RunPropertyis in the Real Estate IT Industry

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If you are still wondering what NFTs are, you probably haven’t seen Beeple’s famous project “Everydays”, Everydays: the First 5000 Days. is Mike Winkelmann. He sold his work as NFTs (most expensive NFT in 2022) for $69 Million. Other examples of NFT bestsellers include the CryptoPunks, , and . Beeple-crap Bored Ape Yacht Club DogePound True Story: Beeple is actually the reason I switched to a hosting platform back in 2019 from WordPress. By the way, you can use to create NFT collection website. Of course, having a is one of the first steps of launching your NFT collection, but if you want to make your NFT project bigger, you will need to grow a community using a server, or in addition to your website displaying your NFT collection. Wix crypto wallet address Discord Twitter profile But let’s not get ahead of ourselves yet. What is NFT to start with? What are NFTs? What does NFT stand for? First of all, NFT stands for Non-fungible Token. Non-fungible in this case means non-exchangeable. For example, If you wanted to exchange your $100 big note, you would get maybe two $50 notes or five $20 notes. With NFTs, you cannot exchange one for another. What makes the NFTs non-exchangeable and irreplaceable is the Token part of the NFT. The token part represents a unique identification number or non-interchangeable unit of data stored on a blockchain (more on that later). This unique ID prooves ownership of a specific token or NFT. Does it seem like that’s a whole lot of technical terms? Okay. Let me explain. Non-Fungible Tokens Explained. How does an NFT work? Basically, NFTs provide a way to verify ownership of a physical or digital asset. NFTs, go way beyond Beeple’s Digital Artwork, gift cards, and collectibles. It is important to note that they are built with the same technology as cryptocurrencies. Which means they operate online on the Blockchain. This also means that they have endless possibilities. What are some NFT examples? NFTs can be sports cards like (VeeFriends) used to sell before he became rich and wealthy, Video clips like the highlighting outstanding moments from the Basketball league games, Photo frames like NFT collection, Songs/Audio clips like Records all digital NFT album B.O.D.R. or even a simple tweet like Twitter C.E.O Jack Dorsey tweeted a link to a tokenized version of the first tweet ever written where he wrote: “just setting up my twttr.” It sold for $2.9 Million worth of ETH. GaryVee NBA Top Shots TimePieces Snoop Dogg’s Death Row Tip: ETH is short for the Ethereum cryptocurrency which is used to purchase NFTs. Ethereum is also the blockchain on which these NFTs are created, sold, and traded. In February 2022, after the Super Bowl halftime performance, Snoop Dogg announced he would be converting his record label, Death Row Records into the first NFT record label. NFTs can even be virtual physical assets in the Metaverse. The Metaverse is an imaginary or virtual world. Recently, The Sandbox, one of the most popular blockchain-based metaverse game experiences, . They are all sold out by now. This means you can use NFTs in games, virtual worlds/metaverse. launched 10,000 Snoop Dogg avatar NFTs How do I buy NFTs? So, just like you buy sneakers from or eBay, there are online marketplaces or exchanges that you can use to buy or sell NFTs. One of them is and the other among others. Amazon Open Sea Rarible Okay. What are NFTs used for? What Are NFTs Used For? Blockchain technology and NFTs give artists and content creators a unique opportunity to monetize their efforts. For example, artists no longer have to rely on galleries or auction houses to sell their art. Instead, the artist can sell it directly to the consumer as an NFT, which also lets them keep more of the profits. In addition, artists can program or set up in royalties so they’ll receive a percentage of sales whenever their (NFT) art is sold to a new owner. And that, if you agree with me, is an attractive and very generous feature as artists generally could not receive future proceeds after their art was first sold. Art isn’t the only way to make money with NFTs. Brands like Charmin and Taco Bell have auctioned off themed NFT art to raise funds for charity. Charmin dubbed its offering “NFTP” (non-fungible toilet paper), and Taco Bell’s NFT art sold out in minutes, with the highest bids coming in at 1.5 wrapped ether (WETH) — equal to €3290.05 at time of writing. Nyan Cat, a 2011-era GIF of a cat with a pop-tart body, sold for nearly 2021. And NBA Top Shot generated more than in late March 2021. A single LeBron James highlight NFT fetched more than €176702.40. €530107.20 in February €441.76 million in sales Celebrities like Snoop Dogg with his NFT