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Testing the Extents of AI Empathy: A Nightmare Scenario

এআই সহানুভূতির পরিধি পরীক্ষা করা: একটি দুঃস্বপ্নের দৃশ্য

Testen des Ausmaßes der KI-Empathie: Ein Albtraumszenario

Probando el alcance de la empatía con la IA: un escenario de pesadilla

Tester l’étendue de l’empathie de l’IA : un scénario de cauchemar

एआई सहानुभूति के विस्तार का परीक्षण: एक दुःस्वप्न परिदृश्य

AI 共感の程度をテストする: 悪夢のシナリオ

AI 공감의 범위 테스트: 악몽 시나리오

Testando a extensão da empatia com IA: um cenário de pesadelo

Проверка степени эмпатии ИИ: кошмарный сценарий

Yapay Zeka Empatisinin Kapsamlarını Test Etmek: Bir Kabus Senaryosu

Kiểm tra mức độ đồng cảm của AI: Kịch bản ác mộng

测试人工智能同理心的程度：噩梦场景

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Eleonora Alei, ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics & National Center of Competence in Research PlanetS; (2) Björn S. Konrad, ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics & National Center of Competence in Research PlanetS; (3) Daniel Angerhausen, ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics, National Center of Competence in Research PlanetS & Blue Marble Space Institute of Science; (4) John Lee Grenfell, Department of Extrasolar Planets and Atmospheres (EPA), Institute for Planetary Research (PF), German Aerospace Centre (DLR) (5) Paul Mollière, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; (6) Sascha P. Quanz, ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics & National Center of Competence in Research PlanetS; (7) Sarah Rugheimer, Department of Physics, University of Oxford; (8) Fabian Wunderlich, Department of Extrasolar Planets and Atmospheres (EPA), Institute for Planetary Research (PF), German Aerospace Centre (DLR); (9) LIFE collaboration, www.life-space-mission.com. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Next Steps & References Appendix A: Scattering of terrestrial exoplanets Appendix B: Corner Plots Appendix C: Bayes’ factor analysis: other epochs Appendix D: Cloudy scenarios: additional figures Appendix D: Cloudy scenarios: additional figures In this section, we provide additional plots for the cloudy scenarios. In Figures D.1 and D.2 we show the retrieved exoplanet parameters and abundances for the different scenarios with varying R and S/N values. Finally, we plot in Figure D.3 the maximum difference ∆ between the cumulative posteriors for the different model parameters, for each combination of the cloudy scenarios and different R-S/N pairs. This paper is available on under CC 4.0 license. arxiv

The Finale of Our Exoplanet LIFE Study: Cloudy Scenarios

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JN3KPFbWCy8&embedable=true&transcript=true&long=true

[Transcript] Elon Musk and Lex Fridman on Supreme Beings, Alien Kidnapping Scenarios, and Diablo

Revolutionizing Healthcare: Andy Schoonover's Playbook for Disrupting Entrenched Industries

বিপ্লবী স্বাস্থ্যসেবা: প্রবেশ করা শিল্পগুলিকে ব্যাহত করার জন্য অ্যান্ডি শুনোভারের প্লেবুক

Revolutionierung des Gesundheitswesens: Andy Schoonovers Strategie zur Umwälzung etablierter Branchen

Revolucionando la atención médica: el manual de Andy Schoonover para revolucionar industrias arraigadas

Révolutionner les soins de santé : le manuel d'Andy Schoonover pour perturber les industries bien établies

स्वास्थ्य सेवा में क्रांति: स्थापित उद्योगों में बदलाव के लिए एंडी स्कूनओवर की कार्यपुस्तिका

ヘルスケアの革命: 定着した業界を変革するためのアンディ・シューノーバーの戦略

의료 혁신: 고착화된 산업을 혁신하기 위한 Andy Schoonover의 플레이북

Revolucionando a saúde: o manual de Andy Schoonover para desestabilizar indústrias entrincheiradas

Революция в здравоохранении: книга Энди Шуновера по разрушению устоявшихся отраслей

Sağlık Hizmetinde Devrim Yaratmak: Andy Schoonover'ın Yerleşik Endüstrileri Yıkmaya Yönelik Başucu Kitabı

Cách mạng hóa hoạt động chăm sóc sức khỏe: Sách hướng dẫn cách phá vỡ các ngành công nghiệp cố thủ của Andy Schoonover

医疗保健革命：安迪·斯库诺弗颠覆根深蒂固行业的策略

Writing Effective Integration Tests in Spring: Organized Testing Strategies for HTTP Request Mocking

Why Monitoring a Distributed Database is More Complex Than You Might Expect

About 80% of the team at my early-stage startup have stock options. These talented individuals could have chosen to work for big-name companies if I hadn’t made them co-owners. For startups, offering options to employees is the most effective approach to attract talent. When you're small, it's nearly impossible to match the salaries paid by tech giants like Google, Microsoft, or Netflix. What you can provide is ownership in a potentially multi-million dollar company. If you're a fellow founder, you've likely already googled how to issue stock options. Here, I offer tips from my own journey. Show $$$ but Explain Risks When I hire people, I offer them three choices: no stock options and a higher salary, a middle-level option, and the highest possible option at a lower salary. For me, it's a positive sign if a potential employee accepts an option for compensation. It means they aren’t just interested in making money but also in my startup’s product, and they will do their best to make the company successful. To get employees interested in the stock option, you have to explain your startup idea to them (just like when you talked to investors). Prepare your pitch; describe the opportunities and risks. Stock options allow employees to buy company shares at a fixed price (the strike price) and potentially sell them at a much higher market price later. This can lead to big financial gains if the company's value goes up. Provide concrete figures when discussing this with employees. If the startup becomes very successful and is bought for $200M, the employee who had 1% of the option receives $2M. Saying “two million dollars” can serve as a strong selling point. But startups often fail, and yours may too. And the stock options might end up being worthless. It is crucial to prepare the team for this scenario, making sure everyone understands the terms they are agreeing to. Managing expectations is one of the most critical aspects of effective management. Sell, but don’t oversell. Don't Get Greedy I have allocated 15% of my startup’s total equity for the employee stock option pool, a rate considered optimal. Each employee receives between 0.2% to 2% of the options. Go through the checklist below to try to see the fairest way to issue stock options: Consider the employee's market salary and/or their requested salary. Determine the amount you are willing to offer as compensation. Compensate the difference with stock options based on the estimated company valuation during the next round. Don't skimp on employee stock options — you are aiming to attract the best talent in the market, so come up with a fair compensation. Evaluate the employee's role, responsibilities, and contributions to the company. Roles with significant impact or employees who notably contribute to the company's growth and success typically receive a larger share of the stock options than others. Senior software engineers, along with elite marketing professionals like CMOs or heads of sales, are instrumental in driving product development and attracting customers. Their expertise is not only crucial for engaging customers but also for appealing to investors. Given their significance, specialists like these can effortlessly be entitled to up to 3% of the total option pool. Regularly review and adjust stock options as the company expands and develops. What may have seemed like a fair allocation in the early stages might need modification as the company scales and hires more people. Establish Vesting Rules To align your interests with those of your employees, promote long-term commitment, and ensure that equity is earned gradually. First, determine the total duration for which equity will vest. While the standard vesting period is typically 4 years, this timeframe can vary depending on the specific circumstances. Consider implementing a "cliff" period where no equity vests until a specific milestone is reached. In our startup, we incorporated a 1-year cliff. This approach allows sufficient time to assess an employee's performance and track progress. After that year, an employee receives the initial portion of stock options, around 25%, and then the shares vest monthly. Clearly communicate the vesting rules to employees in their offer letters, employment agreements, or equity grant agreements. Documenting the vesting rules is crucial to prevent misunderstandings later on. Besides, having a structure for the employee option pool is important during the funding process: Investors will certainly examine whether you have established clear rules. About 80% of the team at my early-stage startup have stock options. These talented individuals could have chosen to work for big-name companies if I hadn’t made them co-owners. About 80% of the team at my early-stage startup have stock options. These talented individuals could have chosen to work for big-name companies if I hadn’t made them co-owners. For startups, offering options to employees is the most effective approach to attract talent. When you're small, it's nearly impossible to match the salaries paid by tech giants like Google, Microsoft, or Netflix. What you can provide is ownership in a potentially multi-million dollar company. If you're a fellow founder, you've likely already googled how to issue stock options. Here, I offer tips from my own journey. Show $$$ but Explain Risks When I hire people, I offer them three choices: no stock options and a higher salary, a middle-level option, and the highest possible option at a lower salary. For me, it's a positive sign if a potential employee accepts an option for compensation. It means they aren’t just interested in making money but also in my startup’s product, and they will do their best to make the company successful. To get employees interested in the stock option, you have to explain your startup idea to them (just like when you talked to investors) . Prepare your pitch; describe the opportunities and risks. (just like when you talked to investors) Stock options allow employees to buy company shares at a fixed price (the strike price) and potentially sell them at a much higher market price later. This can lead to big financial gains if the company's value goes up. Provide concrete figures when discussing this with employees. (the strike price) If the startup becomes very successful and is bought for $200M, the employee who had 1% of the option receives $2M. Saying “two million dollars” can serve as a strong selling point. But startups often fail, and yours may too. And the stock options might end up being worthless. It is crucial to prepare the team for this scenario, making sure everyone understands the terms they are agreeing to. Managing expectations is one of the most critical aspects of effective management. Sell, but don’t oversell. Don't Get Greedy I have allocated 15% of my startup’s total equity for the employee stock option pool, a rate considered optimal. Each employee receives between 0.2% to 2% of the options. Go through the checklist below to try to see the fairest way to issue stock options: Consider the employee's market salary and/or their requested salary. Consider the employee's market salary and/or their requested salary. Determine the amount you are willing to offer as compensation. Determine the amount you are willing to offer as compensation. Compensate the difference with stock options based on the estimated company valuation during the next round. Compensate the difference with stock options based on the estimated company valuation during the next round. Compensate the difference with stock options based on the estimated company valuation during the next round. Don't skimp on employee stock options — you are aiming to attract the best talent in the market, so come up with a fair compensation. Don't skimp on employee stock options — you are aiming to attract the best talent in the market, so come up with a fair compensation. Evaluate the employee's role, responsibilities, and contributions to the company. Roles with significant impact or employees who notably contribute to the company's growth and success typically receive a larger share of the stock options than others. Senior software engineers, along with elite marketing professionals like CMOs or heads of sales, are instrumental in driving product development and attracting customers. Their expertise is not only crucial for engaging customers but also for appealing to investors. Given their significance, specialists like these can effortlessly be entitled to up to 3% of the total option pool. Regularly review and adjust stock options as the company expands and develops. What may have seemed like a fair allocation in the early stages might need modification as the company scales and hires more people. Establish Vesting Rules To align your interests with those of your employees, promote long-term commitment, and ensure that equity is earned gradually. First, determine the total duration for which equity will vest. While the standard vesting period is typically 4 years, this timeframe can vary depending on the specific circumstances. Consider implementing a "cliff" period where no equity vests until a specific milestone is reached. In our startup, we incorporated a 1-year cliff. This approach allows sufficient time to assess an employee's performance and track progress. After that year, an employee receives the initial portion of stock options, around 25%, and then the shares vest monthly. Clearly communicate the vesting rules to employees in their offer letters, employment agreements, or equity grant agreements. Documenting the vesting rules is crucial to prevent misunderstandings later on. Besides, having a structure for the employee option pool is important during the funding process: Investors will certainly examine whether you have established clear rules.

