of the crypto sphere since I think we can all agree non-crypto people are not that interested in what token does what and just want applications that are simple to use. What makes it particularly interesting is that it is built to be something like an incubator for Web3 startups. Everything they’ve built is about reducing the startup capital required to bootstrap a new company – making it possible to rent instead of build all of the expensive proof-of-stake/work security that makes the blockchain valuable and scale it as needed. Contrast this to the current method of spending millions of dollars to build, launch and gain enough adoption of a new token for it to have any real security or liquidity and you can see that this throws the doors wide open to a LOT more scrappy entrepreneurs with crazy and/or visionary ideas. My one tip is to skip the website, which I found baffling and jargon-packed (I’m not an engineer, just a crypto marketer & UX person), and . It spells out in plain English what the vision is and why they built it. (Sorry - point taken back from the Octopus marketing team). read the white paper (built in the Octopus Network - Near protocol) DEIP The NFT space is awash in hyperbole about the creator economy… but so far most of what I’ve seen are really expensive animated gifs. Clearly, I’m not the target audience. This is why I find DEIP so interesting. It is aimed squarely at disrupting the IP, licensing, and rights management industry by creating a drag-and-drop marketplace for copyrights, trademarks as well as other non-tangible assets with real-world value (ie: actual copyrights, not an animated gif of a cat). This could not only disrupt the massive rent-seeking industry of IP attorneys, licensing agents, talent managers, and creative artist agents as well as Web2 content marketplaces but make the barrier to entry for unknown talents extremely low as well. This could drive an explosive creative marketplace of talented nobodies getting royalties and licensing deals. You could imagine whole product licensing, stock video, image and sound marketplaces and even decentralized streaming networks being built on top of something like this (someday). has a good explainer. This medium post (on Ethereum) Immutable X A competitor to Octopus that has built a Layer 2 onto Ethereum to address the high gas fees and other technical issues that are barriers to entry for new businesses. To be clear, while there are some voting rights with their token, this is not the fully decentralized web3 idealist project that Octopus, Solana or Cardano are. However, its technology and service offerings, much like Octopus’ are built around helping Web3 companies launch. The main upside here is that it’s built on Ethereum which has a much larger audience built-in than other protocols…. I guess the whole point of interoperable systems is that they can exchange tokens easily so it’s unclear if this advantage will turn out to matter that much to future mainstream users. If you flip a light switch in the US or one in France you don’t really care whether it’s running on AC or DC power; you just care that somehow it works. The opportunities for digital product makers could be huge within the gaming space with this platform as part of its technology makes adding royalties to NFTs simple and it’s already got its own well-known NFT games. – and Audius Solana Audius, the Web3 competitor to Apple Music, Spotify, and other Web2 music streaming services is growing rapidly. It’s also truly decentralized, which has made it bump up against technical scaling issues within Ethereum, to the ultra-fast and very inexpensive Solana system. so it’s announced a move This is a great case study of how nascent Web3 companies that start within accelerator-like platforms can scale to compete with Web2 user experience as they grow. Solana may turn out to be the enterprise-grade version of Web3 infrastructure needed to compete at scale with the no-lag UX that users have come to expect from their apps. Avalanche One of the most exciting – and hyped – players in the space, AVA Labs, just raised to keep the Avalanche ecosystem growing rapidly. Another Ethereum competitor, Avalanche has attracted attention in the crypto developer space because it claims to be the fastest smart contract platform, that’s both eco-friendly and adaptable to the transaction volumes and speed common in current securities trading. a lot of money Its token model is fully non-custodial and is built to avoid winner-take-all fees as Bitcoin has and gas-per-transaction costs like Ethereum have. Although it currently doesn’t seem to have the supportive incubator-like system that both Octopus and Immutable have, for sophisticated and funded teams of pros this platform could truly replace incumbent financial systems if it lives up to the hype. and Cardano SingularityNET If you want to freak out about how fast things could get out of control, (and actually pretty much anything from Singularity) about their move to Cardano is a great place to start. Cardano positions itself as the most academically-accredited Ethereum competitor with verifiable security and environmental cred. They don’t talk about NFTs or games. They talk about the future of humanity… and how important it is to marry blockchain and AI before AI, which is currently controlled by a handful of people, runs the world (or at least the entire financial system). this post by SingularityNET Critical to this will be AI’s inevitable role in content moderation in the future. It’s clear what’s happening now is not working, and also clear that the stakes of getting content moderation wrong can foment , and . In this context, I think we’d all prefer decentralized AI content moderation governed by users to the centralized ones we have now. insurrections wars ethnic cleansing This enterprise-grade focus on decentralized technology is a critical part of any realistic plan to maintain anything more than a cosmetic version of democracy for the future and deserves support. Spectrum.AI While not a crypto company, independent AI companies like Spectrum Labs can act as a critical stepping stone to decentralized content moderation (see the bullet above for why this matters if you skimmed it). No one really trusts the current Web2 social media platforms to moderate content properly when their financial model is still built around driving engagement for ad views. They can hire as many ombudsmen and make as many Ted Talk speeches as they want, but until their revenue models are no longer built on keeping people scrolling as long as possible, you can count on algorithms that continue to promote content that makes people angry, self-righteous and outraged because it keeps them on the page longer than cute kitten posts do. By using tools, community platforms can begin to separate themselves from the conflict of interest inherent in policing their own platforms until a fully decentralized system emerges. Given the importance of this, and its immediate impact on daily headlines, there’s no time to wait for a perfect solution and companies like this can buy some time. science-driven third-party AI content moderation Rarify I just learned about this company that has just closed a to build a system of APIs to make it simple for non-crypto businesses to easily integrate NFTs (and potentially other blockchain products) into their existing businesses. If it works as advertised, this throws open the doors for Web2 companies to add NFT digital products into their existing eCommerce stores, games, marketplaces, etc without having to hire blockchain engineers. round of funding from Pantera An advancement like this could lead to the very rapid adoption of NFTs since Rarify figures out all of the crypto mechanics in the background so end users can just use their normal fiat-based credit cards as they’ve always done and not have to figure out how to buy crypto or research what a wallet is and how to set it up separately. There are (probably) thousands more great companies doing interesting things that, if adopted broadly, could help the transition to Web3 live up to its potential. These are just a few I’ve read about recently, but the point is not to start day trading these specific tokens but to build on, invest in or grow applications that reflect the values you want to see in the world 5 or 10 years from now. The current crypto community is, for better or worse, the early-adopter base whose attention and investment will help define which platforms get outside capital and mainstream user adoption in the next few years. If you don’t want to live in the Zuckerverse, please consider carefully which companies you invest your money in, provide your talent and expertise to and trade your sweat equity to build. We’ll all have to live with it until Web4 comes along. Disclaimer - The only token I own mentioned in this story is ETH at the time of writing. This story is part of the Web3 Writing Contest hosted by The Octopus Network in collaboration with HackerNoon. Use this template to share your story today! You can use the lead image of your choice.

Now Is the Time to Make Sure Web3 Doesn’t Just Become Web2 with NFTS

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Может ли кризис в цепочке поставок жестких дисков подтолкнуть искусственный интеллект и цифровую рекламу к критической точке?

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Xem xét tác động của cuộc khủng hoảng chuỗi cung ứng ổ cứng đối với AI và quảng cáo kỹ thuật số

检查硬盘供应链危机对人工智能和数字广告的影响

Introduction In the karaoke scene, it is often necessary to pull multiple streams and display the user who is speaking. We need to identify whether the user is speaking, the volume of the speech (sound wave), and display it on the UI. The SDK provides the following two methods to achieve this function： refers to the volume of a stream. The ZEGO Express SDK provides the ability to capture the sound level of a stream in real time and delivers the captured sound level data to the app client through related callbacks.  A typical use case of this feature is that you can visualize the sound level data on your app UI to indicate the current active speaker and their volume. The following picture shows an example of such use cases. Sound level refers to a series of values, each of which represents an audio signal's energy level at a point in a frequency range.  The ZEGO Express SDK provides the ability to capture the audio spectrum data of a stream in real time and delivers the captured audio spectrum data to the app client through related callbacks.  A typical use case of this feature is that you can use it to create and display an audio spectrum visualizer on your app UI, especially for those online karaoke apps. The following picture shows an example of audio spectrum visualizers. Audio spectrum Prerequisites Before you begin to use sound level and audio spectrum in your project, make sure you complete the following steps: Create a project in , and get the AppID of your project. ZEGOCLOUD Admin Console The ZEGO Express SDK has been integrated into the project. For details, see and . Integration Implementation Enable the Sound Level Callbacks To enable sound level callbacks,  call the method. startSoundLevelMonitor /// Enable sound level callbacks.
///
- (void)startSoundLevelMonitor;

/// Enable the sound level monitor, supports enabling advanced features.
///
/// @note After enabled the monitor, the SDK sends out notification through the callback [onCapturedSoundLevelUpdate] to deliver the sound level data of locally captured audio, and through the callback [onRemoteSoundLevelUpdate] to deliver sound level data of remote streams.
/// @note You can call the [startPreview] method before entering a room, and together with the callback [onCapturedSoundLevelUpdate] to check whether the audio device is working properly. 
/// @note The notification interval of the [onCapturedSoundLevelUpdate] and [onRemoteSoundLevelUpdate] callbacks is the value of the parameter.
///
/// @param config The configuration to enable sound level monitor. 
- (void)startSoundLevelMonitorWithConfig:(ZegoSoundLevelConfig *)config; After the above step is completed: When you start previewing the local video (by calling the method or publishing a local stream by calling the method, the SDK will trigger the callback at an interval of 100ms to deliver the sound level data of the locally captured audio. startPreview startPublishingStream onCapturedSoundLevelUpdate /// The callback to deliver the sound level data of locally captured audio.
///
/// @param soundLevel: The sound level value of the locally captured audio, which is in the range [0.0, 100.0].
- (void)onCapturedSoundLevelUpdate:(NSNumber *)soundLevel;

