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Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX. No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CROOKED JOURNALISM. here CROOKED JOURNALISM. In the English scientific journal , of June 21, 1878, appears a six column article on "Edison's Carbon Telephone," illustrated with ten engravings from Mr. Prescott's recent work on "The Speaking Telephone, Talking Phonograph, and other novelties." The descriptions of the cuts, and the rest of the information given, so far as correct, obviously come from the same source. Engineering So far as correct: unhappily for the honor of scientific journalism, the writer's desire is plainly not so much to do justice to truth as to exalt Mr. Hughes at the expense of Mr. Edison. To this end he has studiously suppressed from Mr. Prescott's description of the carbon telephone the points which establish Mr. Edison's claim to the prior invention or discovery of everything involved in Mr. Hughes' microphone, while he has as studiously dwelt upon those same points as constituting the peculiar merits of Mr. Hughes' work. For example, while he uses Fig. 21 of Mr. Prescott's book, he leaves out the very important little diagram numbered 20. It represents one form of the apparatus to which Sir William Thomson refers in the letter in which he says: "It is certain that at the meeting of the British Association at Plymouth last September, a method of magnifying sound in an electric telephone was described as having been invented by Mr. Edison, which was identical in principle and in some details with that brought forward by Mr. Hughes." The figure looks altogether too much like one form of Mr. Hughes' microphone to allow of its use in an article intended to establish the novelty of Mr. Hughes' discovery. The omissions from the text are quite as significant. Under the first cut used in , Mr. Prescott says: "In the latest form of transmitter which Mr. Edison has introduced the vibrating diaphragm is done away with altogether, it having been found that much better results are obtained when a rigid plate of metal is substituted in its place.... The inflexible plate, of course, merely serves, in consequence of its comparatively large area, to concentrate a considerable portion of the sonorous waves upon the small carbon disk or button; a much greater degree of pressure for any given effort of the speaker is thus brought to bear on the disk than could be obtained if only its small surface alone were used." Engineering The writer coolly suppresses this important statement. He does worse: he puts in its place the false statement that "the essential principle of Mr. Edison's transmitter consists in causing a diaphragm, vibrating under the influence of sonorous vibrations, to vary the pressure upon, and therefore the resistance of, a piece of carbon," and so on. Engineering A little further on, while repeating Mr. Edison's account of the experiments which led to the abandonment of the vibrating diaphragm (page 226 of Mr. Prescott's book), the writer drops out the following remark by Mr. Edison: "I discovered that my principle, unlike all other acoustical devices for the transmission of speech, did not require any vibration of the diaphragm—that, in fact, the sound waves could be transformed into electrical pulsations without the movement of any intervening mechanism." Engineering Worse yet, in the very face of Mr. Edison's assertion to the contrary—an assertion which he could not by any possibility have overlooked—this most unscientific journalist says: "Mr. Edison finds it necessary to insert a diaphragm in all forms of his apparatus, that being the mechanical contrivance employed by which sonorous vibrations are converted into variations of mechanical pressure, and by which variations in the conductivity of the carbon or other material is insured.... On the other hand, Mr. Hughes employs no diaphragm at all, the sonorous vibrations in his apparatus acting directly upon the conducting material or through whatever solid substance to which they may be attached." In this way throughout the offending article, the writer persistently robs Edison to magnify Hughes, giving credit to Mr. Hughes for exactly what he has suppressed from Mr. Prescott's book. To insist as he does, that, because Mr. Edison covers his carbon button with a rigid iron plate, in his very practical telephone, therefore a vibrating diaphragm is an essential feature of Mr. Edison's invention, is a very shallow quibble in the face of Mr. Edison's and Mr. Prescott's statements that the carbon button acts precisely the same in the absence of such covering, though not so strongly. Mr. Edison's laboratory records show a great variety of experiments in which the carbon was talked against without "any intervening mechanism." In a telephone for popular use, however, to be held in the hand, turned upside down, talked into, exposed to dust and the weather, it was obviously necessary to use some means for holding the carbon in place, and to prevent its sensitiveness from being destroyed by dirt and the moisture of the breath when in use. For this purpose a rigid iron partition seemed at once convenient and durable. It is not in any sense a "vibrating diaphragm." With a persistence worthy of a better cause, the writer returns to the point he seems especially anxious to enforce. Toward the end of the article he says: "In every instrument described by Mr. Edison the diaphragm is the ruling genie of the instrument. Professor Hughes, however, has through his great discovery been enabled to show that variations of resistance can be imparted to an electrical current not only without a diaphragm, but with very much better results when no such accessory is employed." Engineering The animus of all this is only too apparent. Altogether the article is the most dishonest piece of writing we have ever seen in a scientific periodical; and although the article appears in the editorial columns of , we prefer, for the honor of scientific journalism, to think that the management of that paper was not party to the rascally act. It is more credible that a gross imposition has been practiced by some trusted member of the staff, or by some contributor whose position seemed to justify the acceptance of his utterances without any attempt at their verification. It is well known here to whom, in