Our EC3 (Empowered Collaborative Commerce Cloud) Platform bridges cutting-edge blockchain technology with current enterprise IT realities for seamless adoption of our solutions across a supply chain

Skuchain

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From banking and secure communications to healthcare and ridesharing, blockchain technology will significantly affect our future. To comprehend how blockchain will transform the world, you must first comprehend how it operates. Have you ever purchased fair trade-labeled coffee or produce? How can you rely on this data? What about meeting someone through a dating website? How do you know they are the 35-year-old entrepreneur of a startup and wakeboarder they claim to be? Today's society is rife with ambiguity and trust difficulties, and for a good reason. To ensure that your purchase that your date is who they claim to be, you would need a system with high security where records are saved and facts are checked by several witnesses so that no one can scam the system. Blockchain Technology A blockchain is a distributed ledger that is transmitted among network nodes. As a database, a piece of blockchain information is stored in digital format electronically. In cryptocurrency systems such as Bitcoin, blockchains play a crucial role in maintaining a secure and decentralized ledger of transactions. A blockchain's innovation ensures the integrity and security of a data record and emits trust without the need for a 3rd party. The data structure is a significant distinction between a conventional database and a blockchain. A blockchain gathers data in groups called blocks, which contain information sets. Blocks have specific storage capacities and, when served, are closed and linked to the previous block, forming the blockchain, a data chain consisting of connected blocks. All new data that tracks the newly added block is gathered into a new block, which is then calculated to the chain once it is complete. A database typically organizes its data into tables, while a blockchain, as its name suggests, organizes its data into strings of blocks. When implemented decentralized, this data structure creates an inherently irreversible data timeline. When a block is filled, it becomes part of this timeline and is set in stone. A precise time stamp appears when a block is added to the chain. Cryptocurrency It acts as a medium of commerce, a reserve currency, and a unit of measurement. Although cryptocurrencies have no intrinsic worth, they are used to price other assets. Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency (payment method) but can also be viewed as a speculation commodity ( ). It was introduced in 2009 and is regarded as the first digital asset. Digital assets, commonly referred to as crypto assets, are digital representations of value enabled by encryption and blockchain. Their original goal was to act as a means of wealth transfer without the need for a bank or other trustworthy third party. Three primary crypto-assets (digital assets) categories are cryptocurrencies, crypto tokens, and commodities. Stable coins, cryptocurrencies linked to a stable currency like the U.S. dollar, are an emerging topic of study and may become a crucial component of decentralized finance ( ). how much it trading for DeFi How does Blockchain Technology Work? Here's how blockchain is often used to validate and record Cryptocurrency. An individual purchases Bitcoin or Ethereum. The transaction data is relayed over the decentralized network of Bitcoin nodes. Nodes authenticate transactions. After approval, the transaction is joined with other payments to form a block, adding to a continuously expanding chain of transactions. The finished block is encrypted, and the transaction record is immutable; it cannot be deleted from the blockchain. The blockchain of Bitcoin is public, so anyone with Bitcoin may examine the transaction record. Despite the difficulty of tracing the identity of an account, this record reveals which accounts are conducting transactions on the blockchain. Public blockchains also permit any user with sufficient computing power to participate as a node in authorizing and monitoring transactions onto the blockchain. However, not every blockchain is public. A blockchain can be built as a private ledger, allowing the owner to restrict who can make modifications or additions. The private blockchain, the pool of users, may be smaller, but participation is still decentralized. Private blockchains ensure the confidentiality of any data stored in the database using identical encryption techniques. The concept of a safe, decentralized permanent record of data has piqued the interest of various businesses and may offer solutions to several security challenges, record-keeping methods, and data ownership difficulties we now face. Businesses Benefits Blockchain's primary benefit is as a database for transaction records, but its benefits extend far beyond traditional databases. In addition to removing the chance of tampering by a malicious party, it provides the following business benefits: Blockchain reduces transaction durations from days to minutes. Due to the absence of central authority validation, transaction settlement is more expedient. Time savings: Transactions require less supervision. Participants can immediately swap items of value. Participants have access to a common ledger, which eliminates duplication of effort in the blockchain. Cost savings: The security aspects of blockchain prevent fraud, manipulation, and cybercrime. Security Concerns: The Future of Blockchain Technology and Applications Numerous companies from diverse sectors and domains have been drawn to this technology, and its potential future uses. In addition, Blockchain technology has been the subject of many studies as a sort of disruptive technology that has the potential to gain wider global recognition. Let's talk about the future of Blockchain technology in several industries. 1. Banking & Payments Blockchain makes it possible for anybody to trade money more quickly, efficiently, and securely, and many institutions are now implementing blockchain technology to enhance their transactions. 2. Blockchain and Cybersecurity Using powerful cryptography, Blockchain verifies and encrypts every data, making it resistant to unauthorized alterations and hacks. The vulnerability of centralized servers to data loss, corruption, human mistake, and hacking is high. Consider the numerous hacks in recent years at Target, Verizon, Deloitte, and Equifax. A decentralized, distributed blockchain architecture would make cloud data storage more secure and resistant to attacks. 3. Finance Industry Blockchain technology has fulfilled its promise and demonstrated consistency regarding the tracking of financial assets. After recognizing its benefits and potential, multiple financial institutions have invested in this technology. Due to its responsive ledger system, Blockchain can combat the flow and transactions of illicit funds. Governments are concerned about it as an option for implementing more efficient economic regulations. 4. Internet of Things Automobiles, buildings, alarm systems, and even kitchen appliances are now embedded with software, network connectivity, and sensors and are part of the (IoT). Because these gadgets work from a central point that manages communications, hackers can acquire access to your home or vehicle. According to Bitcoin and Ethereum expert Kamil Przeorski, Blockchain can overcome these fundamental security concerns because it decentralizes all information and data. This is becoming increasingly significant as IoT capabilities expand. Internet of Things 5. Blockchain in the Cloud There is a high risk of data cyberattacks, loss, or human error with centralized servers. Cloud storage can be made more safe, secure, and resistant to hacking, similar to its application in cybersecurity using blockchain technology. 6. Communications Integration Blockchains can facilitate more efficient, secure, and dependable automated communication. In some businesses, automated or digital communication based on pre-built algorithms is already widespread. Emails, system alerts, and call notifications are all examples. Matt Peterson, the co-founder of Jive Communications and an early adopter and Bitcoin miner, said that while a significant amount of communication is presently automated, it is typically non-critical and asynchronous. He stated, "Blockchains can alter the playing field to permit permitted, bi-directional conversations and transactions that occur more freely in an automated setting and establish an immutable communication record." This will significantly improve the security and dependability of our communications. 7. Digital Advertising Due to the difficulties associated with digital advertising, such as bot traffic, lack of transparency, inefficient payment models, domain fraud, etc., marketers and publishing companies have a difficult time because of bad players. Blockchain has been discovered to resolve such issues through its transparency and dependability. Utilizing this technology can improve the handling of transactions related to advertising. supply chain technology 8. Healthcare Wouldn't it be wonderful if doctors no longer had to "fax over referrals"? Why is it impossible to store our medical information in a central database? The concentration of such sensitive data makes it extremely vulnerable. Because hospitals collect so much sensitive patient information, a secure platform is vital. With the introduction of Blockchain, hospitals and other medical organizations might construct a centralized and secure database to store and distribute medical records with only approved physicians and patients. 9. Digital Currencies by Governments Bitcoin's value rose dramatically in 2017, unlike any other service or currency. Cryptocurrency is one of the most highly valued assets available on the market. Bitcoin's value is not determined by the fundamental concept of supply and demand. Even with the fixed limit of 21 million Bitcoins, the demand for Bitcoin will increase again. For this reason, governments are expected to generate their digital currencies and participate in the . This national digital currency is also the potential future application of Blockchain technology. market share Increasing Demand for Blockchain Experts According to experts at KPMG, the main reason for the sudden increase in demand for is that by 2020, many large enterprise projects will have reached a stage of maturity, transitioning from proofs of concept in 2017 to pilot projects in 2018 to production systems in 2019 and 2020. blockchain expert developers This technology's size and growth potential are undeniable, but is it important to your professional development? Should you contemplate a career as a blockchain developer? How will you profit personally if you master this technology? How challenging is it to master blockchain technology? There are two sorts of individuals interested in learning more about blockchain careers: Developers who wish to migrate into blockchain technology. People who are not yet developers are in the process of selecting a professional path in the technology industry. This essay is mostly concerned with the first group and how software developers and engineers can shift to the blockchain. We also cover the professional and personal changes you might anticipate from mastering fundamental blockchain development skills. However, before we get into the specifics, let's examine some fascinating data that will help you grasp the present situation of professions in blockchain technology. The Five Most Demanding Blockchain-Related Jobs of the Future Blockchain Developer For programmers and developers who want to break into a technical blockchain career, obtaining a blockchain apprenticeship with a startup or formed company can be a viable option. One of these life-altering tickets is sufficient. On the West Coast, many companies offer entry-level and internship positions paying between $15 and $30 per hour. Internship responsibilities can vary but may include: Concentrating heavily on private blockchains, we design and develop blockchain solutions. Creating and deploying software solutions for both the blockchain and Linux platforms. Developing pilot solutions for blockchain technologies Developing and conceptualizing use cases and proofs of concept NodeJS, Java, C++, Go RESTful, APIs, Truffle, React, Solidity, CSS, and HTML are some of the technical skills you should bring to the table. 2. Blockchain Quality Engineer A blockchain quality engineer ensures that everything functions and that the development environment maintain quality. This includes automation frameworks and tests, manual testing, and dashboard development. In addition to planning and delivering complex blockchain projects, they develop and maintain QA automated test standards. 3. Blockchain Project Manager Companies are willing to develop blockchain-based optimization solutions. Therefore, businesses must communicate their needs to a blockchain development firm capable of meeting their complex . To accomplish this, the company will require many project managers to manage and facilitate blockchain technology projects as the workload and clientele expand. You may want to consider a Master's or MBA in project management. business requirements A blockchain project manager will need to translate the company's requirements from standard English into technical and then back into standard English. When a business wants to bring blockchain technology in-house and adapt it to its existing technology platforms, the project manager is typically the first person contacted. The blockchain project manager is responsible for planning and overseeing the blockchain project's execution. For instance, a company called Provenance is developing a blockchain-based provenance record that provides supply chain transparency in the manufacturing and industrial sector. In addition, SKUChain is a new blockchain project that will enable the tracing and tracking of products throughout the supply chain. 4. Blockchain Designer There is always work available for designers, correct? As with any other industry, blockchain companies require designers to create mobile and web-based websites and user interfaces for non-technical to interact with the blockchain and its applications. Blockchain designers must have UI design expertise and be proficient in Sketch, PS, and Figma. 5. Blockchain Legal Advisor Increasing numbers of businesses are interested in blockchain technology. Likewise, the demand for legal services in the blockchain and space is growing. This year, numerous technology attorneys have reported receiving an increase in phone calls from potential customers seeking advice on structuring and regulating initial coin offerings (ICOs). In addition, they seek legal counsel on issues that may arise during the launch of their blockchain and financial technology projects. As more organizations adopt blockchain technologies, most will require legal counsel as they grow and evolve. digital asset A recent job posting for a blockchain attorney, for instance, sought an attorney who could design legal collaborations that would connect the crypto ecosystem to the existing financial structure, as well as support various merger & acquisition activities, including negotiating and drawing up legal agreements and conducting due diligence. Conclusion Without any further question, Blockchain technology’s advantages will soon entice businesses and organizations worldwide to spend more on it. It is still in its initial stages, but this, one of the new tech, will take a bit more time to build up traction and demand patience. However, the pros of Blockchain are hard to overlook, but the upcoming will benefit numerous businesses as the verification for every piece of data that moves in and via such Blockchain systems will be a preventive measure of many difficulties. tech trends Also published here