How to Give Employees Stock Options: Tips From Founder to Founders

Fortify Your Digital Defenses: Top Home Cybersecurity Strategies for Personal Protection

4 Elasticsearch Performance Challenges and How to Solve Them

4 ইলাস্টিক সার্চ পারফরম্যান্স চ্যালেঞ্জ এবং কীভাবে সেগুলি সমাধান করা যায়

4 Leistungsprobleme bei Elasticsearch und wie man sie löst

4 desafíos de rendimiento de Elasticsearch y cómo resolverlos

4 défis de performances Elasticsearch et comment les résoudre

4 इलास्टिकसर्च प्रदर्शन चुनौतियाँ और उन्हें कैसे हल करें

Elasticsearch のパフォーマンスに関する 4 つの課題とその解決方法

4가지 Elasticsearch 성능 과제 및 해결 방법

4 desafios de desempenho do Elasticsearch e como resolvê-los

4 проблемы производительности Elasticsearch и способы их решения

4 Elasticsearch Performans Zorlukları ve Bunların Çözümü

4 thách thức về hiệu suất của Elaticsearch và cách giải quyết chúng

4 个 Elasticsearch 性能挑战及其解决方法

Load Balancing Strategies for Applications: From Infrastructure to Code

Previously… https://awstip.com/reducing-eks-windows-node-5-min-start-time-to-90s-eks-windows-bootstrapper-4314f72367a0?embedable=true I threw in some tricks I used to make our Windows EKS nodes start in 90s rather than the 5 minutes a standard EKS Windows node takes. I introduced you to the git repo eks-windows-bootstrapper - the application replacing the AWS-provided configuration scripts for EKS Windows. https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper?embedable=true In today’s story, I will walk you through how to make your Windows nodes take ~30s to start! Recap In the previous story, we got to the point where our start times looked like this: Let’s take a closer look at our latencies now: In order for us to get better launch times, we now have 2 areas where we can improve timing Windows Startup Configure Network/Start K8s Services Improving Windows Startup Performance As we are using the AWS Image Builder (https://aws.amazon.com/image-builder/) to build our custom AMIs as discussed in the previous story, any changes we make to our image need to be made here. Outside AWS Fast Launch - there really isn’t much we can do to help with the Windows boot process, if you are able - you can uninstall Windows Defender which will massively improve start performance. Side note - I found in our use case we do not actually need Fast Launch as we do not actually need to run the OOBE process. We can set our culture using Set-Culture, etc. inside one of our components, and as long as we remove the sections in Unattend.xml related to OOBE, Windows will skip much of the setup process that EC2 Fast Launch deals with. When you start the output AMI, it will start as quickly as a Fast Launch AMI, but without the added expense of pre-provisioning EBS snapshots. The downside to this approach is that you won’t be able to configure Windows settings on the first boot, what you bake into the AMI is what you will start with - So make sure you set culture/timezone information correctly somewhere in one of your Image Builder components. For reference: So with all avenues to make Windows do less stuff on boot exhausted, there was only one choice left… Changes were made to the EKS Windows Bootstrapper code so it could be run as a Windows Service. The idea behind this is that we could squeeze a few more seconds out if we could run our code as Windows is starting services on boot instead of waiting for the userdata script to fire. This worked - however, it did break the AWS SSM Agent as a result as it also starts early. In the installation script included in the repo, we work around this by setting the SSM agent startup type to Automatic (Delayed). Faster Configure Network/Start K8s Services This basically involved translating the remainder of the code in the standard AWS bootstrapping scripts in EKS-StartupTask.ps1 Setup Container Network
        ... 
           [DllImport("vmcompute.dll")]
            static extern void HNSCall([MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string method,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string path,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string request,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] out string response);
            HNSCall("POST", "/networks", jsonString, out response);
        ...

https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L514 Add routes to created NIC
        ...
          routeAddCommands.Append($"route ADD {ipAddrs[i]} MASK 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 IF {vNICIndex}");
        ...
        Process process = new Process();
        process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
        process.StartInfo.Arguments = $"/C {routeAddCommands}";
        process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
        process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
        process.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true;
        process.Start();
        await process.WaitForExitAsync();

https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L586


Start Kube-proxy and Kubelet in parallel once all configuration files have been written (all the previously converted code) Installation To install the bootstrapper, add this to a component in Image Builder: - name: InstallEksWindowsBootstrapper
        action: ExecutePowerShell
        inputs:
          commands:
            - |
              Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/releases/download/v1.29.1/Install-Service.ps1' -OutFile 'Install-Service.ps1'; 
              .\Install-Service.ps1; 
              Remove-Item 'Install-Service.ps1'; Putting everything together, I tested the output image using these settings: EC2 Instance

m4.xlarge (4 Core)
EBS


GP3 - 120GB/600Mbps/3600 IOPS Testing on these settings got me start times around 55s! We are finally under a minute, maybe spot instances are now viable for Windows EKS Nodes now that the 5-minute penalty is now 1 minute. Hold On… You Said A 30s Start Time! You Said as Fast as Linux! A 30s start time is possible! It just costs a lot. 😢 I ended up testing how fast the sum of all the software was by eliminating as many hardware bottlenecks as I could. Switched from GP3 → IO2 30K IOPS Switched from m4.xlarge → c6a.4xlarge Require Nitro Hypervisor It’s quite easy to change in Karpenter; simply change the Ec2NodeClass to change storage options, and then add the relevant keys in NodePool, e.g. blockDeviceMappings:
    - deviceName: /dev/sda1
      ebs:
        iops: 30000
        volumeSize: 120Gi
        volumeType: io2 - key: karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-hypervisor
          operator: In
          values:
            - 'nitro'
        - key: karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-cpu
          operator: In
          values:
            - '8' The beast that was produced by Karpenter was visible in K8s in 32s. It would be sub-30s with antivirus disabled. Our final tuning produces nodes in around 45s (Using GP3). You can tune for cost/performance yourself for your own scenario. Looking for Help EKS Windows bootstrapper is a simple app that writes config and starts Kubernetes services. It is currently set up for EKS 1.29. As Kubernetes goes through 1.30, 1.31, 1.32… it will need to be kept up to date… I am looking for help with this. 🙂 Previously… https://awstip.com/reducing-eks-windows-node-5-min-start-time-to-90s-eks-windows-bootstrapper-4314f72367a0?embedable=true https://awstip.com/reducing-eks-windows-node-5-min-start-time-to-90s-eks-windows-bootstrapper-4314f72367a0?embedable=true I threw in some tricks I used to make our Windows EKS nodes start in 90s rather than the 5 minutes a standard EKS Windows node takes. I introduced you to the git repo eks-windows-bootstrapper - the application replacing the AWS-provided configuration scripts for EKS Windows. https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper?embedable=true https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper?embedable=true In today’s story, I will walk you through how to make your Windows nodes take ~30s to start! Recap In the previous story, we got to the point where our start times looked like this: Let’s take a closer look at our latencies now: In order for us to get better launch times, we now have 2 areas where we can improve timing Windows Startup Windows Startup Configure Network/Start K8s Services Configure Network/Start K8s Services Improving Windows Startup Performance As we are using the AWS Image Builder ( https://aws.amazon.com/image-builder/ ) to build our custom AMIs as discussed in the previous story, any changes we make to our image need to be made here. Outside AWS Fast Launch - there really isn’t much we can do to help with the Windows boot process, if you are able - you can uninstall Windows Defender which will massively improve start performance. https://aws.amazon.com/image-builder/ Side note - I found in our use case we do not actually need Fast Launch as we do not actually need to run the OOBE process. We can set our culture using Set-Culture , etc. inside one of our components, and as long as we remove the sections in Unattend.xml related to OOBE, Windows will skip much of the setup process that EC2 Fast Launch deals with. When you start the output AMI, it will start as quickly as a Fast Launch AMI, but without the added expense of pre-provisioning EBS snapshots. Set-Culture Unattend.xml The downside to this approach is that you won’t be able to configure Windows settings on the first boot, what you bake into the AMI is what you will start with - So make sure you set culture/timezone information correctly somewhere in one of your Image Builder components. For reference: So with all avenues to make Windows do less stuff on boot exhausted, there was only one choice left… Changes were made to the EKS Windows Bootstrapper code so it could be run as a Windows Service. The idea behind this is that we could squeeze a few more seconds out if we could run our code as Windows is starting services on boot instead of waiting for the userdata script to fire. This worked - however, it did break the AWS SSM Agent as a result as it also starts early. In the installation script included in the repo, we work around this by setting the SSM agent startup type to Automatic (Delayed) . userdata Automatic (Delayed) Faster Configure Network/Start K8s Services This basically involved translating the remainder of the code in the standard AWS bootstrapping scripts in EKS-StartupTask.ps1 EKS-StartupTask.ps1 Setup Container Network
        ... 
           [DllImport("vmcompute.dll")]
            static extern void HNSCall([MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string method,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string path,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string request,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] out string response);
            HNSCall("POST", "/networks", jsonString, out response);
        ...