/// The callback to deliver the sound level data of locally captured audio.
///
/// @note To trigger this callback, you must call the [startSoundLevelMonitor] method to enable the sound level monitor.
/// @note The callback notification interval is the value set when [startSoundLevelMonitor] is called.
///
/// @param soundLevelInfo The sound level value of the locally captured audio, which is in the range [0.0, 100.0].
- (void)onCapturedSoundLevelInfoUpdate:(ZegoSoundLevelInfo *)soundLevelInfo; When you start playing remote streams by calling the method,  the SDK will trigger the callback at an interval of 100ms to deliver the sound level data of the remote streams. startPlayingStream onRemoteSoundLevelUpdate /// The callback to deliver the sound level data of remote streams.
///
/// @param soundLevels: The sound level data (key-value pairs) of the remote streams, of which the key is a stream ID, and the value is the sound level value of the corresponding stream. Each sound level value is in the range [0.0, 100.0].
- (void)onRemoteSoundLevelUpdate:(NSDictionary<NSString *, NSNumber *> *)soundLevels;

/// The callback to deliver the sound level data of remote streams when stream playing.
///
/// @note To trigger this callback, you must call the [startSoundLevelMonitor] method to enable the sound level monitor when playing streams. 
/// @note The callback notification interval is the value set when [startSoundLevelMonitor] is called.
///
/// @param soundLevelInfos The sound level data (key-value pairs) of the remote streams, of which the key is a stream ID, and the value is the sound level value of the corresponding stream. Each sound level value is in the range [0.0, 100.0].
- (void)onRemoteSoundLevelInfoUpdate:(NSDictionary<NSString *, ZegoSoundLevelInfo *> *)soundLevelInfos; Enable the Audio Spectrum Callbacks To enable audio spectrum callbacks, call the method. startAudioSpectrumMonitor /// Enable audio spectrum callbacks
///
- (void)startAudioSpectrumMonitor; After the above step is completed: When you start previewing the local video by calling the method or publishing a local stream by calling the method, the SDK will trigger the callback at an interval of 100ms to deliver the audio spectrum data of locally captured audio. startPreview startPublishingStream onCapturedAudioSpectrumUpdate /// The callback to deliver the audio spectrum data of locally captured audio.
///
/// @param audioSpectrum: An array of audio spectrum values of the locally captured audio. Each audio spectrum value is in the range [0, 2^30].
- (void)onCapturedAudioSpectrumUpdate:(NSArray<NSNumber *> *)audioSpectrum; When you start playing remote streams by calling the method,  the SDK will trigger the callback at an interval of 100ms to deliver audio spectrum data of the remote streams. startPlayingStream onRemoteAudioSpectrumUpdate /// The callback to deliver the audio spectrum data of remote streams
///
/// @param audioSpectrums: The audio spectrum data (key-value pairs) of remote streams, of which the key is a stream ID, and the value is an array of audio spectrum values of the corresponding stream. Each audio spectrum value is in the range [0, 2^30].
- (void)onRemoteAudioSpectrumUpdate:(NSDictionary<NSString *, NSArray<NSNumber *> *> *)audioSpectrums; Obtain Data from the Callbacks The SDK delivers the sound level data and audio spectrum data of the remote streams as key-value pairs in an . In each key-value pair, the key is the stream ID of a remote stream published by another user in the same room, and the value is the sound level value or an array of audio spectrum values that stream. NSDictionary You can first obtain and save the list of remote streams published by the other users in the current room through the callback, and then use each stream ID in the list as an index to get the sound level value or the audio spectrum data of that stream from the . onRoomStreamUpdate NSDictionary The following examples show how to obtain the sound level and audio spectrum data from the callbacks. // The callback to deliver the sound level data of locally captured audio.
- (void)onCapturedSoundLevelUpdate:(NSNumber *)soundLevel {
    ZGSoundLevelTableViewCell *cell = [self.tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:[NSIndexPath indexPathForRow:0 inSection:0]];
    cell.soundLevel = soundLevel;
}

// The callback to deliver the sound level data (key-value pairs) of remote streams. In each key-value pair, the key is the stream ID of a remote stream, and the value is the sound level data of that stream.
- (void)onRemoteSoundLevelUpdate:(NSDictionary<NSString *,NSNumber *> *)soundLevels {
    NSInteger rowCount = [self.tableView numberOfRowsInSection:1];
    for (NSInteger row = 0; row < rowCount; row++) {
        ZGSoundLevelTableViewCell *cell = [self.tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:[NSIndexPath indexPathForRow:row inSection:1]];
        if ([soundLevels objectForKey:cell.streamID]) {
            cell.soundLevel = soundLevels[cell.streamID];
        }
    }
}

// The callback to deliver the audio spectrum data of locally captured audio.
- (void)onCapturedAudioSpectrumUpdate:(NSArray<NSNumber *> *)audioSpectrum {
    ZGSoundLevelTableViewCell *cell = [self.tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:[NSIndexPath indexPathForRow:0 inSection:0]];
    cell.spectrumList = audioSpectrum;
}

// The callback to deliver the audio spectrum data (key-value pairs) of the remote streams. Audio spectrum callback for remote streams. In each key-value pair, the key is the stream ID of a remote stream, and the value is the audio spectrum data of that stream.
- (void)onRemoteAudioSpectrumUpdate:(NSDictionary<NSString *,NSArray<NSNumber *> *> *)audioSpectrums {
    NSInteger rowCount = [self.tableView numberOfRowsInSection:1];
    for (NSInteger row = 0; row < rowCount; row++) {
        ZGSoundLevelTableViewCell *cell = [self.tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:[NSIndexPath indexPathForRow:row inSection:1]];
        if ([audioSpectrums objectForKey:cell.streamID]) {
            cell.spectrumList = audioSpectrums[cell.streamID];
        }
    }
} Disable the Sound Level Callbacks To disable the sound level callbacks, call the method. stopSoundLevelMonitor /// Disable sound level callbacks
- (void)stopSoundLevelMonitor; After the above step is completed, the SDK will stop triggering the callbacks and . onCapturedSoundLevelUpdate onRemoteSoundLevelUpdate Disable the Audio Spectrum Callbacks To disable audio spectrum callbacks, call the method. stopAudioSpectrumMonitor /// Stop listening for audio spectrum callbacks
///
- (void)stopAudioSpectrumMonitor; After the above step is completed, the SDK will stop triggering the callbacks and . onCapturedAudioSpectrumUpdate onRemoteAudioSpectrumUpdate

How to Implement Sound Waves in iOS by Using ZEGOCLOUD SDK

The Cost of Building 5G Infrastructure Have you ever wondered how much it will cost to build the 5G infrastructure? According to GSMA Intelligence’s CAPEX forecast, 5G will cost almost US $1 trillion to deploy over the next half-decade. With 5G, it will require more network densification, which means a lot of the capex investment will go into the RAN* (Radio Access Network.) In fact, the share of RAN in total capex will grow from 62 per cent in 2018 to 86 per cent in 2025 (please ). see figure 1 *In simple terms, a Radio Access Network (RAN) is part of a telecommunications system that connects individual devices such as our cell phones to other parts of a network through radio connections. The network operators are paying for the cost of building the 5G infrastructure to provide service to their customers and it has a huge impact to their revenue and market capitalization. The network operators have no choice but to find ways to lower their capex. Why Open RAN (O-RAN)? Since the share of RAN in capex is over 60% and rising, the most natural question to ask is how to make it cheaper and cost less to operate. And at the same time, there is increased pressure for the operators to complete their 5G rollouts. To deal with the challenge associated with upgrading and rolling out networks, several operators (AT&T, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT DOCOMO and Orange) created the in February 2018 to drive the development of standards and technologies that would lead to Open RAN implementation. What they need is faster innovation, easier deployment, simplified operations, and a more competitive vendor ecosystem. O-RAN Alliance Open RAN will meet these needs by providing greater choice, flexibility and agility for network operators racing to deploy 5G. Open RAN also helps operators to speed service introduction and innovation, improve supply chain security, and reduce Opex and Capex. The O-RAN Alliance now has over 300 mobile operators, vendors, and research & academic institutions operating in the Radio Access Network (RAN) industry worldwide. Please see figures 2 & 3 above. You’re Crazy If You Don’t Embrace the Open RAN Ecosystem Recently, Dell’Oro Group raised its Open RAN revenue forecast by 50% as the strong momentum behind the technology has continued to grow. It now believes the cumulative open RAN revenue from 2020 to 2025 could soar to as high as $15 billion, with open RAN revenues accounting for more than 10% of the overall RAN market by 2025. The market is moving at a faster pace than expected, especially in the APAC region. With the US government providing more than $1.5 billion funding to support Open RAN and the Japanese government offering financial incentives and tax benefits for companies that develop, supply, and deploy Open RAN equipment, there is a growing concern of the future viability of a European ecosystem able to compete with other regions in the world. Feeling that Europe as a whole is lagging behind other regions such as the U.S. and Japan in developing Open RAN, Deutsche Telekom, Orange, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, and Vodafone are calling upon European Union member states, policymakers, and industry to embrace the Open RAN ecosystem with the new report — “ .” Building an Open RAN Ecosystem For Europe To understand why embracing Open RAN should be an easy decision, we need to have a better understanding of what is Open RAN and what are the benefits of Open RAN? What is Open RAN (O-RAN)? Open RAN is a set of open specifications defining interfaces between radio and base station RAN. The disaggregation of different RAN elements would provide new ways to mix and match network components by “opening up” the interfaces between them. It will drive down the costs of network deployments and allow new players to enter the RAN market. Please see figure 4 below. Future Radio Access Networks will be based on a wide range of solutions deployments, one size will no longer fit all**.** Continued 4G & 5G traffic growth also requires a significant increase in RAN capacity and network operators to maximize existing investments. Open RAN enables all types of RAN deployment models: distributed, centralized, virtualized, macro & small cell. And it is built on general-purpose computing hardware with carrier-grade reliability. Along with resource pooling, load balancing, and spectral efficiency, Open RAN enables network operators to maximize resource utilization and deliver new network edge services at a lower cost. Many Paths to Success According to Dell’Oro Group, the mix between incumbent RAN players and new challengers with smaller shares is “relatively healthy at this juncture, with smaller RAN suppliers including Airspan, Altiostar, Fujitsu, Mavenir, NEC, and Parallel Wireless accounting for the majority of the Open RAN revenues in 1H21.” The beauty of Open RAN is that network operators can mix and match hardware with different suppliers. For example, the O-RAN DU reference designs from Supermicro can support RAN software from either Mavenir or Parallel Wireless. And thanks to Moore’s Law, each generation of processors is getting increasingly powerful, and the ever-falling cost of processing power is making Open RAN even more appealing economically. Please see Figure 5 above. Conclusion Open RAN marks a profound change in how the network operators is building the wireless infrastructure. This change is driven by an incredibly powerful value proposition, driving efficiencies both in operations and economics. The Open RAN specifications also help cultivate innovation as resources are freed up to allow the network operators to focus on new products and growth. While it’s still ramping, Open RAN will help the network operators to cut billions of dollars in capital spending and speed up the rollout of the 5G network. Wouldn’t it be crazy if we don’t embrace the Open RAN ecosystem? References Intelligence Brief: How much will 5G cost? The year is 2019 and 5G is finally here. Or is it? At MWC19 Barcelona, there were so many 5G announcements that it… www.mobileworldlive.com Dell'Oro bumps revenue forecast 50% as open RAN gains steam Dell'Oro Group raised its open RAN revenue forecast by 50%, citing strong momentum behind the technology in the first… www.fiercewireless.com European Telcos Sound Alarm Over Flagging Open RAN Progress European telecom companies recently sounded an alarm that they may be falling behind the rest of the world in their… spectrum.ieee.org 5G Testing: What Is O-RAN? - Part 1 Open radio access network (O-RAN) is an operator-led alliance that defines the next-generation radio access network… blogs.keysight.com