Blockchain Technology's Rise and its Foreseeable Impacts 

A supply chain is a network of people and businesses involved in creating and distributing a product or service. It includes everything from the extraction of raw materials to the end consumers who purchase the product or service. A basic supply chain system involves suppliers of materials, manufacturers who turn it into a commodity, the logistics companies that manage the transportation of the raw material and commodities, as well as the final retailers that sell goods to consumers. As supply chains have become global, the simple network of suppliers, manufacturers and retailers described above has developed into a complex environment where various products and materials move through multiple stages managed by different parties and geographically distinct processes. Thus, supply chain management involves integrating sourcing, procurement, manufacturing, distribution, and logistics into a cohesive system. This requires cooperation among a multitude of stakeholders and plays a critical role in the success of a business. However, today’s supply chains are inefficient, expensive, and inflexible when compared to new and innovative technologies that are impacting business around the world. The reason is that while economics and business have transformed globally, the technologies used in supply chain have stayed the same. In particular, e-commerce and the global uptake of hand-held devices have dramatically changed the way people shop. There is increasing demand for custom products, easy shopping experiences, and transparency about where goods come from. These demands pose challenges for current supply chains, which are complex, inefficient and struggle to provide data transparency over the entire flow (i.e. to track goods from raw material to end consumer). Benefits of Blockchain for the Supply Chain Some of these most urgent issues facing supply chains can be addressed through blockchain technology, as it provides novel ways to record, transmit, and share data. In essence, a blockchain is a unique database system created and maintained by participants in a decentralized network. It offers a secure and reliable architecture for conveying information and transactions (e.g. the exchange of data and assets among participants in a supply chain), which can be recorded digitally. As the distributed ledger is decentralized, each stakeholder maintains a copy, which prevents a single point of failure or data loss. This also means blockchains are highly resistant to altering or tampering. Such accurate and tamper-proof records secure data integrity and can be accessed to make regulatory compliance easier. Ultimately, blockchain can increase the efficiency and transparency of supply chains and positively impact everything from warehousing to delivery to payment. Below are some of the top blockchain projects that I have come across that have significant potential to improve global supply chains through advanced traceability, transparency, efficiency, and security. is the first platform in the supply chain industry to support simultaneous public and private blockchains. This means it can integrate with existing enterprise systems and even enable migration from other blockchains. Insolar is also the first to allow for amendable smart contracts. Traditional smart contracts are immutable, which is good in many ways but they do not suit the needs of business because they do not offer remedies similar to those available under traditional contracts. For example, under a traditional contract a business can engage in an “efficient breach,” i.e., knowingly breaching a contract and paying the resulting damages if it determines the cost to perform is greater than the damages it would owe. This option is not available under traditional smart contracts. Thus, amendable smart contracts are essential to business-ready blockchains because they reflect the reality of how contracting parties actually act. Insolar’s enabling of amendable and terminable smart contracts gives it an edge over the competition. The company is with Fortune 500 companies in the transportation industry about developing blockchain applications for their operations, and recently the , which brings together leaders in transportation, finance, and technology with the aim of building the first set of transportation industry-specific blockchain standards. Insolar also recently released a proof-of-concept video that illustrates how its supply chains could work. Insolar in talks joined Blockchain in Transport Alliance is a private blockchain network designed for business applications. Recently, it launched a (SIG) to facilitate technical and business-level conversations related to use cases for blockchain technology in supply chain management. Hyperledger’s architecture offers features such as distributed ledger frameworks and smart contract engines. These characteristics allow for a broad range of business applications, including supply chain. However, Hyperledger only uses private blockchain technology. This means it is less decentralized than a project like Insolar. It is also less versatile since it can’t interact with other chains and does not allow for amendable smart contracts. While Hyperledger supports large transactions it does not have long (more than a block time) transaction support. Hyperledger Fabric Special Interest Group is another private blockchain network designed specifically for business supply chains in international trade. Its platform provides tools for control in inventory procurement across all stakeholders. The platform combines blockchain technology with the internet of things (IoT) innovations such as radio-frequency identification (RFID). However, the fact Skuchain depends on a private blockchain and does not allow for amendable smart contracts means it lacks decentralization and some versatility. Similar to Hyperledger, it lacks the interoperability of a hybrid platform like Insolar. Skuchain Traceable and Immutable Records Blockchain data is immutable and digital signatures are required to confirm information ownership. If multiple companies work together they can use a blockchain system to record data about the location and ownership of their materials and products. This data is stored in the blockchain, which offers a full history of all items in the supply chain. Any member of the supply chain can see what is going on as materials move from company to company. These data records cannot be altered and are highly traceable. In the event of a defective product, the source of the problem can be identified more quickly, which improves the efficiency of product recalls and disruption resolution between stakeholders in the chain. Having a transparent and complete inventory of product flow helps businesses make better decisions. It gives stakeholders and customers more confidence in a product’s quality. The improved transparency is also a tool for fighting fraud and counterfeiting. Cost Savings There is a lot of waste created because of the inefficiencies of supply chains. This is especially prevalent in industries that have perishable goods, such as the food industry. The improved tracking and data transparency that blockchain offers can help business identify these wasteful inefficiencies so they can implement targeted cost-saving measures. The use of blockchain can also eliminate fees associated with funds passing into and out of various bank accounts and payment processors. Such fees cut into profit margins, so being able to take them out of the equation is significant. Interoperability One of the problems with current supply chain technology is not being able to integrate data across every partner in the process. In contrast, blockchains are built as distributed systems that maintain a unique and transparent data repository. Each party in the network contributes to adding new data and verifying their integrity. This means that all information stored on a blockchain is accessible to all parties involved in the network, so one company can easily verify information being broadcasted by another. Replacing Electronic Data Interchange Systems Many companies rely on Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) systems to send information to each other. However, this data goes out in timed batches rather than in real-time. Thus, if a shipment goes missing or pricing changes, other participants in the supply chain will only get this information after the next EDI batch goes out. With blockchain, however, the information is updated in real time and quickly distributed to all parties involved. Looking to the Future Several large players in the supply chain industry are already embracing blockchain-based distributed systems and setting up resources to encourage its use. For example, uses blockchain to keep track of the pork it sources from China, including where each piece of meat came from, where it was processed and stored, as well as its sell-by-date. Unilever, Nestle, Tyson and Dole also use blockchain for similar purposes. The world’s largest mining firm, , will use blockchain to track and record data throughout the mining process with its vendors. Diamond-giant also uses blockchain technology to track stones from when they are mined up to when they are sold to consumers. As time goes by, more global supply chain platforms will be leveraging blockchain technology to streamline the way they share information as products and materials move around. Walmart BHP Billiton De Beers Conclusion Blockchain technology is transforming business in lots of different ways, from production and processing to logistics and accountability. Supply chain management is one particularly important use case, as every stage in the process can be registered and verified to create transparent and immutable records. Therefore, the use of blockchain in supply chains has the potential to eliminate inefficiencies that are common in the traditional management models.

How Blockchain is Revolutionizing the Supply Chain Industry

There has been a resounding expectation by a lot of experts in the crypto community about the opportunities and gains that blockchain adoption could yield in the near future. In this post, we are going to take a look at what has changed so far in industries that have adopted it. Although it has disrupted nearly all , there are five of them where this process was the most successful by this date. These are supply chain management, healthcare, banking, voting systems, and cybersecurity. major industries Supply Chain Management Supply chain management for retail, logistics, and e-tail sectors has always appeared to be a more likely candidate for blockchain disruption from the get-go. This could be because of the many parties that are involved in the chain of supply — manufacturer, exporter, retailer, and the end user. Getting rid of the middlemen is one of the fundamental reasons why blockchain technology was invented. Due to the complexities of the trade, it is crucial that the parties involved can keep track of the freight, and blockchain provides a perfect solution for that. This technology allows them to keep a close track and manage the distribution channel. Moreover, due to the digital signatures, tampering with records or inaccurate labeling has been rendered nearly impossible. Currently, a number of startups are already using or offering blockchain solutions for supply chain management. These include Skuchain, Blockfreight, Clause, Maersk, Walmart, and IBM. Maersk, the world’s leading shipping company, has already adopted blockchain technology from IBM to track shipping containers. Walmart uses the same technology to track 1.1 million items’ journey from manufacturers to shelves. Healthcare Industry Medical records require safe storage, access-only security, and controlled sharing due to their sensitive nature. Guardtime, a cybersecurity company, uses blockchain technology to create a keyless entry system. . The country uses it to protect all of its patients’ medical records and appears to be the first to adopt a blockchain-based system in the health industry on a large scale. Estonia quickly adopted this system This has created lots of possibilities not just for Estonia but for many other countries across the globe to adopt blockchain in this sector. In the United States, Gem does the same thing. It partnered with CDC to experiment the use of blockchain technology to monitor infectious diseases. The main goal was to give patients control over their medical records and genomic data. Banking When the the blockchain disruptions first hit the banking industry, experts said that this was just the beginning. Guess what! They were correct. From a macro perspective, we can see why this was the case given that banks act as a critical transfer hub and storehouse of value. Blockchain’s secure, digitized, and tamper-proof ledger can serve the same function but with better efficiency and accuracy in information sharing for the entire financial service ecosystem. It would be interesting to note that some major banks around the world have swiftly moved to the blockchain-based way of transacting business. Some notable examples include the Royal Bank of Canada, Deutsche Bank, Swiss bank UBS, and UK-based Barclays. These are experimenting with blockchain as a way to expedite back office functions and settlement. According to experts, this adoption could eliminate the costs of the middleman by $20 billion. Startup R3 is already working with more than 80 consortia of banks, regulators, and technology partners. It wants to develop Corda — a blockchain platform that is designed to be the new operating system for financial markets. Voting Why blockchain adoption in voting? Elections in the past have always been marred with the lack of transparency and rigging, both of which have led to disgruntled voters. It is pivotal that elections are provided with reliable voter identification, record keeping, vote tracking, and tallying system. Blockchain seems to be a more capable candidate for such a task because it could serve as a foundational infrastructure for the vote casting, tracking, and counting. Therefore, it could potentially eliminate the need for vote recount by eliminating frauds. Typical examples of startups that are working towards achieving the blockchain voting system include Follow My Vote, Voatz, and Democracy Earth. In particular, Follow My Vote released the alpha version of its stake-weighted end-to-end blockchain voting solution. Cybersecurity and Cloud Infrastructure The traditional internet infrastructure has been privy to constant threat from hackers, especially when considering the Internet of Things. What’s more, there is a greater risk to the civil society due to the power plants and transportation systems being equipped with connected sensors. Luckily, the adoption of blockchain innovation could help avert such risks as seen with companies such as Xage Security. Xage Security adopted blockchain-based tamper-proof ledgers for safe and secure data sharing across industrial device networks. Wrapping Up The blockchain ledger can be made public, but what makes it a hack-proof solution is that it can send communication through advanced cryptographic technology. This ensures that data is intercepted in the interim. As a result, worldwide adoption of blockchain could eliminate the probability of hacking. In terms of development, the present state of the blockchain technology could be compared to where the internet was 20 years ago. According to the infographic below, with the rapid rate of adoption, it could bring about a major disruption sooner than projected. Hopefully, all companies will board the blockchain ride or face rejection. Infographic URL: https://bitfortune.net/blockchain-disruptions-infographic/