https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L514 Setup Container Network ... 
           [DllImport("vmcompute.dll")]
            static extern void HNSCall([MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string method,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string path,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string request,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] out string response);
            HNSCall("POST", "/networks", jsonString, out response);
        ... https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L514 Setup Container Network ... 
           [DllImport("vmcompute.dll")]
            static extern void HNSCall([MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string method,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string path,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string request,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] out string response);
            HNSCall("POST", "/networks", jsonString, out response);
        ... ... 
           [DllImport("vmcompute.dll")]
            static extern void HNSCall([MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string method,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string path,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] string request,
                           [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPWStr)] out string response);
            HNSCall("POST", "/networks", jsonString, out response);
        ... https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L514 https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L514 Add routes to created NIC
        ...
          routeAddCommands.Append($"route ADD {ipAddrs[i]} MASK 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 IF {vNICIndex}");
        ...
        Process process = new Process();
        process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
        process.StartInfo.Arguments = $"/C {routeAddCommands}";
        process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
        process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
        process.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true;
        process.Start();
        await process.WaitForExitAsync();

https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L586 Start Kube-proxy and Kubelet in parallel once all configuration files have been written (all the previously converted code) Add routes to created NIC ...
          routeAddCommands.Append($"route ADD {ipAddrs[i]} MASK 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 IF {vNICIndex}");
        ...
        Process process = new Process();
        process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
        process.StartInfo.Arguments = $"/C {routeAddCommands}";
        process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
        process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
        process.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true;
        process.Start();
        await process.WaitForExitAsync(); https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L586 Add routes to created NIC ...
          routeAddCommands.Append($"route ADD {ipAddrs[i]} MASK 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 IF {vNICIndex}");
        ...
        Process process = new Process();
        process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
        process.StartInfo.Arguments = $"/C {routeAddCommands}";
        process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
        process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
        process.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true;
        process.Start();
        await process.WaitForExitAsync(); ...
          routeAddCommands.Append($"route ADD {ipAddrs[i]} MASK 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 IF {vNICIndex}");
        ...
        Process process = new Process();
        process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
        process.StartInfo.Arguments = $"/C {routeAddCommands}";
        process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
        process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
        process.StartInfo.CreateNoWindow = true;
        process.Start();
        await process.WaitForExitAsync(); https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L586 https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/blob/8f519953209e3caea590652832acc74585ab1a45/BootstrapperService.cs#L586 Start Kube-proxy and Kubelet in parallel once all configuration files have been written (all the previously converted code) Start Kube-proxy and Kubelet in parallel once all configuration files have been written (all the previously converted code) Installation To install the bootstrapper, add this to a component in Image Builder: - name: InstallEksWindowsBootstrapper
        action: ExecutePowerShell
        inputs:
          commands:
            - |
              Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/releases/download/v1.29.1/Install-Service.ps1' -OutFile 'Install-Service.ps1'; 
              .\Install-Service.ps1; 
              Remove-Item 'Install-Service.ps1'; - name: InstallEksWindowsBootstrapper
        action: ExecutePowerShell
        inputs:
          commands:
            - |
              Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://github.com/atg-cloudops/eks-windows-bootstrapper/releases/download/v1.29.1/Install-Service.ps1' -OutFile 'Install-Service.ps1'; 
              .\Install-Service.ps1; 
              Remove-Item 'Install-Service.ps1'; Putting everything together, I tested the output image using these settings: EC2 Instance

m4.xlarge (4 Core)
EBS


GP3 - 120GB/600Mbps/3600 IOPS EC2 Instance m4.xlarge (4 Core)
EBS


GP3 - 120GB/600Mbps/3600 IOPS m4.xlarge (4 Core) EBS


GP3 - 120GB/600Mbps/3600 IOPS m4.xlarge (4 Core) EBS GP3 - 120GB/600Mbps/3600 IOPS GP3 - 120GB/600Mbps/3600 IOPS GP3 - 120GB/600Mbps/3600 IOPS GP3 - 120GB/600Mbps/3600 IOPS Testing on these settings got me start times around 55s! We are finally under a minute, maybe spot instances are now viable for Windows EKS Nodes now that the 5-minute penalty is now 1 minute. Hold On… You Said A 30s Start Time! You Said as Fast as Linux! A 30s start time is possible! It just costs a lot. 😢 I ended up testing how fast the sum of all the software was by eliminating as many hardware bottlenecks as I could. Switched from GP3 → IO2 30K IOPS Switched from m4.xlarge → c6a.4xlarge Require Nitro Hypervisor It’s quite easy to change in Karpenter; simply change the Ec2NodeClass to change storage options, and then add the relevant keys in NodePool, e.g. blockDeviceMappings:
    - deviceName: /dev/sda1
      ebs:
        iops: 30000
        volumeSize: 120Gi
        volumeType: io2 blockDeviceMappings:
    - deviceName: /dev/sda1
      ebs:
        iops: 30000
        volumeSize: 120Gi
        volumeType: io2 - key: karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-hypervisor
          operator: In
          values:
            - 'nitro'
        - key: karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-cpu
          operator: In
          values:
            - '8' - key: karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-hypervisor
          operator: In
          values:
            - 'nitro'
        - key: karpenter.k8s.aws/instance-cpu
          operator: In
          values:
            - '8' The beast that was produced by Karpenter was visible in K8s in 32s. It would be sub-30s with antivirus disabled. Our final tuning produces nodes in around 45s (Using GP3). You can tune for cost/performance yourself for your own scenario. Looking for Help EKS Windows bootstrapper is a simple app that writes config and starts Kubernetes services. It is currently set up for EKS 1.29. As Kubernetes goes through 1.30, 1.31, 1.32… it will need to be kept up to date… I am looking for help with this. 🙂

EKS Windows Node 30s Boot Now Possible - Start as Fast as Linux! (eks-windows-bootstrapper - Part 2)

