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RPAIR

rpair

Transform

Hair

Shampoo

Ahead, the best keratin shampoos for smoothing frizz, repairing damage, and strengthening your hair according to editor testing and stylist recommendations.

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These Keratin Shampoos Will Transform Your Hair...Trust Me

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.6l3fMUjuba1Bx26WywDhqQ&pid=news

Hernia

Maine

Surgeons may be endangering patients by performing a complex hernia repair surgery without the appropriate experience, or worse -- when a simpler procedure could have solved the problem, a New York Times investigation found. The number of times doctors ...

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.sD-NwZsCdzRLgdlzOLbF-S&pid=News

'Gaping Holes' in Maine Victims; Risky Hernia Surgery on the Rise; Open Access Push

MedPage Today

Columbus

The private equity arm of an NYC firm has acquired a majority stake in Columbus-based Sage Sustainable Electronics, accelerating its mission to keep old corporate laptops, phones and other devices out of landfills.

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Columbus e-waste company sells majority stake to keep more laptops out of landfills

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.t3F4eXZUTDaqQci8YlUgMw&pid=news

The Business Journals

Kirk Cousins

MINNEAPOLIS (AP) – Minnesota Vikings quarterback Kirk Cousins had surgery Wednesday to repair his torn right Achilles tendon.

Kirk Cousins has surgery to repair torn Achilles

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.smMYwheW9AdQjMKRtI6mWQ&pid=news

KFGO

Brookings

No injuries were reported in the incident at 312 Third Ave., which occurred at 3:06 p.m. According to news release from the fire department, the fire was burning in the ceiling/floor assembly of the building, which led to an “aggressive interior attack on both levels of the structure” within 10 minutes of firefighters being dispatched.

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Little damage seen after downtown business fire doused in Brookings

Brookings Register

Georgia Institute of Technology

Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course

Ohio-based Kokosing Construction Company, Inc. began initial repair work the week of October 16th, followed by milling the existing track surface on Monday, October 23 and completing the paving of the final asphalt surface layer on Friday, October 27.

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.6GfB7epBkU5TShf-LonG1S&pid=News

Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course Has Been Repaved

Roadracing World

Kenner

In Kenner, water on the 3300 block of Irish Bend Rd. has been shut off. The Jefferson Parish Water Department says this is so crews can work to repair a water main. Residents with any questions or concerns can reach the Eastbank Water Treatment Plant at 504-736-6060.

Advertising

Hearst Television, Inc.

Kenner residents dealing with water shutoff

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WDSU

Minnesota Vikings quarterback Kirk Cousins had surgery Wednesday to repair his torn right Achilles tendon.

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Cousins has surgery on his torn Achilles tendon. Vikings have yet to reveal a return timetable

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.fySAIDV0K94u9OLzDx14TQ&pid=news

Times Union

Visit the Cobblers Direct Secondhand Resale Repairs Page to learn more about volume discounts for resellers.

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.eEllMZJxERsvXKUo-SRz9S&pid=News

Cobblers Direct to Support Resale Market for Secondhand Goods

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.cIDZaR0DiY90MlWBq3qPyw&pid=news

TMCnet

Muscatine County

Muscatine will be temporarily closing a street for an emergency water repair. The city announced in an email that Bartlett Street will be closed to through traffic between Mulberry Avenue and Cedar Street starting Monday, Nov. 6, for a private emergency ...

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.Tn__RwbLRXDELr9YQaccfy&pid=News

Quad Cities

RAGBRAI

Muscatine to close street for emergency water repair

OurQuadCities

Induced pluripotent stem cell

H uman embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst before its attachment to the uterus, can differentiate into multiple cell types. Due to the ethical debate surrounding their use in research,

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Fixing the Problem with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.olCObH7_aQslfC6pwHAbsg&pid=news

The Scientist

Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act

Priority

NAEDA’s Eric Wareham, senior vice president of government affairs, and Kipp McGuire, director of government affairs, joined Farm Equipment for an in-depth webinar on right to repair legislation in 2023 and the current federal and state legislative ...

Right to Repair Remains Legislative Priority

farm-equipment

Damaged

MARION, Iowa (KCRG) - The Marion Police Department says a traffic signal was damaged following a single vehicle crash. Police say the crash happened Monday evening at East Post Road and Highway 100. The crash damaged the traffic signal cabinet, which the department says is beyond repair.

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.tDLWeC_S1TT6-6mGnU1Nri&pid=News

Marion

Cedar Rapids

Signal Damaged at East Post Road and Highway 100

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.HxbBc49dy9ibdBStB1-ifg&pid=news

ABC Kcrg  9

This set of tools is perfect for professionals who frequently work with electronics and includes everything you need to open and repair your devices. Once you have all the materials you need, you can get started. First, turn off your laptop, unplug it from ...

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.oDw-YFUJWz513eWXwue2hS&pid=News

How to replace the battery in the Lenovo Slim Pro 9i (2023)

Huron County

Detroit

Huron Capital announced its subsidiary, The Exigent Group acquired Ambient Temperature Corp. and Global Facility Solutions .

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Huron Capital in Detroit Expands Exigent Group via Acquisitions

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.TORy65PP0QHZ9bndxmoMGA&pid=news

DBusiness Magazine

Anna Maria Island

Traffic

They also said that due to safety concerns, the work is not possible at night. The repair project first began when the water main, which provides potable water to Anna Maria Island, fell into Anna Maria Sound on June 20 after it collapsed from hangers ...

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.vmrADaXIRgXtqtKHhCufUi&pid=News

Traffic delays coming to Anna Maria Island as water main repairs resume. What to know

Yahoo

Resurfacing

Trail

Detour

DAVENPORT, Iowa (KWQC) - Repair work is closing a portion of Duck Creek Recreational Trail temporarily. Patching and resurfacing has closed the trail at Marquette through the pedestrian bridge in Junge Park. Work began Monday and is expected to finished by Nov. 10.

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.l0hRtUG9NOTtrla3AmzmxS&pid=News

Trail detour: Resurfacing closes part of Duck Creek trail

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KWQC

FRSC also admonished motorists against overloading and travelling at night to prevent avoidable crashes. The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), Ogun Command on Tuesday advised motorists to ensure that they had functional lighting system in their cars during the ember months.

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.Gb2DSJJ7DKT6VM2wlwl4Ly&pid=News

Repair your car’s lighting defects to stay alive – FRSC advises motorists

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.zmzDlUN0Ujiy9Y-cpSulRA&pid=news

Pulse Nigeria on MSN.com

Vehicle repair operations are also competing with other trades to lure in the next generation of workers. Some of the most successful shops are using skills competitions to

https://www.bing.com/th?id=OVFT.U9AoYaPoFfMcUTXkuRIgVi&pid=News

Fight for fleet repair technicians heats up

https://www.bing.com/th?id=ODF.XCdtY9p7WHEpw54WwN08zA&pid=news

Fleet Owner

Musical gesture

More than 80 years ago, China and the US fought side by side against fascism, with the Flying Tigers bombing Japanese targets and defending China in the air. The story of the Flying Tigers is a story of profound friendship forged with the blood of the two peoples.

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A friendly gesture to repair a critical relationship: China Daily editorial