Blockchain: Disruptions And Opportunities

The hype surrounding Blockchains has exaggerated the realistic capabilities and applications of this new technology. This frenzy made it hard on businesses, developers, and investors to understand the practical limitations and to identify the right applications that are appropriate for or distributed ledger technology. Blockchain and from have recently published a peer-reviewed paper¹ that presents a structured methodology that can help determine the suitable technical solution to solve a particular application problem. In this blog post, we will go through this methodology and explain some examples applied in the paper. Karl Wüst Arthur Gervais ETH Zurich Technology Comparison Blockchains are append-only ledgers that basically persist (save) state. State can be transaction information, or program data, or hashed documents, etc. Basically, any information that needs to be persisted. Databases have been there for this task for decades. Moreover, Blockchains present a new class of technology used for state persistence — with additional features including digital signatures and tamper resistance. Let us revise the three main technologies: Databases First of all, (single, parallel, or distributed) have been used for decades to persist state and query data. Decades worth of research have been invested to optimize the different layers of query processing and state persistence. databases Naturally, they have the highest performance in terms of transaction throughput and query latency. However, all along, they have been designed to be centrally managed by a single authority. Hence, no consensus mechanism is required across different parties. Permissionless Blockchains Permissionless Blockchains are public ledgers (state) that are not managed by a centralized authority. That is, the ledger is distributed across a dynamic network of peers that can include illegitimate entities too. The brilliance of Satoshi, was to present a design that maintains on the distributed state in a dynamic and trustless network. This means that permissionless Blockchains can tolerate a (fraction of the) network with byzantine or untrusted behaviour. consensus , the tradeoff here is . In , the drastic performance hit is because of the POW protocol itself which by design is slow. In comparison to normal databases, in any permissionless Blockchain, Because no matter what, to maintain the consistency of the distributed state, there has to be communication between the different peers in the (geographically distributed) network. As everything comes with a price performance cost (throughput and latency) bitcoin a performance hit is inevitable. Permissioned Blockchains Permissioned Blockchains represent a hybrid design choice. In particular, they are not centralized to a single entity, yet they are authorized to a small set of preselected trusted peers that can write state. Since the database network is not scaled to a large number of public nodes, as in the case for permissionless Blockchains, its performance in terms of throughput and latency is much better. Nonetheless, its performance cannot compete with a centralized database. After looking at these different systems, it is easy to realize that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Everything is a trade-off. Different applications have different requirements and hence different appropriate solutions. “Do you need a Blockchain?” Flowchart Flowchart for choosing the right technology¹. TTP represents Trusted Third Party and a writer is an instance that writes state to a database or Blockchain. This section describes a generic high-level flowchart presented in the paper to find the appropriate technology for your application. Note that a writer is an entity that writes state into the database or blockchain. If your application does not require state to be persisted, then obviously there is no need for a blockchain or any database. Similarly, if there is (of state), then than a regular database. On the contrary, a database would be more suitable as it is more efficient in terms of performance. one writer a blockchain does not provide any additional guarantees Otherwise, if there is more than one state-writer we take another route. The question then becomes, . If the application cannot rely on a single trusted entity we can further move forward to see if we still need a blockchain. it would be more efficient -in terms of performance- to rely on a centralized entity. is it sufficient to have a online TTP (Trusted Third Party), or in other words, does it need to be tamper-proof Otherwise, a blockchain is not required, The next question is . If they are not known as the case in a dynamic trustless network, e.g., the Internet, then a is the right way to go. “is the identity of all state-writers known?” permissionless blockchain Otherwise, if the identity is known, then the next question is , if it is a yes, , a database with shared write access is sufficient. Otherwise, if the writers do not trust each other, then the right technology to be used is a . “do the writers trust each other?” then again a blockchain is not needed anymore permissioned blockchain Finally, if it is a permissioned blockchain, depending on whether public verifiability is required, anyone is allowed to read the state (public permissioned blockchain) or the set of readers may also be restricted (private permissioned blockchain). Examples of Applications Lets walk through a bunch of examples here to understand what applications do make sense on blockchains and which don’t and why. Applications that DO NOT need a Blockchain Supply Chain Management Systems¹ This is indeed one of the applications that arise repeatedly in the space. Lets follow the flowchart to identify which technology suits it best. Supply Chain Management: An SCM certainly requires to store data. Multiple writers are involved, i.e. the different participants of the SCM that own a certain share of the final product. Continuing our methodology, a SCM could technically likely always use an online TTP. For example, acknowledged to only require a single source of trust, which would however remove the decentralized component of the blockchain, and thus be equivalent to a trusted central server. Skuchain If that is not possible, at least all writers will be known, which leaves us to choose between a permissioned or no blockchain. SCMs have the inherent problem of the interface between the digital and the physical world. A human, or some machine under the control of a single writer, typically is required to register that a certain good has arrived in a warehouse, and if, for example, its quality is appropriate. If there is no trust in the operation of these employees, then the whole supply chain is technically compromised as any data can be supplied by a malicious writer. If, on the other hand, all writers are trusted, because a regular database with shared write access can be used instead. a blockchain is not needed, Note that if through some technical means, the connection between the digital and physical world could be realized in a secure manner, then the previous reasoning might change. Many have suggested possible use cases for blockchain technology in the Internet of Things (IoT) in combination with smart contracts with the aim to provide autonomous systems that pay for resources that they consume and get paid for resources that they provide. As the system is inherently decentralized with entities that do not trust each other, using a blockchain seems natural. However, as with supply chain management, If computers supply values that were read from sensors to the blockchain, the blockchain does not guarantee the correctness of these values. If only automation is desired, a blockchain may not be necessary if a trusted party can be used instead. Internet of Things: the interface between the physical and the digital world poses a potential problem. Applications Suitable on the Blockchain : For financial applications, blockchain technology seems well suited in general, since parties are generally risk averse and do not want to rely on strong trust assumptions. Following our Interbank and International payments In Interbank payments we have multiple parties (the banks) that act as writers and who want to exchange value and transactions. So there is state to be persisted. The banks are the writers, and hence there is more than one writer. In the case of single currency systems, the central bank can operate as a TTP. Otherwise, there is another setting where the central bank does not want to act as a verifier for every transaction but only act as a certificate authority giving out licenses to banks to participate in the system. This means that all writers of the system are known and we can use a permissioned blockchain Similarly, the exchange of digital goods is likely to be feasible without a trusted dispute mediator and hence it is the perfectly suitable for blockchains, while the exchange of physical goods still requires a trusted third party in case of disputes. Trading and Fair Exchange Protocols: Similarly, E-Voting has properties that blockchains can help with. For example, on one hand, privacy is a main requirement as votes should be anonymous to prevent coercion. On the other hand, e-voting should provide some sort of public verifiability. Due to the requirements, it seems reasonable that blockchain technology can help to achieve these desired properties. E-Voting: Conclusion In contrast to conventional wisdom, Blockchains are not a solution for all technical problems. In fact, they are more appropriate for a class of applications that satisfy a set of requirements. Nonetheless, One should be really careful when being approached by enthusiastic developers and business owners who are strongly biased by the hype and who don’t really question the underlying technicals and necessities of their solutions. In particular, those that sacrifice performance in favour of decentralization and tamper-proof consistent state. many of the “promised” applications are currently still not applicable for the Blockchain, e.g., supply chain management. Until now, it seems that applications that deal with digital goods and services and that require trust are the most appropriate for blockchains. References: 1- Do you need a blockchain? _A blockchain is a digitized, decentralized, public ledger of all cryptocurrency transactions. Blockchain has been…_hackernoon.com Blockchain Explained by Experts - Hacker Noon If you like this post or if you have any further questions or suggestions, please reach out to me on or . Twitter LinkedIn Disclaimer: Information in this article is for educational purposes only and cannot be taken as investment advice.

To Blockchain or Not To Blockchain

World trade settlement will be revolutionized by blockchain technology. Virtual currencies like Bitcoin are only the earliest use cases of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology will soon find application in real-world supply supply chain management. The Supply Chain and Global Trade Ocean freight accounts for roughly 90% of goods traded globally. Surprisingly, ocean transportation is currently highly dependent on paperwork that has not been securely digitized. Shipping information usually travels through numerous companies and contractors, any one of which can cause a delay. A late approval or lost form can leave goods stuck at a checkpoint or port. The NYK Virgo is a container ship owned by the Barlett Marine Corp. A supply chain blockchain could boost transparency, trust, and predictability by allowing users to track where a shipment is at any given time. Since a blockchain is an immutable ledger, changes in possession and ownership of goods as they move from their producer to their point of retail could be entered into the ledger instantaneously and permanently. Because a blockchain is decentralized, it has no single point of failure. So, shipping, possession and ownership information could be better protected from tampering or hacks. Supply chain professionals can use blockchain technology to gather and use tracking data in dynamic new ways. For example, entries in a blockchain database could trigger other tasks such as the assignment of the next batch of goods arriving at a port to a certain dock or container area. Applying blockchain technology to instant settlement of transactions could also reduce friction in commercial financing, which underlies global trade and is currently an area from which many trade disputes arise. Additionally, dispute resolution rules could be agreed upon beforehand and applied instantly on the blockchain when necessary. A busy container terminal at a port. Smart Contracts Smart contracts are self-executing contracts that can be triggered by an external real-world event, the details of which are provided by a trusted oracle. Once a transaction is logged, smart contracts can instantly release payments held in escrow to a counterparty. Smart contracts, timestamped entries on to the blockchain, and digital payments could greatly reduce the time and costs associated with intermediary processing. Smart contracts can currently be built or deployed on certain blockchains, such as Ethereum. Current Blockchain Solutions for Supply Chain Management Factom, IBM and Skuchain are early movers in the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management. Factom’s proprietary documentation verification and authentication system can be used for logistics related documentation. IBM is partnering with Maersk to create a blockchain-based shipping supply chain firm. Skuchain helps buyers control their inventory procurement across partners. There are also several other notable efforts to apply blockchain technology to logistics. Hyperledger has used its Sawtooth distributed ledger technology to bring add traceability to supply chains in the seafood industry. Everledger’s blockchains trace the supply chains of diamonds and other ethically sourced bridal jewelry. (Everledger has also launched a bespoke blockchain for colored gemstones.) UPS and FedEx are privately testing blockchain-based logistics. The port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States, followed by the Port of Long Beach which it adjoins. Helping Sellers, Intermediaries, and Consumers The application of blockchain technology to supply chain management could reduce errors, delays, and fraud, improve inventory management, and identify and resolve issues faster. This will help sellers, intermediaries, and consumers. Sellers will be able to better track costs and capacity, better estimate delivery times for multiple routes, and make more intelligent decisions. Transport providers will be able to post details about available capacity and routes and reduce transport time and costs. Consumers will know where their products come from and will benefit from reduced costs and shipping times.

Blockchain Technology for Supply Chain Management

As I explained , the supply chain industry could greatly benefit from the applications of . With the aid of new technology, all players in the supply chain would be able to enhance their control over the inventory through improved visibility and traceability. Distributed ledger technology would, in turn, resolve problems of disclosure and accountability as the records of transactions become extremely difficult to tamper with. in my previous post blockchain technology There are many exciting projects currently working towards improving the supply chain management and logistics. Below you can find the Project Ecosystem Map of all the startups to date that are focused on this sector specifically and brief overviews of exactly what each startup is aiming to achieve. Finally, this post was inspired by the in-depth maps produced by ( ), (T ) and ( ) , all of which I highly recommend taking a look at. Josh Nussbaum Blockchain Project Ecosystem Lawrence Lundy-Bryan oken Ecosystem Map Jordan Odinsky Logistics Market Landscape , Ambrosus , Bext360 , Blockfreight , Blockverify , Everledger , Hijro , Modum.io , Monax , Open Trade Docs , OriginTrail , Provenance , (by Kouvala Innovation) Project SmartLog Skuchain , Sweetbridge , Tallysticks , T.Mining , Wave , Walton Quick disclaimer: Many of the projects in this post were not blockchain based at the start of their journey, but have later converted. More information regarding each startup can be found by following the link to their website, provided above. The ecosystem map is not an endorsement of any particular project. With blockchain technology evolving so quickly I may have missed some of the startups. Feel free to let me know about other projects, questions or feedback on Twitter 🔑 @ asafaryan_

Blockchain projects aiming to reinvent the Supply Chain: Landscape Map

2017 marked a significant time in blockchain history. It was the beginning of mainstream awareness and adoption of the technology. Since then, hundreds of billions of dollars have flowed into the development of blockchain, decentralized apps (dApps), and more. However, existing blockchain networks have some prevalent issues that hinder them from reaching their full potential. People have mostly been unable to harness the full potential of decentralized ledger technology due to the fact that these networks function in isolation. The lack of interoperability plagues both users and developers building on these infrastructures. What’s more, most traditional blockchains are complex to build on. While legacy blockchains like Ethereum, BSC, and others have been unable to fully adopt this cross-chain technology, there is hope. A new generation of blockchains has targeted solving this problem once and for all. And the answer lies within Cosmos and Tendermint. What makes Tendermint different? The engine is a blockchain technology that was created in 2014 and is used to duplicate and deploy blockchain solutions across systems in a safe and reliable manner. Jae Kwon, a blockchain software architect, and Ethan Buchman, a self-described “internet biophysicist”, came up with the idea. Tendermint The was developed to allow interfacing with both internal and external blockchains inside a network. At its core, Tendermint allows developers to design blockchain solutions with ease. It also helps bypass the time-consuming technical setup stages so they can concentrate on the application rather than building infrastructure. Tendermint engine Tendermint is made up of two main technical elements: an Application Blockchain Interface (ABCI) and a blockchain consensus mechanism. The consensus mechanism helps to ensure those equivalent transactions are logged on each system in the same order, even when the system is dispersed and adversarial. This means that records and information can be kept accurate across Tendermint-based blockchains. The Tendermint Consensus is reached through a Proof-of-Stake consensus algorithm. It is Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT), which means it can withstand the failure or malicious activity of up to a third of the network's validators while successfully replicating its state on all non-faulty devices. The Tendermint consensus algorithm's main contribution is a new termination method that makes it more efficient and easier to understand and apply, making it quicker and easier to develop with Tendermint. But what does this all have to do with Cosmos and Sifchain? Where does Cosmos fit in? was the first blockchain to use Tendermint’s BFT consensus mechanism with actual monetary value at stake. Cosmos' principal purpose is to address the industry's lack of interoperability. It achieves this by incorporating Tendermint into its infrastructure and development tools, resulting in a decentralized ecosystem of scalable and interconnected blockchains. Cosmos Cosmos uses a variety of made available through its platform to enable blockchain interoperability across its family of blockchains. The Cosmos software development kit (SDK) serves as the ecosystem's application layer (similar to Ethereum's EVM). This provides a strong base of infrastructure for developers to build off of instead of having to develop their own. proprietary and open-source solutions Furthermore, it launched the Inter-Blockchain Communication system (IBC), which allows IBC-enabled chains to seamlessly transport assets and communicate information between each other. This results in a smooth user experience for network participants. Different blockchains can execute their applications easily thanks to the Cosmos SDK. This frees up developers' time to focus on their apps rather than the protocols that keep networks running. Different blockchains can also use Cosmos to tap into the features of other platforms for a better user experience. The protocol operates as a framework that allows different, self-contained blockchains to communicate reliably and swiftly with one another. This allows Cosmos’s core chain to provide an average transaction time of approximately 7 seconds with gas fees averaging a penny. Sifchain - Expanding the Omni-chain is the premier Omni-chain decentralized exchange (DEX) on Cosmos. It allows users to access liquidity across several chains resulting in faster trades and lower fees. Sifchain Sifchain uses the IBC protocol to communicate with other Cosmos Network blockchains, including Juno, Osmosis, and Crypto.org. This allows users to import assets from other IBC-enabled chains. These assets can then be swapped, staked, or provided as liquidity using a DEX like Sifchain. What makes Sifchain such an innovative project is the fact that it offers EVM interoperability with its DEX and will be expanding it with its Omni-EVM (Cross Chain Virtual Machines) initiative. will enable and support assets to move freely from Ethereum, as well as ANY other EVM-compatible chain, to Sifchain and the rest of the Cosmos Ecosystem. Omni-EVM Another huge benefit of utilizing Sifchain is its speedy and low-cost transactions thanks to its use of the Cosmos SDK. It also includes features that other blockchains are still working on, such as its modular structure and connection to other networks. In addition to full IBC connectivity to the Cosmos Ecosystem, Sifchain constructed the first Ethereum to Cosmos bridge.  The Peggy Bridge has been operational for over a year, allowing ERC20 tokens from Ethereum to join the Cosmoverse and vice versa. The project stands out amongst others due to its thoughtful design and methodical development. Not only that, but the team behind Sifchain is composed of top talent alongside several established economists and blockchain veterans. This has allowed the team to design a scalable and robust platform with an eye for longevity and sustainability. Web3 The Way Forward Blockchain is so new and we’ve hardly scratched the surface of what it can do. While older iterations of this technology brought us to where we are now, they aren’t going to bring us any closer to fulfilling its full potential. In order to help this technology realize self-actualization, we need the help of new projects such as Tendermint, Cosmos, and Sifchain. Blockchains have with interoperability since the beginning, but that may soon be a problem of the past. With the Tendermint consensus mechanism and the Cosmos SDK, Sifchain gives DeFi users what they need: fast transactions at low costs across multiple chains. At the end of the day, innovation breeds more innovation and that is what will help Web3 reach its full potential. struggled