London, at Mr. Edison's request, Mr. Prescott sent proofs of the matter abused, together with electros of the cuts used, in . Accordingly the burden of dishonor lies upon or between a prominent British official on the one hand, and on the other a journal which cannot afford to leave the matter unexplained. Whoever is hurt, we sincerely hope that the fair fame of scientific journalism for candor and honesty may come off unstained. Engineering Engineering Engineering A More Perfect Production. The highest skill in manufacture or in production of any kind is not yet the prevailing characteristic of American industry. Uniformity of production, of whatever kind, is of much greater importance than to attempt the manufacture of any grade for which the material or the tools, the machinery or the knowledge of the workmen is not fitted. The highest condition of product in any nation is to produce the finest or highest cost articles in the most perfect manner, and to have material and machinery adopted, and the skilled workmen, so as to be able to so produce economically. But until the master hand is satisfied of all the requisites for producing fine goods, he should confine production to the best his facilities will make in the most perfect, uniform manner. Samples of fine goods are shown all over the country every day, and were consumers or merchants sure that the product would be the same, there would be much less difficulty in introducing and more homemade goods used where now importations are depended upon. The Stevens crash mills import raw flax because it is to be had according to sample, perfectly classified, and saves the employment of skilled labor to assort and classify, and of purchasing a great deal not wanted. The manufacturers of edge tools and knives use imported steel because it is warranted and the warrant proves good, while the uncertainty of American steel is such that a knife will often crack in tempering and cause the loss of labor worth ten times the difference in the price of the steel. Samples of alpacas and other dress goods are shown in our jobbing houses fully equal to any imported goods, but the goods when received are quite often of various grades and imperfections of character. The imperfect or second quality productions find sale, but at a much lower price, and are to be found at second rate places, the imperfections slight and the goods perhaps generally quite as serviceable, but not absolutely so, and first class houses, catering to those who pay highest prices, cannot afford to have any other house carry better articles than they do. The use of perfect appliances and the best material and the employment of the highest skill are not yet the first step and an absolute necessity, as it should be, in America. The supply of such machinery, material, and labor can be had if those who propose to enter the production of first class articles will insist upon it, and if such supplies are appreciated by the payment of their higher value. The American standard of production is not the highest, and it can be materially elevated, and while, as at present, too many common articles are supplied, the leading manufacturers should turn to producing finer, the finest, and in smaller quantities, to take the place of many articles now imported, and to supply the new market which such productions will always create in any country. The Wool Product of the World. From an interesting article on the wool trade of the Pacific coast, published in a recent number of the San Francisco , we learn that the number of sheep in the world is now estimated at from four hundred and eighty-four to six hundred millions, of which the United States has about 36,000,000, and Great Britain the same number. From 1801 to 1875 the wool clip of Great Britain and Ireland increased from 94,000,000 to 325,000,000 pounds. That of France has increased almost as rapidly, though the wool is finer, as a rule, and hence the superiority of French cloths. Australia produces nearly as much wool as the parent country—Great Britain. The United States product increased from very little at the beginning of the century to about 200,000,000 pounds at the present time. Of this California has produced about one fourth, and the Pacific coast as a whole almost one third. If the ratio of growth shown in the past prevails in the future, the day is not far distant when the Pacific coast will produce at least one half the wool produced in the United States, as not only California and Oregon, but also Washington, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and New Mexico are well adapted to its production. The wool clip of Australia is about 284,000,000 pounds; that of Buenos Ayres and the river Plata, 222,500,000 pounds; other countries not previously given, 463,000,000 pounds. The total clip of the world last year was about 1,497,500,000 pounds, worth $150,000,000. This when scoured would yield about 852,000,000 pounds of clean wool. Journal of Commerce Street Main Joints. At the annual meeting of the New England Association of Gas Engineers, Mr. Thomas, of Williamsburg, made the following remarks on this subject: "In my early experience with the Williamsburg Gaslight Company, with which I became connected in the year 1854, I found pretty nearly all the street mains that were laid were connected with cement joints. While there is no doubt in my own mind that a joint can be made perfectly tight with cement, I much prefer the lead joint. Another thing to be taken into consideration to keep tight joints is that the mains should be laid a sufficient depth under the surface to protect them from the action of severe frosts. A great many of the mains were not more than 18 inches or 2 feet below the surface of the streets, and at this depth in our climate it is a matter of impossibility to keep joints tight, as the action of the frost in winter will displace the mains and cause the joints to leak. From the bad manner in which our mains were laid, and the cement joints leaking so much, we could not afford to turn gas on during the day. Had we done so we should not have had any to supply the city at night, and we were thus compelled to shut off the gas just as soon as there was any apology for daylight, and keep it shut off as late as possible in the evening. "With the most careful working in this manner, for a period of nine or twelve