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中国日报网

HackerNoon Reporter: Please tell us briefly about your background. Our team is innovative and hardworking, we all come from different backgrounds, where we are able to combine our transferable skills to make RPAIR successful. This means that we all see things slightly differently but we come together with our skills and expertise to drive this company forward. What's your startup called? And in a sentence or two, what does it do? Our company, RPAIR, has developed an online comparison marketplace for watch and jewellery owners in the UK to get easier access to repairs for their watches and jewelry items by matching them with qualified and reviewed repair shops across the UK. What is the origin story? Like many ideas, RPAIR was born from real-world frustrations. While working in the watch and jewelry industry for over 15 years, I experienced many problems keeping customers updated on their watch and jewelry repairs whilst working at my family’s jewelry shop. In 2019 I thought "Could technology be used to simplify communication between the repair shop and customer, and repair this broken process?" When discussing this idea with my partner Michael one evening, the real lightbulb moment happened. Together, we quickly realised a solution that would solve many more of the problems experienced in this industry. One platform that could help customers easily find and compare watch and jewelry repair quotes whilst simultaneously helping jewelry and repair shops win and manage more jobs. What do you love about your team, and why are you the ones to solve this problem? We love working together, we have fun and make this more than a job and a business. We are a passionate group of people that are constantly challenging each other to get the best out of each other and to keep pushing our business forward. We are a group of forward thinkers on a mission to make watch and jewelry repairs fair and easy for all. We have a balanced blend of backgrounds and we believe this helps guide our market understanding and inform our product decisions. These backgrounds include the watch and jewelry industry, design, tech product development, software engineering, and sales. Together, we want to solve old school problems with new-age tools. If you weren’t building your startup, what would you be doing? We would be figuring out something else to start working on. To be honest I can’t think of much else to do. The four of us have met, individually and with each other at times to work together and build something, so if it wasn’t this it would be something else. At the moment, how do you measure success? What are your core metrics? At the moment we believe success is measured in different ways. Every week is a different level of success. We have set milestones to hit, and as we are growing we are hitting them and measuring our success by them. Our goal currently is to make the repairs process easier for customers, so they bother to get their repairs completed, but our goal is also to on-board more businesses so we can drive customers to them and increase their repairs business. As long as we are working towards both of these goals and making this process easier for customers and businesses then we are successful. CPA – Advertising cost per completed customer repair form Average no. of quotes received for a customer before a customer accepts one Repair Partners Response rate (How often they are quoting to show engagement) Win rate (How often they are winning jobs) What’s most exciting about your traction to date? We’ve seen a huge volume of repair jobs come through ranging from Rolex watch servicing to diamond ring resizing. It’s amazing to see people trusting the platform with their most precious items. We also had one repair partner make back their subscription fee in their first week by being really engaged with the platform and going above and beyond for the customer. What technologies are you currently most excited about, and most worried about? And why? We are excited about AI technology, specifically, with everything that has happened in the world recently. The combination of AI and vaccine development being able to significantly speed up this process could mean we do not have to suffer another pandemic in this way at all. Excited: We are not worried about any particular type of technology, but the addiction that we have to social media and technology. Technology is amazing, but how we choose to use it and how our behavior changes in a negative way are what is worrying. With the rise of technology and social media addiction, we sometimes worry about how to educate our children on how to use it responsibly. Worried: What drew you to get published on HackerNoon? What do you like most about our platform? Interesting and varied articles across lots of interesting tech topics. 8-Bit branding is cool and the whole platform doesn’t take itself too seriously. What advice would you give to the 21-year-old version of yourself? “There is only one thing that makes a dream impossible to achieve: the fear of failure.” What is something surprising you've learned this year that your contemporaries would benefit from knowing? We have learned so much, and so much of this is new to all of us. The key is to have the right people around you, make sure you are agile when an opportunity presents itself, or when a mistake is made. Just because you built a roadmap does not mean you cannot pivot and change direction. For example, within 2 weeks of our BETA launch, we saw significant issues with the customer journey and had to rearrange our priorities and work hard to get it sorted. Also we learned to not live in fear of putting out a product that isn’t perfect. What you can learn from being live and getting real-life feedback is invaluable. Don’t be scared of failing, just keep moving forward. VOTE for RPAIR as ! Startup of the Year in Waltham Abbey

Startup Interview with Abbie Shone, Founde and COO of RPAIR

44,000 startups. 4,553 cities. “4 billion votes” It was such a blessing to get to know so many of your ideas and innovations from every corner of the world in 2021. The startup community amazed all of us with your hard work and persistence despite all of the challenges that we faced globally throughout last year. Not gonna lie, the competition got our hearts racing like Eurovision. We won’t let you wait for much longer, below are long-awaited results! ✨✨✨ To see who is a winner in each respective city, visit and pick a city. The name at the top of the list is the winner. (Compromised awards are under review.) startups.hackernoon.com The will announce the winners per region in their respective cities. Startups Winners Announcement Series 🔥 Central Europe Central Europe has always caught our attention with the talented pool of people in tech community. But were they able to get through 2021 despite the pandemic? Let’s cheers to the most outstanding amongst 4,500+ startups who have been working hard this year: Basel, Switzerland An overwhelming vote for ~ in their mission of helping machinery companies drive more service revenues from their installed base MachiQ Software Berlin, Germany We have with a whooping 538 votes! Let’s support Plan A with its mission to help companies to measure, monitor and reduce their environmental footprint. Plan A Düsseldorf, Germany It doesn’t get any easier with Kicking off in helping people organize online schedules more easily. EasyWeek! Geneva, Switzerland Manage code quality? We have to give props to for their startup! SonarSource Hamburg, Germany Taking over Hamburg is , an acoustic device to reduce noises in vehicle cabins. No more annoying sounds on the road 🚗 ReCalm Köln, Germany Small business? Hoping to manage your marketing campaign? is winning the vote! rankingCoach Lausanne, Switzerland is a Swiss-based company focused on cryptocurrency management solutions built for financial institutions. Metaco Leipzig, Germany empowers companies to operate and utilize drones for the most effective industrial data applications. FlyNex Mainz, Germany is growing sustainable digital mobility startups! Next Mobility Labs Munich, Germany wins for top-line, high-security international Identity Management! ORY Stuttgart, Germany Remote desktop application? Ask anywhere. AnyDesk Vienna, Austria , an IT company enabling privacy-preserving big data applications in the digital age. Mostly AI Zug, Switzerland Way to go 1762 votes for the first provably live pure Proof-of-Stake (PoS) CBC-Casper blockchain designed for real-world applications. CasperLabs! Nyon Calling for robust data solutions for impact-driven organizations! Havuta LLC Zürich is revolutionizing small business lending to give easy access to capital to those who need it most: SMEs ✨ Teylor Heidelberg, Germany is an innovative HR startup providing a solution for fast and efficient recruiting of employees with simple job profiles. Talk'n'Job Stuttgart, Germany Congratulations for winning this title! AnyDesk Moving on to our buddies in... 