How Tendermint, Cosmos, and Sifchain Form the Next Generation of Blockchains

PIECHAIN Demo: Exploring a Practical Blockchain Interoperability Framework

পাইচেন ডেমো: একটি ব্যবহারিক ব্লকচেইন ইন্টারঅপারেবিলিটি ফ্রেমওয়ার্ক অন্বেষণ করা

PIECHAIN-Demo: Erkundung eines praktischen Blockchain-Interoperabilitätsrahmens

Demostración de PIECHAIN: Explorando un marco práctico de interoperabilidad de Blockchain

Démo PIECHAIN : Explorer un cadre pratique d'interopérabilité de la blockchain

PIECHAIN डेमो: एक व्यावहारिक ब्लॉकचेन इंटरऑपरेबिलिटी फ्रेमवर्क की खोज

PIECHAIN デモ: 実用的なブロックチェーン相互運用性フレームワークの探究

PIECHAIN 데모: 실용적인 블록체인 상호 운용성 프레임워크 탐색

Demonstração PIECHAIN: Explorando uma estrutura prática de interoperabilidade Blockchain

Демонстрация PIECHAIN: изучение практической структуры взаимодействия блокчейнов

PIECHAIN Demosu: Pratik Bir Blockchain Birlikte Çalışabilirlik Çerçevesini Keşfetmek

Bản trình diễn PIECHAIN: Khám phá Khung tương tác Blockchain thực tế

PIECHAIN 演示：探索实用的区块链互操作性框架

This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Joel Jang, CarperAI,University of Washington & Allen Institute for AI; (2) Seungone Kim, KAIST AI; (3) Yizhong Wang, University of Washington; (4) Jack Hessel, University of Washington; (5) Luke Zettlemoyer, Aleph Alpha; (6) Hannaneh Hajishirzi, University of Washington & Allen Institute for AI; (7) Yejin Choi, UC San Diego. 5 CONCLUSION Previous work has shown that adapting LLMs with RLHF helps them generate outputs that are preferred by humans over the supervised fine-tuned counterpart. However, recent work has also pointed out that simply training LLMs to abide by the preference of the general may result in ignoring individual preferences and values. In this work, we provide the first steps to tackle this issue by proposing Reinforcement Learning from Personalized Human Feedback as a multi-objective problem so that LLMs can be aligned to follow conflicting preferences. We propose a promising method called P-SOUPS that is able to composite models trained on single objectives on the fly during inference. We also highlight the scalability of P-SOUPS by showing that it scales linearly, instead of exponentially like the MORL baseline, with regards to the number of new preferences, which is required to provide true personalization to individual users. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Minyoung Hwang, Sungdong Kim, Tim Dettmers, Yoonjoo Lee, and Margaret Li for helpful feedback and discussion. REFERENCES Xiang Ao, Xiting Wang, Ling Luo, Ying Qiao, Qing He, and Xing Xie. PENS: A dataset and generic framework for personalized news headline generation. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pp. 82–92, Online, August 2021. Association for Computational Linguistics. doi: 10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.7. 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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.05685, 2023. Yinhe Zheng, Guanyi Chen, Minlie Huang, Song Liu, and Xuan Zhu. Personalized dialogue generation with diversified traits. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.09672, 2019. Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Christiano, and Geoffrey Irving. Fine-tuning language models from human preferences. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.08593, 2019. A DETAILS OF EVALUATION SETUP We use a modified version of the GPT4 annotation prompt used by Dubois et al. (2023). We modify the criteria to perform the pairwise evaluation from general to a single preference dimension. We also provide 3 demonstrations: one scenario where there is a tie because both responses do not contain any notion of the preference (e.g. both responses do not show any signs of friendliness), one scenario where there is a clear winner, and one scenario where they are both good, but one is better than the other. Simulated pairwise evaluation We recruited 24 crowd workers for our human evaluation. Figure 5 shows the interface used for human evaluation. We consider both the ‘Tie’ and ‘Both are bad’ options to be Ties. B CRITERIA-WISE EVALUATION The criteria-wise win rate (%) across all the methods are shown in Figure 6. The criteria-wise win rate was calculated by getting the average win-rate of the preference combinations that contained the specific preference dimension. For example, when calculating the criteria-wise win rate of ‘Elementary’, we got the average win-rate of the preference combinations that contained the ‘Elementary’ preference, which includes AAA, AAB, ABA, and ABB. C THE FULL LIST OF EVALUATION PROMPTS The full list of evaluation prompts used in our experiments are provided in Table 5 D DETAILED RESULTS FOR HUMAN EVALUATION AND GPT-4 EVALUATION We provide detailed results (win / loss / tie for each of the preference combinations for our main experimental results. Table 6 shows the GPT4 evaluation and Table 7 shows the human evaluation results. E EXAMPLES OF P-SOUPS TEXT GENERATIONS Table 8 shows empirical examples of the text generated from each preference combination of the 16 preference combination experiments for the same prompt.

Personalized Soups: LLM Alignment Via Parameter Merging - Conclusion & References

231 Stories To Learn About Blockchain Writing Contest

Debugging a Spring WebFlux application can be a challenging task, especially when dealing with complex reactive streams. Unlike traditional blocking applications, where the stack trace provides a clear indication of the root cause of an issue, reactive applications can be harder to debug. Issues such as blocking code, concurrency problems, and race conditions can all cause subtle bugs that are difficult to diagnose. Scenario When dealing with a bug it’s not always a code-related issue. It could be a set of factors, such as recent refactoring, team changes, hard deadlines and so on. In real life, it’s a common thing to end up troubleshooting large applications made by people who left the company a while back, and you just joined. Knowing a little about a domain and technologies isn't going to make your life easier. In the code example below, I wanted to imagine how a buggy code could look like for a person recently joined a team. Consider debugging this code more like a journey rather than challenge. The root cause could be obvious to find for those who are familiar with Reactive apps. However, some practices down below could be still very helpful to revise. @GetMapping("/greeting/{firstName}/{lastName}")
public Mono<String> greeting(@PathVariable String firstName, @PathVariable String lastName) {

    return Flux.fromIterable(Arrays.asList(firstName, lastName))
            .filter(this::wasWorkingNiceBeforeRefactoring)
            .transform(this::senselessTransformation)
            .collect(Collectors.joining())
            .map(names -> "Hello, " + names);
}

private boolean wasWorkingNiceBeforeRefactoring(String aName) {
    // We don't want to greet with John, sorry
    return !aName.equals("John");
}

private Flux<String> senselessTransformation(Flux<String> flux) {
    return flux
            .single()
            .flux()
            .subscribeOn(Schedulers.parallel());
} So, what this piece of code does is: It prepends “Hello, “ to the names provided as parameters. Your colleague John is telling you that everything works on his laptop. That’s true: > curl localhost:8080/greeting/John/Doe 
> Hello, Doe But when you run it like , you see the next stacktrace: curl localhost:8080/greeting/Mick/Jagger java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException: Source emitted more than one item
	at reactor.core.publisher.MonoSingle$SingleSubscriber.onNext(MonoSingle.java:134) ~[reactor-core-3.5.5.jar:3.5.5]
	Suppressed: reactor.core.publisher.FluxOnAssembly$OnAssemblyException: 
Error has been observed at the following site(s):
	*__checkpoint ⇢ Handler com.example.demo.controller.GreetingController#greeting(String, String) [DispatcherHandler]
	*__checkpoint ⇢ HTTP GET "/greeting/Mick/Jagger" [ExceptionHandlingWebHandler]
Original Stack Trace: <18 internal lines>
		at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java) ~[na:na] (4 internal lines) Nice, neither of the traces leads to a code sample above. All it reveals is that 1) it occurred in the method, and 2) the client performed an `HTTP GET "/greeting/Mick/Jagger GreetingController#greeting .doOnError() First and the easiest thing to try out is to add `.doOnError()` callback to the end of the greeting chain. @GetMapping("/greeting/{firstName}/{lastName}")
public Mono<String> greeting(@PathVariable String firstName, @PathVariable String lastName) {

    return Flux.fromIterable(Arrays.asList(firstName, lastName))
            // <...>
            .doOnError(e -> logger.error("Error while greeting", e));
} Nice try, but logs don't show any improvement. Nonetheless, Reactor's internal stack trace: Here are some ways can/can’t be helpful during debugging: doOnError : You can use to log error messages and provide more context about what went wrong in your reactive stream. This can be especially helpful when debugging issues in a complex stream with many operators. Logging doOnError : can also be used to recover from errors and continue processing the stream. For example, you can use to provide a fallback value or stream in case of an error. Recovery doOnError onErrorResume : most probably won’t provide any better stacktrace except what you already saw in the logs. Don’t rely on it as a good troubleshooter. Debugging doOnError log() Next stop is to replace previously added by method call. As simple as it gets. observes all Reactive Streams signals and traces them into logs under INFO level by default. doOnError() log() log() Let’s see what additional info we see in logs now: We can see what Reactive methods have been called ( , and ). Additionally, knowing which threads (pools) these methods have been called from can be very useful information. However, it is not relevant to our case. onSubscribe request onError About thread pools Thread name stands for . Reactive methods and were executed on IO thread pool (scheduler). These tasks were executed immediately on a thread that submitted them. ctor-http-nio-2 reactor-http-nio-2 onSubscribe() request() By having inside we’ve instructed Reactor to subscribe further elements on another thread pool. That’s the reason why has been executed on thread. .subscribeOn(Schedulers.parallel()) senselessTransformation onError parallel-1 You can read more about thread pool . in this article method allows you to add logging statements to your stream, making it easier to track the flow of data and diagnose issues. If we were having more complex data flow with things like flatMap, subchains, blocking calls, etc., we would benefit much from having it all logged down. It’s a very easy and nice thing for daily use. However, we still don’t know the root cause. log() Hooks.onOperatorDebug() Instruction tells Reactor to enable debug mode for all operators in reactive streams, allowing for more detailed error messages and stack traces. Hooks.onOperatorDebug() According to the official documentation: When errors are observed later on, they will be enriched with a Suppressed Exception detailing the original assembly line stack. Must be called before producers (e.g. Flux.map, Mono.fromCallable) are actually called to intercept the right stack information. The instruction should be called once per runtime. One of the best places would be Configuration or Main classes. For our use case it would be: public Mono<String> greeting(@PathVariable String firstName, @PathVariable String lastName) {

    Hooks.onOperatorDebug();

    return // <...>
} By adding we can finally make progress in our investigation. Stacktrace is way more useful: Hooks.onOperatorDebug() And on line 42 we have call. single() Don’t scroll up, the looks next: senselessTransformation private Flux<String> senselessTransformation(Flux<String> flux) {
    return flux
            .single()  // line 42
            .flux()
            .subscribeOn(Schedulers.parallel());
} That’s the root cause. emits one item from Flux source or signals for a source with more than one element. That means flux in the method emits more than 1 item. By going up in the call hierarchy we see that originally there is a Flux with two elements . single() IndexOutOfBoundsException Flux.fromIterable(Arrays.asList(firstName, lastName)) Filtering method removes an item from a flux when it equals to . That’s the reason why the code works for a college named John. Huh. wasWorkingNiceBeforeRefactoring John can be particularly useful when debugging complex reactive streams, as it provides more detailed information about how the stream is being processed. However, enabling debug mode can impact the performance of your application (due to the populated stack traces), so it should only be used during development and debugging, and not in production. Hooks.onOperatorDebug() Checkpoints To achieve nearly the same effect as gives with minimum performance impact, there is a special operator. It will enable debug mode for that section of the stream, while leaving the rest of the stream unaffected. Hooks.onOperatorDebug() checkpoint() Let’s add two checkpoints after filtering and after transformation: public Mono<String> greeting(@PathVariable String firstName, @PathVariable String lastName) {

    return Flux.fromIterable(Arrays.asList(firstName, lastName))
            .filter(this::wasWorkingNiceBeforeRefactoring)
 /* new */  .checkpoint("After filtering")        
            .transform(this::senselessTransformation)
 /* new */  .checkpoint("After transformation")
            .collect(Collectors.joining())
            .map(names -> "Hello, " + names);
} Take a look at the logs: This checkpoints breakdown tells us that the error has been observed after our second checkpoint described as . It doesn’t mean that the first checkpoint hasn’t been reached during execution. It was, but the error started to appear only after the second one. That’s why we don’t see . After transformation After filtering You can also see two more checkpoints mentioned in the breakdown, from and . They were reached after the one we set, down to the call hierarchy. DispatcherHandler ExceptionHandlingWebHandler Besides description, you can force Reactor to generate a stacktrace for your checkpoint by adding as the second parameter to method. It’s important to note that the generated stacktrace will lead you to the line with a checkpoint. It won’t populate a stacktrace for the original exception. So it doesn’t make a lot of sense because you can easily find a checkpoint by providing a description. true checkpoint() Conclusion By following these best practices, you can simplify the debugging process and quickly identify and resolve issues in your Spring WebFlux application. Whether you're a seasoned developer or just starting out with reactive programming, these tips will help you improve the quality and reliability of your code, and deliver better experiences for your users.

