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Slim.AI

slimai

Many enterprises that implement Kubernetes don’t realize how insecure it can truly be out of the box — and even when they do, they’re not sure what to do about it. And since Kubernetes is an extremely complex and flexible tool that in production can consist of hundreds, if not thousands, of moving parts — understanding the vulnerabilities of Kubernetes, potential solutions, and relevant regulations and trends can be a time-consuming and daunting task. For most any business, this makes it way too easy to introduce serious legal or security issues into their clusters and production applications. With KubeCon Europe 2023, I was impressed with (and happy to see) the number of security solutions entering the market. Continuing from 2022, the biggest theme from KubeCon Europe 2023 was software supply chain security — ensuring that you know what’s running in your cluster and that it’s vulnerability free. I was struck then, as I have been in recent years, by the importance of software supply chain security. With cloud-native apps, containerization, and Kubernetes, today’s software organizations are in an arms race with malicious attackers who seek to undermine and poison our software. So I was pleased to come across several additional projects at KubeCon Europe 2023 that are dedicated to tackling the challenge of Kubernetes security. In this article, I’ll give a whistle-stop tour of those projects. But let’s start with a quick overview of the conference and what I consider to be the most important aspects of k8s security. Breaking Down Kubernetes Security First, the conference. I was a little worried that the IT recession might mean the conference wouldn’t be as meaningful as in past years — but I’m happy to say that I had no need to worry! While I wasn’t able to attend in person, through remote and post-conference conversations with those that were there, the conference seemed to be as exciting as ever! While there weren’t any standout new trends at the conference, there was a ton of tooling and discussion around Kubernetes security. To keep everything straight in my mind, I categorize k8s security into three particular aspects: attestation, provenance, and SBOM: Attestation: Confirming your artifact’s origin and that it is what it claims to be. Attestation typically comes in the form of signing containers, packages, and so on, in a way that the receiving party can verify. Provenance: The audit trail of where the artifact came from and who had interactions with it. Often used in connection with attestation if something doesn’t look right. Software bill of materials (SBOM): What are the packages and dependencies inside the artifact? These are increasingly necessary for regulation and as a demonstration to customers. With that in mind, let’s walk through the solutions. OpenClarity consists of a suite of tools that aim to bring insights into different levels of the cloud-native stack, from security to observability. OpenClarity The two relevant components to this post are KubeClarity and VMClarity which create SBOMs and perform vulnerability analysis for Kubernetes clusters and virtual machines respectively. runs on any Kubernetes cluster and provides a UI and CLI for analyzing images and generating SBOMs. By default, KubeClarity doesn’t have its own SBOM generator or vulnerability scanner, but instead, supports third-party tools that you can enable in any combination, making it great for adding additional interfaces for existing toolchains. KubeClarity If you would rather not install each of the components yourself, then they’re commercially available as part of . Cisco Panoptica Support includes the following SBOM generators and vulnerability scanners: Syft CycloneDx-gomod Trivy Grype Dependency-Track We’ll cover some of these projects in more detail below. works similarly but within the context of VMs used by cloud services to host containers and clusters. Compared to containers, VMs may be as (or even more) vulnerable to threats and they typically need complex tools for analysis. VMClarity Following a similar pattern to KubeClarity, VMClarity supports aggregating multiple tools into one UI and CLI. in-toto is an open-source project that focuses on the attestation part of software supply chain security. You use it to define a “layout” for a project, i.e., how the different components should fit together. in-toto A project ships this definition with its code, and then another user of that software can compare what they have with the attached definition to see if it matches the structure and contents they expect. If it doesn’t, then this could point to external tampering or other issues. Trivy is a mature and comprehensive open-source tool from Aqua Security that supports scanning multiple sources, from file systems to containers and VMs. Trivy also looks beyond vulnerabilities, to scan licenses, secrets, infrastructure as code misconfiguration, and