🔥 Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is home to many familiar big names in our start-up world. Trace history for Miro, Telegram, and Grammarly and you know where they are from. Who is the next generation for Eastern European startups? Budapest, Hungary is a platform for mobile app development, enabling tens of thousands of developers to automate integration, testing, and deployment. Bitrise I__ __ stanbul, Turkey Leading here is - a brand new software intelligence platform- helps organizations deliver faster, high-quality products by connecting their DevOps tools. Oobeya Kraków, Poland is a human cloud platform that connects global enterprises with European software houses, offering tech talent as a service. Talent Alpha Kyiv, Ukraine 281 votes for , an AI powered app where people can swap faces in the videos, GIFs and images in just a few seconds. Reface Sofia, Bulgaria 387 votes for __ __378, leading Blockchain and DLT solutions company that specializes in helping enterprises and blockchain startups design, build and scale innovative solutions using Blockchain & DLT! LimeChain Warsaw, Poland is a next-generation blockchain document management software (DMS). DoxyChain Yerevan, Armenia Whoever clicked to vote for was sure a vote, because it ended up winning as a full-service software provider delivering Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning solutions for businesses. SmartClick smart Almaty Just like the name suggested, provides one pass to dozens of gyms and studios. 1FIT Debrecen got all the coders ranked figured out! CodersRank Kharkiv is complete solution digital assets management! Pics.io Minsk, Belarus with 243 votes is the first blockchain-powered sports media platform. Scorum Moscow, Russian Federation 1 e-grocery company in Russia with 26 votes and #1 on our HackerNoon board for Minsk. SberMarket Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation leads this area as a personal finance application that rewards responsible spending and savings. CoinKeeper Kazan, Russian Federation Smelling a sweet victory? 3d App designers for flower bouquets is in the house! Flowito Western Europe 🔥 Brexit? Pandemic? It seems like startups in Western Europe still keep their spirits regardless. Startups in Western Europe that stood out in votes this year go to: Antwerp is on a streak! As a bug bounty platform, it ensures online security through a crowd-sourced platform for computer experts. intigriti Belfast A record-breaking 10,003 votes? is an independent coffee shop. Come grab a coffee! Bobs & Berts Birmingham What’s happening in Birmingham? We have , an innovative UK-based advanced lithium battery developer aiming to accelerate the global shift to cleaner. Aceleron Bordeaux 30 is an open-source web framework for building modern apps and websites with Vue.js. NuxtJS Boulogne-billancourt is a software company that provides an in-store analytics platform to optimize operations. DiGEiZ Brighton In for some jam? offers musical education services. BIMM Bristol Another tasty victory for Western Europe is enabling the strongest digital encryption on the internet. KETS Quantum Security Brussels A fashionable win for , a social fashion network. You scan barcodes in fashion shops and see every influencer wearing those outfits! Share your wishlist with your friends and earn cashback. SCANDALOOK Cardiff is a technology company developing end-to-end digital connectivity for the point-of-care diagnostics market. Bond Digital Health London A whooping number of 1085 vote__ __ offers hardware based cyber-security solution for authentication and encryption in a wired local network. Crypto Quantique Edinburgh Hopping up on the crypto movement, just launched last year but they are already rocking it at making crypto accessible to everyone. Zumo Ghent 5379 votes for ! A Belgian InsurTech startup that helps insurance providers all over the world to better connect with their digital customers. WeGroup Glasgow specializes in single-cell analysis transforming the life sciences. Biomage Paris Show some love in the city of love for , a sports platform that is connected to a mobile sports coaching application. AirFit Aberystwyth enables artificial intelligence, data science & digital innovation solutions for the agriculture, biotech & life sciences industries. Agxio Norwich Congratulations for the amazing win of 1124 votes! WATR Charleroi Congratulations for your amazing win! Hirering Gibraltar Give a round of applause to Fortknoxter! Waltham Abbey is ruling the area with its amazing 72 votes! RPAIR Antwerpen Rocking up Antwerpen area is the rising startup ! Willow Egham What’s happening in Egham? Proudly announcing winning the Noonies this year! ATA.ONE Leicester Leicester is calling the name of as the winner for the region! DeadHappy Macclesfield Who else but ? Congratulations on dominating the award! AeroCloud Northern Europe 🔥 Want to listen to some music? Spotify. Need some games to kill time? Candy Crush. What about a quick call to someone you haven’t seen in a long time? Skype. These are all startups that originated from Northern Europe! Noonies, let’s take a look at the upcoming generation of startups from Northern Europe that hopefully will see an even bigger and brighter future. Gothenburg, Sweden Shipping was never made for small shippers, so took on the mission to built an end-to-end logistics platform to empower small businesses to spend less time and money on shipping and more time on growing their businesses. Sendify The Netherlands provides a virtual platform for many kinds of conferences and events. Let's Get Digital Helsinki, Finland A curated collection of public basketball courts in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area called . Everyone is welcome to submit to their local court. Koripallopaikat Lund, Sweden develops an antibiotic-free, safe and effective treatment of vaginal fungal infections. Gedea Biotech Luxembourg, Luxembourg 🚀 is a job-matching platform that connects developers and tech experts with CTOs and team leads from the best tech companies across Europe. 👾 nexten.io Malmö, Sweden Feeling studious, Noonies? __ __e is a tool for Google Classroom, that enables formative matrix assessment towards course learning objectives directly. StudyBe Oslo, Norway is the platform supports a unified API across all connected device categories, removing significant friction for app developers. Domos Labs Reykjavík, Iceland __ __s is a mobile-first technologically advanced neo-bank. Indo service #S__ __ tockholm, Sweden is the biggest blockchain start-up in Sweden. Double winner of the most prestigious nomination in Nordics 'NyTeknik 33-listan', winner of the Deloitte Fast 50, and now Noonies Award! ChromaWay AB T__ __ allinn, Estonia Passing 1000 votes is a fully digital and decentralized ecosystem for all actors in supply chain. OBORTECH Vilnius, Lithuania is an easy-to-use money app for cards and accounts. Via Genome, users can open a business or a merchant account or a personal one with dedicated IBANs, access transfers, exchange currency, process payments, and manage the funds. Genome Aalborg Digura A legaltech offering tenants fast, digital and reliable legal assistance Aarhus Partisia Market Design provides secure, simple, efficient solutions for auctions and exchanges realizing the potential of the market. Helsingborg is a hi-tech company developing cardiac occlusion devices and other vascular implants. Occlutech Tallinna is an AI-powered system for marketing automation in social networks. POSTOPLAN 🔥 Southern Europe Southern Europe’s economy went through a hard time this year due to a huge reduction in tourism. But our startups are of course always headstrong, from Spain to Italy and all the way through Greece. Who are the heroes rising amidst changes of Southern Europe? Skopje is a versatile software development company that solves the business challenges of SMBs, big brands, and brave hearts with awesome ideas. CodeChem Sliema Sounds like just a relaxing exhale. is a holistic health and wellbeing app built to allow users work on the development of their physical, mental and spiritual health Few Tajonar is a company of experienced business & industry entrepreneurs offering solutions to industries based on cutting-edge technologies. das-Nano Tarragona is a technology-based company focusing on the production of integrated microsystems. IMICROQ Terni is an ICT-based integrated solution that is able to modulate, respond, assist and learn to control most home activities. Mind Tirana is a video content and e-commerce platform for the Balkans built on top of an Albanian language specialized search engine. Gjirafa Torino develops and commercializes algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence to increase the autonomy of small satellite missions. AIKO T__ __ orres Buy online groceries like you would buy offline with personalized picking as fast as in 4 hours with Vedras 360hyper! Trento is a music-based platform built around streaming platforms that allow users to discover new emerging artists and make new friends. Brots 2021, what a YEAR. Congratulations to all of the startups that made it to the top winning list for Europe! Stay tuned for Startup awards in 2022 and let’s cheers to a new year of more innovative ideas, bold innovations, and robust creations from you, Europe 🌷 More Information: If you’re a winner, please answer ! If you’re a reader, participant, just a curious individual, consider answering one of our interviews . this interview here Read the FAQs about or . Startups here here To see all of the winners you may visit , pick any city and view the name that appears at the top. this site If you’re interested in partnering with us, we invite you to look through some of these or reach out to our business department. unique sponsorship options Perhaps creating your very own tickles your fancy or maybe you have a whole new idea for how we can partner! writing contest Thank you to all of our sponsors! We truly appreciate your contribution to the tech world and thus the future! The Startups Awards are sponsored by: , , , , , , , , , , Blockster Brex FreeCodeCamp LaunchDarkly Coil Udacity Udemy Vercel Asia Pacific Transgender Network Bybit Everscale Network This post was written by An Le and edited by Natasha Nel. If you have any questions or concerns or would like to report a discrepancy please email ellen@hackernoon.com.