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Spring is a reactive, non-blocking web framework for building modern, scalable web applications in Java. It is a part of the Spring Framework, and it uses the Reactor library for implementing reactive programming in Java. WebFlux With WebFlux, you can build high-performance, scalable web applications that can handle a large number of concurrent requests and streams of data. It supports a wide range of use cases, from simple REST APIs to real-time data streaming and server-sent events. Spring WebFlux provides a programming model based on reactive streams, which allows you to compose asynchronous and non-blocking operations into a pipeline of data processing stages. It also provides a rich set of features and tools for building reactive web applications, including support for reactive data access, reactive security, and reactive testing. From the : official Spring doc The term, “reactive,” refers to programming models that are built around reacting to change — network components reacting to I/O events, UI controllers reacting to mouse events, and others. In that sense, non-blocking is reactive, because, instead of being blocked, we are now in the mode of reacting to notifications as operations complete or data becomes available. Threading model One of the core features of reactive programming is its threading model, which is different from the traditional thread-per-request model used in many synchronous web frameworks. In the traditional model, a new thread is created to handle each incoming request, and that thread is blocked until the request has been processed. This can lead to scalability issues when dealing with high volumes of requests, as the number of threads required to handle the requests can become very large, and thread context switching can become a bottleneck. In contrast, WebFlux uses a non-blocking, event-driven model, where a small number of threads can handle a large number of requests. When a request comes in, it is handled by one of the available threads, which then delegates the actual processing to a set of asynchronous tasks. These tasks are executed in a non-blocking manner, allowing the thread to move on to handle other requests while the tasks are executed in the background. In Spring WebFlux (and non-blocking servers in general), it is assumed that applications do not block. Therefore, non-blocking servers use a small, fixed-size thread pool (event loop workers) to handle requests. Simplified threading model of a classic Servlet Container looks like: While WebFlux request processing is slightly different: Under the hood Let’s go ahead and see what’s behind the shiny theory. We need a pretty minimalistic app generated by . The code is available in the . Spring Initializr GitHub repo All thread-related topics are very CPU-dependent. Usually, number of processing threads that handle requests is related to the number of For educational purposes you can easily manipulate count of threads in a pool by limiting CPUs when running Docker container: CPU cores . docker run --cpus=1 -d --rm --name webflux-threading -p 8081:8080 local/webflux-threading If you still see more than one thread in a pool - that’s ok. There might be set by WebFlux. defaults Our app is a simple fortune teller. By calling endpoint you will get 5 records with . Each adjustment is an integer number that represents a karma given to you. Yes, we are very generous because the app generates only positive numbers. No bad luck anymore! /karma balanceAdjustment Default processing Let’s start with a very basic example. Next controller method returns a Flux containing 5 karma elements. @GetMapping("/karma")
public Flux<Karma> karma() {
    return prepareKarma()
            .map(Karma::new)
            .log();
}

private Flux<Integer> prepareKarma() {
    Random random = new Random();

    return Flux.fromStream(
            Stream.generate(() -> random.nextInt(10))
                    .limit(5));
} method is a crucial thing here. It observes all Reactive Streams signals and traces them into logs under INFO level. log Logs output on curl is the following: localhost:8081/karma As we can see, processing is happening on the IO thread pool. Thread  name stands for . Tasks were executed immediately on a thread that submitted them. Reactor didn’t see any instructions to schedule them on another pool. ctor-http-nio-2 reactor-http-nio-2 Delaying and parallel processing The next operation is going to delay each element emitting by 100ms (aka database emulation) @GetMapping("/delayedKarma")
public Flux<Karma> delayedKarma() {
    return karma()
            .delayElements(Duration.ofMillis(100));
} We don’t need to add method here because it was already declared in the original call. log karma() In the logs we can see the next picture: This time only the very first element was received on the IO thread . Processing of the rest 4 were dedicated to a thread pool. reactor-http-nio-4 parallel Javadoc of confirms this: delayElements Signals are delayed and continue on the parallel default Scheduler You can achieve the same effect without delay by specifying anywhere in the call chain. .subscribeOn(Schedulers.parallel()) Using scheduler can improve performance and scalability by allowing multiple tasks to be executed simultaneously on different threads, which can better utilize CPU resources and handle a large number of concurrent requests. parallel However, it can also increase code complexity and memory usage, and potentially lead to thread pool exhaustion if the maximum number of worker threads is exceeded. Therefore, the decision to use thread pool should be based on the specific requirements and trade-offs of the application. parallel Subchain Now let’s take a look at a more complex example. Code is still pretty simple and straightforward, but the output is way more interesting. We are going to use a and make a fortune teller more . For each Karma instance it will multiply original adjustment by 10 and generate the opposite adjustments, effectively creating a balanced transaction that compensates for the original one. flatMap fair @GetMapping("/fairKarma")
public Flux<Karma> fairKarma() {
    return delayedKarma()
            .flatMap(this::makeFair);
}

private Flux<Karma> makeFair(Karma original) {
    return Flux.just(new Karma(original.balanceAdjustment() * 10),
                    new Karma(original.balanceAdjustment() * -10))
            .subscribeOn(Schedulers.boundedElastic())
            .log();
} As you see, Flux should be subscribed to a thread pool. Let’s check what we have in logs for the first two Karmas: makeFair’s boundedElastic Reactor subscribes first element with on IO thread balanceAdjustment=9 Then pool works on Karma fairness by emitting and adjustments on thread boundedElastic 90 -90 boundedElastic-1 Elements after the first one are subscribed on parallel thread pool (because we still have in the chain) delayedElements What is a boundedElastic scheduler? It is a thread pool that dynamically adjusts the number of worker threads based on the workload. It is optimized for I/O-bound tasks, such as database queries and network requests, and is designed to handle a large number of short-lived tasks without creating too many threads or wasting resources. By default, the thread pool a maximum size of the number of available processors multiplied by 10, but you can configure it to use a different maximum size if needed boundedElastic has By using an asynchronous thread pool like , you can offload tasks to separate threads and free up the main thread to handle other requests. The bounded nature of the thread pool can prevent thread starvation and excessive resource usage, while the elasticity of the pool allows it to adjust the number of worker threads dynamically based on the workload. boundedElastic Other types of thread pools There are two more types of pools provide by out-of-the-box class, such as: Scheduler : This is a single-threaded, serialized execution context that is designed for synchronous execution. It is useful when you need to ensure that a task is executed in order and that no two tasks are executed concurrently. single : This is a trivial, no-op implementation of a scheduler that immediately executes tasks on the calling thread without any thread switching. immediate Conclusion Threading model in Spring WebFlux is designed to be non-blocking and asynchronous, allowing for efficient handling of a large number of requests with minimal resource usage. Instead of relying on dedicated threads per connection, WebFlux uses a small number of event loop threads to handle incoming requests and distribute work to worker threads from various thread pools. However, it's important to choose the right thread pool for your use case to avoid thread starvation and ensure efficient use of system resources.

An Intro to Spring WebFlux Threading Model

স্প্রিং ওয়েবফ্লাক্স থ্রেডিং মডেলের একটি ভূমিকা

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This is not a history lesson on Bitcoin, & I’m not going to preach about how incredible it is (which it is). This is meant to serve you as a simple resource to get all of the data/information that relates to Bitcoin so that you can create your own unique toolkit. Like a domino effect from hell, institutions that got faked out by COVID & the FED are beginning to topple. It has been unfortunate for many innocent people that got unrightfully caught in the crossfire, my heart goes out to you. However, as one door closed, another opened. This economic shitshow has accelerated the adoption of crypto. Moving forward, digital assets will only grow in popularity as they prove to be more trustworthy than any government; especially BTC. If you still don’t agree with this statement, GTFO. If you don’t want to be the government’s bit*h anymore, WELCOME! Being the foundation upon which the greater cryptocurrency industry has been built, BTC has become the defacto choice for individuals & institutions that are serious about building a diversified, evergreen portfolio. The most difficult task of all when getting into the cryptoverse is organization. Back in the day, navigating the interwebs for Bitcoin was a daunting task; tons of single purpose sites that were tucked away in the ultra-niche crevices of private chatrooms & cypherpunk threads were unusable by many. After 10 years of innovation, one would think its much better now…however, the smorgasbord of multi-purpose tools that are not so neatly randomized by the highest bidder under googles algorithms causes just as much organizational confusion. Instead of just telling you to just go scavenger the internet for different tools/resources, I’ve tried to organize them for you below. The vast majority of these tools are free; very few are behind paywalls. While I don’t appreciate paywalls, I must admit that any paid service included below are honestly awesome. The Original Bitcoin Whitepaper https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Market Data: Prices, money flows, trading pairs, exchanges & all the other good stuff — LiveCoinWatch https://www.livecoinwatch.com/price/Bitcoin-BTC — CoinMarketCap https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/ — Messari https://messari.io/asset/bitcoin — CryptoCompare https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/btc/overview/ — CoinCodex https://coincodex.com/crypto/bitcoin/ — Conlib https://coinlib.io/coin/BTC/Bitcoin — Blockchain https://www.blockchain.com/explorer/assets/btc — TheBlock https://www.theblock.co/data/on-chain-metrics/bitcoin — CoinDance https://coin.dance/stats — Bitcoinity.org https://data.bitcoinity.org/markets/volume/30d?c=e&t=b — LunarCrush https://lunarcrush.com/coins/btc/bitcoin Tokensight— https://tokeninsight.com/en/coins/2365/overview On-Chain Explorers: Raw blockchain data: blockheights, blocktimes, mempools, & more. — Blockchair https://blockchair.com/bitcoin — Blockstream https://blockstream.info/ — Bitaps https://bitaps.com/ — Bitquery https://explorer.bitquery.io/bitcoin — Blockcypher https://live.blockcypher.com/btc/ — BitcoinExplorer https://bitcoinexplorer.org/ — Sochain https://sochain.com/BTC — Blockpath https://blockpath.com/ — OXT https://oxt.me/ Cool Extras: Data, stats, & insights that you won’t find anywhere else. — Fear & Greed Index https://alternative.me/crypto/fear-and-greed-index/ — Bitcoin Death Tracker https://99bitcoins.com/bitcoin-obituaries/ BitcoinAbuse — https://www.bitcoinabuse.com/ Bitnodes — https://bitnodes.io/ Educational: I have only used a few of these, but have recommended the others to many of my friends that have used & loved them. — Bitcoin Intro https://bitcoin-intro.com/ — Nakamoto Institute https://nakamotoinstitute.org/literature/ — Crypto Startup School https://a16zcrypto.com/crypto-startup-school/ — Cryptocurrency Engineering & Design (MIT) https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mas-s62-cryptocurrency-engineering-and-design-spring-2018/video_galleries/lecture-videos/ — Blockchain & Money (MIT) https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/15-s12-blockchain-and-money-fall-2018/video_galleries/video-lectures/ — Bitcoin for Everyone https://learn.saylor.org/course/view.php?id=468 — LearnMeABitcoin https://www.youtube.com/@learnmeabitcoin/videos?view=0&sort=dd&shelf_id=0 Books: This is a very small selection of books that I have read (par 1). There are not all just about Bitcoin; these are readings that help structure a mental framework for understanding the bigger picture & implications of it. — The Bitcoin Standard https://saifedean.com/books/the-bitcoin-standard — The Fiat Standard https://saifedean.com/books/the-fiat-standard — Antifragile https://www.amazon.com/Antifragile — The Black Swan https://www.amazon.com/Black-Swan — Digital gold https://www.amazon.com/Digital-Gold — Book of Satoshi https://www.bookofsatoshi.com/ — The Blocksize War https://www.amazon.com/Blocksize-War — Mastering Bitcoin https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook Podcasts: Listen to some of the best quality conversations & discussions about Bitcoin. What Bitcoin Did — https://www.whatbitcoindid.com/ The Bitcoin Standard — https://saifedean.com/podcast Bitcoin Audible — https://bitcoinaudible.com/ Orange Pill — https://orangepill.buzzsprout.com/ Bitcoin Infinity — https://bitcoininfinitypodcast.com/ Blue Collar Bitcoin — https://bluecollarbitcoinpodcast.podbean.com/ Bitcoin Matrix — https://bitcoinmatrix.libsyn.com/ Why Bitcoin — https://whybitcoinpodcast.com/ Cashback & Micro Rewards: A little free fun along the way never hurt anyone (ref links below) — Fold App https://foldapp.com/ — Lolli https://www.lolli.com/ — Satsback https://satsback.com/ — Bitcoinget https://www.bitcoinget.com/ — FreeBitcoin Faucet https://freebitco.in/site/bitcoin-faucet/ These are just a few of the resources that I am personally familiar with & use/have used on a regular basis. There are many reputable people that provide more incredible resources in the space such as & . Jameson Lopp Andreas Antonopoulos I always suggest rather than getting lost in the organization of a million links, just start somewhere. Before you know it, you’ll get further than you think. A little Poem on BTC to close this out: Hard times come & go. Great men suffer & they grow. Fear not failure dear friend, for it too shall pass. Until that time comes, more Bitcoin you must amass See all you sexy motherfuckers on the Moon 🥂 Also published here