more. Trivy It supports different SBOM output formats, attestation using in-toto, as well as scanning the attestation for vulnerabilities. To tie all these features together, Trivy has an ecosystem support, complete with IDE plugins, CI/CD, and a Kubernetes operator. Slim.ai Historically, aimed to help you understand the contents of an image and how to “slim” it down to the essentials. The platform has now expanded its feature set to include vulnerability scanning. Slim.ai Slim.ai presents the data in a more user-friendly way than many of the other tools in this post. On top of its open-source for identifying the contents of an image, Slim.ai uses Trivy for vulnerability scanning. SlimToolkit You can then use the “harden” feature to create a new version of the image that’s removed any vulnerabilities and extraneous packages. The Update Framework A common reason behind insecure software is out-of-date package versions, but how do you trust that an update is what it says it is and won’t cause you more problems? Release signing—or attestation—was a hot topic at KubeCon among vendors, with many offering their own solutions. One in particular that stood out was CNCF’s recently graduated (TUF). The Update Framework Confusingly named, it’s not a framework, but a specification that developers can follow when implementing their update systems to help users know they can trust the updates they receive. There’s also a . Python reference implementation Syft is a popular open-source CLI tool created by for generating an SBOM from container images and filesystems. It’s designed to provide a catalog of dependencies for other tools to use as a data source. Syft Anchore It supports many popular programming languages, package managers, and container image formats. With its support for different SBOM file formats and custom templates for reports, Syft has become an ideal component for vulnerability scanning toolchains. Grype is another popular open-source tool from Anchore. Working with SBOM files, Grype scans container images and filesystems for vulnerabilities. Grype supports different output formats for vulnerabilities and custom templates for output. Grype sigstore is another suite of tools that focuses on attestation and provenance. Within the suite are two tools I heard mentioned a few times at KubeCon: and . sigstore Cosign Rekor Cosign is used for signing containers through a variety of different methods. It has strong integration with other open-source tools, such as . Kyverno Rekor is a tamper-resistant ledger for metadata generated by a software supply chain project. This means that parties can query the metadata to help them make decisions based on decisions previously made by others. It’s not a very well-known project, but it is growing in popularity. Kubescape is a comprehensive Kubernetes security platform and CNCF sandbox project. It can scan clusters, Helm charts, and YAML manifests to detect misconfigurations. It supports various frameworks, including , , and the . Kubescape NSA-CISA MITRE ATT&CK® CIS Benchmark Chainguard Taking a very definite enterprise approach, is impossible to try without first speaking with their sales department. But as far as I can tell, it consists of two main products. Chainguard Chainguard Images are specialized, hardened images that focus on a minimal footprint, promise no vulnerabilities, are as small as possible, and ship with SBOMs. Chainguard Enforce combines the creation of policies for your software supply chain with the enforcement of those policies. You write policies in YAML or by using a CLI tool to configure a Kubernetes agent that reports back to the service. You can view reports via the CLI or a GUI. Policies can include image signing, SBOM inclusion, and more. Chainguard also appears to have several . The most popular one is , used for building OCI images from APK packages. open-source projects apko Falco is a well-known open-source security solution originally created by Sysdig. It’s a CNCF incubating project and one of the few (as far as I can tell) options on this list that uses eBPF to scan for vulnerabilities. Falco This does mean it needs a few extra steps to install, and you can only test it on Linux systems. However, once you have Falco set up, it runs more performant than any container agent and can detect vulnerabilities at all system levels. The Future Is Complicated I hope you enjoyed this overview and found a few tools that will help you secure your enterprise. Most experts believe that cybersecurity will become more complex and challenging as more aspects of the world are dominated by software: IoT, smart cars, and drones—and now, we’ve added AI and LLMs to the mix. The arms race between attackers and defenders doesn't seem to favor the defenders. And deploying solutions is a complicated endeavor. Now is a good time to find the tools and workflows that suit you and your organization before you become the target. Have a really great day!