Do you want to learn how to turbocharge your email marketing to generate more sales and boost engagement? If so, buckle up because today, I'm going to discuss product upsell emails and how they can help you grow. First things first, let's define the term product upsell email. The easiest way to describe it is an email that encourages your subscribers to upgrade or purchase an additional product or service. It's very similar to a friendly in-store sales associate gently nudging you toward an irresistible deal that perfectly complements your initial purchase. Now, I'll cover a few real-world examples to illustrate how upselling can help brands across all industries: Example 1: You just bought a brand new set of pots and pans for your kitchen. A few days later, you receive an email from them suggesting you add a set of premium utensils and a cookbook so you can get the most from your new purchase. Example 2: You recently invested in a lead generation tool and have been eyeing its advanced analytics and automation features. Suddenly, an email lands in your inbox offering you an exclusive discount if you add a new feature ala carte. In these situations, upsell emails are a win-win for consumers and businesses— they enhance their purchase and enjoy additional value while the brand boosts its sales and customer satisfaction. It's a beautiful thing! Now that you understand the concept, let's dive into six proven types of product upsell emails that can work wonders for your business. Mention Their Purchase History I would argue that creating upsell emails that are tailored to each customer's unique purchase history is one of the most effective types of upsell emails. This is because, by taking this step, you're making each message incredibly effective, relevant, and personalized. You might be interested to know that the data backs me up. Here are a few statistics worth knowing if you're contemplating using email personalization: 80% of shoppers claim they're more likely to engage with a brand that personalizes offers and content.
Over 77% of all email interactions and sales are connected to personalized messages and promotions.
On average, personalized calls-to-action (CTAs) result in 42% more sales. Now that you know the benefits, it's time to start personalizing. My advice is to ask new email subscribers to tell you about themselves in your welcome email. We include a brief survey where we ask people to tell us about their goals and how we can help. Believe it or not, a couple of questions can provide you with a ton of knowledge that you can use to craft personalized emails. Once a subscriber places an order, you'll have even more information to use in your messages. Promote a Flash Sale Flash sales are the ultimate way to create a sense of urgency and spark fear of missing out (FOMO). Combine this sense of urgency with an irresistible upsell offer, and you've got a potent recipe for boosting sales and customer engagement. There are many different ways to benefit from flash sales in your email marketing. When talking strictly about upsells, it's not uncommon to see companies offer limited-time bundles. For example, a gardening website could bundle a build-it-yourself trellis, gardening tools, and a variety pack of vegetable seeds. This simple strategy lets you offer customers a package of complementary products at a heavily discounted price. It's a great way to introduce people to what you sell for the first time and a powerful way to encourage repeat purchases. There is one more thing worth mentioning about flash sales: Make sure you leave some distance between sales so customers are consistently excited. We found that 60% of shoppers say FOMO has led to them making a reactive purchase. You don't want to dampen this marketing magic by hosting sales too often. Offer an Upgrade If you're in the business of selling services or software, upgrade upsells are a powerful way to build brand loyalty and increase sales. At face value, the premise is simple: present your customers with multiple pricing tiers, each offering additional features and functionality. The goal is to give people the freedom and flexibility to choose the plan that suits their needs. People decided to "cut the cord" with cable because they were forced to pay for things they didn't use. The same idea applies to software companies. With this strategy, you can get more upsells by letting customers change early—if they decide to upgrade to a better plan. My advice is to send an email with this offer at a discounted price, and you'll see plenty of people upgrade to get features that add more value to your product. Software companies are masters of this strategy, often convincing existing customers to upgrade to a premium plan with more templates, design options, or advanced tools. When you're crafting your upgrade upsell emails, be sure to clearly outline the benefits of each tier. This will reduce friction and result in more conversions. Encourage Referral Upsells Referral upsells are a brilliant way to attract new customers to your business while keeping your current customers engaged and rewarded. Here's how it works: Reach out to existing customers, ask them to tell others, and share a special referral link with friends, family, or co-workers to spread the word about your product or service. It's not unlike affiliate marketing, with the big difference being that this is targeted more toward people who know each other than an influencer connecting with their audience. As an incentive, you can offer the referring customer an exclusive discount or upgrade on their order if a certain number of people sign up using their unique link. Odds are, if they like your product enough to promote it as it is, they'll be even more eager after the upgrade. In my experience, this is a win-win scenario: you gain new customers, and your loyal fans are rewarded for engaging with your business. Reward Customer Loyalty Speaking of loyal fans, rewarding your most dedicated customers is a surefire way to boost retention and your average customer lifetime value. One of the best and most effective ways to do this is by creating a loyalty program, where customers earn points or store credit with every purchase that they can redeem for discounts or upgrades. However, it's common for shoppers to forget about their accumulated points. That's where customer loyalty upsell emails come into play. A simple reminder that they still have points and a suggestion for how they could spend those points could easily turn into a sale. With that in mind, I suggest reaching out to your brand loyalists and reminding them of their point balances after a certain time period. For instance, you can automate a three-month reminder email whenever someone earns enough points to redeem. and Stop Cart Abandonment with Upsells Finally, let's talk about shopping cart abandonment. There's no question that cart abandonment is a headache for online retailers, resulting in a staggering $4.6 trillion in lost sales each year. Ouch! But fear not. Abandoned cart emails will help you recapture lost sales and re-engage with customers who left without completing their purchase. We found that almost half of all abandonment emails are opened, so this is a great opportunity to reconnect. Interestingly enough, we found that it's possible to maximize the effectiveness of these emails by including an upsell offer based on the products the customer was considering. For example, if they abandoned a single item in their cart, you could offer a discounted bundle containing that product and complementary items they might find useful. If the price you're offering them for both is less or equal to the cost of the one thing they wanted, there's a very good chance they'll take action. Conclusion In conclusion, product upsell emails can be a powerful tool to boost sales and customer engagement. By tailoring your upsells to customer purchase history and using tactics like flash sales and loyalty programs, you can create win-win scenarios that benefit both your business and your customers. My best piece of advice is to be patient. You probably won't see results overnight. But if you're persistent and consistent, upsell emails are an excellent way to grow your business. Do you want to learn how to turbocharge your email marketing to generate more sales and boost engagement? If so, buckle up because today, I'm going to discuss product upsell emails and how they can help you grow. First things first, let's define the term product upsell email. The easiest way to describe it is an email that encourages your subscribers to upgrade or purchase an additional product or service. It's very similar to a friendly in-store sales associate gently nudging you toward an irresistible deal that perfectly complements your initial purchase. Now, I'll cover a few real-world examples to illustrate how upselling can help brands across all industries: Example 1: You just bought a brand new set of pots and pans for your kitchen. A few days later, you receive an email from them suggesting you add a set of premium utensils and a cookbook so you can get the most from your new purchase. Example 1: You just bought a brand new set of pots and pans for your kitchen. A few days later, you receive an email from them suggesting you add a set of premium utensils and a cookbook so you can get the most from your new purchase. Example 2: You recently invested in a lead generation tool and have been eyeing its advanced analytics and automation features. Suddenly, an email lands in your inbox offering you an exclusive discount if you add a new feature ala carte. Example 2: You recently invested in a lead generation tool and have been eyeing its advanced analytics and automation features. Suddenly, an email lands in your inbox offering you an exclusive discount if you add a new feature ala carte. In these situations, upsell emails are a win-win for consumers and businesses— they enhance their purchase and enjoy additional value while the brand boosts its sales and customer satisfaction. It's a beautiful thing! Now that you understand the concept, let's dive into six proven types of product upsell emails that can work wonders for your business. Mention Their Purchase History I would argue that creating upsell emails that are tailored to each customer's unique purchase history is one of the most effective types of upsell emails. This is because, by taking this step, you're making each message incredibly effective, relevant, and personalized. You might be interested to know that the data backs me up. Here are a few statistics worth knowing if you're contemplating using email personalization: 80% of shoppers claim they're more likely to engage with a brand that personalizes offers and content. Over 77% of all email interactions and sales are connected to personalized messages and promotions. On average, personalized calls-to-action (CTAs) result in 42% more sales. 80% of shoppers claim they're more likely to engage with a brand that personalizes offers and content. 80% Over 77% of all email interactions and sales are connected to personalized messages and promotions. 77% On average, personalized calls-to-action (CTAs) result in 42% more sales. 42% Now that you know the benefits, it's time to start personalizing. My advice is to ask new email subscribers to tell you about themselves in your welcome email. We include a brief survey where we ask people to tell us about their goals and how we can help. Believe it or not, a couple of questions can provide you with a ton of knowledge that you can use to craft personalized emails. Once a subscriber places an order, you'll have even more information to use in your messages. Promote a Flash Sale Flash sales are the ultimate way to create a sense of urgency and spark fear of missing out ( FOMO ). Combine this sense of urgency with an irresistible upsell offer, and you've got a potent recipe for boosting sales and customer engagement. FOMO There are many different ways to benefit from flash sales in your email marketing. When talking strictly about upsells, it's not uncommon to see companies offer limited-time bundles. For example, a gardening website could bundle a build-it-yourself trellis, gardening tools, and a variety pack of vegetable seeds. This simple strategy lets you offer customers a package of complementary products at a heavily discounted price. It's a great way to introduce people to what you sell for the first time and a powerful way to encourage repeat purchases . encourage repeat purchases There is one more thing worth mentioning about flash sales: Make sure you leave some distance between sales so customers are consistently excited. We found that 60% of shoppers say FOMO has led to them making a reactive purchase. You don't want to dampen this marketing magic by hosting sales too often. 60% Offer an Upgrade If you're in the business of selling services or software, upgrade upsells are a powerful way to build brand loyalty and increase sales. At face value, the premise is simple: present your customers with multiple pricing tiers , each offering additional features and functionality. multiple pricing tiers The goal is to give people the freedom and flexibility to choose the plan that suits their needs. People decided to "cut the cord" with cable because they were forced to pay for things they didn't use. The same idea applies to software companies. With this strategy, you can get more upsells by letting customers change early—if they decide to upgrade to a better plan. My advice is to send an email with this offer at a discounted price, and you'll see plenty of people upgrade to get features that add more value to your product. Software companies are masters of this strategy, often convincing existing customers to upgrade to a premium plan with more templates, design options, or advanced tools. When you're crafting your upgrade upsell emails, be sure to clearly outline the benefits of each tier. This will reduce friction and result in more conversions. Encourage Referral Upsells Referral upsells are a brilliant way to attract new customers to your business while keeping your current customers engaged and rewarded. Here's how it works: Reach out to existing customers, ask them to tell others, and share a special referral link with friends, family, or co-workers to spread the word about your product or service. It's not unlike affiliate marketing , with the big difference being that this is targeted more toward people who know each other than an influencer connecting with their audience. affiliate marketing As an incentive, you can offer the referring customer an exclusive discount or upgrade on their order if a certain number of people sign up using their unique link. Odds are, if they like your product enough to promote it as it is, they'll be even more eager after the upgrade. In my experience, this is a win-win scenario: you gain new customers, and your loyal fans are rewarded for engaging with your business. Reward Customer Loyalty Speaking of loyal fans, rewarding your most dedicated customers is a surefire way to boost retention and your average customer lifetime value. One of the best and most effective ways to do this is by creating a loyalty program , where customers earn points or store credit with every purchase that they can redeem for discounts or upgrades. loyalty program However, it's common for shoppers to forget about their accumulated points. That's where customer loyalty upsell emails come into play. A simple reminder that they still have points and a suggestion for how they could spend those points could easily turn into a sale. With that in mind, I suggest reaching out to your brand loyalists and reminding them of their point balances after a certain time period. For instance, you can automate a three-month reminder email whenever someone earns enough points to redeem. and Stop Cart Abandonment with Upsells Finally, let's talk about shopping cart abandonment. There's no question that cart abandonment is a headache for online retailers, resulting in a staggering $4.6 trillion in lost sales each year. Ouch! But fear not. Abandoned cart emails will help you recapture lost sales and re-engage with customers who left without completing their purchase. We found that almost half of all abandonment emails are opened, so this is a great opportunity to reconnect. almost half Interestingly enough, we found that it's possible to maximize the effectiveness of these emails by including an upsell offer based on the products the customer was considering. For example, if they abandoned a single item in their cart, you could offer a discounted bundle containing that product and complementary items they might find useful. If the price you're offering them for both is less or equal to the cost of the one thing they wanted, there's a very good chance they'll take action. Conclusion In conclusion, product upsell emails can be a powerful tool to boost sales and customer engagement. By tailoring your upsells to customer purchase history and using tactics like flash sales and loyalty programs, you can create win-win scenarios that benefit both your business and your customers. My best piece of advice is to be patient. You probably won't see results overnight. But if you're persistent and consistent, upsell emails are an excellent way to grow your business.