All of the Tools You Need to Get Involved With Bitcoin: Get Ahead of the Game

Information is the foundation of good decision-making. Cryptocurrency innovates at the speed of light. New protocols are constantly coming to market, promising to solve some of mankind's greatest financial troubles. While their intentions might be good, the result is a cluttered, noisy environment that promotes FOMO & makes it nearly impossible to make sound decisions. In order to succeed in the wild, volatile, & often opaque world of cryptocurrency it is necessary to quiet the noise & hone in on real signals. The best way to do that is by building out your own Crypto ToolKit. Quick Notes on building a Crypto ToolKit: -) Do not use every single tool (unless you’re a crypto savant) -) Review each resource/tool individually (5–10 min per resource) -) Select only the ones that appeal most to your specific preferences As you might already be aware, the crypto-verse is highly fragmented in the sense that there are many different chains & protocols. Given that not all chains & protocols are interoperable (yet), all of the tools listed provided below are will be as general & multi-purpose as possible. Without further ado, Let's dive in: 📊 Market Data 📊 The starting point of almost every person’s crypto journey, Market Data providers are listing sites that aggregate all open financial digital asset data. All of the fundamental economic elements, Price, Volume, Circulating supply, Orderbooks, market dominance, historic data, & everything else. 1) Token Terminal - https://tokenterminal.com/ 2) Messari - https://messari.io/ 3) Crypto Slate - https://cryptoslate.com/coins/ 4) CoinGlass - https://www.coinglass.com/ Coin Market Cap -** 5) https://coinmarketcap.com/ - 6) Coin Gecko https://www.coingecko.com/ 7) Coin Metrics - https://coinmetrics.io/ 8) Coinlib - https://coinlib.io/ 9) Crypto Compare - https://www.cryptocompare.com/ 10) CoinCap - https://coincap.io/ - 11) CoinRanking https://coinranking.com/ 12) Coin360 — https://coin360.com/ — 13) Bitgur https://bitgur.com/ — 14) Nomics https://nomics.com/ - 15) CryptoWatch https://cryptowat.ch/ 16) BraveNewCoin — https://bravenewcoin.com/ 17) LiveCoinWatch — https://www.livecoinwatch.com/ 18) MultiCoinCharts - https://www.multicoincharts.com/home/ 19) Nansen - https://www.nansen.ai/ 20) CoinPaprika - https://coinpaprika.com/ 21) CoinAlpha - https://coinalpha.app/ 22) CoinScope - https://www.coinscope.co/ 23) DropsTabs - https://dropstab.com/ 24) CryptoView - https://www.cryptoview.com/ 25) CoinCarp - https://www.coincarp.com/ 26) Mytokencap - https://www.mytokencap.com/ 27) CoinCodex — https://coincodex.com/ — 28) CoinLobster https://coinlobster.com/ 💱 DEFI Dashboard & Aggregators💱 Decentralized finance is an incredibly broad term that includes a wide range of applications that vary based on functionality & intended purpose. While the majority of current DEFI activity happens across 4 blockchains (Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon & Solana) there are so many up & coming alternative platforms such as Optimism & Arbitrum that have been garnering attention that for the sake of brevity I will only list the few products that I am personally familiar with. 1) Dapp Radar — https://dappradar.com/defi 2) DEFI Llama — https://defillama.com/ 3) DEFI Prime — https://defiprime.com/ 4) DEFI Pulse — https://www.defipulse.com/ 5) YieldWatch - https://www.yieldwatch.net/ 6) ZapperFI - https://zapper.xyz/ 7) Zerion - https://zerion.io/ 8) InstaDapp - https://instadapp.io/ 9) Frontier - https://www.frontier.xyz/ 10) Apebored - https://apeboard.finance/ 11) Debank - https://debank.com/ - 12) APYvision https://app.apy.vision/ - 13) Plasma Finance https://plasma.finance/ - 14) Farm Army https://farm.army/ - 15) DEFISaver https://defisaver.com/ - 16) Gnosis Safe https://gnosis-safe.io/ - 17) DefiYield https://defiyield.app/ 18) Coin98 - https://coin98.com/ 19) AstroTools - https://astrotools.io/ 20) MultiFarm - https://www.multifarm.fi/ 21) OctoFi - https://octo.fi/ 22) Parallel - https://parallel.fi/ 23) Exponential - https://exponential.fi/ 24) WalletDefi - https://walletdefi.app/ 25) DEFImarketCap - https://defimarketcap.io/ 26) QuantifyCrypto - https://quantifycrypto.com/ 📰 News 📰 Crypto is becoming all the more politicized as time goes on. An absurd amount of crypto/DEFI news sites pop up constantly & push their own agendas. The best way to source news (in any industry) is by having a few reliable individual outlets & cross-referencing information across them all. 1) CoinDesk - https://www.coindesk.com/ 2) Coin Telegraph - https://cointelegraph.com/ 3) Bitcoin Magazine - https://bitcoinmagazine.com/ 4) The Cryptonomist - https://en.cryptonomist.ch/ 5) Be In Crypto - https://beincrypto.com/ 6) CoinGape - https://coingape.com/ 7) CryptoSlate - https://cryptoslate.com/ 8) Crypto Briefing - https://cryptobriefing.com/ 9) CryptoDaily - https://cryptodaily.co.uk/ 10) Crypto Potato - https://cryptopotato.com/ 11) BraveNewCoin - https://bravenewcoin.com/ 12) Coin Journal - https://coinjournal.net/ 13) Coin Speaker - https://www.coinspeaker.com/ 14) CoinCu - https://news.coincu.com/ 15) Bitcoinist - https://bitcoinist.com/ 16) CryptoPanic - https://cryptopanic.com/ 17) Crypto News - https://cryptonews.com/ 18) U Today - https://u.today/ 19) CoinGraph - https://www.coingraph.news/ - 20) Decrypt https://decrypt.co/ - 21) Blockworks https://blockworks.co/ - 22) CryptoCapitalNews https://cryptocapitalnews.com/ — 23) Protos https://protos.com/ 👛 Wallets 👛 Wallets are the foundation for getting involved & staying in crypto. Wallets are exactly what they sound like, places to securely store/view your crypto asset holdings. Wallets typically come in 2 flavors, Chain-specific & Chain-agnostic. Chain-specific wallets are tied to a single blockchain platform (i.e ETH/BNB). These will only be able to store their native chain tokens, but allow the users to interact with on-chain assets/applications. Whereas chain-agnostic wallets might allow their users to store crypto assets from any blockchain, but that is the limit of their capabilities as they are usually single-purpose only (storage) 1) MetaMask - https://metamask.io/ 2) MEW - https://www.myetherwallet.com/ 3) Dynamic - https://www.dynamic.xyz/ 4) XDEFI - https://www.xdefi.io/ 5) Enkryptic - https://www.enkrypt.com/ 6) Argent - https://www.argent.xyz/ 7) Dopamine - https://dopamineapp.com/ 8) TrustWallet - https://trustwallet.com/ 9) Eidoo - https://eidoo.app/ 10) Dapppocket - https://www.dapppocket.io/ 11) Atomic Wallet - https://atomicwallet.io/ 12) Bread Wallet - https://brd.com/ 13) Guarda - https://guarda.com/ 14) Exodus - https://www.exodus.com/ 15) ZenGo - https://zengo.com/ 16) Coinomi - https://www.coinomi.com/en/ 17) Luno - https://www.luno.com/en-US 18) Ambire - https://www.ambire.com/ 19) Jaxx - https://jaxx.io/ 20) Edge - https://edge.app/ 21) Freewallet - https://freewallet.org/ 22) Coinbase Wallet - https://www.coinbase.com/wallet 23) Coin Wallet - https://coin.space/ 24) Ballet Wallet - https://www.ballet.com/coins/ 25) Unstoppable - https://unstoppable.money/ 26) Brave Wallet - https://brave.com/wallet/ 27) BitPay - https://bitpay.com/wallet/ 28) Crypto.com - https://crypto.com/us/defi-wallet 🔎 Explorers 🔍 Explorers are software tools that allow users to inspect the activity that has happened/is happening on-chain. Explorers are typically built-to-blockchain, meaning every chain needs its own explorer. Given the girth of data these tools access, explorers tend to be multi-purpose tools (i.e. data providers/ analytics dashboards/compliance). 1) Ethscan - https://etherscan.io/ 2) Bitquery - https://explorer.bitquery.io/ 3) Blockchair - https://blockchair.com/ 4) Tokenview - https://tokenview.io/ 5) Blockcypher - https://www.blockcypher.com/ 6) GetBlock - https://getblock.io/explorers/ 7) ViewBlock - https://viewblock.io/ - 8) BreadCrumbs https://www.breadcrumbs.app/ 9) Beaconchain - https://beaconcha.in/ 10) Blockstream - https://blockstream.info/ 11) Ethplorer - https://ethplorer.io/ 12) OXT - https://oxt.me/ 13) Xscan - https://xscan.io/ 14) Sochain - https://sochain.com/ 15) OkLink - https://www.oklink.com/en 16) Pingpub - https://ping.pub/ ⛓ On-Chain Data ⛓ On-chain data tools are closely related to explorers in the sense that they allow users to inspect the activity that has happened / is happening on-chain. The main difference between the On-chain Data tools & Explorers is the UI & granularity of data they provide.*The main difference between On-Chain data providers & traditional market data is the absence of information that is external to any blockchain. 1) Glassnode - https://glassnode.com/ 2) Dune Analytics - https://dune.com/home 3) IntoTheBlock - https://www.intotheblock.com/ - 4) Mempool https://mempool.space/ 5) Artemis - https://www.artemis.xyz/ - 6) Parsiq https://www.parsiq.net/ 🌉 Bridges 🌉 Within the context of cryptocurrency, a bridge is a software tool or protocol that allows otherwise non-compatible blockchains a method to transfer digital assets between one another. 1) MultiChain - https://multichain.org/ 2) CrossChain Bridge - https://www.crosschainbridge.org/ 3) Celer C Bridge - https://cbridge.celer.network/1/56/USDC 4) Synapse - https://synapseprotocol.com/ 5) Connext - https://bridge.connext.network/USDC-from-ethereum-to-binance 6) Relay - https://www.relaychain.com/ 7) Symbiosis - https://symbiosis.finance/ 8) Umbria - https://umbria.network/ 9) EverBridge - https://www.everrise.com/everbridge/ 10) Bungee - https://www.bungee.exchange/ 11) Portal Bridge - https://www.portalbridge.com/#/transfer 12) Nomad - https://www.nomad.xyz/ 13) Hop - https://hop.exchange/ 14) PolyBridge - https://bridge.poly.network/ 15) SolarBeam - https://app.solarbeam.io/bridge 16) Orbitchain - https://orbitchain.io/about 💹 DEXes 💹 Decentralized Exchanges are the new financial trading paradigm. Generally free from traditional regulatory scrutiny, DEXs are places to buy, sell, swap & provide liquidity for crypto assets. 1) UniSwap - https://uniswap.org/ 2) 1inch - https://app.1inch.io/ 3) DexTools - https://www.dextools.io/app/en 4) DexGuru - https://dex.guru/ 5) GeckoTerminal - https://www.geckoterminal.com/ 6) PancakeSwap - https://pancakeswap.finance/ 7) TraderJoe - https://traderjoexyz.com/avalanche 8) Arken - https://swap.arken.finance/ 9) Flooz - https://flooz.trade/trade 10) Balancer - https://balancer.fi/ 11) Bancor - https://home.bancor.network/ 12) Airswap - https://www.airswap.io/#/ - 13) Sushiswap https://www.sushi.com/ 14) Paraswap - https://www.paraswap.io/ 15) Jupiter - https://jup.ag/ 16) ThorChain - https://thorchain.org/ 17) WooFi - https://fi.woo.org/ 18) DYDX - https://trade.dydx.exchange/ - 19) Slingshot https://app.slingshot.finance/swap/ETH 20) Apex Exchange - https://www.apex.exchange/ 21) Osmosis - https://app.osmosis.zone/ 22) Curve - https://curve.fi/#/ethereum/swap 23) Tokenlon - https://tokenlon.im/instant 24) Swapz — https://www.swapz.app/ 📅 Calendars & Event Schedules 📅 Keeping up with the Kardashians is much easier than keeping up with your favorite crypto protocol; the question then becomes HOW do you plan to manage the onslaught on events? While there is no easy answer, using a Crypto Calander will definitely help: 1) CoinMarketCal - https://coinmarketcal.com/en/ 2) CoinDar - https://coindar.org/ 3) CoinsCalendar - https://coinscalendar.com/ 4) CryptoTotem - https://cryptototem.com/ico-calendar/ 5) CoinCarp events - https://www.coincarp.com/events/ 6) VestLabs - https://vestlab.io/calendar 🪂 Airdrops 🪂 The most popular tool for distribution in the entire industry, airdrops are incentives that are offered/provided at the earlier stages of a project’s development to help bootstrap it’s alpha community members. 1) Earnifi - https://earni.fi/ 2) airdropsio - https://airdrops.io/ 3) AirDropAlert - https://airdropalert.com/ 4) AirdropsLive - https://airdrops.live/ 5) AirdropBob - https://www.airdropbob.com/ 6) AirDropAddict - https://airdropaddict.com/ 7) CoinAirDrops - https://coinairdrops.com/ 8) ICOdrops - https://icodrops.com/ 💸 Grants 💸 Grants are a necessary component to helping startups & innovators get their ideas off the ground. In the world of crypto & blockchain grants are usually offered & deployed on a chain/case-specific basis. In order to be properly up to date on grant opportunities it is best to be actively involved in individual projects and/or blockchains. 1) Blockchain Grants - https://www.blockchaingrants.org/ 2) GitCoin - https://gitcoin.co/grants/ 3) Consensys - https://consensys.net/grants/ — 4) Concoridum https://concordium.com/grants/ 5) Web3 grants - https://web3grants.net/ 6) Web3Foundation - https://web3.foundation/grants/ 7) Ramp Rate - https://ramprate.com/blockchain-grant-opportunities/ - 8) Unigrants https://www.unigrants.org/ 9) Aave grants - https://aavegrants.org/ 10) Near grants - https://near.org/ecosystem/get-funding/ 11) Eth Foundation - https://esp.ethereum.foundation/ 12) Zcash grants - https://grants.zfnd.org/ 13) Alchemy Dev grants - https://www.alchemy.com/developer-grant-program — 14) dydx grants https://www.dydxgrants.com/ 15) Solana grants — https://solana.org/grants 16) Gate grants - https://www.gate.io/grants 17) Cryptoneur - https://www.cryptoneur.xyz/en/web3-grants 🛡 Audits 🛡 Audits are used to assess the quality/security of a protocol. When considering a protocol to use, it is nearly impossible to understand all of the associated risk factors, even for professionals. It is crucial that every serious project employs some form of audit for every individual piece of software. 1) Certik - https://www.certik.com/ 2) Consensys Dilligence - https://consensys.net/diligence/ 3) Hacken - https://hacken.io/services/smart-contract-security-audit/ 4) Open Zepplin - https://www.openzeppelin.com/security-audits 5) Trail of Bits - https://www.trailofbits.com/ 6) Slowmist - https://www.slowmist.com/ 7) Solidified - https://solidified.io/ 8) Chain Security - https://chainsecurity.com/smart-contract-audit-reports/ 9) PeckShield - https://peckshield.com/#home 10) Halborn - https://halborn.com/ 11) Quantstamp - https://quantstamp.com/ 12) Solidity Finance - https://solidity.finance/ - 13) Immune Bytes https://www.immunebytes.com/ 14) NumenCyber - https://www.numencyber.com/ 🌊😎 Cool & Honorable Mentions 😎🌊 There are always exotic instruments & services being built to help make sense of the wild world of crypto; some of these are difficult to classify but still deserve attention for serving their own unique & useful purpose(s). 1) Fiat Leak - https://fiatleak.com/ 2) Everest - https://everest.link/ 3) Revoke.cash - https://revoke.cash/ 4) CryptoQuant - https://cryptoquant.com/asset/btc/summary - 5) CryptoFees https://cryptofees.info/ - 6) Hashrate Index https://data.hashrateindex.com/asic-index-data — 7) LunarCrush https://lunarcrush.com/home — 8) Santiment https://santiment.net/ 9) Gas Fee Calculator - https://www.cryptoneur.xyz/en/gas-fees-calculator This list is by no means exhaustive, there are thousands of other tools/resources out there. Odds are, you do not even need 1/10 of those on this list; so my recommendation is don’t waste time wishing for better tools — learn how to masterfully use a few key ones provided above. If you went through the entire list, you might have noticed that there are no CEFI (centralized financial) tools on this list. This was done on purpose, given the madness that transpired with centralized exchanges/service providers throughout 2022. If you would like me to add any specific resource that might be beneficial to others, just drop a comment below or send me a DM on Twitter. Otherwise; I hope you find these tools helpful in building your knowledge & financial freedom. Thank you so much for reading! 🥂🚀 See you in the next Bull Market 🚀🥂 Also published here.