An Overview of Kubernetes Security Projects at KubeCon Europe 2023

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VEATIC: Familiarity and Enjoyment Ratings & References

VEATIC: পরিচিতি এবং উপভোগ রেটিং এবং রেফারেন্স

VEATIC: Vertrautheits- und Genussbewertungen und Referenzen

VEATIC: Calificaciones y referencias de familiaridad y disfrute

VEATIC : Notes et références de familiarité et de plaisir

VEATIC: परिचितता और आनंद रेटिंग और संदर्भ

VEATIC: 親しみやすさと楽しさの評価と参考文献

VEATIC: 친숙함과 즐거움 평가 및 참고자료

VEATIC: classificações e referências de familiaridade e prazer

VEATIC: рейтинги знакомства и удовольствия, а также ссылки

VEATIC: Aşinalık ve Eğlence Derecelendirmeler ve Referanslar

VEATIC: Đánh giá và tham khảo về sự quen thuộc và thích thú

VEATIC：熟悉度和享受度评级及参考

Systems Interoperability Types: The Conclusion to Our Tertiary Study

Motivation When setting up a virtualized environment for a home lab, I encountered the following problems: Certificate management is a pain and can become dirty in a matter of seconds. I do not want to have client-server communication via unencrypted channels using HTTP. Preparing your environment Everything you can find under this post has been developed using the following tools: Windows 11 Desktop Docker PyCharm CE Diagrams.net TLS offloading TLS offloading is a technique where the task of handling encryption at the transport level is centralized to one point of your network (single, HA it does not matter) to relieve the backend server from encryption tasks and setups. From my point of view, this concept eases the setup for encryption at the transport layer because you just need to set it up in one single point instead of several. What TLS offloading provides to my scenario is that: I just need to set up TLS for the proxy. Only one server will expose the desired ports. Implementation I will be using to build and create my docker images because I will have several services running and it eases my work. docker-compose Phase 1. Certificates I want to use a valid certificate provided by a trusted CA so that I am not in charge of manually creating the certificates and later having to add the CA certificate to each device I work with. The tool I chose to go with is certbot [1] and Let´s Encrypt [2]. I want a wildcard certificate because I will have several servers in the backend. I learned that Google Domains [3] does not have an official plugin and certificate renewal was not as easy as it looked at first sight using certbot for wildcard certificates. Taking a look at Google's help I found a community plugin [4] that gives me what I need, a way to automatically renew wildcard certificates. I just wanted the proxy to include the tasks for certificate renewal, so I ran a docker image (using Debian-slim) to install certbot with the community plugin and create my certificate. It is important to include the dns_google_domains_credentials.ini file, populated, and under the directory mentioned in the official documentation. docker run -v '<LOCAL_MOUNT>:/var/lib/letsencrypt' -v '<LOCAL_MOUNT>:/etc/letsencrypt' debian:stable-slimapt update
apt install python3 python3-venv libaugeas0 snapd -y
python3 -m venv /opt/certbot/
/opt/certbot/bin/pip install --upgrade pip
/opt/certbot/bin/pip install certbot certbot-nginx certbot-dns-google-domains
ln -s /opt/certbot/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot
certbot certonly \
--authenticator 'dns-google-domains' \
--dns-google-domains-credentials '/var/lib/letsencrypt/dns_google_domains_credentials.ini' \
--server 'https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory' \
--non-interactive \
--dns-google-domains-zone '<YOUR_DOMAIN>' \
-d '<YOUR_WILCARD_NAME' \
--agree-tos \
--email <YOUR_EMAIL> Phase 2. Proxy I wanted to combine nginx and certbot, so I created my own docker image that runs those two services. You can find it here: https://hub.docker.com/r/ddeuterio/proxy_element0 Once I have my image and my certificates, I just need to create my file, exposing the ports I want, and mounting the volumes for the certificates. I created my own file with the configuration I needed and mounted it with ro rights. compose.yml nginx.conf You can see all examples and code under my repositories: proxy_element0_docker References [1] https://certbot.eff.org/ [2] https://letsencrypt.org/ [3] https://domains.google/ [4] https://github.com/aaomidi/certbot-dns-google-domains Also published here.