months, our losses from leakage amounted to about 52 to 55 per cent of the gas manufactured. A great part of this loss was caused by the cement joints leaking, and also a part due to the fact that the mains were not at sufficient depth under the surface to protect them from the action of the frost. As soon as we possibly could I went over the whole of our mains (there was about 17 miles in all), stripping them, cutting out the cement, and rejointing them with lead. In one season we got the loss from leakage down to 20 per cent, and this with the gas turned on during the 24 hours of the day. "One great objection to cement joints is the rigidity of them; in cases where pipes have been disturbed by other excavations and settled, I found in all cases that the mains were broken. In a leading main from our old works, with cement joints, the main, a 10-inch one, was broken entirely off and fractured lengthwise besides, by the upheaval of the ground from frost. In some of the same mains that we had rejointed with lead the mains were drawn apart, drawing the lead out, but with very little loss of gas, as the gasket being driven in tight prevented any great leakage. In cases of this kind the lead was easily driven back, and the joint made perfectly tight again. I have never in our city put in any street mains that I have not used lead in the joints, and in laying mains we always make them gas tight with the gasket used. "At the present time we have over 90 miles of street mains laid, and outside of our loss from street lamps (we get paid for three foot burners and they average about 3¼ foot) our loss from leakage will not exceed 6 per cent. We have suffered severe loss of gas from sewering in our city. In some cases where there are railroad tracks in the streets, the sewers have been run on both sides of the street, alongside and parallel with our pipes; these excavations are much deeper than our mains lie, and the earth is always filled in loosely and left to settle. "In cases of this kind, whole blocks of mains were dragged down, the pipe broken, and the joints partially pulled apart; at the same time the leakage from the joints was not so great, the gasket preventing the leakage. In laying street mains, what you want particularly to attend to, and especially in the East here, where you have colder weather than we have (we have not seen much winter until we came on here), is to get them down under the surface a sufficient depth to protect them from the frost. With us the least depth is 2 feet 9 inches under the surface of the street, and I am confident, could our mains remain in the ground as we put them down, our loss from leakage by them would be very small indeed. While, as I stated in the beginning, I have no doubt that a cement joint can be made tight, I can see no benefit in using cement for the purpose, as I consider lead far superior in accommodating itself to any upheaval or settling of the earth where the mains are laid down." Successful Shad Hatching. Professor J. W. Milner, who has charge of the shad hatching operations under the direction of the United States Fish Commissioner, Professor Baird, is now engaged in the preparation of the report of the work for the season just completed. Speaking of the work on the Atlantic seaboard, and the distribution of young fish, the report says that at the Salmon Creek Station, on Albemarle Sound, they obtained 12,730,000 eggs, and turned out 3,000,000 young fish. At the Havre de Grace Station 12,230,000 eggs were obtained, and 9,575,000 young fish were turned out. About 6,000,000 young shad have been distributed in the rivers emptying into the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico during the season. The distribution of shad during the past season has been carried on on a much larger scale than in any previous year, and with great success. The restocking of the rivers of the Atlantic is only the work of a few years. New Use for Lemon Verbena. The well known fragrant garden favorite, the sweet-scented or lemon verbena ( ), seems to have other qualities to recommend it than those of the fragrance for which it is usually cultivated. The author of a recent work, entitled "Among the Spanish People," describes it as being systematically gathered in Spain, where it is regarded as a fine stomachic and cordial. It is used either in the form of a cold decoction, sweetened, or five or six leaves are put into a teacup, and hot tea poured upon them. The author says that the flavor of the tea thus prepared "is simply delicious, and no one who has drunk his Pekoe with it will ever again drink it without a sprig of lemon verbena." And he further states that if this be used one need "never suffer from flatulence, never be made nervous or old-maidish, never have cholera, diarrhea, or loss of appetite." Lippia citriodora About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2013). Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX. No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19406/pg19406-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

CROOKED JOURNALISM

Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE ST. LAWRENCE HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. here THE ST. LAWRENCE HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. The St. Lawrence State Hospital at Ogdensburg, N.Y., is a center of public, professional, philanthropic, and legislative interest. Though projected in advance of the adoption of the system of State care for the insane, it was opened at a time to make it come under close observation in relation to the question of State care, and the friends of this departure from the inefficient, often almost barbarous provisions of county house confinement could have no better example to point the excellence of their theories than this new and progressively planned State hospital. The members of the State Lunacy Commission and Miss Schuyler and her colleagues of the State Charities Aid Society, who fought the State care bills through the Legislature this winter and in 1890, would be repaid for all of their trouble by contrasting the condition of the inmates of the St. Lawrence State Hospital with the state they were in under their former custodians, the county officers of the northern New York counties. At the best, even when these officials realized the responsibility of their charge and were