Meet the Winners of Startups in Europe

Big Tech Rewrote the Nation’s First Cellphone Repair Law: Here's How They Did It

How do you document infrastructure failures and outages? Post-mortem discipline: a way to document serious problems At the very beginning of my career, I familiarised myself with the post-mortem practice. After each large outage (fortunately, they were really rare), we created a document describing the nature and first occurrence of an outage, our course of action, and outcomes. Post-mortems were finalized with a follow-up section indicating plans and Jira tickets to prevent similar events in the future. You can familiarise yourself with a typical structure of a DevOps post-mortem in article, as well as with a great example . this here Our structure was similar: First occurrence and event log The course of action and responsible persons Root cause analysis Follow-ups to mitigate similar issues I really like this approach and advocate this practice to avoid recurring issues. The nature of DevOps tasks speaks for itself: the task density is so high that it’s hard to remember every workflow. In this case, post-mortems are useful to keep vital information available, introduce the experience gained for the rest of the team, as well as to onboard newcomers. More issues, less time However, when I acquired my own fields of responsibility and started to work independently, I realized very soon that my scope of work included much more issues to fix than time to document them in post-mortems. The nature of my tasks included dealing with dozens of multilayer services, each of them being quite volatile and sensitive to multiple hardware factors: network speed, free disk space, inter-service connectivity, etc. Moreover, they were based on open-source software and required constant updates to remain functional - and often, an update only brought new issues. All in all, it looks like an administrator nightmare, doesn’t it? In fact, it was not, but still, I soon realized the necessity to document how I fixed small issues of different nature. And here, I returned to the Post-Mortem workflow wondering if it can help - and adopted it. Large repair logs to solve small problems First of all, I decided to use one unified document (namely, a Confluence page) to store descriptions of all fixed issues. Since my work sometimes reminded me of Warhammer 40k Adeptus Mechanicus, I named it “ ”. And presented this document officially as a . Prayer Book: How we fixed minor issues Repair Log So, what was inside? I stuck to our Post-Mortem plan but excluded some redundant steps: namely, the first and last bullets from the plan above. The resulting structure was easy to read and could be filled in 5-10 minutes for each issue: Short description of an issue and which service it affected The root cause of the issue and, optionally, steps to reproduce The course of actions to mitigate the issue On top of this structure, I made two rules to fill the log: - Always, right after you fix an issue. When? - Short and precise, don’t highlight general issues, describe actions you took even if you are not sure they fixed the issue. How? The latter rule may surprise you, but it’s self-explanatory: sometimes, you try to fix an issue in multiple ways, and lack of time to check the outcome does not allow you to be sure what exactly solved the problem. I decided to leave such entries for future amendments. So I created a small and fast-growing version of Post-Mortems for internal use. What was the outcome? The Repair Log was appreciated by the rest of my team and started to grow. Together with Post-Mortems, this document became a vital part of our onboarding process. It is easy to read and expand, but most importantly, it remains my “second memory” when I face any issue that looks familiar. In some months, I even started to notice that the number of issues began to decrease, and nearly all of them became a part of the log. Then, I said to myself: “Probably, it’s the best solution to increase the quality of your operations with these services”. Now, I still work with them, but maintenance does not take a significant amount of time.