SSL/TLS Offloading: Optimizing Security Infrastructure

Star Born by Andre Alice Norton, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . A HOUND IS LOOSED A HOUND IS LOOSED Dalgard's feet touched gravel; he waded cautiously to the bank, where a bridge across the river made a concealing shadow on the water. None of the mermen had accompanied him this far. Sssuri, as soon as his human comrade had started for the storage city, had turned south to warn and rally the tribes. And the merpeople of the islands had instituted a loose chain of communication, which led from a clump of water reeds some two miles back to the seashore, and so out to the islands. Better than any of the now legendary coms of his Terran forefathers were these minds of the spies in hiding, who could pick up the racing thoughts beamed to them and pass them on to their fellows. Although there were no signs of life about the city, Dalgard moved with the same care that he would have used in penetrating a snake-devil's lair. In the first hour of dawn he had contacted a hopper. The small beast had been frightened almost out of coherent thought, and Dalgard had had to spend some time in allaying that terror to get a fractional idea of what might be going on in this countryside. Death—the hopper's terror had come close to insanity. Killers had come out of the sky, and they were burning—burning—All living things were fleeing before them. And in that moment Dalgard had been forced to give up his plan for an unseen spy ring, which would depend upon the assistance of the animals. His information must come via his own eyes and ears. So he kept on, posting the last of the mermen in his mental relay well away from the city, but swimming upstream himself. Now that he was here, he could see no traces of the invaders. Since they could not have landed their sky ships in the thickly built-up section about the river, it must follow that their camp lay on the outskirts of the metropolis. He pulled himself out of the water. Bow and arrows had been left behind with the last merman; he had only his sword-knife for protection. But he was not there to fight, only to watch and wait. Pressing the excess moisture out of his scant clothing, he crept along the shore. If the strangers were using the streets, it might be well to get above them. Speculatively he eyed the buildings about him as he entered the city. Dalgard continued to keep at street level for two blocks, darting from doorway to shadowed doorway, alert not only to any sound but to any flicker of thought. He was reasonably sure, however, that the aliens would be watching and seeking only for the merpeople. Though they were not telepathic as their former slaves, Those Others were able to sense the near presence of a merman, so that the sea people dared not communicate while within danger range of the aliens without betraying themselves. It was the fact that he was of a different species, therefore possibly immune to such detection, which had brought Dalgard into the city. He studied the buildings ahead. Among them was a cone-shaped structure which might have been the base of a tower that had had all stories above the third summarily amputated. It was ornamented with a series of bands in high relief, bands bearing the color script of the aliens. This was the nearest answer to his problem. However the scout did not move toward it until after a long moment of both visual and mental inspection of his surroundings. But that inspection did not reach some twelve streets away where another crouched to watch. Dalgard ran lightly to the tower at the same moment that Raf shifted his weight from one foot to the other behind a parapet as he spied upon the knot of aliens gathered below him in the street.... The pilot had followed them since that early morning hour when Soriki had awakened him. Not that the chase had led him far in distance. Most of the time he had spent in waiting just as he was doing now. At first he had believed that they were searching for something, for they had ventured into several buildings, each time to emerge conferring, only to hunt out another and invade it. Since they always returned with empty hands, he could not believe that they were out for further loot. Also they moved with more confidence than they had shown the day before. That confidence led Raf to climb above them so that he could watch them with less chance of being seen in return. It had been almost noon when they had at last come into this section. If two of them had not remained idling on the street as the long moments crept by, he would have believed that they had given him the slip, that he was now a cat watching a deserted mouse hole. But at the moment they were coming back, carrying something. Raf leaned as far over the parapet as he dared, trying to catch a better look at the flat, boxlike object two of them had deposited on the pavement. Whatever it was either needed some adjustment or they were attempting to open it with poor success, for they had been busied about it for what seemed an unusually long time. The pilot licked dry lips and wondered what would happen if he swung down there and just walked in for a look-see. That idea was hardening into resolution when suddenly the group below drew quickly apart, leaving the box sitting alone as they formed a circle about it. There was a puff of white vapor, a protesting squawk, and the thing began to rise in jerks as if some giant in the sky was pulling at it spasmodically. Raf jumped back. Before he could return to his vantage point, he saw it rise above the edge of the parapet, reach a level five or six feet above his head, hovering there. It no longer climbed; instead it began to swing back and forth, describing in each swing a wider stretch of space. Back and forth—watching it closely made him almost dizzy. What was its purpose? Was it a detection device, to locate him? Raf's hand went to his stun gun. What effect its rays might have on the box he had no way of knowing, but at that moment he was sorely tempted to try the beam out, with the oscillating machine as his target. The motion of the floating black thing became less violent, its swoop smoother as if some long-idle motor was now working more as its builders had intended it to perform. The swing made wide circles, graceful glides as the thing explored the air currents. Searching—it was plainly searching for something. Just as plainly it could not be hunting for him, for his