collection (The Doggies — 10K Unique Metaverse Avatars) and Lindsay Lohan have helped make the NFTs even more famous and more valuable than anyone thought possible. What is Blockchain Technology and How does it Work? The Blockchain is like a database or an electronic public ledger on which crypto transactions are recorded. For example, whenever we make transactions in the , Financial institutions have a way of keeping all these transaction records in something called the ledger. The Blockchain is the ledger in the cryptocurrency world. It keeps each transaction in one block after the other, creating a chain of blocks hence the ‘Blockchain’. bank The difference with the blockchain is that this data cannot be changed once the block is entered and (it is open source) everyone with a crypto wallet address is free to participate in the Blockchain and they can see these records/transactions as they take place. Blockchain Explained The first Blockchain was created with the birth of Bitcoin back in 2009. It is the same technology used by Etherium to run Smart Contracts, Decentralized App (DApps), Defi (Decentralized Finance), and NFTs (Non-fungible tokens). The blockchain is decentralized which means it is not run by the government or any bank. It is run by people all over the world over the internet with the computing power necessary to handle all these daily transactions taking place across the globe. The Blockchain is a way to secure transactions since you cannot manipulate or hack it. This technology can also be used to verify land ownership as it’s already been put to use in for the same purpose. Africa Side note: See how far blockchain and bitcoin have gone, changing the lives of Africans through , like the , and the . conferences African Blockchain Week Blockchain Africa Conference How to Invest in the Blockchain Technology? One simple way to invest in Blockchain technology is to either build/develop your own app on the Blockchain using (Smart Contracts) and or buy some shares from publicly traded companies already using the for example IBM, Nvidia, Amazon, Intel, Mastercard, JPMorgan, Canaan, Silvergate, GaryVee, Tai Lopez among others. JavaScript Solidity Blockchain technology The other way is to buy or sell NFTs. Which we are going to look at today. What is Ethereum? Ethereum is the cryptocurrency and blockchain technology that supports NFTs. In the Ethereum world or system, tokens represent a digital asset. Ethereum was introduced in 2015 and has been a driving force for smart contracts among the various features and use cases. Ethereum is a cryptocurrency (ETH) as well as a blockchain system. Besides Ethereum (ETH), there are other cryptocurrencies that use smart contracts like Solana (SOL), Polkadot (DOT), the list goes on. What is Minting? How is Minting different from Crypto Mining and Smart Contracts? Smart Contracts are just programs built and run on the Ethereum Blockchain. Smart contracts are usually built using the Solidity platform using JavaScript programming language. Which you can or . learn from Udacity LinkedIn Minting is the process of creating or registering your NFT collection on the Ethereum blockchain, Flow, or Tezos. Once your NFT is minted, you receive the digital ownership and you can either keep it in your collection, sell it or trade it. Cryptocurrency Mining, however, is the process of making or creating digital currencies like Bitcoin or Dogecoin as a reward for contributing to the network (Blockchain) to aid transactions. For me, crypto mining is simply the unofficial license to print money. When you have computers or graphic cards powerful enough to participate in cryptocurrency mining, you receive part of the transaction fees as electricity fees for proof-of-work (PoW). Proof-of-work verifies that your computer is the one that solved the equation allowing the transaction success on the blockchain. That’s how crypto mining companies like NiceHash, HashShiny.io, and Genesis mining make huge sums of cryptocurrency money. Alright. Now you should know what NFTs are and how they work from the NFT examples I shared with you at the beginning of this article. Remember Beeple and SnoopDogg’s “The Doggies”? Also, you should have a very clear idea of how to buy, sell or trade NFTs. If not, Next up, let me show you some examples of NFT homes (Marketplaces). What is NFT Marketplace? Well, as mentioned earlier, just like you buy books or games from , NFT marketplaces is where you buy or list your NFT for sale. Now, Amazon uses the internet and some programming language like Php, Python, and Javascript to complete transactions. NFTs depend on the internet and smart contracts deployed and developed using the Ethereum blockchain, or Flow. Amazon Ethereum, Flow, and Tezos are open source platforms and besides