actuated by humane impulses, the county houses offered no chance of remedial treatment. Custody and maintenance, the former mainly a reliance on force, the later often of scant provision, were the sum total of what was deemed necessary for the lunatics. In their new environment they find everything as different in accommodations and treatment as the word hospital in the title of the institution is different in sound and significance from the hope-dispelling, soul-chilling names of "asylum," "mad house," and "bedlam" formerly given to all retreats for the mentally afflicted. They find, and it is an encouraging feature of the plan that so many of them quickly see and appreciate it, that they are considered as sufferers from disease and not from demoniacal possession. The remarkable range of classification provided for, the adaptability of construction to the different classifications, the reliance on occupation, the dependence on treatment, and the subordination of the custodial feature, except where a wise conservatism demands its retention, are apparent alike to inmates and visitors. This hospital is complete as to plans, and as to the power plant, drainage, and subway construction necessary for the 1,500 patients, that the legislature has provided for in its law establishing the institution. Buildings are already finished and occupied that accommodate 200 inmates, and the contractors have nearly finished part of the central group that will bring that number up to nearly 1,300. The appropriation asked for this year by the managers will be scaled down considerably by Mr. McClelland, the very economical chairman of the Ways and Means Committee of the Democratic Assembly. But, unless he has miscalculated, there will be money enough to carry on the work of construction to advantage for the year. An appropriation sufficient to complete the buildings at once was thought by many to be the wisest economy, but big figures in an appropriation bill have very little chance this year. The bill establishing the State Hospital district and providing for the building of the institution fixed the per capita cost of construction, including the purchase of land, at $1,150, and the plans have been made on that basis for 1,500 patients. But if the needs of the district should require it, the capacity could be increased by an almost indefinite extension of the system of outlying colony groups at a very small per capita cost, as the central group is by far the most expensive in construction. The administration group in part, and one outlying group, with the general kitchen, bakery, workshop, laundry, employes' dwelling house, power house, and pumping station, are already erected, and have added a feature of architectural beauty to Point Airy. This point, of itself of picturesque and romantic beauty, juts into the St. Lawrence River at the head of the Galoup Rapids, three miles below Ogdensburg. It is a part of the hospital farm of 950 acres, which includes woodland, meadow, farm land, and a market garden tract of the $100 an acre grade. The location of the institution in these particulars and in reference to salubrity, sewerage facilities and abundance and excellence of water supply, is wonderfully advantageous. In planning the hospital Dr. P.M. Wise, who has since become its medical superintendent, aimed to take the utmost advantage of the scenic and hygienic capabilities of the site, and to improve on all previous combinations of the two general divisions of a mixed asylum—a hospital department for the concentration of professional treatment, and a maintenance department for the separate care of the chronic insane. He was anxious to secure as much as possible of the compactness and ease of administration of the linear plan of construction, with wings on either side of the executive building of long corridors occupied as day rooms, with sleeping rooms opening out of them on both sides. But he wanted to avoid the depressing influence of this monotonous structure, as the better results of variety and increased opportunities of subdivision and classification are well recognized. He was not, however, prepared to accept wholly that abrupt departure from the linear plan known as the "cottage plan," which in some institutions has been carried to the extreme of erecting a detached building for every ward. The climate of St. Lawrence county forbade this. Her winters are as vigorous as those of her Canadian neighbors, even as her people are almost as ebullient in their politics as the vigorous warring liberals and conservatives across the river. And there are features of the linear plan that can only be left out of our asylum structure at the expense of efficiency. Other rules that he formulated from his experience were that a building for the insane should never exceed two stories in height; that fire proof construction and at least two stairways from the upper floors should be provided; that day rooms should be on the first and sleeping rooms on the second floor; that all buildings for the insane who suffer from sluggish and enfeebled circulation of the blood should be capable of being warmed to 70° in the coldest weather; that ample cubic space and ventilation should be provided; and that, as far as possible, without too great increase of the cost of maintenance or sacrificing essential provisions for treatment and necessary restraint, asylums should aim to reproduce the conditions of domestic life. State Architect Isaac G. Perry planned the St. Lawrence State Hospital buildings on ideas suggested by medical experience, with a breadth of comprehension and a technical skill in combining adaptability, utility, and beauty that have accomplished wonders. The buildings are satisfactory in every particular to every one who has seen them, and even the most casual observer is impressed with the effect of beauty. This was accomplished without elaboration of material, expressive carving or finish. The ornamentation is purely structural and is obtained by a handling of the materials of construction which also yielded the largest promise of strength and durability. The central hospital group, of which an idea is given in the cut, now consists of five buildings. The picture shows three, the center one and two of the flanking cottages on one side. They are matched on the other side. The central or administration building is a three