pres ence on that roof would have been uncovered at once. But the machine was—it must be—out of sight of the warriors in the street. How could they keep in touch with it if it located what they sought? Unless it had some built-in signaling device. Determined to keep it in sight, Raf risked a jump from the parapet of the building where he had taken cover to another roof beyond, running lightly across that as the hound bobbed and twisted, away from its masters, out across the city in pursuit of some mysterious quarry.... The climb which had looked so easy from the street proved to be more difficult when Dalgard actually made it. His hours of swimming in the river, the night of broken rest, had drained his strength more than he had known. He was panting as he flattened himself against the wall, his feet on one of the protruding bands of colored carving, content to rest before reaching for another hold. To all appearances the city about him was empty of life and, except for the certainty of the merpeople that the alien ship and its strange companion had landed here, he would have believed that he was on a fruitless quest. Grimly, his lower lip caught between his teeth, the scout began to climb once more, the sun hot on his body, drawing sweat to dampen his forehead and his hands. He did not pause again but kept on until he stood on the top of the shortened tower. The roof here was not flat but sloped inward to a cuplike depression, where he could see the outline of a round opening, perhaps a door of sorts. But at that moment he was too winded to do more than rest. There was a drowsiness in that air. He was tempted to curl up where he sat and turn his rest into the sleep his body craved. It was in that second or so of time when he was beginning to relax, to forget the tenseness which had gripped him since his return to this ill-omened place, that he touched — Dalgard stiffened as if one of his own poisoned arrows had pricked his skin. Rapport with the merpeople, with the hoppers and the runners, was easy, familiar. But this was no such touch. It was like contacting something which was icy cold, inimical from birth, something which he could never meet on a plain of understanding. He snapped off mind questing at that instant and huddled where he was, staring up into the blank turquoise of the sky, waiting—for what he did not know. Unless it was for that other mind to follow and ferret out his hiding place, to turn him inside out and wring from him everything he ever knew or hoped to learn. As time passed in long breaths, and he was not so invaded, he began to think that while he had been aware of contact, the other had not. And, emboldened, he sent out a tracer. Unconsciously, as the tracer groped, he pivoted his body. It lay—there! At the second touch he withdrew in the same second, afraid of revelation. But as he returned to probe delicately, ready to flee at the first hint that the other suspected, his belief in temporary safety grew. To his disappointment he could not pierce beyond the outer wall of identity. There was a living creature of a high rate of intelligence, a creature alien to his own thought processes, not too far away. And though his attempts to enter into closer communication grew bolder, he could not crack the barrier which kept them apart. He had long known that contact with the merpeople was on a lower, a far lower, band than they used when among themselves, and that they were only able to "talk" with the colonists because for generations they had exchanged thought symbols with the hoppers and other unlike species. They had been frank in admitting that while Those Others could be aware of their presence through telepathic means, they could not exchange thoughts. So now, his own band, basically strange to this planet, might well go unnoticed by the once dominant race of Astra. They—or him—or it—were over in that direction, Dalgard was sure of that. He faced northwest and saw for the first time, about a mile away, the swelling of the globe. If the strange flyer reported by the merpeople was beside it, he could not distinguish it from this distance. Yet he was sure the mind he had located was closer to him than that ship. Then he saw it—a black object rising by stiff jerks into the air as if it were being dragged upward against its inclination. It was too small to be a flyer of any sort. Long ago the colonists had patched together a physical description of Those Others which had assured them that the aliens were close to them in general characteristics and size. No, that couldn't be carrying a passenger. Then what—or why? The object swung out in a gradually widening circle. Dalgard held to the walled edge of the roof. Something within him suggested that it would be wiser to seek some less open space, that there was danger in that flying box. He released his hold and went to the trap door. It took only a minute to fit his fingers into round holes and tug. Its stubborn resistance gave, and stale air whooshed out in his face as it opened. In his battle with the door Dalgard had ignored the box, so he was startled when, with a piercing whistle, almost too high on the scale for his ears to catch, the thing suddenly swooped into a screaming dive, apparently heading straight for him. Dalgard flung himself through the trap door, luckily landing on one of the steep, curved ramps. He lost his balance and slid down into the dark, trying to brake his descent with his hands, the eerie screech of the box trumpeting in his ears. There was little light in this section of the cone building, and he was brought up with bruising force against a blank wall two floors below where he had so unceremoniously entered. As he lay in the dark trying to gasp some breath back into his lungs, he could still hear the squeal. Was it summoning? There was no time to be lost in getting away. On his hands and knees the scout crept along what must have been a short hall until he found a second descending ramp, this one less steep than the first, so that he was able to keep to his feet while using it. And the gloom of the next floor was broken by odd scraps of light which showed through pierced portions of the decorative bands. The door was there, a locking bar across it. Dalgard did not try to shift that at once, although he laid his hands upon it. If the box was a hound for hunters, had it already drawn its masters to this building? Would he open the door only to be faced by the danger he