helping develop and deploy smart-contracts, they also address barriers facing blockchain adoption. Ethereum is the most common when it comes to NFTs. Best NFT Marketplaces Let’s dive deep into examples of NFT marketplaces you can use to sell your crypto art and funny gifs. OpenSea OpenSea is the world’s first and largest digital marketplace for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), crypto-collectibles, sports, music, photography, domain names, and even virtual worlds. You can use NFT marketplaces like OpenSea to buy, sell, and discover exclusive and extraordinary digital items. If you want to get the latest NFT drops, you will need to subscribe to their newsletter. Rarible Rarible is a Multi-chain NFT marketplace with Ethereum, Flow and Tezos integrated. It is a place to trade digital art, music and video NFTs, domain names, metaverse (virtual worlds) land, collectibles among other digital assets. You will find on this platform, a variety of creators and brands, including Twitter, Lindsay Lohan, Floyd Mayweather Jr, LIRONA, Pak, The Watcher, Aavegotchi, and more. Rarible also allows you to create timed auctions, royalties, among other features. NiftyGateway Nifty Gateway is a premier marketplace to buy, sell, and store your digital art. It is owned by . One of their goals is to see at least a billion people collecting NFTs. They team up with top artists and brands to create very exclusive and limited edition collections available on NiftyGateway platform. Gemini One of the things making NiftyGateway unique is the no-gas fees and being able to retrieve your NFT account from their secured wallet, powered by Gemini’s state-of-the-art custody technology. You can also use NiftyGateway’s curated and verified drops to avoid scams. SuperRare SuperRare is the digital art market on Ethereum. Each artwork is authentically created by an artist in the network and tokenized as a collectible digital asset. SuperRare is a marketplace to collect and trade unique, single-edition digital artworks. Foundation Foundation is a platform that aims to build a new creative economy — a world where creators can use the Ethereum blockchain to value their work in entirely new ways and build stronger connections with their supporters. Foundation kind of combines Rarible, OpenSea, and SuperRare. It is a curation platform that fosters a network of mutual support between creators and collectors. All you need to do is connect your wallet to get started collecting NFTs. How to Buy NFTs in 4 Simple Steps Step 1: Start by activating a CryptoWallet address. You can either use Coinbase or MetaMask. Step 2: Fund your account. Buy some cryptocurrency, you will need some ETH for purchasing your NFT. There is something called Gas Fees which is simply the amount charged per transaction on the Ethereum Blockchain to deploy your NFT for sale on the marketplace. If you remember, earlier, we talked about how the Blockchain is managed by high-power machines connected from all over the world via the internet. Well, that requires a lot of electricity as well, and that’s where the Gas Fees come in. It is important to note that some NFT marketplaces don’t ask for a gas fee. Tip: Always try to mint when the gas fees are low. Step 3: Go to your favorite NFT Marketplace and start browsing for your NFT. Step 4: Create/Connect your Wallet address to the NFT marketplace and purchase your preferred NFT collection. Once you purchase an NFT, it will be added to your collection and your proof of ownership can now be verified on the blockchain. By the way, Twitter has a special way of representing an NFT profile ( ). If you own a crypto wallet and NFT, all you need to do is connect your Coinbase Wallet, Ledger Live, MetaMask, Trust Wallet, or any other NFT supported wallet of your choice to get verified. hexagon-shaped profile How to Create NFTs So, to create NFTs, you can either use your creative skills to draw them one by one and save as a JPEG, PNG, GIF, video or use programming to generate random computer-generated graphics. After that, simply follow the rest of the process. Creating the wallet address, connect it to the NFT marketplace, and begin participating in the NFT and Metaverse. Again, you can learn programming from Codecademy, LinkedIn Learning, or PluralSight, Udacity, Udemy among other online learning platforms. How to Sell NFTs in 3 Very Simple and Easy to Follow Steps. To sell your NFT, you simply need a well thought and well-designed NFT or full collection, your crypto wallet address, and some ETH. Step 1: Have your NFT Collection, JPEG, PNG, Audio, Video clip, or whatever you have planned to sell as your NFT ready to go. You may also consider building an where you can showcase your collection and provide more information about your NFT. NFT website