6 Product Upsell Email Ideas That Work

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References ABSTRACT Keywords: white dwarfs — stars: winds, outflows — stars: rotation 1. INTRODUCTION Consequences of a merger of massive white dwarfs (WDs) are of great astrophysical importance. It may explode as a Type Ia supernova in particular when the binary constitutes of carbon-oxygen WDs with a total mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit (Webbink 1984; Iben & Tutukov 1984). Instead, if a super-Chandrasekhar oxygen-neon core is synthesized after the merger, it may collapse into a neutron star (NS) (Nomoto & Iben 1985; Saio & Nomoto 2004). Such a merger induced collapse has gotten attention as a scenario for the formation of peculiar type of neutron stars, e.g., sources of fast radio bursts (e.g., Kashiyama & Murase 2017; Kremer et al. 2021; Kirsten et al. 2022; Lu et al. 2022). On the other hand, the expansion velocity of the wind observed in WD J005311 significantly surpasses the escape velocity of a WD with a typical mass. This suggests that the wind is either thermally driven, originating from a superor near-Chandrasekhar mass WD, or magnetically driven due to the rapid rotation and strong magnetic field of the WD. In the former case, the wind velocity will be (Parker 1965): while in the latter case, the maximum wind velocity along the equatorial plane is (Weber & Davis 1967; Michel 1969): The wind is so fast that it catches up and clashes into the surrounding supernova ejecta, forming a wind termination shock, which is observed as an inner X-ray nebula (Oskinova et al. 2020; Ko et al. 2023). The X-ray nebula is still in its infancy; given the observed angular size, it is only a few tens of years old (Ko et al. 2023). Subsequent observations may reveal the time variability and anisotropy of the wind, which is generally expected for a rotating magnetic wind but has not been explored in this context. These properties of the wind can also be linked to the mass-loss and spindown rates of the central WD, which are important in determining the fate of the central WD: whether it eventually collapses into a neutron star, and if so, how rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized the neutron star would be. Here we model a system like WD J005311 by numerically constructing a 2D axisymmetric wind solution driven by rotating dipole, with implementing a wind launching region that mimics the near-surface carbon burning region. We investigate the wind structure together with its time evolution (i.e., how the mass, energy and angular momentum loss rate from the system evolves with time), and the scaling of the spin-down torque with respect to system parameters such as surface magnetic field, rotation frequency and mass loss rate. This paper is organized as follows. We introduce our setup in Sec. 2, including numerical details. In Sec. 3, we show our results on wind structure, time evolution and scaling of spin-down torque. Finally, we discuss several implications and applications on observational results in Sec. 4. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References ABSTRACT Keywords : white dwarfs — stars: winds, outflows — stars: rotation Keywords 1. INTRODUCTION Consequences of a merger of massive white dwarfs (WDs) are of great astrophysical importance. It may explode as a Type Ia supernova in particular when the binary constitutes of carbon-oxygen WDs with a total mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit (Webbink 1984; Iben & Tutukov 1984). Instead, if a super-Chandrasekhar oxygen-neon core is synthesized after the merger, it may collapse into a neutron star (NS) (Nomoto & Iben 1985; Saio & Nomoto 2004). Such a merger induced collapse has gotten attention as a scenario for the formation of peculiar type of neutron stars, e.g., sources of fast radio bursts (e.g., Kashiyama & Murase 2017; Kremer et al. 2021; Kirsten et al. 2022; Lu et al. 2022). On the other hand, the expansion velocity of the wind observed in WD J005311 significantly surpasses the escape velocity of a WD with a typical mass. This suggests that the wind is either thermally driven, originating from a superor near-Chandrasekhar mass WD, or magnetically driven due to the rapid rotation and strong magnetic field of the WD. In the former case, the wind velocity will be (Parker 1965): while in the latter case, the maximum wind velocity along the equatorial plane is (Weber & Davis 1967; Michel 1969): The wind is so fast that it catches up and clashes into the surrounding supernova ejecta, forming a wind termination shock, which is observed as an inner X-ray nebula (Oskinova et al. 2020; Ko et al. 2023). The X-ray nebula is still in its infancy; given the observed angular size, it is only a few tens of years old (Ko et al. 2023). Subsequent observations may reveal the time variability and anisotropy of the wind, which is generally expected for a rotating magnetic wind but has not been explored in this context. These properties of the wind can also be linked to the mass-loss and spindown rates of the central WD, which are important in determining the fate of the central WD: whether it eventually collapses into a neutron star, and if so, how rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized the neutron star would be. Here we model a system like WD J005311 by numerically constructing a 2D axisymmetric wind solution driven by rotating dipole, with implementing a wind launching region that mimics the near-surface carbon burning region. We investigate the wind structure together with its time evolution (i.e., how the mass, energy and angular momentum loss rate from the system evolves with time), and the scaling of the spin-down torque with respect to system parameters such as surface magnetic field, rotation frequency and mass loss rate. This paper is organized as follows. We introduce our setup in Sec. 2, including numerical details. In Sec. 3, we show our results on wind structure, time evolution and scaling of spin-down torque. Finally, we discuss several implications and applications on observational results in Sec. 4.