Edge Computing is So Fun Part 6: Why You Need to Embrace The Open RAN Ecosystem

If you’re new to programming, are a computer teacher, or just a parent planning to get his child started with programming – you must be wondering where to start. C++, C, Java, Python – there are just too many options out there! While all these languages are great in their own right and popular, the debate between C++ and python has been intense for sometime. Before comparing them, let’s look at each language separately. Python A general purpose, high level programming language, Python, was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991. The underlying objective to create python was simplicity. Till date, it ranks as one of the simplest languages to learn – in fact it is pretty close to plain, everyday English. Features like indentation make the code readable and beautiful (while this has also been a reason for the backlash levelled at it), and library functions make it extremely powerful, especially for beginners. While python is definitely the easier of the two to learn, it also features as a top language in . Suffices to say that its popularity and ease work hand in hand to make python a very powerful and desirable language in the industry. IEEE’s 2018 Top Programming Languages C++ Introduced by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979, C++ is also a high level, general purpose programming language. It is basically an upgrade to C, initially known as ‘C with classes’. This was the introduction to Object Oriented Programming in C. Compared to Python, C++ is a rather tough language to learn.  Nonetheless, despite posing learning difficulties, C++ is an extremely flexible language which lends the programmer considerable power over everything in the computer – even memory allocation, something impossible to control in python. While both Python and C++ are object oriented, encapsulation – binding of data and functions as one unit – is not available in Python. Comparing Python and C++ Let us compare the two languages based on a number of generic industry metrics: Ease of learning One of the major deciding factors for a beginner would be ease of learning. If the language is too hard, it may even throw the programmer off the track and kill his aspirations of getting better at it. Python is doubtlessly closer to English and hence easier to learn. C++, on the other hand, is very close to the CPU and deals with memory allocation, following which, if as a beginner, you are not careful, you may end up destroying your system with the wrong C++ program. To give you a picture of its simplicity, Python has zero compile steps. If your file is saved as myprogram.py, all you have to do to run it is type python myprogram.py. In this context, reading the Zen of Python gives clarity on the intentions and philosophy of the language. A few lines in the Zen goes as follows: Beautiful is better than ugly. Sparse is better than dense. If the implementation is hard to explain, it’s a bad idea. C++ has no such documentation or clarity of thought. What it does have is a huge community of supporters working day and night to help solve problems. Speed Speed matters when working with an industry level software – particularly if the software is a real time, time sensitive entity. The faster a language is, the more efficient it is considered to be. Here, C++ wins the game. It is , the reason being Python itself is written in C (the predecessor of C++). many times faster than Python Since our debate is strictly regarding what a beginner should learn, speed does not really matter at the beginner stage. Memory Management In C++, you have to allocate memory to new variables and also free them when their job is over. If you do not do so, it might result in memory leak. Since C++ does not provide garbage collection and uses pointers, memory leak is inevitable at some points. There are, however, no such rules in Python. Python is written to adapt and allocate memory on its own – all hail dynamic memory allocation! If you’re an experienced programmer, you might need to work on projects where you need control over memory allocation. As a beginner, however, you need not mess around with this aspect. Readability C++ has a lot of syntax to get a grasp on. However, it does not have indentation rules, this makes the code look like garbage at some point. Python, resembling more of English, its indentation helps a coder keep track of every bracket opened. This can be pretty inviting to a beginner and have coding look like a work of art at times! To explore perspective on the ‘readability’ aspect, let us look at two code snippets giving the same output. C++ : { :: << ;
        }
}; { class HelloWorld public void PrintHelloWorld () std cout "Hello World!\n" Python print(“Hello World!”) Both these snippets give the same output, but if you are a beginner trying to comprehend the C++ codes likely scared you even as you could make complete sense of the Python code. That’s the magic of Python! Final verdict While we do not claim that either one of the two is a ‘better’ language, Python is undeniably easier to learn. However, coming back to the popularity index, we must not forget that popularity means relevance. If is any good and Python is one of the most popular languages out there, chances are the industry will soon adopt it. This makes python a safe language to go with. Furthermore, if you are planning to go into Machine Learning, Data Sciences or Artificial Intelligence, . An absolute winner, it is the safest for beginners. TIOBE Python web development is the go to language As for the unsure souls out there, check out Cython – the power of Python with the elements of C++. Fun, eh? Sources: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/ https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ https://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/innovation/the-2018-top-programming-languages https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-of-Python-over-C++

Python vs C++: What should a beginner choose?