Step 2: Visit your preferred NFT marketplace and connect your crypto wallet address. Step 3: Create or upload your NFT Collection, (JPEG, PNG, Audio, Video clip, or whatever you have planned to sell as your NFT. Each platform may have different pages throughout the application but they are very similar. How can I get Cryptocurrency in Uganda using Mobile Money? If you are just learning cryptocurrency in Uganda or other African countries like Nigeria, Tanzania, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, or wherever you might be, you are probably wondering, Is it possible to purchase bitcoin or crypto using your Mobile money. Yes, it is. Depending on your country, there are some companies and/or apps you can even access through the PlayStore that can help you buy bitcoin and other cryptocurrency using Mobile Money or even trade it. For example, Paxful, Binance, Coinbase, Yellowcard, among other apps allow you to buy and sell bitcoin, Ethereum & Tether with Mobile money in Uganda and around Africa. The same apps you can use to withdraw bitcoin to Mobile money in Uganda. Conclusion If you ever wanted to get into the crypto world but thought it complicated, I think NFTs make it real simple and easy to understand and participate in blockchain technology while making money online in cryptocurrencies. Artists/Musicians like , Eminem, and Grimes made the NFTs very popular by purchasing some crypto punks and even selling their own music as NFTs. Snoop Dogg turned Death Row Records into NFT record label. Jay-Z NFTs set up a very huge opportunity for local artists all around the world to be able to sell their work at the same time helping the rest of the world track and verify property/asset ownership using tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. Even if your work is duplicated, the world can still be able to know the Original owner of your masterpiece. Again, as we discussed at the beginning of this article, NFTs are not all about Art but they have proved to perform best in that direction. I hope this helps you learn something about and get started in the cryptocurrency world especially the Ethereum smart contracts and NFTs in particular (crypto art, Metaverse, collectibles and more). If you are interested in learning more, or You can also reach me on or . check out my Website Twitter LinkedIn Drop your NFT collection. Let’s support each other. Also, leave your questions in the comments and share the article to help more people learn about cryptocurrency and the underlying technology of the blockchain. Also Published here

NFTs or Non-Fungible Tokens Breakdown

I want all involved in development to think about other users. Not about those who use your application to solve their problems. But those who extend your app, run it in production and integrate with other systems. About developers, operations, SREs and many others who make your business running. Those behind the curtains. I want you to think about the Developers Experience (DX). The problem Working with different businesses and in outsource companies I’ve spot following tendency: The main focus is on business requirements and UI features of built application. Because this is the first thing that real users will see. A client who ordered a new feature would like to see a pretty demo and understand that money invested is working. Such priority looks logical and right. But problems are hiding behind such thinking. always There are many other users behind the curtains. Almost nobody thinks about developer experience (except IT-focused products). Giving priority only to business features and UI is not enough for some solutions. Nowadays all businesses are digital. They integrate with many systems, chats, banks, you name it. There is always some development work happening and many of them don’t focus on DX. Which is bad. It is bad because engineers also should feel happy using your product. If they struggle, you as a business might have loss of trust or reputation. All users of your product are special. Yes, they all have different needs, but meet those needs. Culture DX is also about product vision. It is something that should be in your development team. It should become part of a culture. Understand what you create. Not from specifications but from the real users perspective. Frontend developers are more product-oriented than backend developers. They focus on users and their experience. Backend developers focus on algorithms and data structures. I know that there are backend developers who also think about their users. This article is not about them. The product team and people who have vision should teach others to see problems from the real users perspective. If you would like to bring innovations and raise the quality of the product — such thinking should become part of you. Bad DX examples What experience should engineers avoid trying to use your application? This is an opinionated short list of bad DX examples. If you have something to add — welcome to the comment section below. Bad API design Take a look at the following: GET     /users