wished most to avoid? Desperately he tried to probe with the mind touch. But he could not find the alien band. Was that because the hunters could control their minds as they crept up? His kind knew so little of Those Others, and the merpeople's hatred of their ancient masters was so great that they tended to avoid rather than study them. The scout's sixth sense told him that nothing waited outside. But the longer he lingered with that beacon overhead the slimmer his chances would be. He must move and quickly. Sliding back the bar, he opened the door a crack and looked out into a deserted street. There was another doorway to take shelter in some ten feet or so farther along, beyond that an alley wall overhung by a balcony. He marked these refuges and went out to make his first dash to safety. Nothing stirred, and he sprinted. There came again that piercing shriek to tear his ears as the floating box dived at him. He swerved away from the doorway to dart on under the balcony, sure now that he must keep moving, but under cover so that the black thing could not pounce. If he could find some entrance into the underground ways such as those that ran from the arena—But now he was not even sure in which direction the arena stood, and he dared no longer climb to look over the surrounding territory. He touched the alien mind! They were moving in, following the lead of their hound. He must not allow himself to be cornered. The scout fought down a surge of panic, attempted to battle the tenseness which tied his nerves. He must not run mindlessly either. That was probably just what they wanted him to do. So he stood under the balcony and tried not to listen to the shrilling of the box as he studied the strip of alley. This was a narrow side way, and he had not made the wisest of choices in entering it, for not much farther ahead it was bordered with smooth walls protecting what had once been gardens. He had no way of telling whether the box would actually attack him if he were caught in the open—to put that to the test was foolhardy—nor could he judge its speed of movement. The walls.... A breeze which blew up the lane carried with it the smell of the river. There was a slim chance that it might end in water, and he had a feeling that if he could reach the stream he would be able to baffle the hunters. He did not have long to make up his mind—the aliens were closer. Lightly Dalgard ran under the length of the balcony, turned sharply as he reached the end of its protecting cover, and leaped. His fingers gripped the ornamental grillwork, and he was able to pull himself up and over to the narrow runway. A canopy was still over his head, and there came a bump against it as the baffled box thumped. So it would try to knock him off if it could get the chance! That was worth knowing. He looked over the walls. They guarded masses of tangled vegetation grown through years of neglect into thick mats. And those promised a way of escape, if he could reach them. He studied the windows, the door opening onto the balcony. With the hilt of his sword-knife he smashed his way into the house, to course swiftly through the rooms to the lower floor, and find the entrance to the garden. Facing that briary jungle on the ground level was a little daunting. To get through it would be a matter of cutting his way. Could he do it and escape that bobbing, shrilling thing in the air? A trace of pebbled path gave him a ghost of a chance, and he knew that these shrubs tended to grow upward and not mass until they were several feet above the ground. Trusting to luck, Dalgard burrowed into the green mass, slashing with his knife at anything which denied him entrance. He was swallowed up in a strange dim world wherein dead shrubs and living were twined together to form a roof, cutting off the light and heat of the sun. From the sour earth, sliming his hands and knees, arose an overpowering stench of decay and disturbed mold. In the dusk he had to wait for his eyes to adjust before he could mark the line of the old path he had taken for his guide. Fortunately, after the first few feet, he discovered that the tunneled path was less obstructed than he had feared. The thick mat overhead had kept the sun from the ground and killed off all the lesser plants so that it was possible to creep along a fairly open strip. He was conscious of the chitter of insects, but no animals lingered here. Under him the ground grew more moist and the mold was close to mud in consistency. He dared to hope that this meant he was either approaching the river or some garden stream feeding into the larger flood. Somewhere the squeal of the hunter kept up a steady cry, but, unless the foliage above him was distorting that sound, Dalgard believed that the box was no longer directly above him. Had he in some way thrown it off his trail? He found his stream, a thread of water, hardly more than a series of scummy pools with the vegetation still meeting almost solidly over it. And it brought him to a wall with a drain through which he was sure he could crawl. Disliking to venture into that cramped darkness, but seeing no other way out, the scout squirmed forward in slime and muck, feeling the rasp of rough stone on his shoulders as he made his worm's progress into the unknown. Once he was forced to halt and, in the dark, loosen and pick out stones embedded in the mud bottom narrowing the passage. On the other side of that danger point, he was free to wriggle on. Could the box trace him now? He had no idea of the principle on which it operated; he could only hope. Then before him he saw the ghostly gray of light and squirmed with renewed vigor—to be faced then by a grille, beyond which was the open world. Once more his knife came into use as he pried and dug at the barrier. He worked for long moments until the grille splashed out into the sluggish current a foot or so below, and then he made ready to lower himself into the same flood. It was only because he was a trained hunter that he avoided death in that moment. Some instinct made him dodge even as he slipped through, and the hurtling black box did not strike true at the base of his brain but raked along his scalp, tearing the flesh and sending him tumbling unconscious into the brown water. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Andre Alice Norton (2006). Star Born. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18458/pg18458-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