200+ Essential Crypto & DEFI Tools for 2023

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ZK Rollups in 2023: From SNARK to STARK and Beyond

Paquetes acumulativos de ZK en 2023: de SNARK a STARK y más allá

ZK Rollups en 2023 : de SNARK à STARK et au-delà

2023 में ZK रोलअप: SNARK से STARK और परे

2023 年の ZK ロールアップ: SNARK から STARK まで、そしてその先へ

ZK Rollups em 2023: de SNARK a STARK e além

Bản tổng hợp ZK năm 2023: Từ SNARK đến STARK và hơn thế nữa

2023 年的 ZK Rollups：从 SNARK 到 STARK 及以后

With another incredible year behind us, many major milestones reached, and an explosion of innovation throughout the growing Cosmos ecosystem, . 2021 was an interstellar year But launching IBC and completing the Cosmos whitepaper isn’t where our story ends. We’re only at the start of this amazing journey with so many exciting plans on the horizon and plenty of developments already in the pipeline for 2022. Check out the highlights. With another incredible year behind us, many major milestones reached, and an explosion of innovation throughout the growing Cosmos ecosystem, . 2021 was an interstellar year But launching IBC and completing the Cosmos whitepaper isn’t where our story ends. We’re only at the start of this amazing journey with so many exciting plans on the horizon and plenty of developments already in the pipeline for 2022. Check out the highlights. The Cosmos Hub Will Continue to Grow There are many new features coming to the Cosmos Hub in 2022, with a major upgrade planned at least once a quarter. If you want to dive into the technical details and get the specs for all the separate upgrades, take a look at the on GitHub. If you want a birds-eye view, find the big stuff below — and why it matters to you. Cosmos Hub Roadmap 2.0 Interchain Security is currently being developed by the Interchain Foundation and . This shared security service allows Cosmos chains to effectively lease security to each other so that new chains can bootstrap their economies and validators and delegators on larger chains can earn rewards for the service. Interchain Security Informal Systems Better yet, Interchain Security will allow validators and delegators to earn rewards on multiple chains in multiple tokens just by staking ATOM on the Hub. New chains will benefit from a robust validator security set and get their tokens in front of Cosmos community members in the early stages. At the same time, Cosmos Hub stakers get early access to innovative projects and increased utility for their ATOM. Interchain Accounts Interchain Accounts will be landing on the Cosmos Hub with the completion of the Theta upgrade expected in Q1 2022. Interchain Accounts have several major implications for the Cosmos ecosystem, one of which is the power to elevate Cosmos DeFi to the next level. This is because Interchain Accounts allow ecosystem chains to securely control accounts on other ecosystem chains, rather than simply transferring tokens from one chain to another. Consider Ethereum for a moment. Complex financial instruments are traded permissionless-ly over a set of smart contracts, which each handle a part of an overall business process. In the Cosmos ecosystem, smart contracts don’t have immediate access to each other because each smart contract, or application, is essentially a blockchain itself. With IBC, you can move tokens between networks, but you don’t have the ability to trigger an action on another chain as you do with smart contracts on Ethereum. Interchain Accounts change all that by providing the composability and interoperability that smart contracts need to create a DeFi explosion within application-specific blockchains! Interchain Accounts will also make connecting with IBC easier for developers as new chains can leverage the functionalities and capabilities of existing accounts, rather than having to recreate these functionalities from scratch. You can read more about how . Interchain Accounts change everything here Liquid Staking The first version of Liquid Staking spearheaded by core Cosmos contributor and founder Zaki Manian is coming as early as February 2022 and is directly integrated into the Cosmos SDK. Iqulsion Version one of Liquid Staking will allow ATOM holders to send transactions that immediately convert their bonded ATOM into transferrable representations that can be used in liquidity pools and other activities. This opens up a realm of DeFi possibilities, allowing holders to maximize their ATOM while still earning staking rewards. In V1 of Liquid Staking, the fluid tokens are bonded to the validator that the delegator stakes their ATOM with. However, this design can be restrictive and is not necessarily ideal. That’s why V2 of Liquid Staking is following quickly. The P2P team behind has that will make Liquid Staking a huge part of the Cosmos Hub. As one of Cosmos’ oldest validators, P2P developed the Liquid Staking solution for Ethereum 2.0 that allows people to stake their ether but use it at the same time. Lido now has 90% of all staked ether in ETH 2.0 and also runs Terra’s popular Liquid Staking implementation bLUNA. Lido drafted a proposal Liquid Staking is hard to achieve without smart contracts, so the Cosmos Hub team will add CosmWasm to the Cosmos Hub, allowing Lido to create the smart contracts needed for this feature. In the future, having CosmWasm on the Hub could allow it to connect to any chain, and manage their staking procedures through the IBC communication. This would place the Cosmos Hub directly at the core of the Interchain and increase its usability in line with its values and strengths, as a in the Cosmos ecosystem. Watch this space for more details. true port city IBC Will Become an Ecosystem of “200 Chains” 2021 was the year in which with major Cosmos chains forming a thriving interconnected economy — and there’s way more coming next year! IBC came to market In 2022, IBC adoption will really excel thanks to Cosmos’ powerful tech stack and developer-friendly blockchain frameworks like with IBC interoperability baked in. As Tendermint CEO Peng Zhong told , “I think we will easily see 200 chains connected via IBC by this time next year and, in the long term, even a million.” Starport CryptoSlate We’ll also see the completed work of various different teams using IBC to bridge Cosmos to their ecosystems. In 2022, that means secure connections to Bitcoin, Celo, Polkadot, Kusama, Harmony, Hyperledger Besu, Hyperledger Fabric, and even more. The free flow of assets between these major blockchains will create vast opportunities for scalability and growth — and finally, a level DeFi playing field with low fees, high throughput, and a vast selection of products! Cosmos DeFi Will Explode With more fluidity in IBC connections, the ability to manage complex transactions across blockchain accounts, and bridges to major ecosystems unlocking liquidity, Cosmos DeFi will explode. The is coming up in Spring 2022 and will bring many hotly-anticipated features including advanced capabilities for portfolio visualization, digital asset management, and service discovery. public launch of Emeris There will also be staking with auto-compounding of rewards to maximize rewards generation, cross-chain DEX aggregation, an airdrop tracker, and a browser extension that works seamlessly with the Emeris web dashboard. will also be releasing its version of Liquid Staking, called Superfluid Staking, in the coming months. Osmosis This will allow OSMO holders to use their tokens for staking and liquidity providing at the same time as well as ensuring that the protocol’s governance serves the interests of liquidity providers. Find out more about this new feature by watching charismatic Osmosis cofounder Sunny Aggarwal’s Cosmoverse presentation below. Another team making giant strides in DeFi and working hard to bring Ethereum to Cosmos is , “EVM-on-Cosmos,” (previously known as Ethermint). Evmos aims to be the EVM hub of Cosmos, making it easy for EVM smart contracts to deploy and communicate within the Cosmos ecosystem. Evmos Already in , EVM compatibility will land in Cosmos in January 2022. Evmos comes as an application-agnostic chain that’s interoperable with the Ethereum mainnet, EVM-compatible environments, and other BFT chains via IBC, and will serve as the EVM hub for any other EVM Cosmos chains. incentivized testnet Also be sure to keep a watch out for in 2022, the first DeFi protocol to offer infrastructure for cross-chain interactions. Umee raised in seed funding in 2021 backed by Tendermint, Coinbase Ventures, Jo Lubin of ConsenSys, and other large names in the industry. Umee $6.3 million Umee allows users to create lending and borrowing positions, discover yield opportunities, and explore DeFi applications trustlessly cross-chain. It’s going to be wild watching how quickly Cosmos DeFi comes into its own next year! NFTs Will Be Huge on Cosmos Beyond the rapidly growing DeFi sector, 2021 was also the year of the NFT with an explosion of interest around digital artwork, digital collectibles, and immutable digital proof of ownership. With such an appetite for NFTs among the mainstream, their popularity looks set to continue in 2022. Many projects in the Cosmos ecosystem have been laying the foundations for their launches this year, including , a public protocol for NFTs, , an interoperable system for brands and creators to build products with NFTs, , the first music NFT marketplace, , a decentralized media and network layer powered by NFTs, and , a full-stack platform and marketplace supporting Secret NFTs. Evmos will also soon support NFT deployment and host marketplaces for people to easily trade and deploy NFTs. Stargaze Pylons BitSong Omniflix Secret Network’s Stashh A special mention has to go to for releasing the first virtual town of its adventure game in 2021 complete with quests, social activities, competitive battles, and the ability to mint NFT characters, goods, and tokens! The game will be developed in increments and we look forward to future exciting releases in 2022. Strangeclan Long-time Cosmos contributor also completed trailblazing work in the NFT field in 2021, successfully conducting the in both the permissioned environment and public chain domain: WenChang Chain and IRITA Hub in BSN, IRIS Hub (aka IRISnet), and Ethereum. Now, NFTs that are the digital twins of two fine art Chinese paintings are available on OpenSea EASTIP for global markets. IRISnet first interchain NFT transfer across four blockchains We’re excited to follow the progress of all these incredible NFT projects over the coming months and will be updating you as and when they happen. More Important Airdrops in 2022 Finally, be sure not to miss out on the slew of amazing airdrops coming up in 2022. Some of the most innovative projects in the Cosmos ecosystem will be coming to production next year covering diverse areas from NFTs to decentralized social media, DeFi to gaming. Keep your eyes peeled for airdrops from , , , , , , , and Cyber, and be sure to stake your ATOM with Cosmos validators to be eligible. Evmos Umee Gravity Bridge LikeCoin Game Stargaze BitSong The Developer Community Will Continue Expanding Helping us reach our goal of 200 blockchains connected with IBC by the end of 2022 will be , the all-in-one platform to build, launch, and maintain any crypto application on a sovereign and secured blockchain with the Cosmos SDK. Starport provides the best developer experience in the industry and empowers developers to build blockchains for a multi-chain future. Starport The Starport developer community is growing quickly with created and pushed to GitHub so far. This year alone, some of Cosmos’ most interesting projects were created using Starport, including , , , , and . 422 blockchains SifChain Juno Osmosis Umee Lum Network In just two months, the group has grown into an active community of almost 600 developers. The newly-launched has reached 5,000 followers, and around 200 developers a day visit for instructions and tutorials — these are all numbers that will grow exponentially in 2022. Starport Discord Starport Twitter Starport documentation During , we received some extremely high-quality submissions for the Starport challenges and we’re looking forward to incorporating these ideas into production as well as collaborating with more open source contributors. HackAtom VI Starport will be adding some key new products and features in 2022 that will allow developers to achieve maximum success when launching their blockchains. You’ll be hearing more about this in the coming months! And Finally… We’re looking forward to another Cosmic year for our ecosystem and we thank you all for being a part of it. Let’s make 2022 our biggest year yet!