GET     /users?id={userID}
NEW     /users/create
POST    /users/update?id={userID}
DROP    /user/{userID} Do you feel pain looking at this? I do. It’s a mix of different things Semantics are not followed Not easy to understand straight away what is happening Not standard HTTP methods are in use (but this is fine according to ). RFC 2616 What is good is that it works. But it would be a lot better if it looked like this: GET       /users
GET       /users/{userID}
POST      /users
PUT       /users/{userID}
DELETE    /user/{userID} Clean. Without looking at documentation such API already starts to give clues. Many frameworks ( , , , etc.) suggest following design of REST APIs by default. Actually, Roy Thomas Fielding was the first who . To start developing taste in API design take a look at or to get started. Ruby on Rails Laravel Play proposed REST this resource this article Another thing that I would like to mention is deep nested objects in API responses. Objects are trees and sometimes those trees grow like real trees. Very tall and dense. It is not good when your response object looks like this: { : , : , : [
    { : , : , : [
        { ... }
      ]
    }
  ]
} "id" "001" "value" "some value" "child" "id" "002" "value" "another value" "child" To get needed values you need to traverse a graph. Algorithmic complexity to parse a graph is ( ). And it’s a lot. There might be too many nodes to traverse. It would be better to flatten such object. O(V+E) DFS [
  { : , : },
  { : , : ,
  },
  { : , : ,
  }
] "id" "001" "value" "some value" "id" "001:002" "value" "another value" "id" "001:002:xxx" "value" "and another value" Much better. And this might be a final variant if the return object is small. Parsing the following structure will take (because of one loop). Nice. And reading such structure is easier. Is it possible to lower search to ? O(n) O(1) { : { : , : }, : { : , : ,
  }, : { : , : ,
  }
} "001" "id" "001" "value" "some value" "001:002" "id" "001:002" "value" "another value" "001:002:xxx" "id" "001:002:xxx" "value" "and another value" Now it is . You can specify a key and extract value without iterating an object. Some may recall Redux by looking at the last example. O(1) State Shape Normalization TIP: Use the following approach to store objects under keys in cache. Solutions provided here are not silver bullets. Key takeaway: Keep your objects as flat as possible. Take a look at your APIs. Can somebody’s life be simplified? Configuration properties chaos Sometimes configuration properties are treated not seriously. Take a look at this snippet: base.url=http://localhost:8080 = jobs.disabled=true
extract.values.and.save.period.hours=5
send.email.each.12.hours=true port 1313 Naming is strange and hard to read Hard to follow logic (because there is no logic) Time unit is big. It might be that there are properties set in other time units than hours It’s hard to figure out the meaning of some properties by their names etc. Treat configuration properties as first-class citizens. Developers and Ops interact with your application using properties. If it is not clear how to use them — mistakes may arise. Additionally it is a sign about the bad quality of your product. How to fix this? server.address=127.0.0.1
server.port=80 jobs.extract_reports.enabled=false
jobs.extract_reports.interval=18000
jobs.extract_reports.destination=/tmp/reports
jobs.extract_reports.email_notifications=false # Network address (server.address) to which the server should bind # and listen port for incoming HTTP requests (server.port). # Default: # Job to extract and save reports to storage. # If enabled (jobs.extract_reports.enabled) job will # run every 5 hours (jobs.extract_reports.interval in seconds) and save # reports to defined destination (jobs.extract_reports.destination). # # Enable email notifications # (jobs.extract_reports.email_notifications) to send summary # of jobs done during the day. # Default: Comments added — more context given Sensible defaults are setAll properties are logically grouped Application with set defaults will be able to start without extra configuration For inspiration I would recommend to take a look at: redis.conf postgresql.conf Logs with no meaning and action Logs are the main interface of your app for the Ops team. If logs lack context it might lead to long investigations of a problem. [ : : ] ERROR Exception happened
com : Base Exception
at com (HomeController : ) ~[bin/:na]
at sun (Native Method) ~[na: . _45]
...