story structure of Gouverneur marble, and, like all of the stone used, a native St. Lawrence county stone. The marble's bluish gray is relieved by sparkling crystallizations, and its unwrought blocks are handled with an ornamental effect in the piers, lintels, and arches, and well set off by a simple high-pitched slate roof, with terra-cotta hiprolls, crestings, and finials. The open porches are both ornamental and useful, taking the place of piazzas. The tower is embellished with a terra-cotta frieze. All accommodations for an executive staff for the 1,500 patients may be provided in this building. Behind it on the south is a one story building whose ground plan is the segment of a circle. It contains sun rooms, medical offices, general library, laboratory and dispensary, and the corridor connecting the reception cottages, one for women, on one side, and one for men on the other, with the administration building. As this one story structure is 171 feet by 41, the buildings known as cottages of the central group are more than nominally separated. All the advantages of segregation and congregation are combined. The reception cottages are of pale red Potsdam sandstone. Their simple construction is pleasing. The ground plan is in the form of a cross; the angles of the projections being flanked by heavy piers between which are recessed circular bays carried up to the attic and arched over in the gables. The cross plan affords abundant light to all the rooms, and as much of the irregular outline as possible is utilized with piazzas. With still another recourse to the combination corridor plan, the observation cottages are joined to the reception cottages on each side. The other utilization of the corridor in this case is for conservatories. The observation cottages are irregular in plan and vary from each other and from the other buildings in the group. Unwrought native bluestone is the building material. These cottages contain a preponderance of single rooms, the purpose being to keep patients separate until their classification is decided upon. The buildings planned but not yet constructed of the central group include two cottages for convalescents and two one-story retreats for noisy and disturbed patients. In both cases the plans are the most complete and progressive ever made. In the first the degree of construction is reduced to the minimum. Convalescents are to have freedom from the irritations of hospital life that often retard recovery. Great reliance is placed upon that important element in treatment, the rousing of a hopeful feeling in the mind of the patient. The retreat wards, with accommodations in each wing for eighteen patients, show in this particular how little the old method of strict confinement is to be employed in the new institution. That proportion of the total insane population of 1,500 is regarded as all that it is necessary to sequester to prevent the disturbance of the rest. Hollow walls, sleeping room windows opening into small areas, and corridor space between the several divisions are features which make the per capita cost of the construction comparatively large for these two cottages, but which, it is believed, will prove to be wise ones. All of these buildings are as complete from a hospital standpoint as can possibly be devised. Outer walls wind and moisture proof, and inner walls of brick, with an absolutely protected air space between, insure strength and warmth. An interior wall finish of the hardest and most non-absorbent materials known for such uses is a valuable hygienic provision, and both safety and salubrity are further conserved by an absence of any hollow spaces between floors and ceilings, or in stud partitions. No vermin retreats, no harbors for rodents, no channels for flame exist. Heating is accomplished by indirect radiation with the steam supply from the power house, but there are many open fireplaces to add to the complete stack and flue system of ventilation. Attached to the central group and completed are the kitchen building, the laundry building and a dwelling house for employes, which are so disposed in the rear of the group as to make a courtyard of value for the resort of patients, as the main buildings protect and shelter it. These buildings are ample for their work when the institution's full capacity is attained. The kitchen building is a particularly interesting one. All of the cooking is to be done there, and a system of subways, with tracks on which food cars are run, connects it with all of the groups. An idea of the magnitude of kitchen plans for such an institution may be got from one single fact. The pantry is a lofty room, 20x32 feet. The calculation that 80 per cent. of the insane of the district would be in the chronic stages of the disease explains the provision in detached cottage groups for this proportion of the patients. A great proportion of these are feeble and helpless, requiring constant attendance night and day, but attendance that can be given cheaply and efficiently in associate day rooms, dining rooms and large dormitories. Detached group No. 1, which is completed, is an infirmary group for patients of both sexes of this class. It is chiefly one story in height, and the plan permits an abundance of sunlight and air for every room. Detached group No. 2 is intended for 185 men of the chronic insane class, who require more than ordinary care and observation. Detached group No. 3 is composed of two-story buildings for 322 women. It has several large work-shops. Occupation is one of the main reliances of the planners of the institution as a part of the treatment there. Detached group No. 4 is designed for both men and women, and will accommodate 150. A wholly different classification is here provided for, the actively industrious classes being intended for this group. Those who are able to do outdoor work, and for whom some diverting employment will be beneficial in making them contented and physically healthy, will live here. There is complete separation of day rooms, but the two sexes will dine together in an associate hall. An amusement hall to harmonize with the central group, and to be built adjacent to it, is planned, and will be built this year if the appropriation will permit. It is a valuable and necessary adjunct to the other provisions for the care of a population of 1,500. Accommodations for