This will be my first review, where I will cover a single game released for multiple computer platforms and compare each version accordingly - in this case, I will be taking a look at the 1988 budget game for the main trinity of 8-bit home computers in the West: the (which is the lead platform), the and the . This game is a childhood favourite of mine, as I remember playing it on my ZX Spectrum and trying to get a high enough score to enter my name. multiplatform Codemasters Super Stuntman ZX Spectrum Amstrad CPC Commodore 64 Premise The premise of this game, according to the cassette/disk inlay, is that the player assumes the role of a stuntman in a major motion picture, requiring their talents in order to accomplish a series of increasingly elaborate and dangerous vehicular acrobatics. However, as with many games of this era, the plot is merely a means to an end. On all versions of the game, the player must traverse through seven (7) scenes which need to be completed within a strict time limit, and you are given three (3) lives or for each scene. The scenes in question are: VERY “takes” Desert Speedboat Chase/Boat Race Forest Jump Over the Grand Canyon (Press the fire button to activate a turbo booster at the right time) City Car Chase White Water/Rapids Boat Chase The Grand Finale Main Menu Comparison All three versions showcase the eponymous daredevil standing outside his car, which appears to be a Ferrari/Porsche hybrid. The main menu of each version offers a jaunty little theme tune by David Whittaker using each computer’s respective sound chip (the “beeper” speaker for the Spectrum since this is a 48K only game with no 128K version, the AY chip on the CPC and the SID chip on the C64). The Spectrum version also offers a choice of keyboard controls, the option to redefine them, or a joystick interface of the player’s choice (if you read my review, then you will get a brief description of the Spectrum’s various joystick interfaces and how they work). For this review, I will be playing with the Kempston joystick interface, which is arguably the most popular interface for the Spectrum, using my custom-made 2-button arcade stick. Zythum The Spectrum and C64 only recognize a single fire button due to them using the antiquated standard, while the CPC can support two (2) separate fire buttons using an joystick, although not all games were coded with this ability in mind. Atari 2600 MSX The Game This is what we get when the game starts up - a time limit, score, and a visual damage indicator, which is mainly for show and has no actual bearing on the player vehicle’s functionality (except for the C64 version, which excludes the vehicular mugshot). The goal of each scene is to get to the finishing line at the end before the countdown timer reaches zero (0). On all scenes except for Scene 4 (The Grand Canyon), the player’s vehicle (a car in all but Scenes 2 and 6, where the player controls a speedboat) is equipped with what appears to be a front-facing cannon, since pressing the fire button on the joystick fires a cannonball, which can be used to destroy computer-controlled enemy vehicles (which are controlled with a very simplistic - they just seem to charge forwards indiscriminately and occasionally block the player’s path while shooting at anything in their way). The player will also have to avoid rocks (which block your path) and fireballs (which will cost you a life - on the water-based scenes, the player must avoid crashing into the land, which will yield the same result). AI The sole exception to this rudimentary gunplay mechanic is, as mentioned, on Scene 4, where the player’s cannon is replaced with a turbo booster, which be activated at the correct time in order to successfully jump across the Grand Canyon and reach the finish line at the other end. Engage it too early or late and the player will fall to their death. MUST Oddly enough and possibly unique to this game, the player is awarded points for losing lives or “takes”, gaining 1,000 points in the form of what the game calls , presumably as a sort of reward for showcasing their inner daredevil. You can do this up to twice per scene (your takes are reset at the beginning of a new scene) - if you crash a third time, then the game ends. “Amazing Action” Cheat Mode All 3 versions of this game have a built-in cheat mode, which gives the player infinite time and lives, and given the rather clumsy controls and haphazard level design (we’ll get to that later on, when I’m comparing the 3 versions against each other), it would be wise to enable it as soon as possible. To do this, the player must first get a high enough score to enter their name on the high score table, entering a specific word as their name and confirming it (see the table below): Game Version Name to Enter ZX Spectrum BIG SCORE Amstrad CPC LIVEWIRE Commodore 64 CHEAT (Press key to skip to the next scene during gameplay) Tab Super Stuntman Review and Comparison Presentation The ZX Spectrum version is the original version of this game, and as such, has a decent amount of content and presentation, along with a cool-looking image on the main menu. This look and feel is carried over to the Amstrad CPC port, which improves the visual and auditory aspect, as is to be expected for a multipurpose computer like the CPC. The C64 version is sadly lacking in these elements, and has a much more basic menu. The game’s content is barebones but sufficient to keep the player interested, if only for a limited time, given it is a budget game, and the C64 version actually uses its custom hardware to try to make the in-game world look more lively. Overall Winner: Tie between ZX Spectrum & Amstrad CPC Graphics (Detail & Colour) Graphically, the game looks adequate on all 3 platforms, although each version has some features unique to that particular release. For example, the original Spectrum version has a higher resolution than the CPC and C64, so it wins out in the detail department - you can see what each in-game sprite is supposed to be, although the red fireballs on the Spectrum and C64 are recoloured to blue on the CPC, presumably to prevent them from blending in with the environment (thanks to its low-resolution, 16-colour mode, this is no Spectrum port, something which plagued many CPC games back in the day). My personal favourite colour palette is on the Amstrad CPC, with its vibrant -esque colours and sprite design, although the muted colours on the C64 also work, giving the game a bit more atmosphere. I also like how the water in Scenes 2 and 6 is animated on the C64, while the Spectrum and CPC simply have white spots on a blue background. Sega Overall Winner: ZX Spectrum (Detail), Tie between Amstrad CPC & Commodore 64 (Colour) Sound (SFX & Music) The Spectrum version has what sounds like digitised flatulence due to its single-channel “beeper” speaker, and the vehicular engine noises do not sound at all like a car or a speedboat’s motor bursting into action, although the player does get to hear a noise when the countdown timer goes below 10 seconds, warning them to hurry up (they lose a take if they run out of time). CPC version probably has the best balance of sound effects and music (the main title theme would later reappear in the CPC-exclusive , which I also reviewed on this site recycling music from their previous games seemed to be a Codemasters trademark). C64 version has dire sound effects, worse than the Spectrum version, although the engine sound can be increased in pitch depending on how fast the player goes, which can provide some amusement, and less-than-perfect music. tick-tock Turbo Chopper Simulator - Overall Winner: Tie between ZX Spectrum & Amstrad CPC (SFX), Amstrad CPC (Music) Controls The controls of any videogame can make or break the experience, and in this game, it is certainly a very polarising affair. The game’s controls are very strange in the sense that the player’s vehicle is limited to 45-degree turns in either direction, as if the car or speedboat is standing in the middle of a 180-degree (a device used for measuring angles) and can only rotate within its range. The C64 version also suffers from a case of sudden loss of momentum, meaning if the player’s vehicle hits any kind of obstacle, then they will stop moving immediately, requiring the player to back up (which costs time) and reaccelerate all over again (costing more time), while the Spectrum and CPC versions keep the vehicle at full speed even when hitting a rock or some other obstacle. Firing the cannon is also a bit of a pain, since only a single cannonball can be fired at any time. The C64 version also suffers from slippery controls, while the Spectrum and CPC version’s controls are too stiff. protractor Overall Winner: Draw Super Stuntman Gameplay Review The most important element of this game is also the weakest, sadly - all 3 versions have the exact same game mechanics and there is no exclusive feature for any of them, meaning that if you’ve played one version, then you’ve essentially played them all. I will find, however, that the Spectrum and CPC versions are the most forgiving in terms of difficulty and have a greater margin for error than the C64 port, which appears to be a rushed conversion evidenced by the fact that it has no ending sequence upon completing the last scene of the game (Scene 7), and the game repositions the player just behind the final finishing line, to repeat the process until they run out of time or lives (the Spectrum and CPC versions at least have the courtesy to congratulate the player). The Spectrum and CPC versions have the exact same level layouts and stage designs, while the C64 port tries to redesign the scenes and make them more linear but only ends up cluttering the already chaotic scenery, and the time limit ticks down faster in that version compared to the Spectrum and CPC. Overall Winner: Tie between ZX Spectrum & Amstrad CPC Overall is far from a super game. Codemasters were synonymous with quality games back in this era, although this release from 1988 seems to be a chink in the armour, released during a time when the 8-bit computer era was coming to an end and the 16-bit computers in the form of the , and Japan-exclusive were beginning to hit their stride. A sequel of sorts, entitled , would hit stores 3 years later in 1991 for both 8-bit and 16-bit machines and improve upon this rather problematic first attempt. If I must recommend which version to play, then I suggest either the original ZX Spectrum version or the surprisingly decent Amstrad CPC conversion, which uses that computer’s expanded capabilities with a lower resolution but with the added benefit of additional colours and faster (but less smooth) controls and gameplay. Avoid the C64 port. A somewhat disappointing game, but for a budget title, it could have been worse. Super Stuntman Atari ST Commodore Amiga Sharp X68000 Sky High Stuntman Final Score: 2 out of 5 (ZX Spectrum), 2 1/2 out of 5 (Amstrad CPC), 1 out of 5 (Commodore 64).

Super Stuntman Review (ZX Spectrum/Amstrad CPC/Commodore 64)

Authors: (1) Michael Sorochan Armstrong, Computational Data Science (CoDaS) Lab in the Department of Signal Theory, Telematics, and Communications at the University of Granada; (2) Jose Carlos P´erez-Gir´on, part of the Interuniversity Institute for Research on the Earth System in Andalucia through the University of Granada; (3) Jos´e Camacho, Computational Data Science (CoDaS) Lab in the Department of Signal Theory, Telematics, and Communications at the University of Granada; (4) Regino Zamora, part of the Interuniversity Institute for Research on the Earth System in Andalucia through the University of Granada. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Optimization of the Optical Interpolation Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Appendix A: Proof of Hermitian Self-Adjoint product identity for Equidistant Time-Domain Measurements Appendix B: AAH ̸= MIN I in the Non-Equidistant Case Acknowledgments & References 5 CONCLUSION A convenient mathematical expression to solve for the spectrum of irregularly sampled time-domain data has been demonstrated in a way that satisfies the conditions for an inverse non-uniform Fourier transform. This methodology has been derived from cost function proposed in the original study, and via its idealised quadratic form strongly suggests that its minimum is unique and convex. Using a randomly sample time series from data with few missing values, the observed relative error is on the same order of magnitude as the most current solution to this problem [10]. Upon cross-validation with contiguous blocks, we report a relative error that is much higher, and suggest this is a more critical, but informative lens through which to view interpolation problems. he proposed formula will find use in a variety of signal processing applications, where the use of an FFT is impractical given its assumption of a consistent time-domain density. The software package used in this work is available online: https://github.com/CoDaSLab/intrp infft 1d This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Novel Mathematical Expression for Spectrum Determination of Irregularly Sampled Data

Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . SPECTRUM GRATINGS. here SPECTRUM GRATINGS. At a recent meeting of the London Physical Society, Prof. Rowland, of Baltimore, exhibited a number of his new concave gratings for giving a diffraction spectrum. He explained the theory of their action. Gratings can be ruled on any surface, if the lines are at a proper distance apart and of the proper form. The best surface, however, is a cylindrical or spherical one. The gratings are solid slabs of polished speculum metal ruled with lines equidistant by a special machine of Prof. Rowland's invention. An account of this machine will be published shortly. The number of lines per inch varied in the specimens shown from 5,000 to 42,000, but higher numbers can be engraved by the cutting diamond. The author has designed an ingenious mechanical arrangement for keeping the photographic plates in focus. In this way photographs of great distinctness can be obtained. Prof. Rowland exhibited some 10 inches long, which showed the E line doubled, and the large B group very clearly. Lines are divided by this method which have never been divided before, and the work of photographing takes a mere fraction of the time formerly required. A photographic plate sensitive throughout its length is got by means of a mixture of eosene, iodized collodion, and bromized collodion. Prof. Rowland and Captain Abney, R.E., are at present engaged in preparing a new map of the whole spectrum with a focus of 18 feet. In reply to Mr. Hilger, F.R.A.S., the author stated that if the metal is the true speculum metal used by Lord Rosse, it would stand the effects of climate, he thought; but if too much copper were put in, it might not. In reply to Mr. Warren de la Rue, Prof. Rowland said that 42,000 was the largest number of lines he had yet required to engrave on the metal. Prof. Guthrie read a letter from Captain Abney, pointing out that Prof. Rowland's plates gave clearer spectra than any others; they were free from "ghosts," caused by periodicity in the ruling, and the speculum metal had no particular absorption. Prof. Dewar, F.R.S., observed that Prof. Liveing and he had been engaged for three years past in preparing a map of the ultra-violet spectrum, which would soon be published. He considered the concave gratings to make a new departure in the subject, and that they would have greatly facilitated the preparation of his map. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18763/pg18763-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

SPECTRUM GRATINGS

Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . SPECTRUM OF THE SUN AND ELEMENTS. here SPECTRUM OF THE SUN AND ELEMENTS. The , No. 85, issued in February, contains Prof. Rowland's report of progress in spectrum work. The spectra of all known elements, with the exception of a few gaseous ones, or those too rare to be yet obtained, have been photographed in connection with the solar spectrum, from the extreme ultra-violet down to the D line, and eye observations have been made on many to the limit of the solar spectrum. A table of standard wave lengths of the impurities in the carbon poles extending to wave length 2,000 has been constructed to measure wave lengths beyond the limits of the solar spectrum. In addition to this, maps of the spectra of some of the elements have been drawn up on a large scale, ready for publication, and the greater part of the lines in the map of the solar spectrum have been identified. The following rough table of the solar elements has been constructed entirely according to Prof. Rowland's own observations, although, of course, most of them have been given by others: Johns Hopkins University Circular . Elements in the Sun, arranged according to Intensity and the Number of Lines in the Solar Spectrum According to intensity.             According to number.