How DevOps Repair Logs Increase Your Happiness

On the Exportation of Machinery

89 Stories To Learn About Windows

THOUGHTS ON SCIENCE

Phineas Redux by Anthony Trollope, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CONCLUSION. here CONCLUSION. There remains to us the very easy task of collecting together the ends of the thread of our narrative, and tying them into a simple knot, so that there may be no unravelling. Of Mr. Emilius it has been already said that his good fortune clung to him so far that it was found impossible to connect him with the tragedy of Bolton Row. But he was made to vanish for a certain number of years from the world, and dear little Lizzie Eustace was left a free woman. When last we heard of her she was at Naples, and there was then a rumour that she was about to join her fate to that of Lord George de Bruce Carruthers, with whom pecuniary matters had lately not been going comfortably. Let us hope that the match, should it be a match, may lead to the happiness and respectability of both of them. As all the world knows, Lord and Lady Chiltern still live at Harrington Hall, and he has been considered to do very well with the Brake country. He still grumbles about Trumpeton Wood, and says that it will take a lifetime to repair the injuries done by Mr. Fothergill;—but then who ever knew a Master of Hounds who wasn't ill-treated by the owners of coverts? Of Mr. Tom Spooner it can only be said that he is still a bachelor, living with his cousin Ned, and that none of the neighbours expect to see a lady at Spoon Hall. In one winter, after the period of his misfortune, he became slack about his hunting, and there were rumours that he was carrying out that terrible threat of his as to the crusade which he would go to find a cure for his love. But his cousin took him in hand somewhat sharply, made him travel abroad during the summer, and brought him out the next season, "as fresh as paint," as the members of the Brake Hunt declared. It was known to every sportsman in the country that poor Mr. Spooner had been in love; but the affair was allowed to be a mystery, and no one ever spoke to Spooner himself upon the subject. It is probable that he now reaps no slight amount of gratification from his memory of the romance. The marriage between Gerard Maule and Adelaide Palliser was celebrated with great glory at Matching, and was mentioned in all the leading papers as an alliance in high life. When it became known to Mr. Maule, Senior, that this would be so, and that the lady would have a very considerable fortune from the old Duke, he reconciled himself to the marriage altogether, and at once gave way in that matter of Maule Abbey. Nothing he thought would be more suitable than that the young people should live at the old family place. So Maule Abbey was fitted up, and Mr. and Mrs. Maule have taken up their residence there. Under the influence of his wife he has promised to attend to his farming, and proposes to do no more than go out and see the hounds when they come into his neighbourhood. Let us hope that he may prosper. Should the farming come to a good end more will probably have been due to his wife's enterprise than to his own. The energetic father is, as all the world knows, now in pursuit of a widow with three thousand a year who has lately come out in Cavendish Square. Of poor Lord Fawn no good account can be given. To his thinking, official life had none of those drawbacks with which the fantastic feelings of Phineas Finn had invested it. He could have been happy for ever at the India Board or at the Colonial Office;—but his life was made a burden to him by the affair of the Bonteen murder. He was charged with having nearly led to the fatal catastrophe of Phineas Finn's condemnation by his erroneous evidence, and he could not bear the accusation. Then came the further affair of Mr. Emilius, and his mind gave way;—and he disappeared. Let us hope that he may return some day with renewed health, and again be of service to his country. Poetical justice reached Mr. Quintus Slide of The People's Banner. The acquittal and following glories of Phineas Finn were gall and wormwood to him; and he continued his attack upon the member for Tankerville even after it was known that he had refused office, and was about to be married to Madame Goesler. In these attacks he made allusions to Lady Laura which brought Lord Chiltern down upon him, and there was an action for libel. The paper had to pay damages and costs, and the proprietors resolved that Mr. Quintus Slide was too energetic for their purposes. He is now earning his bread in some humble capacity on the staff of The Ballot Box,—which is supposed to be the most democratic daily newspaper published in London. Mr. Slide has, however, expressed his intention of seeking his fortune in New York. Laurence Fitzgibbon certainly did himself a good turn by his obliging deference to the opinion of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. He has been in office ever since. It must be acknowledged of all our leading statesmen that gratitude for such services is their characteristic. It is said that he spends much of his eloquence in endeavouring to make his wife believe that the air of County Mayo is the sweetest in the world. Hitherto, since his marriage, this eloquence has been thrown away, for she has always been his companion through the Session in London. It is rumoured that Barrington Erle is to be made Secretary for Ireland, but his friends doubt whether the office will suit him. The marriage between Marie Goesler and our hero did not take place till October, and then they went abroad for the greater part of the winter, Phineas having received leave of absence officially from the Speaker and unofficially from his constituents. After all that he had gone through it was acknowledged that so much ease should be permitted to him. They went first to Vienna, and then back into Italy, and were unheard of by their English friends for nearly six months. In April they reappeared in London, and the house in Park Lane was opened with great . Of Phineas every one says that of all living men he has been the most fortunate. The present writer will not think so unless he shall soon turn his hand to some useful task. Those who know him best say that he will of course go into office before long. éclat Of poor Lady Laura hardly a word need be said. She lives at Saulsby the life of a recluse, and the old Earl her father is still alive. The Duke, as all the world knows, is on the very eve of success with the decimal coinage. But his hair is becoming grey, and his back is becoming bent; and men say that he will never live as long as his uncle. But then he will have done a great thing,—and his uncle did only little things. Of the Duchess no word need be said. Nothing will ever change the Duchess. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2006). Phineas Redux. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18640/pg18640-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Dear little Lizzie Eustace was left a free woman

Artificial intelligence (AI) has taken the world by storm in the last few years with the introduction and continued innovation of virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa, customer service chatbots, smartphone facial recognition, and much more. Unsurprisingly, AI has wormed its way into the workplace, with of organizations already using the technology in some form. In fact, companies using AI have seen higher employee retention rates and job satisfaction. 37% AI is a machine with the ability to replicate the human intellectual process to think or act like a human. However, here are three things that humans have that AI doesn’t yet: Emotional intelligence - AI tries to mimic human intelligence, but emotional intelligence is not as easy to replicate as AI doesn’t feel pain or suffering and, therefore, can not empathize with others. Creativity - AI functions on the data it receives from humans. It is designed to complete tedious, repetitive actions and lacks the ability to create new ways, styles, or patterns that are helpful to a creative workflow. Soft skills - AI-powered machines cannot develop soft skills critical to workplace development and growth. Soft skills such as teamwork, time management, attention to detail, self-awareness, and effective communication require higher reasoning and emotional intelligence. Even so, of 18 to 24-year-olds in the UK are worried about AI’s impact on their future employment prospects. While people are right to worry, it is essential to understand that the ever-adapting technology can positively assist humans at work rather than replace them. 52% Here are three ways businesses can partner with AI to improve their workflow: Allow AI to Help With Repetitive Tasks AI can automate mundane, repetitive, data-driven tasks to improve the workflow. These tasks include: Invoice management - AI can extract key data such as names, invoice numbers, payment details, and amounts directly from the documents. Document management - AI can write, process, send, and back up documents. Customer interactions - AI can offer customers essential support and answer basic questions through chatbots. Inventory management - AI can order, store, and count a company’s products or services. Calendar management - AI can schedule meetings, send and answer emails, create new events, and reschedule events. Allowing AI to help with these tasks frees up more time for employees to focus on skilled, creative, and emotionally driven tasks. Allow AI to Help With Maintenance AI technology can identify when machines and equipment may need maintenance or repairs, reducing the need for routine maintenance checks. AI can also predict failures before potential problems become severe, which ensures production remains at optimal levels, helps businesses avoid customer aggravation, and saves IT teams time, effort, and money. In addition, equipment maintenance is already being improved with the use of digital twin technology - a digital characterization of a physical object or process. Digital twin technology can help businesses to simulate real situations and outcomes, ultimately allowing them to make better decisions for the future. Allow AI to Help With Filling the Gaps of Your Current Inefficiencies AI partnerships enable businesses to expand on what they currently do and don’t offer to their customers, providing a solution for companies with inefficiencies in areas such as customer care, marketing, and manufacturing. AI-powered machines can now recognize people and objects to work safely alongside humans in production and manufacturing industries. For example, an AI-powered robot could handle repetitive tasks requiring heavy lifting, while a warehouse worker performs accompanying tasks requiring human skills and judgment. In the marketing industry, professionals can use AI-powered tools to speed up the writing process for blogs, emails, social media posts, press releases, and more. In addition, businesses can offer more personalized recommendations to their customers by allowing AI to do what it does best: analyze and process mass amounts of data to recommend specific offerings or actions. For example, the music streaming service Spotify uses AI algorithms to generate personalized playlists for each user according to previous songs, artists, and genres they have listened to on their smartphone, or laptop. AI-driven personalized marketing campaigns can help build stronger customer connections and increase brand loyalty. , tablet Finally, AI will drive of all customer interactions by 2025 through chatbots and other customer service automation. This will help businesses provide faster and more efficient customer service as AI solves some issues whilst employees have more time to answer complex customer queries that the chatbot can’t. 95% Conclusion It is vital to recognize that, despite how helpful and powerful AI can be, there would be no artificial intelligence without human intelligence. Humans are required to design, maintain, and operate the technology, as well as write the lines of code and input the data that the technology uses to complete tasks. In addition, AI content needs to be fact-checked by humans as the text can often be inaccurate. So, the lesson is clear: organizations that use AI tools and machines to replace workers with automation will miss the full potential of the technology. Tomorrow’s business leaders will be those who embrace AI to transform their operations and workforces.