Magnetic Wind From a Massive White Dwarf Merger: Abstract and Intro

When I first heard about Nervos Network's dedication to building a BTC Layer 2, I wasn't surprised. That's because the CKB public blockchain technology not only matches but also goes beyond BTC. It not only maintains BTC's native UTXO features but also allows for more complex programmable extensions. While surpassing BTC may seem challenging for CKB public chain, aiming to be a top-notch BTC Layer 2 seems like a smart choice. Why? Let's delve into my take on CKB. The current BTC Layer 2 market is constrained by the mainnet’s limited validation capabilities, resulting in diverse alternative solutions. The simplicity of BTC's scripting language, combined with its near-zero computation and validation power, has created significant opportunities for market innovation. As of now, aside from limited transaction validation and multisig functionalities within UTXO unlocking conditions, the BTC mainnet is incapable of directly handling more complex transaction logic involving data validation, state changes, etc. It relegates BTC to an asset settlement layer, relying on extending through a powerful public chain for local consensus and computational validation capabilities. This leads to a lack of uniform standards or 'orthodoxy' for BTC Layer 2 solutions, making it challenging to rank them. However, distinctions can be made based on the community's perception between narrow and broad interpretations: Narrowly defined, only solutions like the Lightning Network state channels and the one-time seal approach of RGB qualify as truly 'orthodox' BTC Layer 2s. They effectively utilize BTC's limited script validation capacity without relying on or minimally depending on external local consensus. In a more general sense, any extension chain that gains acceptance for its local consensus, along with a cross-chain bridge solution that ensures the safe migration of assets, can theoretically serve as a BTC Layer 2. This includes contemporary Ethereum EVM chains, Solana with its high-concurrency capabilities, and others. Clearly, the BTC Layer 2 market is divided: on one end are highly-specific solutions like the slowly evolving Lightning Network and RGB, facing substantial challenges; on the other end are broadly defined solutions, where any performance chain capable of securely interacting with the BTC mainnet qualifies as a BTC Layer 2. But is there a 'middle-of-the-road' option? Yes, and it lies in the Nervos Network, which adheres to the UTXO model at its core, enhancing its performance. Notable features include: The CKB Network aligns closely with BTC, sharing the same 'UTXO model and mining consensus mechanism,' unlike the account balance model of mainstream public blockchains like Ethereum. The UTXO model has distinct advantages in transaction privacy, flexible transaction structuring, and parallel processing capabilities to prevent double-spending, which may be one of Satoshi Nakamoto’s most brilliant inventions. This is why post-Ethereum projects like Sui and Aptos have also adopted similar UTXO models. Bitcoin's capacity and block speed may be constrained by its era, but the UTXO model is remarkably forward-thinking. CKB adopts this UTXO model, evolving it into the 'Cell model', which preserves the pure transactional nature of Bitcoin’s UTXO model while also supporting the data states found in account models like Ethereum’s. To simplify: In the Bitcoin UTXO model, the creation and destruction of coins resemble a continuous minting and melting process. The Cell model, however, omits the destruction aspect, focusing on verifying and persistently storing states. Each Cell includes Capacity and Data: Capacity measures the balance in bytes, similar to UTXO, while Data holds any kind of information, including the history of transaction states. Thus, the Cell model can accurately represent balances and manage asset transfers, and also handle a variety of complex smart contract states. In summary, the Cell model is a more persistent and flexible transaction model that greatly broadens the scope of the UTXO model. It is crucial for CKB’s ability to maintain the security of the BTC mainnet while offering a 'speed boost' to slower Bitcoin expansion initiatives like the Lightning Network and RGB. For instance, the recent rollout of RGB++ by CKB illustrates this. In the BTC ecosystem, developing a mature RGB solution involves challenges that are not so much about the one-time sealing process of the BTC mainnet, but rather the communication, coordination, and mutual state maintenance among off-chain client validation nodes, particularly in a decentralized setting. In simpler terms, RGB's theory might seem straightforward, but its practical implementation is hindered by foundational infrastructural limitations and various barriers.
Recognizing this, CKB integrates these off-chain client validation nodes into its on-chain public validation process. This approach significantly accelerates the intended UTXO client extension pathway that RGB aims to achieve. Complex P2P consensus among off-chain nodes is notoriously challenging, fraught with complexity and obstacles such as potential data synchronization delays or inconsistencies, and susceptibility to fraud and attacks. Transposing this process onto the blockchain can simplify these issues. With the increasing discussions around RGB++, let’s also look at CKB's Open Transaction data format, showcasing the chain's forward-thinking features. Open Transaction allows multiple participants to collaboratively build and aggregate different transactions over time. It supports partial construction, amendability, and incremental build-up and aggregation. For example, Alice initiates an Open Transaction to exchange a certain amount of Token A for Token B with Bob. The transaction, once started, remains in an editable state. Bob, upon agreeing to the transaction terms, can then add his Token B and finalize the conditions. It might initially seem abstract. Take cross-chain scenarios as an example: Alice and Bob could independently execute asset trades on various distinct chains, significantly boosting the CKB chain's cross-chain interaction capabilities. In the realm of complex DeFi transactions, where market-driven dynamic adjustments are often necessary, Open Transaction allows contract participants to adapt trading conditions fluidly during the contract's execution. This undoubtedly enhances the ability to manage transactional complexities. From my perspective, Open Transaction mirrors the UTXO transaction unlocking conditions, capable of amalgamating intricate unlocking conditions, multi-party signatures, and complex transactional environments. This represents an evolutionary and valuable innovation that builds on the foundational principles of the BTC main chain. Interestingly, Jan Xie, a core developer from the Ethereum team, chose to embrace the BTC UTXO model for his inaugural major project. Despite the broader application of Ethereum's smart contract model, Jan and his Nervos team decisively chose to expand and refine the BTC UTXO model. This choice reflects a deep respect for Satoshi Nakamoto’s simplistic UTXO transaction model and also subtly lays the groundwork for its transformation into a native BTC Layer 2. In conclusion, I am quite bullish about CKB’s potential as a BTC Layer 2. In the short term, it certainly has the potential to expedite the implementation of projects like the Lightning Network and RGB within UTXO-based chains, offering valuable insights for these 'orthodox' expansion solutions on the BTC mainnet. Looking long-term, the inherent features of CKB's chain and its innovative architectural compatibility may enable it to excel in the complex and standardless arena of BTC Layer 2s. Note: There’s much more to explore regarding the technical nuances and standout features of CKB, which I plan to analyze in greater depth later. It's fascinating to see how BTC Layer 2 not only provides a platform for new chains to rise but also opens up endless possibilities for rejuvenation within established chains. Author: Haotian, Independent Researcher This article is the translation of a Haotian’s tweet. When I first heard about Nervos Network's dedication to building a BTC Layer 2, I wasn't surprised. That's because the CKB public blockchain technology not only matches but also goes beyond BTC . It not only maintains BTC's native UTXO features but also allows for more complex programmable extensions. While surpassing BTC may seem challenging for CKB public chain, aiming to be a top-notch BTC Layer 2 seems like a smart choice. Why? Let's delve into my take on CKB. BTC The current BTC Layer 2 market is constrained by the mainnet’s limited validation capabilities, resulting in diverse alternative solutions. The simplicity of BTC's scripting language, combined with its near-zero computation and validation power, has created significant opportunities for market innovation. As of now, aside from limited transaction validation and multisig functionalities within UTXO unlocking conditions, the BTC mainnet is incapable of directly handling more complex transaction logic involving data validation, state changes, etc. It relegates BTC to an asset settlement layer, relying on extending through a powerful public chain for local consensus and computational validation capabilities. This leads to a lack of uniform standards or 'orthodoxy' for BTC Layer 2 solutions, making it challenging to rank them. However, distinctions can be made based on the community's perception between narrow and broad interpretations: However, distinctions can be made based on the community's perception between narrow and broad interpretations: Narrowly defined, only solutions like the Lightning Network state channels and the one-time seal approach of RGB qualify as truly 'orthodox' BTC Layer 2s. They effectively utilize BTC's limited script validation capacity without relying on or minimally depending on external local consensus. In a more general sense, any extension chain that gains acceptance for its local consensus, along with a cross-chain bridge solution that ensures the safe migration of assets, can theoretically serve as a BTC Layer 2. This includes contemporary Ethereum EVM chains, Solana with its high-concurrency capabilities, and others. Clearly, the BTC Layer 2 market is divided: on one end are highly-specific solutions like the slowly evolving Lightning Network and RGB, facing substantial challenges; on the other end are broadly defined solutions, where any performance chain capable of securely interacting with the BTC mainnet qualifies as a BTC Layer 2. Clearly, the BTC Layer 2 market is divided: But is there a 'middle-of-the-road' option? Yes, and it lies in the Nervos Network, which adheres to the UTXO model at its core, enhancing its performance. Notable features include: The CKB Network aligns closely with BTC, sharing the same 'UTXO model and mining consensus mechanism,' unlike the account balance model of mainstream public blockchains like Ethereum. The UTXO model has distinct advantages in transaction privacy, flexible transaction structuring, and parallel processing capabilities to prevent double-spending, which may be one of Satoshi Nakamoto’s most brilliant inventions. This is why post-Ethereum projects like Sui and Aptos have also adopted similar UTXO models. Bitcoin's capacity and block speed may be constrained by its era, but the UTXO model is remarkably forward-thinking. CKB adopts this UTXO model, evolving it into the 'Cell model', which preserves the pure transactional nature of Bitcoin’s UTXO model while also supporting the data states found in account models like Ethereum’s. To simplify : In the Bitcoin UTXO model, the creation and destruction of coins resemble a continuous minting and melting process. The Cell model, however, omits the destruction aspect, focusing on verifying and persistently storing states. Each Cell includes Capacity and Data: Capacity measures the balance in bytes, similar to UTXO, while Data holds any kind of information, including the history of transaction states. Thus, the Cell model can accurately represent balances and manage asset transfers, and also handle a variety of complex smart contract states. To simplify In summary, the Cell model is a more persistent and flexible transaction model that greatly broadens the scope of the UTXO model. It is crucial for CKB’s ability to maintain the security of the BTC mainnet while offering a 'speed boost' to slower Bitcoin expansion initiatives like the Lightning Network and RGB. For instance, the recent rollout of RGB++ by CKB illustrates this. In the BTC ecosystem, developing a mature RGB solution involves challenges that are not so much about the one-time sealing process of the BTC mainnet, but rather the communication, coordination, and mutual state maintenance among off-chain client validation nodes, particularly in a decentralized setting. In simpler terms, RGB's theory might seem straightforward, but its practical implementation is hindered by foundational infrastructural limitations and various barriers.
Recognizing this, CKB integrates these off-chain client validation nodes into its on-chain public validation process. This approach significantly accelerates the intended UTXO client extension pathway that RGB aims to achieve. Complex P2P consensus among off-chain nodes is notoriously challenging, fraught with complexity and obstacles such as potential data synchronization delays or inconsistencies, and susceptibility to fraud and attacks. Transposing this process onto the blockchain can simplify these issues. With the increasing discussions around RGB++, let’s also look at CKB's Open Transaction data format, showcasing the chain's forward-thinking features. Open Transaction allows multiple participants to collaboratively build and aggregate different transactions over time. It supports partial construction, amendability, and incremental build-up and aggregation. For example, Alice initiates an Open Transaction to exchange a certain amount of Token A for Token B with Bob. The transaction, once started, remains in an editable state. Bob, upon agreeing to the transaction terms, can then add his Token B and finalize the conditions. It might initially seem abstract. Take cross-chain scenarios as an example: Alice and Bob could independently execute asset trades on various distinct chains, significantly boosting the CKB chain's cross-chain interaction capabilities. In the realm of complex DeFi transactions, where market-driven dynamic adjustments are often necessary, Open Transaction allows contract participants to adapt trading conditions fluidly during the contract's execution. This undoubtedly enhances the ability to manage transactional complexities. From my perspective, Open Transaction mirrors the UTXO transaction unlocking conditions, capable of amalgamating intricate unlocking conditions, multi-party signatures, and complex transactional environments. This represents an evolutionary and valuable innovation that builds on the foundational principles of the BTC main chain. Interestingly, Jan Xie , a core developer from the Ethereum team, chose to embrace the BTC UTXO model for his inaugural major project. Despite the broader application of Ethereum's smart contract model, Jan and his Nervos team decisively chose to expand and refine the BTC UTXO model. This choice reflects a deep respect for Satoshi Nakamoto’s simplistic UTXO transaction model and also subtly lays the groundwork for its transformation into a native BTC Layer 2. Jan Xie Jan Xie In conclusion , I am quite bullish about CKB’s potential as a BTC Layer 2. In the short term, it certainly has the potential to expedite the implementation of projects like the Lightning Network and RGB within UTXO-based chains, offering valuable insights for these 'orthodox' expansion solutions on the BTC mainnet. Looking long-term, the inherent features of CKB's chain and its innovative architectural compatibility may enable it to excel in the complex and standardless arena of BTC Layer 2s. In conclusion Note: There’s much more to explore regarding the technical nuances and standout features of CKB, which I plan to analyze in greater depth later. It's fascinating to see how BTC Layer 2 not only provides a platform for new chains to rise but also opens up endless possibilities for rejuvenation within established chains. Author: Haotian, Independent Researcher Author: Haotian , Independent Researcher Author: Haotian Haotian This article is the translation of a Haotian’s tweet. This article is the translation of a Haotian’s tweet. This article is the translation of a Haotian’s tweet . tweet tweet

How CKB's Public Blockchain Tech Accelerates Bitcoin's Orthodox Layer 2  

কিভাবে CKB এর পাবলিক ব্লকচেইন টেক বিটকয়েনের অর্থোডক্স লেয়ার 2কে ত্বরান্বিত করে

Wie die öffentliche Blockchain-Technologie von CKB die orthodoxe Schicht 2 von Bitcoin beschleunigt

Cómo la tecnología blockchain pública de CKB acelera la capa 2 ortodoxa de Bitcoin

Comment la technologie de blockchain publique de CKB accélère la couche orthodoxe 2 de Bitcoin

सीकेबी की सार्वजनिक ब्लॉकचेन तकनीक बिटकॉइन की रूढ़िवादी परत 2 को कैसे गति देती है

CKBのパブリックブロックチェーン技術がビットコインのオーソドックスなレイヤー2を加速させる方法

CKB의 퍼블릭 블록체인 기술이 비트코인의 정통 레이어 2를 가속화하는 방법

Como a tecnologia Blockchain pública da CKB acelera a camada ortodoxa 2 do Bitcoin

Как публичная технология блокчейна CKB ускоряет ортодоксальный уровень Биткойна 2

CKB'nin Halka Açık Blockchain Teknolojisi Bitcoin'in Ortodoks Katman 2'sini Nasıl Hızlandırıyor?