Check Out Some Cool Cosmos Projects in 2022

In April 2021, Cosmos hit a historic milestone by launching the protocol (IBC), the Cosmos standard for blockchain interoperability. Inter-Blockchain Communication IBC enables independent blockchains to connect, transact, exchange tokens and other data, scale, and thrive in an interconnected network. In just eight months, we have witnessed the growth of a robust new economy. 25 chains have officially joined the #IBCGang — and many more are on their way! The Internet of Blockchains is growing fast thanks to IBC. To date, we’ve seen a massive 5.8 million IBC transactions occur and major traction among Cosmos DeFi applications. The ecosystem of , including Osmosis, Sifchain, the Gravity DEX protocol, and others, is expanding fast, making previously hard-to-discover tokens available and enabling transfers, swaps, and pooling of IBC tokens, among other activities. decentralized exchanges (DEXs) Taking Osmosis as an example, since its launch in June, this Cosmos DEX has garnered an impressive user base, seeing a , starting at $49 million and hitting an all-time high of over $730 million in December with daily trading volumes reaching over $85 million. OSMO/ATOM is the most popular liquidity pool, followed by OSMO/UST and LUNA/UST. huge leap in liquidity All applications and protocols that succeed with IBC and draw more users to Cosmos benefit the entire ecosystem and make DeFi on Cosmos a more engaging, satisfying, and rewarding experience for all. With DeFi on Ethereum now due to its exorbitant transaction fees (the average trade size on Curve Finance is now between $500,000 — $1,000,000), Cosmos is becoming a serious contender in this burgeoning sector with low fees, high liquidity, and a massive variety of DeFi applications. reserved for whale traders only Emeris, , no matter what blockchain they are built on, will take the user experience to the next level from its public launch. Already integrated with the Gravity DEX protocol, Emeris will offer users a browser extension wallet, a super-intuitive way of managing tokens cross-chain, and integration with many other protocols and DEXs. the portal to all crypto apps And there’s plenty more to come. IBC doesn’t stop at Cosmos-built blockchains. Coming up in 2022, we’ll be connecting to many other major ecosystems including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Polkadot, and Celo, unlocking vast amounts of liquidity that will flow through the Internet of Blockchains. Read on to find out more about this journey and the next steps on our path. An Interconnected Network (#IBCGang) Worth $60+ Billion The 25 chains that have enabled IBC and interconnected to join the #IBCGang already have a combined market cap of more than $60 billion. Assets that are available for users to trade include ATOM, USDT, OSMO, LUNA, CRO, SCRT, and many others. Let’s meet the #IBCGang chains below. Since we began our first transaction between Cosmos Hub and IRISnet in April, we are now frequently registering more than in a 30 day period. Below, you can see graphical representations of IBC transactions, from quantity by chain to IBC transfers by zone. And did we mention, more Cosmos chains are coming fast? 1.7 million IBC transfers Coming soon to the #IBCGang will be another score of Cosmos chains each bringing unique features, use cases, and value to the Internet of Blockchains: Connecting to External Blockchains With IBC We’re thrilled to see the Cosmos economy growing, but our vision for the sustainable development of blockchain technology is far more inclusive than that. Enabling blockchain interoperability is not only about the Cosmos network. Multiple solutions are in the works right now that will allow us to connect to other major blockchain ecosystems. Let’s take a look at all the solutions using IBC to make it happen. Nomic is Building a Bridge to Bitcoin The creates an NBTC token that is redeemable for BTC, which can be sent over IBC and used throughout Cosmos. Nomic Bitcoin bridge This bridge makes use of Bitcoin’s new Taproot feature and provides strong safety guarantees, as, with some Bitcoin bridges, validators have the power to mint BTC tokens without them actually being deposited on the Bitcoin mainnet. With Nomic, this attack won’t work unless the validators also have a majority of the Bitcoin hash power. There is also a security feature that returns everyone’s Bitcoin on mainnet if the network has an extended liveness failure. Nomic’s design further ensures that malicious validators lose their stake even if they have 2/3+ of the voting power (and therefore are able to censor transactions). It also uniquely creates an opportunity for validators to earn BTC rewards, providing an additional incentive to use it. Nomic is working hard on rolling out this groundbreaking solution and we’ll get our first taste of it in the coming months (more details on this soon!). Axelar Is Connecting Cosmos to Bitcoin The is a decentralized network enabling cross-chain interoperability between all blockchain ecosystems. The suite of protocols supported by the Axelar network, including IBC, supports integrations with Cosmos, Ethereum, Polkadot, Avalanche, Fantom, and other chains. Its building blocks can be used by developers to deploy connections to other blockchains and develop custom protocols quickly. Axelar Network Axelar’s primary goal is to make it easy for developers to build their dApps on the blockchain platform best suited for their needs without sacrificing access to applications, assets, or users on other chains. To achieve this, Axelar is building a developer toolkit of protocols and APIs that run on top of their decentralized network of validators, which secure the network. This general-purpose toolkit enables developers to seamlessly build and deploy their dApps, while connecting their users to every blockchain participating in the Axelar network. Axelar is currently in a testnet mode with dozens of validators and hundreds of ecosystem participants building around the stack. Axelar also recently launched an and . incentivized community program community academy Connecting Cosmos to Polkadot and Kusama Very soon Cosmos will be connecting to Polkadot! There are several key teams working on robust IBC solutions that will allow the two giant ecosystems to interoperate. The support for integrating IBC into Substrate is already in active development, with teams from core Cosmos contributor working on major codebase refactoring such as Rust no_std support in ibc-rs (the repo that contains IBC module support in Rust). Informal Systems has been working hard as well at implementing IBC support for Substrate (substrate-ibc), and there have been some advances in the relayer logic in order to enable one-day transfers from a Cosmos chain to a Substrate chain. Octopus Network The team also has a number of efforts in progress to make this integration a reality, including working on an IBC light client for BEEFY, the substrate-based bridging solution for Kusama, to non-substrate based chains. Composable Finance This light client would be merged into the canonical IBC-go repo and would be available for all Cosmos chains to communicate with Kusama and Polkadot. In addition to this, Composable is working with to add support for substrate-based chains to ibc-relayer-go, and the Parity Bridges team to get BEEFY live on Kusama. Strangelove Ventures Enabling Interoperability Between Celo and Cosmos In coordination with the Interchain Foundation (ICF), the Celo Foundation to construct a bridge between the Cosmos Hub and Celo, making use of IBC technology. awarded a grant to Chorus One The bridge will expand interoperability between the Cosmos and Celo ecosystems, allowing users, funds, and value to flow more freely — another important step toward achieving a globally inclusive alternative financial system. The Proof of Concept for the integration has already been approved, the functionality is working, and the development teams are now testing the full integration with the relayers and end-to-end tests. Watch this space in the coming year! Driving Enterprise Interoperability with Hyperledger has been working on various solutions developing blockchain interoperability for enterprises, releasing an IBC module in Solidity that enables interoperability between different EVM-compatible blockchains, starting with Hyperledger Besu. Datachain This solution will allow for tokens, NFTs, and local currency built with Hyperledger Besu to communicate with different blockchains, such as Hyperledger Fabric. Interconnectivity between enterprise chains with IBC is a major step to onboarding global enterprises, helping them scale to meet the needs of their users, and grow for mass adoption of their applications. Bridging to Harmony Its Mainnet Ethereum Applications Datachain also recently that was unanimously approved to the Harmony blockchain community to build a bridge between Cosmos and Harmony. submitted a proposal Harmony’s mainnet runs Ethereum applications with 2-second transaction finality and 1000 times lower fees, as well as secure bridges to Ethereum and other chains. To develop this IBC-enabled bridge, Datachain will develop token transfer using ICS-20. The HRC-20 token on Harmony will be handled as ICS-20 on Tendermint based ledgers. The estimated timeframe for completion is three-four months, so taking Cosmos interoperability to a whole new level. Avalanche Connections Soon in the Works No concrete projects are yet in the works for a bridge to Avalanche, however, founder Emin Gün Sirer revealed that connecting to Cosmos through IBC was “something I’ve thought quite a bit about,” and said that “we could have Cosmos to Avalanche bridges in a very seamless manner.” We’ll be keeping a close eye on developments with this up-and-coming blockchain ecosystem! The Cosmos Hub Will Become the Interchain IBC Router Thanks to which was unanimously voted in, an IBC router will soon be added to the Cosmos Hub. This is a fundamental step in the continued growth and efficiency of the Internet of Blockchains. The Hub will become the Interchain Router, meaning that new zones joining the #IBCGang no longer need to maintain a large amount of infrastructure, such as archive nodes and relayers for each counterparty chain, to connect with the growing number of chains in the ecosystem. proposal 56 A new feature will be added to IBC on the Hub that enables packet routing for ICS20 transfers. Strangelove Ventures has delivered an that will allow the Hub to play the role of IBC Router. This marks the beginning of a new era of the Hub offering critical interchain services to other chains and, at the same time, allowing validators and stakers to benefit from these relationships. IBC Middleware module IBC Is Starting to Reach Its Full Potential With 25 chains already connected and the Cosmos Hub at the center providing vital interchain services, IBC is starting to reach its goals. Connecting to Bitcoin, Polkadot, Celo, Harmony, and other flourishing ecosystems will also greatly increase the utility and scope of Cosmos DeFi, unlock deep liquidity that will flow into the Cosmos ecosystem, and help grow the DeFi sector at large. Through IBC, we can improve inter-blockchain collaboration, and provide a much-enhanced user experience, from more intuitive interfaces and lower fees to a simpler way of managing their cross-chain assets. In 2021, IBC was launched, in 2022, we’re going to see what happens when it reaches its full potential. Appendix: The #IBCGang Complete List of Connected Chains — The Cosmos Hub is the economic center of the Cosmos network, providing vital connections and opportunities to all blockchains that interact with it. Cosmos (ATOM) — IRISnet is an Interchain service infrastructure provider and protocol for building trustworthy and distributed business applications. IRISnet (IRIS) — Osmosis is an interchain DEX where users can create liquidity and trade IBC-enabled tokens. Osmosis (OSMO) — Sentinel is a global network of independent dVPN (decentralized Virtual Private Network) applications for a private and censorship-resistant web. Sentinel (DVPN) — Crypto.org Chain aims to drive mass adoption of blockchain technology through use cases like Payments, DeFi, and NFTs. Crypto.org (CRO) — Regen Network aligns economics with ecology to drive regenerative land management. Regen Network (REGEN) — e-Money is an electronic payment system and cross-chain platform developing advanced stablecoins to transcend money within the Web 3.0 world. e-Money (NGM) — Akash Network is the world’s first decentralized open-source cloud for faster, more efficient, and lower-cost application deployments. Akash (AKT) — Persistence is an ecosystem of advanced Web3 products to drive liquidity and interoperability. Persistence (XPRT) — Ixo is a protocol that allows users to create verifiable claims of how people and companies change the world through a global network of data. Ixo (IXO) — Terra is a digital financial system of stable payments and open infrastructures maintained by various stablecoins and its native LUNA token. Terra (LUNA) and TerraUSD (UST) — Juno is an interoperable smart contract network that is scalable, robust, secure, and easy to deploy. Juno Network (JUNO) — Sifchain is a DEX that uses pegged tokens to facilitate cross-chain IBC transactions, as well as transactions to Ethereum through its Peggy protocol. Sifchain (ROWAN) KiChain offers a variety of DeFi products and services, including asset management, trading, and staking, with a bridge to Ethereum in the works on testnet. Ki Chain (XKI) — Injective is a layer 2 DEX protocol with advanced features like cross-chain margin trading, derivatives, and synthetics on Cosmos and Ethereum. Injective Protocol (INJ) — — LikeCoin is a decentralized publishing infrastructure to promote the ownership and verifiability of online content for creators and consumers. LikeCoin (LIKE) — BitCanna is a decentralized payment network for the legal cannabis industry that allows businesses and customers to easily connect, interact, and transact. BitCanna (BCNA) Allows developers to construct permissionless and private decentralized applications (dApps) to drive utility for DeFi, NFTs, and other elements. Secret Network (SCRT) — — Starname is a decentralized digital identity platform that allows users to create and assume custom immutable blockchain profiles. Starname (IOV) — BitSong is designed to give artists, fans, distributors, and music labels a decentralized and open marketplace for sharing music. BitSong (BTSG) — Stargaze is a decentralized protocol and NFT market that leverages a social network concept in the blockchain and crypto settings. Stargaze (STARS) — Microtick is a decentralized price oracle that provides real-time price data to dApps with access to the Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol (IBC). Microtick (TICK) — Comdex is a decentralized synthetics protocol that builds solutions to democratize finance by giving investors exposure to a large range of asset classes. Comdex (CMDX) — Bostrum is a Cyber network chain dedicated to furthering web 3 and providing decentralized tools such as browsers for its users. Bostrom (BOOT) — Recently rebranded from CertiK Chain, Shentu was built to enhance the security of smart contracts, leveraging the CertiK Foundation’s unique Formal Verification platform. Shentu (CKT)

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