How to Partner With AI to Improve Your Human-First Workflow

Let's learn about via these 74 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Tesla /Learn Repo 1. Electric Vehicles: to Buy or Not to Buy Electric Vehicles are Popular, but Should YOU Get One? 2. Musk Took on a $12.5 Billion Personal Loan Secured by His $62.5 Billion Worth of Tesla Stock Twitter v. Elon Musk Court Filing, July 12, 2022 is part of HackerNoon's Legal PDF series. Part 14 of 31: FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS -The financing structure 3. Where are crypto markets heading in 2021 Elon Musk is more than just the world’s richest man and one of the most divisive famous figures. He’s an inventor and an innovator whose opinion matters in today’s tech space, perhaps more than it ever did. 4. The Tech Entrepreneur Elon Musk is Making Advanced Pigs Elon Musk facilitated the live demo to show how Neuralink mind inserts can be carefully added to a live subject with no hindrance to their wellbeing. ‘They’re solid and glad, and undefined from an ordinary pig,’ he said. 5. All You Need to Know About the Tesla Dojo Supercomputer All about the Dojo Supercomputer, what it is, why it was created, how it works and what it will be used for 6. Why The Tesla Robot Won't Work Everything you need to know about the Tesla Robot, what we know about this new machine, what we think it will be capable of doing and why we think it won't work 7. MashRadar Reviews: The Tesla Prototype Humanoid Robot Optimus This Tesla Humanoid Robot Optimus review will examine the features and functionality of Elon Musk’s latest invention. 8. Tesla Cybertruck: Built for Mars, Available on Earth Elon Musk is known for his incredibly ambitious, multi-year visions for the future. Tesla’s initial Master Plan, funding cheap vehicles with expensive ones, was realized with the Model 3. Now the Cybertruck is part of a whole new Master Plan that has much more to do with SpaceX than Tesla. You might love the Cybertruck, or you might hate it, but it was never designed for you. Cybertruck was designed to be extremely rugged, Mars rugged. 9. MachineFi: Unlocking The Machine Economy The Internet of Things could be as important to household wealth as homeownership by 2030. MachineFi makes sure this new wealth is distributed fairly. 10. The GameStop Incident is Only The Beginning Be it QAnon, Game stop, or T-Series the underlying forces are the same. They are driven by the followers of a belief, a belief initially led by a few with some 11. Tesla’s Recent Layoffs May Start a Trend in Tech Employment With the United States' economy in unseen circumstances, tech companies' hiring habits are responding and employees must also. 12. Elon Musk and Crypto Markets: "Seriously, playing?" or "Playing seriously"? Elon Musk and crypto market manipulation - is it a joke or a serious crime? 13. Mass Transit In a Post COVID-19 World As I write this on April 18, 2020, there are over 156,000 global deaths due to COVID-19, which is actually a tiny percent, however, this disease is incredibly communicable and is still not well understood. 14. Elon Musk: From The King's Gambit to The Pawn's Endgame Decentralization is one of favorite Elon’s words, but not when it comes to the Internet. 15. Three Bullish Tech Predictions for 2020 #1 The Distributed Workforce Proliferates 💻 16. Tesla Joins the Cryptocurrency Game: What does this Mean for the Market? On February 8, the cryptocurrency market was rocked by the news of a $1.5 billion investment in BTC from Tesla. Bitcoin responded with an immediate rise to $48,000 and an increase in capitalization to almost $900 billion. 17. How to Hack Self-Driving Cars: Vulnerabilities in Autonomous Vehicles Self driving cars use artificial intelligence to allow vehicles like Tesla to drive without human interaction. This feature makes these cars vulnerable to hack. 18. Another Self-Driving Car Accident: New AI Development Lesson To Learn From (Source: https://blogs.nvidia.com) 19. Tesla's Snowball Effect There is a threshold before which growth seems painfully slow, yet, as you pass through that threshold, things start to grow exponentially. 20. The Future of Technology: Advanced AI Technology on the Roads Google and Tesla believe that self-driving vehicles have the ability to reduce automotive accidents dramatically. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's data shows that 90 per cent of automobile crashes involve human choice. AI can be used in automobiles to allow drivers to make better and/or quicker choices while preventing human errors
such as texting or drunk driving. Many have expressed concerns over fear of loss of control and allowing robots to oversee our driving. Critics question whether AI can make ethical decisions involving cars, obstacles and pedestrians in complex situations. 21. The Pros and Cons of Electric Cars Electric Cars have their pros and cons. It includes easy maintenance, environment friendly, safer driving at the expense of range, cost, and charging time. 22. Meta's "Oops" Moment 2022 might not have been Facebook's year, yet the social media titan continues to dominate HackerNoon's Tech Company Rankings. 23. Why Tesla’s Optimus Is a Big Step on the Way to AGI LaMDA-like large language models with Tesla Optimus-like robots will be the next big step on the way to Artificial General Intelligence. 24. Is Tesla Adding Dogecoin as a Payment Option? Twitter user @BitDeepu tweeted an image of Tesla’s source code that shows that Dogecoin holders can buy Tesla Model Y with their DOGE tokens. 25. Tesla Plans to Expand Onshore Manufacturing to Capitalize on IRA Energy Tax Credits Leveraging advanced manufacturing production credits and consumer incentives appear to be a key element in its business strategy for the upcoming year. 26. Is Elon Musk the Real-Life Scrooge McDuck? Where has all of Elon's coolnessity gone? 27. Disruption in the Tech Giants Musical Chairs This week's tech rankings are a bit unusual in that we have new entrants making it to the top 5. 28. Solar Energy and Technology: Innovative Solutions Against Global Warming From one year to another, people become more aware of the existing ecological problems and start to realize the need for eco-friendly solutions. Fortunately, technology also develops in this direction: there are countless startups that offer innovative solutions to eco-problems. In this article, we have gathered the promising projects that have appeared in the recent years. They are united by the same goal to help our planet and to innovate towards clean energy. 29. TLDR Newsletter Week of August 12th Highlights Sponsor: Scraper API's 5 Tips for Web Scraping 30. More Than Just an OS: Microsoft Stays at #1 More Than Just an OS: Microsoft Stays at #1 31. New Battery Technologies and the Race to Beating Climate Change NextGen batteries will power the future… if we can make them. 32. Some Tech Giants Hurt In Wake of Pelosi's Visit to Taiwan Thousands of people from across the globe tracked Nancy Pelosi's plane ahead of its touchdown in Taiwan, making it one of the most tracked flights of all time. 33. How to Increase the Market Cap of Your Car Company The route to success in the automotive industry is a meticulous and ever-evolving process. 34. Elon Musk for Time's Person of the Year is Controversial to Say the Least When was the Last Time We had an Entrepreneur For TIME's POY? 35. Elon Musk Wants to Sell Brain Chips, But No One's Buying Musk might not be a neurosurgeon, but it was only a matter of time before he also entered the world of healthcare. 36. The Noonification: What Is the Future of AI Rights? (1/30/2023) 1/30/2023: Top 5 stories on the Hackernoon homepage! 37. Terra Approaches Tesla in Terms of Bitcoin Reserves Soon Terra can have more Bitcoins than Tesla. Moreover, in long term, it can get more Bitcoins than Microstrategy. 38. The Noonification: The Forgotten Planet (10/5/2022) 10/5/2022: Top 5 stories on the Hackernoon homepage! 39. Electric Vehicles Are Getting Mainstream, Whether You Like It Or Not Move over Tesla. Electric vehicles are becoming extremely, completely normal. Everyone is both disappointed and thrilled, for different reasons. 40. Tesla to Build $5 Billion Gigafactory in Mexico With the Gigafactory agreement inked, Musk stands to benefit from a series of advantages a Mexican factory could provide. 41. Tesla's Environmental Futurism And Impact The mission of Tesla is to “accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy.” The company builds electric vehicles designed to be more efficient and faster than traditional automobiles. Tesla envisions a zero-emission future for our fossil fuel-reliant world, yet must continue to advance technologically in order to achieve this aim. 42. Cars With Smartphone Integration Soon Will Be Mainstream In today’s fast-paced world we’re constantly online, whether we’re at home, in the office, or behind the wheel. Connectivity and mobility rule our lives, and smartphones have become an integral part of our daily routine. But while connectivity and mobility bring tons of possibilities, they also bring new problems. One of them is safely managing our communication. 43. Learn About the History of Tesla Jon Erlichman goes over the history of Tesla. 44. Here's How Your Favorite Tech Giants Did Financially This Quarter Tech giants reported their earnings this past week and stories about these results played a role in the latest round of HackerNoon Tech Company rankings. 45. The Multiverse of Madness: Warren Buffett, Elon Musk, Inflation & Bitcoin Warren Buffett vs. Elon Musk - Inflation vs. Bitcoin 46. Et Tu, Muske? Et Tu, Muske? 47. Console #17: Japanese Pizza Toast and Turtles 01/12/2019 48. Tesla Stock Wears A Double Halo (Illustration: Mike Bloom) 49. Right-to-Repair: Facts, Myths, and Possibilities for the Future As my friends discuss some up and coming opportunities in the technology space, something came up this afternoon about a new law that’s been approved by 75% of voters in Massachusetts, called “right-to-repair”. I’ve done some reading and got some interesting thoughts for the near future. 50. Elon Musk's Lessons In Business Scaling In 2006 Tesla was struggling to pull off the first viable version of its car, which would prove at least the first feasibility of the project. And that time, Musk laid out a master plan. 51. Should Telsa Humanoids Be Our Future Nurses? While many older movies set in the future paint the 2020s as a futuristic megalopolis, the reality is that we have yet to transform into a society that sees flying cars and teleportation as normal parts of everyday life. However, new innovations and developments in healthcare, such as ambulatory surgery centers and telehealth, are slowly starting to usher us into a new age in which highly advanced technology is becoming more and more accepted and utilized. 52. Noonie Nominee Nick Oneill on Defining "Cool" for a 5 Year Old Nicholas Oneill from the Netherlands has been nominated in Product Development for his double diamond discovery series on Hacker Noon. 53. What Can Tesla, the Company, Still Learn From Tesla, the Inventor? It is pretty much obvious why Elon Musk named his company - Tesla, isn't it? But, did Elon Musk do his homework research on Nikola Tesla thoroughly? 54. What Customers Want From EV Manufacturers This Slogging thread by Arthur and Richard-kubina occurred in hackernoon's official #slogging-beta channel, and has been edited for readability. 55. 10 Stocks to Consider When Looking to Invest in Connected Cars Space The rollout of 5G is making even more connections possible, and one of the revolutionary  trends in the connected world is connected cars. Vehicles are getting smarter than ever before, and they’ll be using up a lot of data as more and more get connected to the Internet of Things. 56. Tesla's Optimus Humanoid and the Future of Sentient AI On AI Day 2022, Tesla introduced the Optimus prototype, an improvement from the human in a costume a year prior. How close to sentience is the new bot? 57. An Intro to Robotaxi and Tesla’s Foray into Autonomous Taxis Elon Musk promised Tesla robotaxis to be launched in 2020. No Robotaxis are yet to be seen while competitors like Hyundai, Waymo, and Ford make progress. 58. How Q-Reel Want to Revolutionize Electric Vehicle Charging Game-changing technology offers EV consumers safe, effortless and hassle-free at-home electric vehicle charging via first-of-its-kind automation that’s paired with integrated app-based monitoring and control; Tesla, BMW, Nissan, Chevrolet, Ford, Volkswagen, Kia and other EV drivers to benefit from leading-edge solution making home charging safer, easier and more controllable than ever before 59. Natasha Reads The News So You Don't Have To In today's most talked about and not-talked about global news: Minneapolis; Brazil; Trump vs. Twitter; Xpeng vs. China; and two well-intentioned men with machetes and a broom end up in the wrong home Down Under. 60. The Elon-Twitter Love Affair: Is it Steamy Enough for Crypto and Tech? Elon Musk Twitter association is expected to pave the way for the next-gen of social networking, web 3.0 adoption, and other tech-powered developments. 61. Manufacturing Robotization: Drivers and Barriers By 2035, in the leading industrial robotics countries, factory productivity will grow by 40% and gross value added will double. 62. SpaceX Technology May Have The Potential To Revolutionise The Future of Cars As the years have gone by, entrepreneur Elon Musk has undoubtedly become a household name. His broader visions, and not to mention wealth, has helped him to carve out a legendary mark in outer space and the automotive industry alike. 63. Dutch Forensic Team Hacked Tesla's Driving Data to Investigate a Crash Tesla’s data storage system was hacked by a team of Dutch forensic researchers this week to investigate a car crash. 64. Tesla Is Profitable, But Its Total Debt Is Nearly $28 Billion: Can They Recover? The CFO says reducing debt is the priority right now. Tesla's annual revenue tops $30 billion and first annual profit ($720 million), but total debt is $28B. 65. "Virgin Galactic is the next Tesla" - Cal Evans, Noonie Nominee for Learning To Code Learning how to code is one of the most difficult and rewarding tasks you can do. While this journey may be a tough and long one, our 2020 Noonie Nominee Cal Evans from United States can help you out. 66. Machine Learning News Roundup - 6 Essential AI Articles of 2019 67. Free Land Incentives in The Bahamas for Clean Energy Introduction 68. Landing a Job at Tesla Using Facebook Ads Step by step guide how to stand out of the crowd landing a job with Facebook ads 69. Why Hasn't Tesla Entered the Indian Market? The internet has been buzzing since Elon Musk announced that Tesla is coming to India next year. This is big news and not just for the people who are waiting to get their hands on a luxury electric car like Tesla but also for the entire electric vehicles (EV) industry in the country. 70. As Tesla Stock 📉, Musk needed to personally pay $33.5 Billion (previously $21 Billion) for Twitter Twitter v. Elon Musk Court Filing, July 12, 2022 is part of HackerNoon's Legal PDF series. Part 15 of 31: FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS -The financing structure 71. Why The Real Estate Industry Should be More Like Tesla & Less Like Volkswagen As of August 4th, 2020, Tesla shows a market cap of $280B. Volkswagen AG is worth $77B. Why is that? And what can we apply to real estate from these examples? 72. Car Safety Technology Is A Must-Have To Save Pedestrians' Lives When we talk about pedestrian traffic, safety must be the top concern. But sadly, transportation infrastructure worldwide pays more attention to the vehicle's safety, not people. 73. Tesla AI Day: How Does Tesla's Autopilot Work An overview of Andrej Karpathy's talk at Tesla AI Day on how Tesla's autopilot works in 10 minutes. 74. Did You Say $500,000 For A Virtual Plot Of Land? Amy Tom, Limarc Ambalina, and Natasha Nel are wrapping their head's around the fact that a plot of land on the Decentraland platform sold for $572k. Thank you for checking out the 74 most read stories about Tesla on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