at org (DispatcherServlet : ) ~[spring-webmvc- . : . .RELEASE]
at org (FrameworkServlet : ) [spring-webmvc- . : . .RELEASE]
at org (FrameworkServlet : ) [spring-webmvc- . : . .RELEASE]
at javax (HttpServlet : ) [tomcat-embed-core- . : . ]
... 12 40 45 .ekiras .exception .BaseException .ekiras .controller .HomeController .ex1 .java 21 .reflect .NativeMethodAccessorImpl .invoke0 1.8 0 .springframework .web .servlet .DispatcherServlet .doService .java 893 4.2 4 .RELEASE .jar 4.2 4 .springframework .web .servlet .FrameworkServlet .processRequest .java 969 4.2 4 .RELEASE .jar 4.2 4 .springframework .web .servlet .FrameworkServlet .doGet .java 860 4.2 4 .RELEASE .jar 4.2 4 .servlet .http .HttpServlet .service .java 622 8.0 30 .jar 8.0 30 Such a log only states that something bad happened. For those who don’t have access to the code of your app this is almost zero information. Stacktrace will not give information on how to solve the issue. 12:40:45] the database (db.internal/app) failed. Check datasource property application configuration ERROR Connection to in The message above is clearer because it states directly: What is the problem — DB connection failed How this error can be fixed — check property datasource Usually, machines collect logs first and after humans read them. If this is the case, write log in JSON or structured text formats: = =error = =500 = time "2020-06-14T01:27:38-04:00" level msg "Connection to the database (db.internal/app) failed. Check datasource property in application configuration" status_code path "/about" With the example above, logs can have more context like response status code and path that failed. The following format is readable by machines and by humans. Rule of thumb: One event equals one log line. No comments in code When you want to use some method from the library and it doesn’t have a description — it’s a problem. { } List<User> public users (Bool limit, String group, String sort) // ... Guess games, anyone? The assumption is that it will return the list of users. But what is , and ? What are their values? What can be set there? limit group sort Without comments we need to read code to understand what is happening there. After reading open Pull Request with the following comment: { } /**
 * Return list of users.
 *
 * limit specifies to get users with limited access (default: true)
 * group user group to lookup (default: "regular")
 * sort  how to sort users (default: "asc"; possible values: "asc", "desc")
 * list of users
 */ @param @param @param @return List<User> public users (Boolean limit, String group, String sort) // ... Congratulations! You’ve got angry developers who spent a lot of time understanding code that they should not even know. is playing this game by . And another player is , who go with approach. Go making comments mandatory Rust documentation comments as tests Self-documenting code is a myth. Document your code. Users and the future self will be very grateful for such effort. Unpredictable responses For example, you want to get a list of prices set for some item in the shop during the specified day. API response might look following: { : , : , : [ , , ]
} "item" "78956745" "day" "2020-06-14" "prices" "8,72" "9,01" "8,02" What if there were no price changes during the day? Item ID and day are valid. The only thing missing is the list of prices. Consider the following options: 1) Prices are returned as an empty list: { : , : , : []
} "item" "78956745" "day" "2020-06-14" "prices" 2) Prices are not returned: { : , : ,
} "item" "78956745" "day" "2020-06-14" 3) Prices are set to null: { : , : , : } "item" "78956745" "day" "2020-06-14" "prices" null Two last options are not predictable. Option 2 modifies response by removing object from the response. Not good. Option 3 makes it worse. You saw that in response there is a list and now you observe different type. prices The best approach is to go with Option 1. You know that is a list. In future, you also expect that there will be a list. If there is no information, then return an empty list. Less confusion and meet expectations. prices Only once executed configuration properties You can give an option to the user to configure your service via configuration files or APIs. In some scenarios, this does make sense. But sometimes there is a case when configuration in a file is used only once to bootstrap an app. And then only the API is in use. Don’t do that. If you provide both options — both of them should work the same way. Do change in file — changes apply. Do changes via API — changes apply. Configuration operations that users do should be . idempotent It doesn’t matter how you set configuration — it should always work the same way. How to level-up DX It’s all about thinking. And thinking is something not easy to change. I would suggest to start with . It is a set of good practices to apply. It’s more oriented towards backend applications, but ideas can apply to other