entertainments, chapel exercises, dancing and a bathing establishment are included in the plans in a way that gives great results with great economy of construction. Probably the feature in the scheme of the St. Lawrence State Hospital of the greatest popular and professional interest is Dr. Wise's plan to have there an Americanized and improved Gheel. The original Gheel in Belgium is a colony where for many years lunatics have been sent for domiciliary care. Its inhabitants, mostly of the peasant class, have grown accustomed to the presence and care of patients with disordered minds. The system is the outgrowth of a superstition founded in the presumed miraculous cure of a lunatic whose reason was restored by the shock of the sight of the killing of a beautiful girl by her pursuing father, whose fury had been roused by her choice of a husband. A monument to this unfortunate graces Gheel, and as St. Dymphna she is supposed to be in benign control of the lunatic-sheltering colony. Some of the features of the Gheel system of care are also distinctively known as the Scotch system. There the placing of patients in family care is common. Massachusetts has also adopted it to a considerable extent. But there are many objections to family care in isolated domiciles, as practiced in Massachusetts. Special medical attention and official visits are made expensive and inconvenient. Dr. Wise plans to get all the advantages of such a mode of life for patients whose condition retrogrades under institutional influence. Not the least of these advantages is that of economy in relieving the State from the per capita cost of construction for at least one-fourth of the insane of the district. He would utilize the families in the settlement which always grows up in the vicinity of a large hospital. It is composed of the households of employes, many of which are the result of marriages among the attendants and employes. On Point Airy, by the use of the buildings that were on the different plots bought by the State to make up the hospital farm, such a settlement can be easily made up. Its inhabitants would pay rent to the State. They would be particularly fit and proper persons to board and care for patients whose condition was suitable for that sort of a life, and the patients could have many privileges and benefits not possible in the hospital. Point Airy's little Gheel on such a plan would be a most interesting and valuable extension of the beneficent rule of St. Dymphna. The St. Lawrence State Hospital was built and is operated under the supervision of a board of managers, whose fidelity to it is described as phenomenal by the people of Ogdensburg. The members of the executive committee, Chairman William L. Proctor, Secretary A.E. Smith, John Hannan and George Hall, especially Mr. Proctor and Mr. Smith, have given as much time and attention to it as most men would to a matter in which they had a business interest. The result has been a performance of contract obligations in which the State got its money's worth. The people of Ogdensburg, too, have taken a great interest in the institution. Such men as Mayor Edgar A. Newell, ex-Collector of the Port of New York Daniel Magone, Postmaster A.A. Smith, Assemblyman George R. Malby, and his predecessor, Gen. N.M. Curtis, who was the legislative father of the hospital scheme; Frank Tallman and Amasa Thornton take as much pride in the institution that the State has set down at the gates of their city as they do in their cherished and admired city hall, which combines a tidy little opera house with the quarters necessary for all public and department uses. The executive staff of the hospital consists of Dr. P.M. Wise, medical superintendent; Dr. J. Montgomery Mosher, assistant: Dr. J.A. Barnette and Steward W.C. Hall.— . N.Y. Sun About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11649/pg11649-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE ST. LAWRENCE HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE

MOTOR-CARS

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Food and Flavor: A Gastronomic Guide to Health and Good Living: Chapter III - Our Denatured Foods

Special thanks to Mr. Charlie Munger for his help and support on this article. Warren Buffett’s longtime business partner, Charlie Munger, has continued to express his distrust of cryptocurrencies in media interviews. He called the “crypto craze” a “massive act of stupidity.” He described cryptocurrency as “like an open sewer full of evil creatures” and hoped investors would never touch or buy it. I can well understand the source of this sentiment and believe that his claim is valid. As an early supporter of the crypto industry, I have often been more concerned about the price of cryptocurrencies than I am about the technology. At first, I thought misconceptions like Mr. Munger’s were caused by people not understanding the potential benefits cryptocurrencies could bring to their lives. But over time, I’ve listened to more traditional investors, and think that a lot of the criticism has actually been productive. More broadly, the practice of cryptocurrency scaling around public chains is evolving dramatically over time. In this article, I will share evolutionary points about public chains and build an interesting sewer model around the current historical stage of public chain technology development. In particular, I’ll explore a new model called . It is very likely to lead the new public chain development direction in the next stage. PipeFi Why the public chain Traditional Web2 companies generate cash flow through business flow rather than aggressively monetizing financial practices from the start. Because multi-chain ecology is thriving outside of Ethereum, every public chain ecosystem develops and expands their own features, including higher security, faster thoroughput, cheaper, better privacy, more open compatible adaptation ability, more unique resource allocation patterns (such as storage, calculation, bandwidth) , developers and communities with regional characteristics. Blockchain with top P/E ratio, Source: Token Terminal The transfer of assets between different public chains is often referred to as cross-chain, but Mr Munger seems to have come up with a more graphic version. The Inter-blockchain Communication Protocol (IBC) concept is more like a city’s sewer system. IBC enables different