74 Stories To Learn About Tesla

Let's learn about via these 71 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. The Markup /Learn Repo 1. We Ought to Get Better at Recognizing Dark Patterns Companies advertising online have developed a series of unethical practices that some describe as Dark Patterns, which can mislead consumers on the internet. 2. Facebook Crypto Scammers are Imitating Zuckerberg, Musk, and Bezos The ads, until recently available for view in Facebook’s public ad library, were frauds that slipped through Facebook’s content moderation process... 3. Does Amazon Follow the Law? Amazon lists its own brands and exclusives above competing products with better ratings. 4. What Happens When you Try to Opt Out of Personalized Ads The Digital Advertising Alliance has a website that you can use to opt out of personalised ads. The problem is, it doesn't really work like it is supposed to. 5. A Letter from TheMarkup.org President Nabiha Syed My dad brought home a computer when I was 3 years old. He hoped that it would teach me things — and it did. I learned to spell in English by playing Reader Rabbit and the Fabulous Word Factory. 6. Who Can Spy on My Kids Online? What the United States’ children’s privacy law does and doesn’t do 7. Hey Google, Show me Non-Discriminatory Job Ads Google's advertising system as allowed employers and landlords to discriminate against nonbinary and some transgender people by excluding them from ads. 8. What Is “Suckers List” And Why Texas Drivers Sued Its Creator A joint investigation by The Markup and Consumer Reports was cited in a lawsuit over discriminatory car insurance rates 9. The Markup Investigation: Congressman Says that Google engineered a “Walled Garden” Comment comes as part of big tech CEO grilling by antitrust committee 10. Is There a Valid Cause for Using Facial Recognition Tools in Schools The deployment of facial recognition technology in a school in the US marks a disturbing trend with the protection of identity and the safety of students. 11. Are Time Clock Machines With Fingerprints Legit? You don’t always have to give your boss the finger 12. Are Students Being Entrapped by Fake Test Answer Sites? There are fake test answer websites that are being used to entrap students looking for answers during online tests. 13. What is Causing the Worrisome Increase in Ransomware Ransomware has become a much more common crime online in recent days. But why is this the case and what can people even do about this massive problem? 14. Does Anonymization of Data Guarantees Privacy? Anonymization of data isn’t enough to guarantee privacy 15. Facebook Peeked at Your Info When You Applied for Student Aid Online For millions of prospective college students, applying online for federal financial aid has also meant sharing personal data with Facebook, unbeknownst to them. 16. Can I Avoid Facial Recognition At The Airport? Technically, yes, but it is not always easy 17. A Letter from TheMarkup.org Editor Julia Angwin Dear Readers, 18. Life360 to Stop Selling Precise Location Data Life360, a safety app, claims it will stop selling precise location data. 19. Many Minneapolis Uber and Lyft Drivers Were Victims of Reported Carjackings Last Fall A lot of ride-share drivers were victims of carjacking in Minneapolis last fall. Here is what spokespeople, the police, and the drivers have to say about it. 20. Online Unemployment Systems Are Showing Signals of Strain Newly laid-off workers face crashes, long load times, and messages offering phone callbacks as states struggle to adjust 21. How Unemployment Benefits Systems Are Failing During The Pandemic Long wait times, passwords sent by mail, and shutdowns thwart applicants 22. How Are Gig Workers Coping During the Crisis Workers fight for hazard pay, protective equipment, and better sick leave 23. Over 50 U.S. Gig Workers Murdered on the Job in the Past Five Years A new study says more than 50 gig workers have been murdered in the U.S. over the past five years. 24. Could There Eventually Be a Ban on Behavioral Advertising? Could behavioral advertising be on its way out? 25. Why One State's Testing Procedures Vary From a Neighbor's? We want to know the ways one state’s testing procedures may vary from a neighbor’s, and the reasons why. 26. What Do U.S. Politicians Have to Say About Mortgage Discrimination Against Minorities? American politicians react to The Markup's findings that minorities are getting discriminated against when they apply for a mortgage. 27. The Concerning Results of Investigation Into Google’s YouTube Ad Placement Blocklist An investigation by The Markup has shown that YouTube has been surpressing Black Lives Matter-related ads while doing nothing to prevent white supremacist ads. 28. Are You Paying 400 Times More for Your Internet Than Your Neighbor? You Might Be AT&T, Verizon, EarthLink, and CenturyLink disproportionately offered lower-income and least-White neighborhoods slow internet service for the same price... 29. Why Are Prices On Amazon So Insanely Volatile? Dynamic pricing algorithms on Amazon aren’t just about supply and demand 30. Official Retailers Dragged Into Battle In April 2019, fans of the makeup influencer Jaclyn Hill noticed her new eyeshadow palette, normally $38, on Walmart.com for the unbelievably low price of $16.39. Many rushed to buy; others were skeptical: Hill had announced that the palette would be available only through certain retailers, and Walmart wasn’t one of them. 31. What To Do if Denied Housing or Apartment Due to Inaccurate Background Report Getty Images and Ali Wijaya 32. Access to Coronovirus Testing Will Depend On Your Location Five scenarios that show the differences in states’ testing algorithms 33. Pitfalls Of Court Hearings On Zoom Court hearings are going virtual in response to COVID-19. Studies show they can lead to harsher outcomes for defendants 34. What To Do if The Bank Mistakenly Reported You as Deceased Investigate, complain, and maybe sue 35. Already Struggling with School? The Pandemic Made it Worse. The Pandemic Didn’t Start Educational Disparities—but It Has Made Them Worse. Vulnerable students get hit the hardest via online learning. 36. Algorithmic Auditing: Can We Actually Eliminate Algorithm Bias Algorithmic auditing got press recently when HireVue, a popular hiring software company used by companies like Walmart and Goldman Sachs faced criticism. 37. Can You Tell What Products On This List Are Prohibited On Amazon? Amazon is the largest retailer in the world, but a majority of the sales on the site come from third-party sellers. Along with toasters and mops, the site’s a target for people trying to sell dangerous and illicit products. 38. This Online Abortion Pill Provider Used Tracking Tools That Gave Powerful Companies Your Data The trackers notified Google, Facebook’s parent company Meta, payments processor Stripe, and four analytics firms when users visited its site. 39. New Report Finds That Facebook Still Runs Discriminatory Ads We found discriminatory ads can still appear, despite Facebook's efforts 40. Are Your Photos Exposing You? You may be accidentally sharing personal information in your photos 41. Big Tech Vs. Big Government: The Choice is Pretty Bleak A group of bipartisan lawmakers hopes to pass antitrust legislation that takes aim at tech giants buying out the competition and hoarding data. 42. Can You Speak The Google Language, Please? The Markup obtained internal documents that coach new employees to avoid creating “very real legal risks” in using words like “market” and “networkeffects” 43. Can Robots Manage Health Benefits? In an attempt to manage soaring health care costs, some government officials and health care companies are turning to algorithms to determine how to allocate limited benefits, who to provide care to first, or whether a person should receive care at all. 44. How Tenant Screening Companies Can Use Your Speeding Ticket Against You Estimated 9/10 landlords, under pressure to ensure their properties are safe, use companies like Rentgrow to perform background checks on potential tenants. 45. The Truth About Less Biased Data-Informed Predictive Policing Critics say it merely techwashes injustice 46. How Geofence Warrants Are Affecting The Legal System Geofencing itself simply means drawing a virtual border around a predefined geographical area. Data can then be gathered on users who enter that area. 47. How To Make Millions With Unemployment Sites That Don't Work In at least one case, that same company is now getting pandemic-relatedcontracts 48. Will Google's and Apple's Contact Tracing Preserve Privacy? The proposed system is anonymous but vulnerable to trolls and spoofing 49. Reasons Why Your Internet Is Slow What’s the problem here? It might be you (sorry). It might be the infrastructure you’re working with. It might be your internet provider. 50. How Popular is Right-Wing Content on Facebook? Facebook has been criticized in the past because many believe they are allowing right-wing content to run rampant on the site. 51. How Facebook Serves Targeted Ads by Big Pharma We found drug ads targeted at users interested in everything from bourbon to therapy on Facebook, with significant implications for privacy for users. 52. Introducing a Browser Extension to Detect Amazon Brands Amazon isn't completely upfront with what brands they own or don't. That's why The Markup created a browser extension to help with this problem. 53. What Was Different About The 2020 Census And Its Challenges The count is going mostly digital for the first time. Oh, and there’s a pandemic 54. Facebook Ads Market Potentially Dangerous “Abortion Reversal” Procedure The Markup has found that Facebook is serving up ads and posts for the so-called “abortion pill reversal” procedure... 55. How Pandemic Testing Protocols Vary Across The USA To determine how testing protocols for COVID-19 vary across the United States, we sent requests under public records laws to all 50 states, New York City, and Washington, D.C. The requests were sent to health departments the week of March 16 and were identical. The database below contains responses we have received, as well as publicly available guidance from some jurisdictions. 56. Amazon's 'Essential Item' Policy Upsets Everyone Currently that appears to include a 10-pack of rubber chickens 57. Why are so Many Opposing the Right-to-Repair Laws The right-to-repair movement has drawn an unusual coalition of stakeholders, including environmentalists, libertarians, engineers, gamers, and hobbyists. 58. Testing the Perfornace and Privacy Settings of COVID-19 Vaccine Websites The government websites responsible for helping citizens get their COVID-19 Vaccines have been found to have less-than-ideal accessibility and privacy features. 59. If You're Ready To Protest Your Phone Should Be Ready Too Simple steps to take before hitting the streets 60. Allstate's Car Insurance Algorithm: How Insurance Algorithm Squeezes Big Spenders Seven years ago, Allstate Corporation told Maryland regulators it was time to update its auto insurance rates. The insurer said its new, sophisticated risk analysis showed it was charging nearly all of its 93,000 Maryland customers outdated premiums. Some of the old rates were off by miles. One 36-year-old man from Prince George’s County, Md., who Allstate said in public records should have been paying $3,750 every six months, was instead being charged twice that, more than $7,500. Other customers were paying hundreds or thousands of dollars less than they should have been, based on Allstate’s new calculation of the risk that they would file a claim. 61. How Much Exactly are Podcasts Able to Track us Traditionally, the podcast ecosystem has been tracking-resistant, in part because podcasters release their shows through RSS, free technology dating back to '99 62. Tell Me Your Secrets: How Many Workers Review Posts on Amazon? We found banned items for sale on Amazon.com 63. How Automated Background Checks Can Freeze Out the Wrong Renters Computer algorithms that scan everything from terror watch lists to eviction records spit out flawed tenant screening reports. And almost nobody is watching 64. How Many Americans Don't Have Internet Access? The COVID-19 crisis highlights the costs of the U.S. digital divide 65. Is the Data We Share with Pay Apps Private at all Using a payment app of any kind, no matter how privacy-preserving it is, always introduces a middleman: an agent that uses data to execute a demand. 66. Tech Titans Hammered By Congress At Antitrust Hearing Lawmakers allege abuse of monopoly power and political bias 67. Identifying Fake Reviews On Amazon Spotting the fakes isn’t always possible, but here are some tips 68. How We Pay For Free Websites With Our Privacy An array of free website-building tools, many offered by ad-tech and ad-funded companies, has led to a dizzying number of trackers loading on users’ browsers. 69. Allstate's Car Insurance Algorithm: How Insurance Algorithm Was Analyzed State regulators and consumer advocacy groups have scrutinized Allstate Corporation’s use of big data and personalized pricing in the way it calculates how much the company charges its private auto insurance customers. 70. There's Something Wrong With Google Search Results The search engine dedicated almost half of the first page of results in our test to its own products, which dominated the coveted top of the page 71. What Analyzing Google Search Results Revealed About Google We designed an experiment to measure the quantity and placement of
these Google-created and self-referential search results and how they compare to others. Thank you for checking out the 71 most read stories about The Markup on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