areas as well. Take a look at for inspiration. This is one of the companies that is known for great DX. Another company that I like and it inspires is . Also suggest to read fresh and nice article from Chris Coyer . Are you building CLI? Get inspiration from Carolyn Van Slyck talk on . The Twelve-Factor methodology Stripe Digital Ocean about meaning of DX for different people how to design Command-Line tools that people love And ask yourself questions: Who are end users / stakeholders? Is it another team? Other developers who perform integrations? How will this library be used? Can this be simplified? Is this readable and understandable? Does it look simple? Will my colleagues understand this? And ask for feedback to become even better. Hope you enjoyed it. Happy coding and nice mood!

We Need to Talk About DX (Developer Experience)

AI-Powered Localization Using an Open-source Project as a Case Study

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Vogt, Lars, TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology; (2) Konrad, Marcel, TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology; (3) Prinz, Manuel, TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Interoperability Semantic interoperability and what natural languages like English can teach us Requirements for successfully communicating terms and statements Parallels between the structure of natural language statements and data schemata with implications for semantic interoperability What makes a term a good term and a schema a good schema? The need for a machine-actionable Rosetta Stone for (meta)data that acts as an interlingua for specifying reference terms and reference schemata to support cognitive and semantic interoperability Rosetta Stone and machine-readability: UPRIs, XML Schema datatypes, and RDF for communicating terms, datatypes, and statements Rosetta Stone and machine-interpretability: Wikidata and a modeling paradigm for (meta)data statements based on English Rosetta Stone and semantic interoperability: Specifying term mappings and schema crosswalks Rosetta Stone and cognitive interoperability: Specifying display templates and using a query builder Discussion Related work Conclusion, Acknowledgements, & References Rosetta Stone and semantic interoperability: Specifying term mappings and schema crosswalks Different controlled vocabularies and ontologies may contain terms that have the same meaning and referent, and are therefore strict synonyms. Unfortunately, if their UPRIs differ, a machine will not be able to recognize them as synonyms, and statements using such terms will not be interoperable because the terms they use are not terminologically interoperable (10). The problem of the lack of terminological interoperability can be solved by specifying ontological term mappings for all strictly synonymous terms across different vocabularies and ontologies, as discussed above. Unfortunately, however, terms that appear to be strictly synonymous at first glance sometimes turn out not to be strictly synonymous on closer inspection, or the evaluation of their synonymy involves evaluating chains of interdependencies between numerous terms across different ontologies and is practically not feasible. In such cases, but also when terms refer to the same entities but differ in their ontological definitions, referential term mappings can be specified. In the first implementation of the Rosetta Framework, we suggest being pragmatic and focusing on referential interoperability of terms and thus referential term mappings—ontological term mappings can still be added later. We plan to use Wikidata terms as referent terms for referential term mappings. The mappings and should be stored and made openly accessible and usable in a terminology service such as the . TIB Terminology Service Analogous to referential term mappings, referential schema crosswalks will be specified to establish schematic interoperability between all schemata that model the same type of statement (10). With schema crosswalks specified via the appropriate Rosetta Framework reference schema (cf. Fig. 4), researchers can use a schema that is optimized for the set of operations and tools relevant to their particular project and research topic, while making the (meta)data they create referentially and schematically interoperable with all other statements created with schemata for which schema crosswalks have been specified for the same reference schema (Fig. 8). All provenance and metadata statements associated with a particular dataset or a given data statement can be mapped to any provenance and metadata schema or model, such as PROV-O, PAV ontology (62), Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, or DataCite Schema, if a corresponding reference schema is specified along with the required . metadata crosswalks In addition to specifying schema crosswalks to different (meta)data graph schemata, they can also be