  Calcium   Zirconium         Iron (2,000 or more) Magnesium (20 or more)
  Iron      Molybdenum        Nickel               Sodium (11)
  Hydrogen  Lanthanum         Titanium             Silicon
  Sodium    Niobium           Manganese            Strontium
  Nickel    Palladium         Chromium             Barium
  Magnesium Neodymium         Cobalt               Aluminum (4)
  Cobalt    Copper            Carbon (200 or more) Cadmium
  Silicon   Zinc              Vanadium             Rhodium
  Aluminum  Cadmium           Zirconium            Erbium
  Titanium  Cerium            Cerium               Zinc
  Chromium  Glucinum          Calcium (75 or more) Copper (2)
  Manganese Germanium         Scandium             Silver (2)
  Strontium Rhodium           Neodymium            Glucinum (2)
  Vanadium  Silver            Lanthanum            Germanium
  Barium    Tin               Yttrium              Tin
  Carbon    Lead              Niobium              Lead (1)
  Scandium  Erbium            Molybdenum           Potassium (1)
  Yttrium   Potassium         Palladium . Doubtful Elements Iridium, osmium, platinum, ruthenium, tantalum, thorium, tungsten, uranium. . Not in Solar Spectrum Antimony, arsenic, bismuth, boron, nitrogen, cæsium, gold, indium, mercury, phosphorus, rubidium, selenium, sulphur, thallium, praseodymium. With respect to these tables, Prof. Rowland adds: "The substances under the head of 'Not in the Solar Spectrum' are often placed there because the elements have few strong lines or none at all in the limit of the solar spectrum when the arc spectrum, which I have used, is employed. Thus, boron has only two strong lines at 2497. Again, the lines of bismuth are all compound, and so too diffuse to appear in the solar spectrum. Indeed, some good reason generally appears for their absence from the solar spectrum. Of course, there is but little evidence of their absence from the sun itself; were the whole earth heated to the temperature of the sun, its spectrum would probably resemble that of the sun very closely." The powerful instrument used at Baltimore for photographing spectra, and the measuring engine constructed to fit the photographs so that its readings give the wave lengths of lines directly within 1/100 of a division on Angström's scale, give the foregoing results a weight superior to many others published. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11649/pg11649-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

SPECTRUM OF THE SUN AND ELEMENTS

Lasers by Hal Hellman, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM here THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Some 85% of what man learns comes to him through his vision in response to the medium of light. Yet, ironically, it wasn’t until the end of the 17th century that he first began to get an inkling of what light really is. It took the great scientific genius Isaac Newton to show that so-called white light is really a combination of all the colors of the rainbow. A few years later the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens introduced the idea that light is a wave motion, a concept finally validated in 1803 when the British physician Thomas Young ingeniously demonstrated interference effects in waves. Thus it was finally realized that the only difference between the various colors of light was one of wavelength. For light was indeed found to be a wave phenomenon, no different in principle from the water waves you have seen a thousand times. If you stand at the seashore, you can easily count the number of waves that approach the shore in a minute. Divide that number by 60 and you have the frequency of the wave motion in the familiar unit, cycles-per-second (cps). You would have to count pretty quickly to do this for light, however. Light waves vibrate or oscillate at the rate of some 400 million million times a second. That’s the vibration rate of waves of red light; violet results from vibrations that are just about twice that fast. With frequencies of this magnitude, discussion and handling of data and dimensions are cumbersome and rather awkward. Fortunately there is another approach. Let’s look again at our ocean waves. We see that there is a regularity about them (before they begin to break on the shore). The distance from one crest to the next is significant and is called the . Water waves are measured in feet, and in comparable units light waves are recorded in ten-millionths of an inch—again a very cumbersome number. Scientists therefore use the metric system and have standardized a unit called the angstrom, which is equal to the one-hundred-millionth part of a centimeter (10⁻⁸ cm). Thus we find, as shown in , that the visible light range runs from the violet at about 4000 angstroms to red at about 7000 angstroms. wavelength Figure 3 Figure 3 The visible light spectrum ranges between approximately 4000 and 7000 angstroms. At roughly the same time that the wavelength of light was being determined, the German-British astronomer William Herschel performed an interesting experiment. He held a thermometer in turn in the various colors of light that had been spread out by an optical prism. As he moved the thermometer from the violet to the red, the temperature reading rose—and it continued to rise as he moved the instrument the red area, where no prismatic light could be seen. beyond Thus Herschel discovered infrared rays (the kind of heat we get from the sun) adjoining the visible red light, and at the same time found that they were merely a continuation of the visible spectrum. Shortly thereafter, ultraviolet rays were found on the other end of the visible light band. One of the most fascinating movements in science has been the constant expansion since then of both ends of the radiating-wave spectrum. The result has come to be called the , which, as we see in , encompasses a wide variety of apparently different kinds of radiation. Above the visible band (the higher frequencies), we find ultraviolet light, X rays, gamma rays, and some cosmic rays; below it are infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. Only a small proportion of the total spectrum is occupied by the visible band. Another point of interest is the inverse relationship between wavelength and frequency. As one goes up the other goes down. electromagnetic spectrum Figure 4 Figure 4 Visible light region spans a tiny portion of the total electromagnetic spectrum. These many kinds of rays and waves vary tremendously in the ways they interact with matter. But they are all part of a single family. The only difference among them, as with the colors of the rainbow, lies in their wavelengths. In a few cases, as we shall see later, the mode of generation is also different. The band of radiation stretching from the infrared to cosmic rays has been, up to now, largely the concern of physical scientists. Because of their high frequencies, these radiations are generally handled, when calculations or measurements must be made, in terms of wavelength. Radio and microwaves, on the other hand, have been more in the domain of communications engineers and are more likely to be discussed in terms of frequency. Thus it is that your radio is marked off in kilocycles, or thousands of cycles per second, while light is described as radiation in the 4000 to 7000 angstrom band. The relative newness of the various radiations has kept scientists busy learning about them and, as information and experience have accumulated, putting them to work. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Hal Hellman (2021). Laser. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/65512/pg65512-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

When even my septuagenarian grandfather is asking me how much Bitcoin I have, it’s clear that crypto has gone mainstream. And interest is only growing. Not only as a speculative instrument, but also as a means to store value, accumulate wealth, and hedge against inflation. In other words, people are finally beginning to . get it As with any burgeoning industry, however, increased interest results in an increased propensity for scams, fraud, and unethical behavior. Complex terminology and unfamiliar user flows mean a steep learning curve for new entrants into the space. Recognizing opportunity but too risk-averse to dive in head first, newcomers often start with what they know. Given the popularity of fintech over the past two decades, “what they know” tends to be centralized financial companies with easy onboarding and smooth, user-friendly interfaces. Exchanges or service providers falling into this category will hold your private keys, so you don’t have to worry about the underlying complexity, but in return, you must trust them to act in your best interest. But as everything from Mt Gox to FTX has shown, custodians don’t have the best track record. Then again, going the self-custodial route is also fraught with challenges. Self-custodial may mean you control your private keys and have full command over your crypto, but equally, it means that if you lose access, there’s no backup. As a result, up to , and that’s not even accounting for all the other tokens in circulation. 25% of all Bitcoin is lost forever Non-custodial has arisen as a happy medium – neither you nor the service provider fully controls the crypto. Instead, the keys are either segregated (multisig) or sharded (MPC) across multiple entities, and there needs to be consensus to make transactions. It’s the best of both worlds – a simpler, friendlier user experience paired with top-level security. What Problem Are Non-Custodial Wallets Solving for Users? Ultimately, it boils down to the eternal battle between security and convenience. If we place security, represented by self-custodial wallets, on one side, and convenience, represented by custodial wallets, on the other, non-custodial is the spectrum in between. Different wallets behave in different ways, leading to endless debates within the industry as to what actually constitutes “non-custodial.” In my definition, it’s where no single entity holds the keys, but the majority of the decision-making is with the user. Depending on the wallet, this is achieved in several ways. Multi-sig, for example, requires more than a single private key for validating a transaction. These keys are held by predetermined entities, and each must sign a transaction to validate its authenticity. Multi-party computation (MPC), on the other hand, uses a single private key sharded and distributed across several entities – to sign a transaction, all involved parties must sign with their share of the private key. While this may sound complicated, the user experience is much more straightforward than that of self-custodial wallets. The complex blockchain operations are executed in the background, while the user enjoys a streamlined flow. And in the case of MPC, keys can be recovered in emergencies, providing a solution to the limitation of self-custodial wallets wherein users who lose their keys lose their crypto. But even so, non-custodial wallets are not without their own drawbacks. Challenges of Non-Custodial Wallets Let’s return to the question raised in the previous section – what makes a wallet non-custodial as opposed to custodial? If part of the key is with a custodian, is it custodial? Who decides? My personal take on this – and I’m very much aware that I’ll be at odds with the maximalists for my position – is that it boils down to procedure and intent. If it’s for a wallet provider to take control of a user’s funds or , I would argue that it’s non-custodial. exceedingly difficult requires multiple laws to be broken Yes, presumably if the entire company offering wallet technology were to collude amongst themselves and with third-party platforms to take ownership of a customer’s crypto, it could potentially be possible, but then again, keys could also be brute forced – just the chance of success is minuscule. The same goes for collusion. And if we start down this wormhole, where does it end? Is the cloud or data center in which the keys are stored a custodian? Even with paper wallets, there have been . scandals in which the paper wallet generator was found to be stealing keys The other side of the argument is whether complicated security measures actually address a user’s needs more than the convenience of abstraction. On one hand, you’ve got your keys held by a known, regulated custodian – which you can monitor for signs of trouble and withdraw or exchange into fiat – or on the other, you have a non-custodial wallet that you might not fully understand, possibly resulting in the accidental signing of illegitimate transactions or even irrevocably losing access to your keys . anyway The Elephant in the Room – Regulation Inevitably, the discussion turns to regulation. Having regulated custodial companies and required stringent know-your-customer (KYC) and anti-money laundering (AML) processes, paired with thorough transaction monitoring, regulatory bodies are now turning to non-custodial and self-custodial wallets. Recent UK and EU legislation is proposing to implement the same measures for all wallets across the board, meaning wallet providers, whichever level of custodianship they adhere to, will no longer be able to claim exemption from identity verification or the travel rule. So, What Do Customers Want? While there will be the inevitable maximalist who wants ultimate security and no regulation – and will be prepared to suffer a lot of hassle for the privilege – the majority of customers, and especially the large majority, want their own degree of compromise between security and convenience and will be looking for the wallet that meets their needs in the most effective way. untapped It’s always worth remembering that it’s a spectrum – as newcomers to the industry become increasingly familiar with the technology, they may progress from a custodial introduction to full self-custody, or perhaps the non-custodial alternative will prove to be the winning choice. Bitcoin, the forerunner to all other cryptocurrencies, was initially conceived to offer new possibilities outside the status quo. So isn’t it fitting that the spectrum of wallets that have sprung up to accommodate crypto equally offers a multitude of possibilities? It’s precisely this freedom of that will deliver mainstream adoption. choice