Công nghệ Blockchain công cộng của CKB tăng tốc lớp 2 chính thống của Bitcoin như thế nào

CKB 的公共区块链技术如何加速比特币正统的第 2 层

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Dipankar Sarkar, Cryptuon Research and me@dipankar.name Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Formal Model - Rollups with Decentralized Common Pool (DCP)
Atomic composability & ZK-proofs
Incorporating Zk-proofs
Application of the Formal Model
Conclusion and References 4 Incorporating Zk-proofs To integrate zk-proofs into the model effectively, it would require the rollups participating in this system to be zk-proof compatible. They should be able to generate and verify these proofs efficiently. Furthermore, standardization of proofs related to atomic composability would be necessary to ensure smooth inter-rollup operations [4]. 1. Verification Functions: Introduce verification functions within the model that use zkproofs. These functions can quickly validate the correctness and completion of dependent transactions without needing full transparency into the transactions [2]. 2. Reduced Buffering Requirement: With zk-proofs validating transaction dependencies almost immediately, the need for extensive buffering can be reduced. Transactions can be executed swiftly after their zk-proof verifications succeed [3]. 3. Privacy Maintenance: As zk-proofs can validate statements without revealing the underlying data, transactions across rollups can maintain higher degrees of privacy, even in interdependent scenarios [1]. 4. Slashing with zk-proofs: The monitoring and reporting mechanism can also utilize zkproofs. Watchers can provide a zk-proof of misbehavior, which if validated, can lead to punitive measures [12]. 5. Proofs of Dependency Resolution: In the case of cyclic or complex dependencies, zkproofs can be crafted to ensure that all necessary conditions across rollups have been met without revealing the specifics of the transactions involved [6]. The integration of zk-proofs does introduce added cryptographic complexity, but with the advantages of swift validation, reduced need for buffering, and enhanced privacy, they can significantly bolster the robustness and efficiency of the atomic composability model across rollups [13]. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Dipankar Sarkar, Cryptuon Research and me@dipankar.name This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Dipankar Sarkar, Cryptuon Research and me@dipankar.name Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Formal Model - Rollups with Decentralized Common Pool (DCP) Atomic composability & ZK-proofs Incorporating Zk-proofs Application of the Formal Model Conclusion and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Formal Model - Rollups with Decentralized Common Pool (DCP) Formal Model - Rollups with Decentralized Common Pool (DCP) Atomic composability & ZK-proofs Atomic composability & ZK-proofs Incorporating Zk-proofs Incorporating Zk-proofs Application of the Formal Model Application of the Formal Model Conclusion and References Conclusion and References 4 Incorporating Zk-proofs To integrate zk-proofs into the model effectively, it would require the rollups participating in this system to be zk-proof compatible. They should be able to generate and verify these proofs efficiently. Furthermore, standardization of proofs related to atomic composability would be necessary to ensure smooth inter-rollup operations [4]. 1. Verification Functions: Introduce verification functions within the model that use zkproofs. These functions can quickly validate the correctness and completion of dependent transactions without needing full transparency into the transactions [2]. 2. Reduced Buffering Requirement: With zk-proofs validating transaction dependencies almost immediately, the need for extensive buffering can be reduced. Transactions can be executed swiftly after their zk-proof verifications succeed [3]. 3. Privacy Maintenance: As zk-proofs can validate statements without revealing the underlying data, transactions across rollups can maintain higher degrees of privacy, even in interdependent scenarios [1]. 4. Slashing with zk-proofs: The monitoring and reporting mechanism can also utilize zkproofs. Watchers can provide a zk-proof of misbehavior, which if validated, can lead to punitive measures [12]. 5. Proofs of Dependency Resolution: In the case of cyclic or complex dependencies, zkproofs can be crafted to ensure that all necessary conditions across rollups have been met without revealing the specifics of the transactions involved [6]. The integration of zk-proofs does introduce added cryptographic complexity, but with the advantages of swift validation, reduced need for buffering, and enhanced privacy, they can significantly bolster the robustness and efficiency of the atomic composability model across rollups [13].

Towards Universal Atomic Composability:  Incorporating Zk-proofs

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Dipankar Sarkar, Cryptuon Research and me@dipankar.name Table of Links Abstract and Introduction
Formal Model - Rollups with Decentralized Common Pool (DCP)
Atomic composability & ZK-proofs
Incorporating Zk-proofs
Application of the Formal Model
Conclusion and References 6 Conclusion The formal model presented serves as a superset for all possible atomic composability across rollups because of its comprehensive nature. This model is a superset because it is designed to encompass every step, every entity, and every possible scenario in the lifecycle of a transaction across rollups. By being exhaustive in its approach, any atomic composability solution across rollups that exists or might be conceived in the future can be mapped onto some subset of this model. It acts as a general framework or blueprint from which specific implementations can be derived, tailored to particular requirements or constraints. Comprehensiveness of Definitions It identifies every rollup, transaction, timestamp, cryptographic key, buffer mechanism, and even the decentralized pool where transactions are posted. This covers all essential tools and entities required for atomic transactions between rollups. Detailed Operations The detailed operation steps ensure that every conceivable action associated with transactions – from their creation, publication, verification, buffering, to dependency resolution – is incorporated: • Publish: Every transaction is committed to a decentralized common pool, capturing the universal broadcast mechanism. • Buffer: Handles the uncertainties and delays. • Resolve: Manages interdependencies, making sure that if one transaction in a set can’t be executed, none in that set are. • Verify: Ensures that only legitimate and valid transactions are processed. Robust Dependency Handling This is perhaps the crux of atomic composability. The model provides: • A method to check the timing (timestamps) of transactions, which is crucial for ensuring order and dependencies. • Buffering mechanisms to account for delays in dependency resolution. • Defined limits for buffering to prevent infinite waits and to give an outcome (acceptance or rejection) within a finite time. Flexibility & Scalability The model doesn’t restrict the number or type of dependencies. It simply provides mechanisms to handle them. This ensures that as blockchain technology evolves and new dependency types emerge or transactions become more intricate, the model remains applicable. Incorporation of Limits By integrating system limits like τmax, Bmax, and Dmax, the model not only accounts for ideal scenarios where all dependencies are quickly resolved but also for edge cases where system constraints come into play. This adds to its universality. Security through Verification The model’s inclusion of cryptographic verification ensures that security concerns are front and center. It recognizes that composability isn’t just about making sure transactions work together, but that they’re also genuine and untampered. References [1] E. Ben-Sasson, A. Chiesa, D. Genkin, E. Tromer, and M. Virza. Snarks for c: Verifying program executions succinctly and in zero knowledge. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Cryptology Conference, pages 90–108. Springer, 2013. [2] E. Ben-Sasson, I. Bentov, Y. Horesh, and M. Riabzev. Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2018:46, 2018. [3] N. Bitansky, R. Canetti, A. Chiesa, and E. Tromer. Extractable collision resistance: A new complexity assumption for zero-knowledge. Advances in Cryptology–CRYPTO 2012, pages 416–434, 2012. [4] V. Buterin. A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. White paper, 2014. Available at https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/. [5] V. Buterin. Ethereum’s scalability and decentralization challenge, 2020. [6] R. Gennaro, C. Gentry, B. Parno, and M. Raykova. Quadratic span programs and succinct nizks without pcps. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, pages 626–645. Springer, 2013. [7] S. Micali. Cs proofs. Journal of Cryptology, 4(3):175–194, 1994. [8] S. Micali. Atomic transactions in blockchain, 2016. [9] A. Narayanan, J. Bonneau, E. Felten, A. Miller, and S. Goldfeder. Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies. Princeton University Press, 2016. [10] C. Reitwiessner. zk-snarks in a nutshell. Blog post, 2016. Available at https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/12/05/zksnarks-in-a-nutshell/. [11] F. Schär. Decentralized finance: On blockchain- and smart contract-based financial markets. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 2020. [12] R. S. Wahby, I. Tzialla, A. Shelat, J. Thaler, and M. Walfish. Fast and simple constant-size zk-snarks without trusted setup. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2019:748, 2019. [13] H. Williamson. Optimistic rollups: Layer 2 scaling. Blog post, 2020. Available at https://optimism.io/. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Dipankar Sarkar, Cryptuon Research and me@dipankar.name This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Dipankar Sarkar, Cryptuon Research and me@dipankar.name Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Formal Model - Rollups with Decentralized Common Pool (DCP) Atomic composability & ZK-proofs Incorporating Zk-proofs Application of the Formal Model Conclusion and References Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Formal Model - Rollups with Decentralized Common Pool (DCP) Formal Model - Rollups with Decentralized Common Pool (DCP) Atomic composability & ZK-proofs Atomic composability & ZK-proofs Incorporating Zk-proofs Incorporating Zk-proofs Application of the Formal Model Application of the Formal Model Conclusion and References Conclusion and References 6 Conclusion The formal model presented serves as a superset for all possible atomic composability across rollups because of its comprehensive nature. This model is a superset because it is designed to encompass every step, every entity, and every possible scenario in the lifecycle of a transaction across rollups. By being exhaustive in its approach, any atomic composability solution across rollups that exists or might be conceived in the future can be mapped onto some subset of this model. It acts as a general framework or blueprint from which specific implementations can be derived, tailored to particular requirements or constraints. Comprehensiveness of Definitions It identifies every rollup, transaction, timestamp, cryptographic key, buffer mechanism, and even the decentralized pool where transactions are posted. This covers all essential tools and entities required for atomic transactions between rollups. Comprehensiveness of Definitions Detailed Operations The detailed operation steps ensure that every conceivable action associated with transactions – from their creation, publication, verification, buffering, to dependency resolution – is incorporated: Detailed Operations • Publish: Every transaction is committed to a decentralized common pool, capturing the universal broadcast mechanism. • Buffer: Handles the uncertainties and delays. • Resolve: Manages interdependencies, making sure that if one transaction in a set can’t be executed, none in that set are. • Verify: Ensures that only legitimate and valid transactions are processed. Robust Dependency Handling This is perhaps the crux of atomic composability. The model provides: • A method to check the timing (timestamps) of transactions, which is crucial for ensuring order and dependencies. • Buffering mechanisms to account for delays in dependency resolution. • Defined limits for buffering to prevent infinite waits and to give an outcome (acceptance or rejection) within a finite time. Flexibility & Scalability The model doesn’t restrict the number or type of dependencies. It simply provides mechanisms to handle them. This ensures that as blockchain technology evolves and new dependency types emerge or transactions become more intricate, the model remains applicable. Incorporation of Limits By integrating system limits like τmax, Bmax, and Dmax, the model not only accounts for ideal scenarios where all dependencies are quickly resolved but also for edge cases where system constraints come into play. This adds to its universality. Security through Verification The model’s inclusion of cryptographic verification ensures that security concerns are front and center. It recognizes that composability isn’t just about making sure transactions work together, but that they’re also genuine and untampered. References [1] E. Ben-Sasson, A. Chiesa, D. Genkin, E. Tromer, and M. Virza. Snarks for c: Verifying program executions succinctly and in zero knowledge. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Cryptology Conference, pages 90–108. Springer, 2013. [2] E. Ben-Sasson, I. Bentov, Y. Horesh, and M. Riabzev. Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2018:46, 2018. [3] N. Bitansky, R. Canetti, A. Chiesa, and E. Tromer. Extractable collision resistance: A new complexity assumption for zero-knowledge. Advances in Cryptology–CRYPTO 2012, pages 416–434, 2012. [4] V. Buterin. A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform. White paper, 2014. Available at https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/. [5] V. Buterin. Ethereum’s scalability and decentralization challenge, 2020. [6] R. Gennaro, C. Gentry, B. Parno, and M. Raykova. Quadratic span programs and succinct nizks without pcps. In Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, pages 626–645. Springer, 2013. [7] S. Micali. Cs proofs. Journal of Cryptology, 4(3):175–194, 1994. [8] S. Micali. Atomic transactions in blockchain, 2016. [9] A. Narayanan, J. Bonneau, E. Felten, A. Miller, and S. Goldfeder. Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies. Princeton University Press, 2016. [10] C. Reitwiessner. zk-snarks in a nutshell. Blog post, 2016. Available at https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/12/05/zksnarks-in-a-nutshell/. [11] F. Schär. Decentralized finance: On blockchain- and smart contract-based financial markets. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 2020. [12] R. S. Wahby, I. Tzialla, A. Shelat, J. Thaler, and M. Walfish. Fast and simple constant-size zk-snarks without trusted setup. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2019:748, 2019. [13] H. Williamson. Optimistic rollups: Layer 2 scaling. Blog post, 2020. Available at https://optimism.io/.