blockchains to work independently, but also to communicate and collaborate. IBC is also very different from cross-chain Bridges. Bridges often act as direct routes between blockchains, while IBC functions more like a high-speed high-throughput sewer open to all blockchains. Different chain bridge schemes consume time and resources. IBC, on the other hand, allows a direct connection to the Layer1 blockchain without a cross-chain bridge. A common sewer design tends to be more systematic and resilient. In fact, the public chain has become entangled with the currency to form a dense network of money. So how do you build the most secure, interconnected, fast, capital efficient, cost-effective and censor-resistant sewer system? What is the open sewer model Before we explain the open sewer model, we must first assume that everything in the social and natural world is in a changing network of relationships. The basic goal of sewer network theory is to explore how blockchain networks can be built or combined and maintained to achieve the goal of “longevity and durability”. The change and evolution of the public chain are determined by the interaction between the nodes in the sewer model and the network generated by the interaction. There are three core concepts in sewer theory: pipeline capacity, transit node and network value. Total value locked in all chains, Source: DefiLlama Pipeline capacity Pipeline capacity can refer to both the scalability of the public chain and more metaphysical indicators such as the size of community organizations, the speed of technology iteration, biometrics, and consensus mechanisms. The two positions are equal and decentralized. Among them, the scalability of the public chain needs these technical indicators to express. In my opinion, there is not much difference between the public chains in principle, they are all emerging enterprise forms. From the user’s point of view, the public chain and the current traditional technology companies are no different. For example, Apple was introduced by Steve Jobs, and Ethereum was introduced by Vitalik. Compared with traditional companies, the public chain has a wider range of initiatives. Capacity performance must be evaluated during user flow and public chain operation. Switching nodes The transfer node runs through the whole theory of sewer networks. The transfer node changes, translates, monitors, and guards the state of the entire public chain network. Even a fairly insignificant node or transit point can be enough to become an inflection point in a complex public chain to change the situation. All nodes are in the state of being transformed and transforming, that is, the role of a node is defined by other nodes. In a public chain network, nodes are expected to establish stable relationships. The main role of the transfer node is to facilitate the consistency of the blockchain, thereby eliminating the sense of distance in the network. Because the pipeline network is composed of different nodes. The more active a node is and the more it interacts with other nodes, the more complex the public chain network it forms and helps the pipeline to spread outward. In addition, the more active the nodes, the more frequent the activities and the closer the connections. The more complex and dense the pipeline network, and the wider the extension and coverage. Network value Network value is a method to describe the value generated by node interaction, emphasizing the process of work, interaction, flow and change of various roles in the public chain ecology. Each role is a node of the network, which is equal and decentralized. The only difference is the amount of interaction with other nodes, but the importance and status of the network should be equal. In general, the larger the scale, the larger the network effect. The network relationship formed by the circulation of nodes in multiple levels is the factor that really affects the public chain. The stability of the network depends on the degree of fracture, contradiction and conflict in the node relationship. The whole value network is a heterogeneous and pluralistic society, which is composed of various productive parts. PipeFi is coming Current public chain competitive games are often labeled as money-burning contests. Many critics fear that public chain competition will always move in this direction. But I think we’ve learned from the failures of previous EOS and LUNA projects that aggressive cash-burning games tend to encourage users and developers into a bubble. Most of the dApps that have come out of this user-subsidy war have undoubtedly turned out to be poor projects or even dead ends. I think the real estate industry in some countries seems to coincide with the development of some public chain projects, mainly reflecting the following similarities: 1. People enter the public chain only as a way to hype tokens. FDV and TVL data lack liquidity and resilience; 2. Competition based on technical characteristics is still an important driving force to determine public chain reputation; 3. When the public chain economic model overdraws the user’s expectation, the public chain will fail in large probability; This is not to say that all forms of tokenization hype are bad, but rather, we should seek to grow in ways that do not harm long-term users or are truly consistent with the longevity and use case of the sewer network. There is no one-size-fits-all public chain solution. The idea behind Layer1 is as different as the sewers of every city in the world. Daily P/S ratio (circulating) for Solana, Algorand, Litecoin, Polkadot, NEAR Protocol, Cosmos in the past 180 days. Source: Token Terminal However, equality is absolutely the core value of the public chain network, although the influence of nodes has not really achieved equality. Introducing the concept of PipeFi helps solve this problem. PipeFi regards transit nodes as the agents of the network, and transit nodes can decompose themselves infinitely to dynamically balance node power. The entrenched CopyFi model tends to overdraft network value in advance, which has taken away the soul of many public chains. For PipeFi, a new network operation model, equality can be improved in the following aspects: 1) Increase the long-tail assets of the network; 2) Enhance the consistency of the token economy; 3) Improve the way developers interact; 4) Creative use of interoperability and composability. The interconnected value of blockchain The unequal design of the current public chain economic model leads to the following two situations: 1. The creation of opportunistic liquidity rewards and predatory CopyFi mechanisms, and the obsession with TVL and FDV data over user experience. 