The Spectrum of Crypto Custodianship: Why Non-custodial Wallets Are Attracting Users

"Zythum" is a game I can remember spending quite a bit of time on as a child on my Sinclair ZX Spectrum, before I got a Commodore 64 as a teenager and moving onto the Amiga in my college years. On the surface, it might seem like a typical side-scroller of the era, but when you get used to the game mechanics and see under the hood, this game is anything but typical for a platformer. A Spectrum-exclusive platformer from 1986 published by Mirrorsoft, (pronounced “Zai-thum”) is a fun and slightly innovative side-scrolling game that makes full use of the Spectrum’s limited hardware capabilities. In this game, you assume the role of a nameless wizard who is out on a quest to obtain the eponymous elixir, believed to grant the imbiber divine powers including immortality. However, standing in our pixelated mage’s way are a variety of enemies determined to stop him in his mission. Zythum The game is divided into four (4) levels, all of which fit comfortably into the Spectrum’s 48K of RAM, so this game will run on any Spectrum machine without the need for a multiload. The game’s quartet of geographical locations consist of: The Ice Mountains The Black Forest The Subterranean Passage The Fortress Once the last level is completed, the game restarts from Level 1 with a higher difficulty, continuing until the player loses all their lives. Overview When the game first loads and runs, you are greeted with a brief fanfare-like melody played by the Spectrum’s “beeper” (internal speaker). From here on in, you can choose to play with the keyboard, a Kempston Joystick interface allowing you to use any Atari-compatible single-button joystick on your Spectrum, or the cursor keys as well as being able to redefine your own keyset. For this review, I played the game using my custom-made arcade joystick. The game uses to pause and to quit to the main menu by default. P Q Since the ZX Spectrum had no built-in joystick port unlike most of its contemporaries (Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, MSX, etc.), companies made their own joystick interfaces, including Sinclair themselves, which assigned joystick movements to keypresses. However, the Kempston interface is a 1:1 match of the standard (at the time) Atari protocol, which was also used by competing machines save for the MSX and other Japanese home computers. Warning When playing with a Kempston joystick, the game will automatically skip the level transitions and cutscenes as well as the game over screen. To stop this, you will need a (a peripheral designed to dump a computer's memory contents﻿ to tape or disk in addition to offering the ability to cheat by hacking or poking memory addresses and values), depending on which Spectrum model you are using. Poke the following to fix this glitch: Memory address 50252, value 31. The game will now run normally. Multiface The game looks simple with its unobtrusive heads-up display (HUD) and its limited usage of colours in the main window avoids any attribute clash for which the Spectrum is notorious. The upper side of the screen is self-explanatory, showing your current score, current level and the game’s highest recorded score. On the lower side, you have a countdown timer in the centre giving you eight (8) minutes to complete each level, and on the left and right of this timer lie icons representing your remaining lives and smart bombs respectively. The latter items are uncommon and when activated, will destroy ALL on-screen enemies. If you are playing on the keyboard, then you can use a dedicated key to use a smart bomb, while on the joystick, this takes a little extra work: hold on the joystick and then press the fire button (the screen will flash when a smart bomb is used). Learning to use the smart bombs is essential to surviving in this game. The best time to use them is when you are airborne and surrounded by multiple enemies - this will give you a substantial score boost. Down One of the game’s unique but overlooked features is the ability to perform a “momentary jump” – in other words, the height of the main character’s jump is determined by how long the jump control is held. This is one mechanic that sets this game apart from many other standard platformers, including the much-beloved in my opinion. Learning to master this technique is critical to making progress in the game, as not only will you encounter various hazards in the forms of pitfalls and spikes (and even disintegrating mines in the later levels), once the player character is in motion while jumping, the trajectory cannot be altered. If you overshoot or undershoot a jump, then it could be fatal. Super Mario Brothers Furthermore, there are obstacles which will prevent you from jumping (such as marshes/swamps) or force you to jump at maximum height (springs/trampolines), making certain stages of the game unnecessarily difficult. However, this is to be expected for a game from this era (1986), as what constituted a fair challenge back then had not been entirely worked out and codified universally, so standards of difficulty varied from game to game. Another unique feature of this game is the ability to temporarily acquire certain spells that will either hinder or help your progress – these spells are manifested in the form of objects that can be picked up (indicated in parentheses) and are indicated by the yellow text in the lower section of the HUD as follows: Left: Levitate (Chalice) – allows you to walk over pitfalls without falling Centre: Invisible (Plant root) – makes you temporarily invisible on-screen Right: Immunity (Crucifix) – grants you invincibility to all types of damage except for pitfalls or mines Out of these, the Invisible spell is the least useful, as it does not make you invisible to your enemies and unlike the Levitate and Immunity spells, this does not leave the screen when picked up (the middle stages of the game are abundant with this “power-down” spell). When a spell is equipped, it will be highlighted in green. If you lose a life with a spell equipped, then you will also lose the spell. Multiple spells can be equipped simultaneously, although it is unlikely that you will be able to do so since each spell lasts approximately 10 seconds. Your progress is tracked at the very bottom of the screen in the form of a mini-map that shows your current position – there are no bosses in this game, which may come as a surprise to gamers accustomed to tough challenges for a game of this type. Invisible checkpoints subdivide each level into quarters and are usually marked by moneybags, which give the player a score boost (this also happens when a level is completed). Scoring 10,000 points grants the player an additional life. You can have up to a maximum of four (4) lives and five (5) smart bombs, which you will want to save for the last level, if you can make it that far. Presentation The game’s presentation is one of its strengths, featuring a brief if slightly hypnotic melody at the main menu as well as a humorous game over and victory message and a high score screen that pushes the Spectrum’s limited colour palette to its limit. The game’s title screen is also evocative and even slightly daunting, as a symbol of things to come. Graphics (Detail, Colour) The graphics are drawn at a high resolution (for the Spectrum) and are easily identifiable – each sprite clearly represents what it is supposed to be and the player will also be able to tell between the various types of enemies just by appearance alone, thanks to a simplistic but detailed look for each enemy type, although the enemies are not as well animated as the main character sprite. The Spectrum’s limited colours are put to good use here, with a rainbow effect taking place to signify a smart bomb’s usage and even during the high score screen showing off the highest-ranked scorers in the game, revels in its Spectrum-exclusive roots and leaves no stone unturned. Zythum Sound (SFX, Music) The sound effects are extremely rudimentary as they are all generated by the Spectrum’s single-channel beeper due to it being made to fit into 48K of RAM. However, they are more than sufficient in conveying the mood for the game. The music, however, is sparse – the game only has three (3) tunes: The title theme, which plays at the main menu The game over theme, which plays when the player runs out of lives The stage clear theme, which plays when a level is completed Controls The controls of this game are smooth and responsive – I encountered no delay or sluggishness while playing and every movement and button press registered perfectly. Zythum However, one MUST get used to controlling the height of the main character’s jump in order to progress (unlike games like , where your running speed and how hard you press the button determines the height and distance of your jump). Learning to use the game’s smart bombs is also essential, so while not pick-up-and-play straightforward, the controls are easy to learn and can be mastered with some patience and practice. Super Mario Brothers Gameplay (Difficulty, Fun-to-Frustration Ratio) The gameplay is where shines – it has the right balance of fun and frustrating, being entertaining enough to keep you going but also irritating enough to make you want to throw your joystick across the room while providing a (mostly) genuine level of challenge. Zythum However, the game does require pixel-perfect accuracy, particularly during the latter half of the game, as the player will have no time to stop and plan their next move or attack, forcing them to continue and adapt as they go along. This can increase the frustration factor for all players, regardless of skill level. However, the game’s stages are ranked fairly in difficulty, which balances out the challenge so that the player knows what to expect for each level. What I do not care for personally is how the game repeats itself once completed - a final, definite ending would have been nice. Overall is a game that can still be played and enjoyed today if you are looking for an arcade-quality game with some new tricks up its sleeve and a (mostly) fair difficulty. However, its obscurity and originality may also be just as much a deterrent to players as it is an attraction. If the usage of colour and the innovative control scheme are the game’s strengths, then the music is its weakness, as the beeper does not fully show off the Spectrum’s sonic potential. Zythum Final Score: 4 out of 5. Want to know more about computing and gaming? Check out the CPU Guide here: https://www.thecpuguide.com