A HOUND IS LOOSED

Small Puddle of Freedom

Pequeño charco de libertad

Petite flaque de liberté

स्वतंत्रता का छोटा पोखर

自由の小さな水たまり

Pequena Poça da Liberdade

Vũng Tự Do Nhỏ

自由的小水坑

An exact clone of youtube with all functionalities from View count to Subscribe to everything (Without Youtube Api) Using Firebase, FFmpeg, And React First of all, I would like to say sorry for my writing inconsistency. My channel has been dead for a year now but the fact that I still had been getting views until I checked today made me realize. So, yeah Here I am back again :) with some really cool projects that I made during the last 1 year. I hope To get support back again Now let’s come for what you guys have come for :)) It’s my summer vacation and I devoted a much longer time completing this project with all the functionalities which I planned to add. Not to be joking, This Project contains tons of features. ? See it on Your own Don’t believe me https://youtu.be/5PrkNg5yIu0 As seen from the video, You Can probably tell that UI is not too bad too, In the project I tried to focus on every part (as it was my 1st coding project after a long time). I made the app fully responsive, Animations can be seen, And Here are the additional features I forgor to tell in the video: Animation And Ui ( ) For eg You can pass a property in your Component something like this on any page you want: And Good Authentication System Forgot password, Reset Password, Email Verification System emailVerified ProtectedRoute . 3 View Count System Based On your Ip Views are counted per 1 IP. So, that doesn’t result in an extra view when you refresh Your page. You can use any library/api to get Ip but I am using the following Api: (You can Search Videos on the header based on a video’s title (Not tags) ) Search Functionality (The Related Side videos on the watch screen and on the home screen are fetched based on the tags you upload when you upload a video…) Get Related Videos Based On Tags (Make Your video Public or Private (You can edit it later too) ) Publicity Functionality (quite self-explanatory bruh) Subscribe Your Favorite Creator and Like/Dislike and Comment Functionality (Only a video owner can edit his video and change the visibility or other things of videos) A Video Owner Can edit his Video (After Uploading Video, The app automatically generated thumbnails for your video, and the thumbnails and videos are stored in your server like this: ) Generate Thumbnails For Your video Using FFmpeg (I pretty much wasted a whole day on making good firebase rules but at last it was worthy) Strong and some advanced Firebases Rules I hope this project is exciting for you as much as it is exciting me rn. And as always it’s gonna be a project in parts and I promise to post an article per week (On Saturday/Sunday). But besides that I have various projects aligned to show you all from an SOS react native App to your Own Game to much more. And not gonna Lie, these projects gonna be fun and full of learning So, I think to let’s continue from the next article setting up our project and go on till the end of making this project. For those ones who are curious to know the project and file structure, here are these :) File Structure Bruh Lmao these are too many files not even coming on 1 screen Firestore Videos Collection Structure {
"data": {
"GVSA4od75f5BOq2CfmBK": {
"Categories": ["Ballcat", "Cats", "#meme"],
"Userpfp": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14Gg6y6DrYdtYNYl-p_6eV3OyUAARBD0J4H4bTgML=s96-c",
"Usersname": "harshvardhan jain",
"comments": [
{
"Comment": "Good video",
"VideoId": "GVSA4od75f5BOq2CfmBK",
"name": "harshvardhan jain",
"timestamp": {
"__datatype__": "timestamp",
"value": "2022-06-13T09:58:16.376Z"
},
"userId": "EK9nslWIRFgwjnhPuFS9GnPgMQN2",
"userPfp": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14Gg6y6DrYdtYNYl-p_6eV3OyUAARBD0J4H4bTgML=s96-c"
}
],
"descriptions": "This is how you make slime....I am gonna right a long description for testing, so you have to cope.......Me trying my best to make it long but still short aaaaaaaa GOD help me.....Should i just copy paste some dummy text? hmmmm SUS aaaaaaaaa",
"dislikes": [],
"duration": 14.84,
"filePath": "Uploads\\file-1655114264218-cute_cat_relax_on_outdoor_ground_6892533.mp4",
"likes": ["EK9nslWIRFgwjnhPuFS9GnPgMQN2"],
"ownerId": "EK9nslWIRFgwjnhPuFS9GnPgMQN2",
"publicity": "Public",
"thumbnail": "http://localhost:5000/Uploads/thumbnails/thumbnail-file-1655114264218-cute_cat_relax_on_outdoor_ground_6892533.png",
"timestamp": {
"__datatype__": "timestamp",
"value": "2022-06-13T09:57:45.800Z"
},
"title": "This Is How Cat Relax Uwu",
"views": ["122.173.27.25"],
"__collections__": {}
},
"UAge5Pgww7Z1vWsYro4l": {
"Categories": ["Tankster.io", "Online games", "#gaming"],
"Userpfp": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14Gg6y6DrYdtYNYl-p_6eV3OyUAARBD0J4H4bTgML=s96-c",
"Usersname": "harshvardhan jain",
"comments": [
{
"Comment": "A comment from new user",
"VideoId": "UAge5Pgww7Z1vWsYro4l",
"name": "A NEW USER",
"timestamp": {
"__datatype__": "timestamp",
"value": "2022-06-13T03:47:49.003Z"
},
"userId": "MmQFFNPBNgW2BNiHH1oJYxas1F82",
"userPfp": "https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/149/149071.png"
}
],
"descriptions": "Tankster.io A pretty nice game that I found online !! It's discord is good place Yea changed description",
"dislikes": [],
"duration": 34.835,
"filePath": "Uploads\\file-1655053918168-Tankster.io - Google Chrome 2022-05-15 21-59-05 (online-video-cutter.com).mp4",
"likes": ["EK9nslWIRFgwjnhPuFS9GnPgMQN2", "MmQFFNPBNgW2BNiHH1oJYxas1F82"],
"ownerId": "EK9nslWIRFgwjnhPuFS9GnPgMQN2",
"publicity": "Public",
"thumbnail": "http://localhost:5000/Uploads\\thumbnails\\file-1655114375973-Screenshot 2022-03-02 165903.png",
"timestamp": {
"__datatype__": "timestamp",
"value": "2022-06-12T17:12:00.247Z"
},
"title": "Tankster.io An Online Game pretty nice Game",
"views": ["122.173.31.158", "122.173.27.25"],
"__collections__": {}
}
}
} With That, I think we come to the end of our article. But the next article is not too far ;) Hope to See you guys excited and we’ll meet you in the next part Till then stay safe, stay healthy Thank you Also Published here