2. Give up differentiated operation ideas, and ecological deployment replicates the Ethereum template set favored by top capital. Now we look at the public chain itself as an active role, with a complex network perspective. The network value of the public chain is constantly changing, and liquidity will depend on the network value and combine into a new value cycle. Source: CryptoFees The establishment of a pipeline network helps limit the transferability of highly liquid assets and also reduces the early wear and tear on the public chain ecosystem until more application components are established. PipeFi’s value system is mainly composed of the following points: : In the traditional gold mine of wealth, players are always trying to control the information gap or even become the source of information to own the sovereign wealth, but they are actually “renting” the information rights from the sovereign people and swallowing up the wealth premium. When public chain assets become assets under the control of digital sovereignty, users can theoretically cash in the utility of these assets under the supervision of all parties on the chain. - Digital sovereignty The value orientation of smart contract programming language often determines the pricing of resources of a public chain. There is no doubt that Ethereum occupies an undisputed dominant position in this field. The public chain which can achieve rapid development is not necessarily a good public chain, but a robust and safe public chain will be able to go the distance. I believe Solana’s narrative speaks for itself. - Developer language: There are bound to be people who joke that simple performance improvements sacrifice decentralization and security. But there’s no denying the never-ending quest for performance. ETH2.0 provides network performance and execution speed through beacon chain, sharding, and eWASM, which lays the foundation for the following performance narrative. “Higher concurrency + lower cost” has become the cornerstone, and Ethereum has basically taken over the current traffic entry unless more innovative consensus mechanisms are provided. - Performance space: The rise of Rollups has brought the concept of modular blockchain. A mature public chain consists of three core elements: execution, settlement, and consensus & data availability. Modular blockchains focus on one or more of these parts and outsource the rest to other dedicated chains for higher scalability. Cosmos provides universal application functions through a modular SDK design. While each function can be independently run, combined and managed, it can also ensure liquidity through IBC protocol and value flow network cross-chain bridges, . - Modularity and composability: which is very consistent with the sewer model we discussed The security of privacy is definitely one of the biggest gold mines of the Web3 era, which will elevate the social governance paradigm and democratic social experiment to another level. The existing major Layer1 public chains are upgrading to fill their privacy gaps. Some native public chains that support privacy smart contracts have languished in the last round of developer competition. In essence, the private computing public chain is a different application development path from Ethereum, which means that the private computing public chain has more possibilities of technological breakthrough and higher potential for an application explosion. - Privacy security: In my opinion, the narrative cycle of the public chain powered by privacy computing is longer and more imaginative. With the advent of the Web3 era, the public chain must meet the hardware challenge. Concentrating on the application layer of the public chain is indeed the key to win the user war in the short term. Although the capture of hardware value by most public chains is still focused on payment and mining, more hardware application scenarios will emerge with the maturity of data computing, storage, DID solutions and biometrics. Storage public chains have a natural advantage in supporting the underlying infrastructure of the hardware. - Adaptation ability of hardware infrastructure: Seek the public chain that equalizes and financialises public interest If we want to realize the vision of “blockchain connected sewer”, these are the key weights and measures to maximize the balance of the public chain triangle dilemma. The trade-off between scalability, decentralization and safety determines the longevity of a sewer. Currently, Ethereum is struggling with scalability and is seeking a shift to ETH2.0 PoS. However, ETH2.0 will be rolled out in several phases over the next 1 to 3 years. In short, ETH2.0 is a completely different system from Ethereum, and they will run in parallel for many years. But the uncertainty of this journey may allow other Layer1 public chain solutions to regain popularity among community users. We believe PipeFi has the elements needed to propel the public chain into its golden age. Centralized sewerage services that operate on a regional scale have long been seen as a public good, but have also led to economic savings and undisciplined capitalization. But in the Web 3.0 era, what we need is an autonomous, highly private blockchain network. We continue to believe that the demand for financialised public chains will be great. Global anonymity is the only truly strong security. The first thing average users and developers want to address is performance, followed by usability and finally, privacy. Perhaps the last darkness before the dawn of the Web3.0 era will be privacy. PipeFi’s pipeline theory re-examines the value of privacy on the basis of addressing public chain equality, which means that perhaps only global privacy protection on blockchain networks is the most effective. Privacy is a key element in maximizing equality in the public interest. At present, public chain projects with PipeFi value are expected to achieve this. By Kyle, Investment Manager@Bing Ventures

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