Zythum (ZX Spectrum) Retro Game Review

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license.
Authors:
(1) Cristina España-Bonet, DFKI GmbH, Saarland Informatics Campus. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Corpora Compilation
Political Stance Classification
Summary and Conclusions
Limitations and Ethics Statement
Acknowledgments and References
A. Newspapers in OSCAR 22.01
B. Topics
C. Distribution of Topics per Newspaper
D. Subjects for the ChatGPT and Bard Article Generation
E. Stance Classification at Article Level
F. Training Details 5.1 Limitations We are assuming that All media sources have an editorial line and an associated bias, and we treat the ILM as any other media source. We do not consider the possibility of a ChatGPT or Bard article being unbiased. This is related to the distant supervision method used to gather the data that currently allows for a binary political stance annotation. Since manually annotating hundreds of thousands of articles with political biases in a truly multilingual setting seems not possible in the foreseeable future, we decided to implement a completely data-based method and study its language and culture transfer capabilities. Using distant supervision for detecting the political stance at article level is a delicate topic though. First, because the same newspaper can change ideology over time. Second, and this is more related to the content of an individual article, non-controversial subjects might not have a bias. Even in cases where bias exists, there is a spectrum ranging from the extreme Left to the extreme Right, rather than a clear-cut division between the two ideologies. In order to quantify and if possible mitigate the current limitations, we plan to conduct a stylistic analysis of the human-annotated corpora (Baly et al., 2020; Aksenov et al., 2021) and compare it to our semi-automatically annotated corpus. As a follow-up of this work, we will perform a stylistic analysis of the ILM-generated texts too as a similar style between the training data and these texts is needed to ensure good generalisation and transfer capabilities. 5.2. Ethics Statement We use generative language models, ChatGPT and Bard, to create our test data. Since we deal with several controversial subjects (death penalty, sexual harassment, drugs, etc.) the automatic generation might produce harmful text. The data presented here has not undergone any human revision. We analyse and provide the corpus as it was generated, along with the indication of the systems version used. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Cristina España-Bonet, DFKI GmbH, Saarland Informatics Campus. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: Authors: (1) Cristina España-Bonet, DFKI GmbH, Saarland Informatics Campus. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Corpora Compilation Political Stance Classification Summary and Conclusions Limitations and Ethics Statement Acknowledgments and References A. Newspapers in OSCAR 22.01 B. Topics C. Distribution of Topics per Newspaper D. Subjects for the ChatGPT and Bard Article Generation E. Stance Classification at Article Level F. Training Details Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Corpora Compilation Corpora Compilation Political Stance Classification Political Stance Classification Summary and Conclusions Summary and Conclusions Limitations and Ethics Statement Limitations and Ethics Statement Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References A. Newspapers in OSCAR 22.01 A. Newspapers in OSCAR 22.01 B. Topics B. Topics C. Distribution of Topics per Newspaper C. Distribution of Topics per Newspaper D. Subjects for the ChatGPT and Bard Article Generation D. Subjects for the ChatGPT and Bard Article Generation E. Stance Classification at Article Level E. Stance Classification at Article Level F. Training Details F. Training Details 5.1 Limitations We are assuming that All media sources have an editorial line and an associated bias , and we treat the ILM as any other media source. We do not consider the possibility of a ChatGPT or Bard article being unbiased. This is related to the distant supervision method used to gather the data that currently allows for a binary political stance annotation. Since manually annotating hundreds of thousands of articles with political biases in a truly multilingual setting seems not possible in the foreseeable future, we decided to implement a completely data-based method and study its language and culture transfer capabilities. All media sources have an editorial line and an associated bias Using distant supervision for detecting the political stance at article level is a delicate topic though. First, because the same newspaper can change ideology over time. Second, and this is more related to the content of an individual article, non-controversial subjects might not have a bias. Even in cases where bias exists, there is a spectrum ranging from the extreme Left to the extreme Right, rather than a clear-cut division between the two ideologies. In order to quantify and if possible mitigate the current limitations, we plan to conduct a stylistic analysis of the human-annotated corpora (Baly et al., 2020; Aksenov et al., 2021) and compare it to our semi-automatically annotated corpus. As a follow-up of this work, we will perform a stylistic analysis of the ILM-generated texts too as a similar style between the training data and these texts is needed to ensure good generalisation and transfer capabilities. 5.2. Ethics Statement We use generative language models, ChatGPT and Bard, to create our test data. Since we deal with several controversial subjects (death penalty, sexual harassment, drugs, etc.) the automatic generation might produce harmful text. The data presented here has not undergone any human revision. We analyse and provide the corpus as it was generated, along with the indication of the systems version used.

Multilingual Coarse Political Stance Classification of Media: Limitations & Ethics Statement

মিডিয়ার বহুভাষিক মোটা রাজনৈতিক অবস্থানের শ্রেণীবিভাগ: সীমাবদ্ধতা এবং নীতিশাস্ত্রের বিবৃতি

Mehrsprachige grobe politische Haltung Klassifizierung von Medien: Einschränkungen und Ethikerklärung

Postura política burda multilingüe Clasificación de los medios: limitaciones y declaración de ética

Classification multilingue grossière des positions politiques des médias : limites et déclaration éthique

बहुभाषी असभ्य राजनीतिक रुख मीडिया का वर्गीकरण: सीमाएँ और नैतिकता वक्तव्य

多言語によるメディアの粗い政治的立場の分類：制限と倫理声明

미디어의 다국어 거친 정치적 입장 분류: 한계 및 윤리 선언문

Classificação multilíngue da postura política grosseira da mídia: limitações e declaração de ética

Многоязычная грубая классификация СМИ по политической позиции: ограничения и этическое заявление

Medyanın Çok Dilli Kaba Siyasi Duruş Sınıflandırması: Sınırlamalar ve Etik Beyanı

Phân loại lập trường chính trị thô sơ đa ngôn ngữ của phương tiện truyền thông: Hạn chế và tuyên bố đạo đức

多语言粗略政治立场媒体分类：限制与道德声明

This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license.
Authors:
(1) Yejin Bang, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology;
(2) Nayeon Lee, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology;
(3) Pascale Fung, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Related Work
Approach
Experiments
Conclusion
Limitations, Ethics Statement and References
A. Experimental Details
B. Generation Results Abstract Framing bias plays a significant role in exacerbating political polarization by distorting the perception of actual events. Media outlets with divergent political stances often use polarized language in their reporting of the same event. We propose a new loss function that encourages the model to minimize the polarity difference between the polarized input articles to reduce framing bias. Specifically, our loss is designed to jointly optimize the model to map polarity ends bidirectionally. Our experimental results demonstrate that incorporating the proposed polarity minimization loss leads to a substantial reduction in framing bias when compared to a BART-based multi-document summarization model. Notably, we find that the effectiveness of this approach is most pronounced when the model is trained to minimize the polarity loss associated with informational framing bias (i.e., skewed selection of information to report). 1. Introduction Framing bias has become a pervasive problem in modern media, misleading the understanding of what really happened via a skewed selection of information and language (Entman, 2007, 2010; Gentzkow and Shapiro, 2006). The most notable impact of framing bias is the amplified polarity between conflicting political parties and media outlets. Mitigating framing bias is critical to promote accurate and objective delivery of information. One promising mitigation paradigm is to generate a neutralized version of a news article by synthesizing multiple views from biased source articles (Sides, 2018; Lee et al., 2022). To more effectively achieve news neutralization, we introduce a polarity minimization loss that leverages inductive bias that encourages the model to prefer generation with minimized polarity difference. Our proposed loss trains the model to be simultaneously good at mapping articles from one end of the polarity spectrum to another end of the spectrum and vice versa as illustrated in Fig. 1. Intuitively, the model is forced to learn and focus on the shared aspect between contrasting polarities from two opposite ends. In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed loss function by minimizing polarity in different dimensions of framing bias – lexical and informational (Entman, 2002). Lexical polarization results from the choice of words with different valence and arousal to explain the same information (e.g., "protest" vs "riot"). Informational polarization results from a differing selection of information to cover, often including unnecessary or unrelated information related to the issue being covered. Our investigation suggests that learning the opposite polarities that are distinct in the informational dimension enables the model to acquire a better ability to focus on common ground and minimize biases in the polarized input articles. Ultimately, our proposed loss enables the removal of bias-inducing information and the generation of more neutral language choices. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Yejin Bang, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; (2) Nayeon Lee, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; (3) Pascale Fung, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yejin Bang, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; (2) Nayeon Lee, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; (3) Pascale Fung, Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAiRE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Related Work Approach Experiments Conclusion Limitations, Ethics Statement and References A. Experimental Details B. Generation Results Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Related Work Related Work Approach Approach Experiments Experiments Conclusion Conclusion Limitations, Ethics Statement and References Limitations, Ethics Statement and References A. Experimental Details A. Experimental Details B. Generation Results B. Generation Results Abstract Framing bias plays a significant role in exacerbating political polarization by distorting the perception of actual events. Media outlets with divergent political stances often use polarized language in their reporting of the same event. We propose a new loss function that encourages the model to minimize the polarity difference between the polarized input articles to reduce framing bias. Specifically, our loss is designed to jointly optimize the model to map polarity ends bidirectionally. Our experimental results demonstrate that incorporating the proposed polarity minimization loss leads to a substantial reduction in framing bias when compared to a BART-based multi-document summarization model. Notably, we find that the effectiveness of this approach is most pronounced when the model is trained to minimize the polarity loss associated with informational framing bias (i.e., skewed selection of information to report). 1. Introduction Framing bias has become a pervasive problem in modern media, misleading the understanding of what really happened via a skewed selection of information and language (Entman, 2007, 2010; Gentzkow and Shapiro, 2006). The most notable impact of framing bias is the amplified polarity between conflicting political parties and media outlets. Mitigating framing bias is critical to promote accurate and objective delivery of information. One promising mitigation paradigm is to generate a neutralized version of a news article by synthesizing multiple views from biased source articles (Sides, 2018; Lee et al., 2022). To more effectively achieve news neutralization, we introduce a polarity minimization loss that leverages inductive bias that encourages the model to prefer generation with minimized polarity difference. Our proposed loss trains the model to be simultaneously good at mapping articles from one end of the polarity spectrum to another end of the spectrum and vice versa as illustrated in Fig. 1. Intuitively, the model is forced to learn and focus on the shared aspect between contrasting polarities from two opposite ends. In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed loss function by minimizing polarity in different dimensions of framing bias – lexical and informational (Entman, 2002). Lexical polarization results from the choice of words with different valence and arousal to explain the same information (e.g., "protest" vs "riot"). Informational polarization results from a differing selection of information to cover, often including unnecessary or unrelated information related to the issue being covered. Our investigation suggests that learning the opposite polarities that are distinct in the informational dimension enables the model to acquire a better ability to focus on common ground and minimize biases in the polarized input articles. Ultimately, our proposed loss enables the removal of bias-inducing information and the generation of more neutral language choices.