Build a Fully Functional Youtube Clone Using Firebase, FFmpeg, And React. Part 1

Entering the world of mechanical keyboards can be a daunting task with so many options becoming more available by the day. The first step in finding the right fit for you is deciding which layout fits your needs best. Let’s dive in! Layouts You Should Consider Layouts are one of the most important aspects of a keyboard’s function, as well as creating a pleasing aesthetic. Whether you’re a casual gamer, data entry expert, or just the average PC user, discovering the perfect landscape of keys at your fingertips can open a world of productivity and comfort. Let’s look at the most popular offerings from major peripheral companies. Full size - 1800/96% keyboards are, and have been, the office standard for years. Featuring a full function row (F1, F2, etc.) and a number pad, this layout has been a favorite of the accountant and data entry fields because of the efficiency a number pad brings to productivity. However, full-size keyboards aren’t the most compact in terms of desk space; that’s where the full-size’s little brother, the 1800/96% comes in. Full size boards feature most of the same keys as a full size, meaning it won’t impact productivity much, while freeing up a little desktop real estate. These keyboards very well may be the future of most office, cutting down on simple costs like material by making the cases smaller, and offering more desk room for other projects. 1800/96% Best for; office work, accounting Tenkeyless (TKL) - 75% (also known as TKL) keyboards usually have ~87 keys, and feature the function row, arrow keys, and some of the special and cursor control keys (for example Print Screen, Page up/down) you’d find on a full-size keyboard. Where the TKL differs, however, is the lack of a number pad. Tenkeyless This is also, generally speaking, where more of the high-end or enthusiast boards start coming into play, with much of the community preferring to forego the number pad. And to be honest, most people probably won’t have much use for one unless you’re doing large amounts of numerical work. For those that can’t do without that feature, many keyboard companies have started producing stand-alone number pads to match their respective models, so you’d never have to sacrifice aesthetics for performance. As we slim down even further, we come across the 75% board. keyboards feature roughly the same amount of keys and functions as a tenkeyless layout but save a little bit of space by organizing the home keys into a neat, vertical row. 75% models also have arrow keys placed a little bit more efficiently, making the right shift key smaller to accommodate. These are your last chance to enjoy that function row, so keep that in mind! 75% Best for office work, gaming, the middle ground of full size and smaller models 65% - 60% Here is where things really start slimming down. The boards trade the function row for a function modifier key, making your top number row act as function keys while it’s pressed. These models are great for anyone who wants portability. Keep in mind that functions and key combinations may differ from company to company, making memorizing some of the combinations a little more tricky. Moving down even further in scale, we have the 60%. 65% The is the smallest keyboard we’ll look at today, usually sporting 66-68 keys, much less than the 104 on a full-sized model. These boards are usually the go-to for most gamers, especially FPS players, where accessing a function row isn’t a necessity. Featuring the smallest case, lightest weight, and increasing availability, eSports players have gravitated highly to using the 65%/60% offerings. 60% The 60% lacks the arrow keys, however, so if you’re a programmer, you might become a little annoyed using layered key binds to navigate lines of code with these in particular. Some 60% boards have truly gone the extra mile into thoughtfully crafting their layers for dedicated purposes, namely HHKB (Happy Hacking Keyboard), which are designed with programming in mind and have created a very dedicated following and fanbase. Best for gaming, word processing, small setups Switches Mechanical keyboard switches are truly in their golden days. With innovation taking place almost nonstop, it’s hard not to be impressed with how far this once niche hobby has come in the last decade. Some of the larger producers like Cherry have been producing switches and keyboards for 40 plus years,  creating icons such as Cherry Black and the more recent Cherry Yellow. Challenging their reign, however, newer companies like Zeal, Novelkeys, and C3 are trying to push the industry even further, catering to the most die-hard of enthusiasts by coming up with groundbreaking designs, using the highest quality of materials. With 3 main types of switches (linear, tactile, and clicky) you’re bound to find the perfect feel and sound for your enthusiast-grade board. switches (think Gateron Yellow, Cherry Red, Novelkeys Cream) will have a smooth travel and actuation, and the only feedback you’ll feel from the switch is the stem bottoming out in the housing. Linear switches are one of the more sought-after for modding as well, as a coating of lubricant, such as krytox 205g0, will make these switches feel undeniably smooth. Linear switches (think Holy Panda, Cherry Brown, Durock T1’s) feature a nice, responsive “bump” at some point in the keystroke. Tactile switches can vary on feel though, so don’t expect a Cherry Brown to feel the same as a Glorious Panda switch. Many of these switches also benefit from a coating of lubricant, with some preferring to use a thinner mixture such as Tribosys 3204 and skip the lubing on the front of the stem’s legs in order to keep maximum tactility. Tactile switches (think Cherry Blue, Kailh Box White, Zeal Clickiez) are closer to tactile switches in terms of feel, but offer an audible “click” when actuating a key. This type of switch doesn’t have the same level of fandom as the other two, but with more companies trying to reinvent the clicky switch and how it works, such as Zeal did with their “Clickiez”, the landscape could soon be changing. Just remember, these probably wouldn’t be your roommate’s first pick of switches, so keep noise level in mind. Clicky Other Considerations ABS plastic has been the standard for keycaps in terms of thermoplastics, boasting the widest assortment of colors. These caps will be more prone to shining over time, however. These caps generally are slightly higher priced than PBT. GMK is one of the most sought-after, collectible keycap manufacturers in the industry, and only produces caps with ABS Keycap material: plastic. PBT is seeing more and more use in keycap manufacturing, with companies specializing in increasing the once-limited color palette associated with the plastic. These caps will have a rougher texture but are more resistant to shine, and generally have a deeper pitch. due to the arrow keys being placed more inwards on the board, the right shift key will generally be 1.75u instead of 2.25u on a TKL. Make sure when purchasing keycaps that they come with the right modifier keys, including shift, control, windows key, and spacebars in some cases. 65% and 75% right shift: Keyboards with a north-facing LED will have interference with Cherry profile keycaps, causing odd noise and feel on the 3rd row of keys. North-facing/south-facing switches: Conclusion Finding the right keyboard, switches, and keycaps can be quite the journey, so always make sure to check resources like Youtube in regards to sound. Many of the content creators also have very well-thought-out and detailed reviews, making buying a model in any of these sizes much easier. Whatever you decide, customizing it with different switches, keycaps and cables can make it truly one-of-a-kind, so have some fun!

Stories, News & Mentions about SLIMAI

Slimai’s Stories on HackerNoon

Slimai's News & Mentions