specified to different formats such as RDF/OWL, GraphQL, Python or Java data classes, JSON, and CSV. Since all of these formats must provide data slots for a given statement type that map to its positions and their associated semantic roles, mapping to non-graph-based formats should be analogous to mapping to graph-based formats (e.g., Fig. 2D). The Rosetta Editor must allow the specification of new graph-based and tabular (meta)data schemata and formats whenever needed, thus allowing adaption to newly emerging (meta)data formats and standards 5 . This takes into account the observation that FAIRness is not sufficient as an indicator of high (meta)data quality―the use of (meta)data often depends on its fitness-for-use, i.e., data must be available in appropriate formats that comply with established standards and protocols that allow their direct use, e.g., when a specific analysis software requires data in a specific format. With the Rosetta Framework and its Editor, any domain expert can begin to specify their own small Rosetta module for each type of statement that is relevant to them. The module comprises the statement class, a reference schema, and schema crosswalks. Rosetta modules facilitate the production of FAIR machine-actionable (meta)data statements. Using the Editor, any number of additional schemata can be specified at any time and linked to the reference schema through a schema crosswalk. These additional schemata can be used by applications to make their (meta)data, which are stored according to reference schemata, accessible in any other schema and format—either virtually through their UI or as an export option. As a result, (meta)data managed by an application that applies the Rosetta Framework are decoupled from the application’s storage model and can be readily used in other frameworks And since schema crosswalks allow (meta)data conversion in both directions, they can also be used to import (meta)data from any schema into the reference schema. Combined with the concept of semantic units (50), the Rosetta modules resemble Knowledge Graph Building Blocks, i.e., small information modules for knowledge processing (for a discussion of Knowledge Graph Building Blocks, see (64)). The ability to specify schema crosswalks that convert, for example, weight measurement statements that comply with a corresponding reference schema into data graphs that comply with the corresponding OBI schema also opens up the possibility for knowledge graph applications to establish workflows in which statements that meet certain criteria, such as having a certain confidence level or having a documented reference to a relevant source of evidence for the statement, are then converted into data graphs that comply with the OBI schema for weight measurements, thereby converting information from a schema that models statements into a schema that models a human-independent reality. From reference schemata to OWL-based schemata that allow reasoning (Meta)data statements and their corresponding statement classes can be understood as a formalized approach to modeling n-ary predicates. Each statement class refers to an n-ary predicate, and the statement class can be understood as an attempt to model this predicate as an ontology class instead of an ontology property. As a consequence, reasoning over property axioms such as transitivity or domain and range specifications is not straightforward with (meta)data statements resulting from instantiations of reference schemata, and tools established for OWL-based frameworks cannot be readily reused in the Rosetta Framework. Therefore, it is important for the Framework to provide interoperability with OWL and description logics by providing, by default, a corresponding OWL-based schema for each reference schema and its corresponding statement class. When a new reference schema is specified for a new type of statement, the Rosetta Editor uses the information provided for the newly specified statement class and for the reference schema to automatically specify an OWL-based schema and the associated schema crosswalk. When we take a material has-part statement with a material object as the subject and another material object as the object argument, the corresponding reference schema takes on the structure shown in Figure 9, top. We can define a new object property ‘has material part’ as a subproperty of ‘required object position’, with the domain and range specified as ‘MATERIAL OBJECT’ (Fig. 9, bottom). An annotation property indicates that the ‘has material part’ property belongs to the ‘material has-part statement’ class. The domain and range specifications are taken from the constraints of the two slots that the property connects, and any logical property axioms, such as transitivity, are taken from the corresponding specifications on the range object-position class (see discussion above).

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