Towards Universal Atomic Composability: Conclusion and References

Enhancing Product Development Through Customer Success Feedback

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a raster image file format most often used to create logos, icons, charts, and detailed graphics in web design. Its notable features include: Efficient compression of simple colors, resulting in high-quality static images; Support for over 200 degrees of transparency for images that can be layered over various background colors and other graphics; Easy viewing due to its open format, accessible across various browsers and apps without licensing constraints. While PDF files boast numerous advantages, you may need to use a free PDF-to-PNG converter or perform other manipulations with the files to get your work done more effectively. Unfortunately, some users might not be fully aware of these opportunities, and we aim to broaden their knowledge with three creative uses of free PDF to PNG tools. Extract Images From PDFs Easily With a PDF to PNG Converter Of course, you can find all kinds of images on web platforms offering both paid and free options, not to mention that you can use your own photo libraries or draw something in specialized software for digital artists. However, a simple PDF to PNG converter can give you a faster, cheaper, and sometimes even the only possible way to get the images you need. Say, you have a PDF report full of useful stats and facts packed into visually stunning charts, tables, and infographics that would fit into your project exactly to a tee. You can go to an infographic design website and try to recreate the data visualization or opt for a free online tool that can extract images. In the latter case, you just need to upload a PDF, let the app process the file, and wait a few seconds for the engine to efficiently separate the useful elements and deliver a folder with all the images extracted from the PDF. Surely, you should choose a tool that can save PDF as PNG to get the format required for future use. You will be able to edit the visuals and insert them into your projects in mere minutes instead of spending much more time creating images from scratch or searching for them on the web. Maintain Visual Identity Across Multiple Projects Effortlessly Did you know you can derive various assets from PDF files? This includes logos, fonts, sub-graphics, and other design elements used in a brand’s visual representation. Whether you are an employee designing your profile on LinkedIn or an influencer promoting a brand through your social media pages, it makes sense to incorporate corporate identity elements into your project. In the best-case scenario, you should be provided with all the required assets and, moreover, have them in a form that is easy to use in a digital space. If this is not the case, you can cut corners by extracting everything you need from a brand style guide available in a PDF version or any other PDF file containing the company’s visual identity elements. You just need to connect to a free tool designed to extract different PDF components and convert PDF to PNG to get a full set of graphics for use in your project. Then, you will be able to create multiple types of branded content to insert it into: websites, for example, landing pages, product pages, clients’ testimonials, case studies, and so on; emails, including headers, footers, or branded email signatures; social media platforms, namely, posts, profiles, banners, stickers, comments, and more. Convert PDF to PNG to Showcase Your Work Online Sometimes, one of the main assets you have under your belt is a PDF file itself. Whether you are a designer with a stunning portfolio of creative works or a marketer who crafts visually appealing and meaningful presentations, you are sure to benefit from showcasing your projects to a broader circle of potential clients and employers. Obviously, you can publish your PDF as is on your website, social media, or specialized online platforms designed for professionals, but we all know that multipage PDFs can often be too slow to download and aren’t ideal for viewing. Also, it’s not easy to embed a PDF into a website, and it cannot be layered on top of other graphics since the format doesn’t support transparent backgrounds. But if you choose to convert PDF to PNG free of charge using online tools, you will get high-quality image files that can be incorporated into web pages and digital graphics with no sweat. You can edit the files in any photo editing software, upload them to collage-making platforms, mix and match them to construct a video presentation, or just fit them into an email intended for a prospective client. Bottom Line We have cited just a handful of examples illustrating how a feature-rich PDF-to-PNG converter can make your life easier and even help you unleash your creativity. You just need to explore the pros and cons of different file formats to understand where to use them to the best advantage clearly. With a free online conversion tool, switching between the formats is smooth sailing, providing many ways to utilize your digital assets to the fullest. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a raster image file format most often used to create logos, icons, charts, and detailed graphics in web design. Its notable features include: PNG Efficient compression of simple colors, resulting in high-quality static images; Efficient compression of simple colors, resulting in high-quality static images; Support for over 200 degrees of transparency for images that can be layered over various background colors and other graphics; Support for over 200 degrees of transparency for images that can be layered over various background colors and other graphics; Easy viewing due to its open format, accessible across various browsers and apps without licensing constraints. Easy viewing due to its open format, accessible across various browsers and apps without licensing constraints. While PDF files boast numerous advantages, you may need to use a free PDF-to-PNG converter or perform other manipulations with the files to get your work done more effectively. Unfortunately, some users might not be fully aware of these opportunities, and we aim to broaden their knowledge with three creative uses of free PDF to PNG tools. free PDF-to-PNG converter free PDF-to-PNG converter Extract Images From PDFs Easily With a PDF to PNG Converter Extract Images From PDFs Easily With a PDF to PNG Converter Of course, you can find all kinds of images on web platforms offering both paid and free options, not to mention that you can use your own photo libraries or draw something in specialized software for digital artists. However, a simple PDF to PNG converter can give you a faster, cheaper, and sometimes even the only possible way to get the images you need. Say, you have a PDF report full of useful stats and facts packed into visually stunning charts, tables, and infographics that would fit into your project exactly to a tee. You can go to an infographic design website and try to recreate the data visualization or opt for a free online tool that can extract images. In the latter case, you just need to upload a PDF, let the app process the file, and wait a few seconds for the engine to efficiently separate the useful elements and deliver a folder with all the images extracted from the PDF. Surely, you should choose a tool that can save PDF as PNG to get the format required for future use. You will be able to edit the visuals and insert them into your projects in mere minutes instead of spending much more time creating images from scratch or searching for them on the web. Maintain Visual Identity Across Multiple Projects Effortlessly Maintain Visual Identity Across Multiple Projects Effortlessly Did you know you can derive various assets from PDF files ? This includes logos, fonts, sub-graphics, and other design elements used in a brand’s visual representation. Whether you are an employee designing your profile on LinkedIn or an influencer promoting a brand through your social media pages, it makes sense to incorporate corporate identity elements into your project. PDF files In the best-case scenario, you should be provided with all the required assets and, moreover, have them in a form that is easy to use in a digital space. If this is not the case, you can cut corners by extracting everything you need from a brand style guide available in a PDF version or any other PDF file containing the company’s visual identity elements. You just need to connect to a free tool designed to extract different PDF components and convert PDF to PNG to get a full set of graphics for use in your project. Then, you will be able to create multiple types of branded content to insert it into: websites, for example, landing pages, product pages, clients’ testimonials, case studies, and so on; websites, for example, landing pages, product pages, clients’ testimonials, case studies, and so on; emails, including headers, footers, or branded email signatures; emails, including headers, footers, or branded email signatures; social media platforms, namely, posts, profiles, banners, stickers, comments, and more. social media platforms, namely, posts, profiles, banners, stickers, comments, and more. Convert PDF to PNG to Showcase Your Work Online Convert PDF to PNG to Showcase Your Work Online Sometimes, one of the main assets you have under your belt is a PDF file itself. Whether you are a designer with a stunning portfolio of creative works or a marketer who crafts visually appealing and meaningful presentations, you are sure to benefit from showcasing your projects to a broader circle of potential clients and employers. Obviously, you can publish your PDF as is on your website, social media, or specialized online platforms designed for professionals, but we all know that multipage PDFs can often be too slow to download and aren’t ideal for viewing. Also, it’s not easy to embed a PDF into a website, and it cannot be layered on top of other graphics since the format doesn’t support transparent backgrounds. But if you choose to convert PDF to PNG free of charge using online tools, you will get high-quality image files that can be incorporated into web pages and digital graphics with no sweat. You can edit the files in any photo editing software, upload them to collage-making platforms, mix and match them to construct a video presentation, or just fit them into an email intended for a prospective client. Bottom Line Bottom Line We have cited just a handful of examples illustrating how a feature-rich PDF-to-PNG converter can make your life easier and even help you unleash your creativity. You just need to explore the pros and cons of different file formats to understand where to use them to the best advantage clearly. With a free online conversion tool, switching between the formats is smooth sailing, providing many ways to utilize your digital assets to the fullest.

Beyond Basic Conversion: Creative Uses of Free PDF to PNG Tools

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