Mitigating Framing Bias with Polarity Minimization Loss: Abstract and Intro

পোলারিটি মিনিমাইজেশন লস সহ ফ্রেমিং বায়াস প্রশমিত করা: বিমূর্ত এবং ভূমিকা

Abmilderung des Framing Bias durch Polarity Minimization Loss: Zusammenfassung und Einführung

Mitigar el sesgo de encuadre con pérdida de minimización de polaridad: resumen e introducción

Atténuer le biais de cadrage grâce à la perte de minimisation de polarité : résumé et introduction

पोलारिटी मिनिमाइजेशन लॉस के साथ फ्रेमिंग पूर्वाग्रह को कम करना: सार और परिचय

極性最小化損失によるフレーミングバイアスの緩和: 概要と概要

극성 최소화 손실로 프레이밍 편향 완화: 요약 및 소개

Mitigando o viés de enquadramento com perda de minimização de polaridade: resumo e introdução

Смягчение смещения кадра с помощью минимизации потерь полярности: Краткое содержание и введение

Polarite Minimizasyon Kaybı ile Çerçeveleme Önyargısını Azaltma: Özet ve Giriş

Giảm thiểu xu hướng đóng khung với sự mất mát tối thiểu hóa phân cực: Tóm tắt và giới thiệu

利用极性最小化损失减轻框架偏差：摘要和简介

How to Identify Your Breakthrough AI Startup Idea

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References 4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION Hence, even if the currently observed wind of WD J005311 is a rotating magnetic one and continues to blow for a Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale of the central WD, which is ∼ 1, 000-10, 000, yr, the spin-down will be negligible. When the carbon burning in the near-surface region ceases, the mass loss rate will significantly decrease, which increases the dimensionless parameter σ. The rotating magnetic wind will then become relativistic and eventually enter the force-free regime without significantly spinning down the WD. In this case, the remnant WD may serve as a non-thermal radiation source, or or the so-called WD pulsar (e.g., Kashiyama et al. 2011). Finally, we address some caveats in our numerical simulations. We have implemented a simple prescription for the near-surface carbon burning region as source terms (Eqs. 13 and 14), referred to as the wind launching region. However, the actual near-surface carbon burning region should be convective, and can be affected by the strong magnetic field. The structure of the convective region, the resulting wind launch, and its chemical composition would also be influenced by the radiative transfer. For accurate multi-wavelength spectrum calculations, it is desirable to conduct a comprehensive radiative MHD simulation that covers from the carbon burning layer to the photosphere radius. Also, we only investigate the aligned rotating dipole magnetic fields in this paper, while a more complicated field configuration such as oblique or off-centered dipole may be realized for the remnant WD system. Finally, the deformation of the central WD due to its rapid rotation and anisotropic carbon burning can alter the observed properties as well. We save the investigations into the above topics for our future work. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References 4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION Hence, even if the currently observed wind of WD J005311 is a rotating magnetic one and continues to blow for a Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale of the central WD, which is ∼ 1, 000-10, 000, yr, the spin-down will be negligible. When the carbon burning in the near-surface region ceases, the mass loss rate will significantly decrease, which increases the dimensionless parameter σ. The rotating magnetic wind will then become relativistic and eventually enter the force-free regime without significantly spinning down the WD. In this case, the remnant WD may serve as a non-thermal radiation source, or or the so-called WD pulsar (e.g., Kashiyama et al. 2011). Finally, we address some caveats in our numerical simulations. We have implemented a simple prescription for the near-surface carbon burning region as source terms (Eqs. 13 and 14), referred to as the wind launching region. However, the actual near-surface carbon burning region should be convective, and can be affected by the strong magnetic field. The structure of the convective region, the resulting wind launch, and its chemical composition would also be influenced by the radiative transfer. For accurate multi-wavelength spectrum calculations, it is desirable to conduct a comprehensive radiative MHD simulation that covers from the carbon burning layer to the photosphere radius. Also, we only investigate the aligned rotating dipole magnetic fields in this paper, while a more complicated field configuration such as oblique or off-centered dipole may be realized for the remnant WD system. Finally, the deformation of the central WD due to its rapid rotation and anisotropic carbon burning can alter the observed properties as well. We save the investigations into the above topics for our future work.

Magnetic Wind From a Massive White Dwarf Merger: Summary and Discussion

You can jump to any part of the United States International Cyberspace & Digital Policy Strategy here. This part is 35 of 38. Line of Effort 1: Support and Expand Digital Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Capacity Building Efforts For digital infrastructure to reach and effectively serve the public, countries need to have the appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks. It is not enough to promote secure, resilient technology infrastructure; an effective regulatory framework that is transparent, flexible, and technology neutral must be in place to ensure meaningful connectivity. Thus, U.S. foreign assistance focuses on developing and strengthening relevant legislative and regulatory frameworks as well as building local technical capacity and addressing workforce issues. The Department of State will continue to provide partners the expertise and training they need to develop and govern secure, rights-respecting digital ecosystems. Through technical assistance, ICT and telecom policy capacity building, and training grants, DCCP has facilitated pro-competitive legal and regulatory reforms. For example, Promoting American Approaches to ICT Policy and Regulation (ProICT), another DCCP activity led by the Department of State and USAID, has helped clear the way for new entrants into 5G markets and provided technical advisory support for a 5G spectrum auction. The Department of State, USAID, NTIA, and FCC, working with industry and the private sector, will continue to provide training programs and technical assistance to developing country officials involved in managing spectrum, deploying wireless and satellite technologies, and acquiring cloud services. Continue Reading Here. This post was originally published on May 6, 2024, by the U.S Department of State You can jump to any part of the United States International Cyberspace & Digital Policy Strategy here. This part is 35 of 38. You can jump to any part of the United States International Cyberspace & Digital Policy Strategy here . This part is 35 of 38. here here Line of Effort 1: Support and Expand Digital Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Capacity Building Efforts For digital infrastructure to reach and effectively serve the public, countries need to have the appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks. It is not enough to promote secure, resilient technology infrastructure; an effective regulatory framework that is transparent, flexible, and technology neutral must be in place to ensure meaningful connectivity. Thus, U.S. foreign assistance focuses on developing and strengthening relevant legislative and regulatory frameworks as well as building local technical capacity and addressing workforce issues. The Department of State will continue to provide partners the expertise and training they need to develop and govern secure, rights-respecting digital ecosystems. Through technical assistance, ICT and telecom policy capacity building, and training grants, DCCP has facilitated pro-competitive legal and regulatory reforms. For example, Promoting American Approaches to ICT Policy and Regulation (ProICT), another DCCP activity led by the Department of State and USAID, has helped clear the way for new entrants into 5G markets and provided technical advisory support for a 5G spectrum auction. The Department of State, USAID, NTIA, and FCC, working with industry and the private sector, will continue to provide training programs and technical assistance to developing country officials involved in managing spectrum, deploying wireless and satellite technologies, and acquiring cloud services. Continue Reading Here. Continue Reading Here . Here This post was originally published on May 6, 2024, by the U.S Department of State This post was originally published on May 6, 2024, by the U.S Department of State by the U.S Department of State by the U.S Department of State

U.S. Initiatives in Digital Policy Capacity Building

You can jump to any part of the United States International Cyberspace & Digital Policy Strategy here. This part is 16 of 38. Line of Effort 5: Enhance the International Telecommunication Union’s Effectiveness, Transparency, and Accountability Responsible, forward-looking, inclusive, and transparent leadership by the ITU on telecommunications standards, telecommunications and ICT development, closing digital divides, and radio frequency spectrum is vital to U.S. development, defense, and economic priorities. The United States has long supported the work of the ITU in its core competencies, including global radiofrequency spectrum harmonization and advancing the development of the world’s telecommunications networks by enhancing connectivity and interoperability. Since Secretary-General Doreen Bogdan-Martin’s 2022 election, the United States has been working with other member states and partners to help her deliver on her vision to expand digital connectivity and inclusion; strengthen partnerships and stakeholder collaboration; empower and engage youth; and enhance the ITU’s organizational effectiveness, transparency, and accountability to achieve its overall goals. Continue Reading Here. This post was originally published on May 6, 2024, by the U.S Department of State You can jump to any part of the United States International Cyberspace & Digital Policy Strategy here. This part is 16 of 38. You can jump to any part of the United States International Cyberspace & Digital Policy Strategy here . This part is 16 of 38. here Line of Effort 5: Enhance the International Telecommunication Union’s Effectiveness, Transparency, and Accountability Responsible, forward-looking, inclusive, and transparent leadership by the ITU on telecommunications standards, telecommunications and ICT development, closing digital divides, and radio frequency spectrum is vital to U.S. development, defense, and economic priorities. The United States has long supported the work of the ITU in its core competencies, including global radiofrequency spectrum harmonization and advancing the development of the world’s telecommunications networks by enhancing connectivity and interoperability. Since Secretary-General Doreen Bogdan-Martin’s 2022 election, the United States has been working with other member states and partners to help her deliver on her vision to expand digital connectivity and inclusion; strengthen partnerships and stakeholder collaboration; empower and engage youth; and enhance the ITU’s organizational effectiveness, transparency, and accountability to achieve its overall goals. Continue Reading Here. Continue Reading Here . Here This post was originally published on May 6, 2024, by the U.S Department of State This post was originally published on May 6, 2024, by the U.S Department of State by the U.S Department of State

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