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On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures by Charles Babbage, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . On the Duration of Machinery here Chapter 29. On the Duration of Machinery The time during which a machine will continue to perform its work effectually, will depend chiefly upon the perfection with which it was originally constructed upon the care taken to keep it in proper repair, particularly to correct every shake or looseness in the axes—and upon the smallness of the mass and of the velocity of its moving parts. Everything approaching to a blow, all sudden change of direction, is injurious. Engines for producing power, such as windmills, water-mills, and steam-engines, usually last a long time.(1*) Many of the improvements which have taken place in steamengines, have arisen from an improved construction of the boiler or the fireplace. The following table of the work done by steam-engines in Cornwall, whilst it proves the importance of constantly measuring the effects of machinery, shows also the gradual advance which has been made in the art of constructing and managing those engines. A table of the duty performed by steam-engines in Cornwall, shewing the average of the whole for each year, and also the average duty of the best engine in each monthly report Years; Approximate number of engines reported; Average duty of the whole; Average duty of the best engines 1813; 24; 19,456,000; 26,400,000 1814; 29; 20.534,232; 32,000,000 1815; 35; 20.526,160; 28,700,000 1816; 32; 22,907,110; 32,400,000 1817; 31; 26,502,259; 41,600,000 1818; 32; 25,433,783; 39,300,000 1819; 37; 26,252,620; 40,000,000 1820; 37; 28,736,398; 41,300,000 1821; 39; 28,223,382; 42,800,000 1822; 45; 28,887,216; 42,500.000 1823; 45; 28,156,162; 42,122,000 1824; 45; 28,326,140; 43,500,000 1825; 50; 32,000,741; 45,400,000 1826; 48; 30,486,630; 45,200,000 1827; 47; 32,100,000; 59,700,000 1828; 54; 37,100,000; 76,763,000 1829; 52; 41,220,000; 76,234,307 1830; 55; 43,350,000; 75,885,519 1831; 55(2*); 44,700,000; 74,911,365 1832; 60; 44,400,000; 79,294,114 1833; 58; 46,000,000; 83,306,092 The advantage arising from registering the duty done by steamengines in Cornwall has been so great that the proprietors of one of the largest mines, on which there are several engines, find it good economy to employ a man to measure the duty they perform every day. This daily report is fixed up at a particular hour, and the enginemen are always in waiting, anxious to know the state of their engines. As the general reports are made monthly, if accident should cause a partial stoppage in the flue of any of the boilers, it might without this daily check continue two or three weeks before it could be discovered by a falling off of the duty of the engine. In several of the mines a certain amount of duty is assigned to each engine; and if it does more, the proprietors give a premium to the engineers according to its amount. This is called million money, and is a great stimulus to economy in working the engine. Machinery for producing any commodity in great demand, seldom actually wears out; new improvements, by which the same operations can be executed either more quickly or better, generally superseding it long before that period arrives: indeed, to make such an improved machine profitable, it is usually reckoned that in five years it ought to have paid itself, and in ten to be superseded by a better. 'A cotton manufacturer,' says one of the witnesses before a Committee of the House of Commons, 'who left Manchester seven years ago, would be driven out of the market by the men who are now living in it, provided his knowledge had not kept pace with those who have been, during that time, constantly profiting by the progressive improvements that have taken place in that period.' The effect of improvements in machinery, seems incidentally to increase production, through a cause which may be thus explained. A manufacturer making the usual profit upon his capital, invested in looms or other machines in perfect condition, the market price of making each of which is a hundred pounds, invents some improvement. But this is of such a nature, that it cannot be adapted to his present engines. He finds upon calculation, that at the rate at which he can dispose of his manufactured produce, each new engine would repay the cost of its making, together with the ordinary profit of capital, in three years: he also concludes from his experience of the trade, that the improvement he is about to make, will not be generally adopted by other manufacturers before that time. On these considerations, it is clearly his interest to sell his present engines, even at half-price, and construct new ones on the improved principle. But the purchaser who gives only fifty pounds for the old engines, has not so large a fixed capital invested in his factory, as the person from whom he purchased them; and as he produces the same quantity of the manufactured article, his profits will be larger. Hence, the price of the commodity will fall, not only in consequence of the cheaper production by the new machines, but also by the more profitable working of the old, thus purchased at a reduced price. This change, however, can be only transient; for a time will arrive when the old machinery, although in good repair, must become worthless. The improvement which took place not long ago in frames for making patent-net was so great, that a machine, in good repair, which had cost L1200, sold a few years after for L60. During the great speculations in that trade, the improvements succeeded each other so rapidly, that machines which had never been finished were abandoned in the hands of their makers, because new improvements had superseded their utility. The durability of watches, when well made, is very remarkable. One was produced, in going order, before a committee of the House of Commons to enquire into the watch trade, which was made in the year 1660; and there are many of ancient date, in the possession of the Clockmaker's Company, which are still actually kept going. The number of watches manufactured for home consumption was, in the year 1798, about 50,000 annually. If this supply was for Great Britain only, it was consumed by about ten and a half millions of persons. Machines are, in some trades, let out to hire, and a certain sum is paid for their use; in the manner of rent. This is the case amongst the framework knitters: and Mr Henson, in speaking of the rate of payment for the use of their frames, states, that the proprietor receives such a rent that, besides paying the full interest for his capital, he clears the value of his frame in nine years. When the rapidity with which improvements succeed each other is considered, this rent does not appear exorbitant. Some of these frames have been worked for thirteen years with little or no repair. But circumstances occasionally arise which throw them out of employment, either temporarily or permanently. Some years since, an article was introduced called cut-up work, by which the price of stocking-frames was greatly deteriorated. From the evidence of Mr J. Rawson, it appears that, in consequence of this change in the nature of the work, each frame could do the work of two, and many stocking frames were thrown out of employment, and their value reduced full three-fourths.(3*) This information is of great importance, if the numbers here given are nearly correct, and if no other causes intervened to diminish the price of frames; for it shews the numerical connection between the increased production of those machines and their diminished value. The great importance of simplifying all transactions between masters and workmen, and of dispassionately discussing with the latter the influence of any proposed regulations connected with their trade, is well examplified by a mistake into which both parties unintentionally fell, and which was productive of very great misery in the lace trade. Its history is so well told by William Allen, a framework knitter, who was a party to it, that an extract from his evidence, as given before the Framework Knitters' Committee of 1812, will best explain it. "I beg to say a few words respecting the frame rent; the rent paid for lace frames, until the year 1805, was 1s. 6d. a frame per week; there then was not any very great inducement for persons to buy frames and let them out by the hire, who did not belong to the trade; at that time an attempt was made, by one or two houses, to reduce the prices paid to the workmen, in consequence of a dispute between these two houses and another great house: some little difference being paid in the price amongst the respective houses, I was one chosen by the workmen to try if we could not remedy the impending evil: we consulted the respective parties, and found them inflexible; these two houses that were about to reduce the prices, said that they would either immediately reduce the price of making net, or they would increase the frame rent: the difference to the workmen was considerable, between the one and the other; they would suffer less, in the immediate operation of the thing, by having the rent advanced, than the price of making net reduced. They chose at that time, as they thought, the lesser evil, but it has turned out to be otherwise; for, immediately as the rent was raised upon the percentage laid out in frames, it induced almost every person, who had got a little money, to lay it out in the purchase of frames; these frames were placed in the hands of men who could get work for them at the warehouses; they were generally constrained to pay an enormous rent, and then they were compelled, most likely, to buy of the persons that let them the frames, their butcher's meat, their grocery, or their clothing: the encumbrance of these frames became entailed upon them: if any deadness took place in the work they must take it at a very reduced price, for fear of the consequences that would fall upon them from the person who bought the frame: thus the evil has been daily increasing, till, in conjunction with the other evils crept into the trade, they have almost crushed it to atoms." The evil of not assigning fairly to each tool, or each article produced, its proportionate value, or even of not having a perfectly distinct, simple, and definite agreement between a master and his workmen, is very considerable. Workmen find it difficult in such cases to know the probable produce of their labour; and both parties are often led to adopt arrangements, which, had they been well examined, would have been rejected as equally at variance in the results with the true interests of both. At Birmingham, stamps and dies, and presses for a great variety of articles, are let out: they are generally made by men possessing small capital, and are rented by workmen. Power also is rented at the same place. Steam-engines are erected in large buildings containing a variety of rooms, in which each person may hire one, two, or any other amount of horsepower, as his occupation may require. If any mode could be discovered of transmitting power, without much loss from friction, to considerable distances, and at the same time of registering the quantity made use of at any particular point, a considerable change would probably take place in many departments of the present system of manufacturing. A few central engines to produce power, might then be erected in our great towns, and each workman, hiring a quantity of power sufficient for his purpose, might have it conveyed into his own house; and thus a transition might in some instances be effected, if it should be found more profitable, back again from the system of great factories to that of domestic manufacture. The transmission of water through a series of pipes, might be employed for the distribution of power, but the friction would consume a considerable portion. Another method has been employed in some instances, and is practised at the Mint. It consists in exhausting the air from a large vessel by means of a steam-engine. This vessel is connected by pipes, with a small piston which drives each coining press; and, on opening a valve, the pressure of the external air forces in the piston. This air is then admitted to the general reservoir, and pumped out by the engine. The condensation of air might be employed for the same purpose; but there are some unexplained facts relating to elastic fluids, which require further observations and experiment before they can be used for the conveyance of power to any considerable distance. It has been found, for instance, in attempting to blow a furnace by means of a powerful water-wheel driving air through a cast-iron pipe of above a mile in length, that scarcely any sensible effect was produced at the opposite extremity. In one instance, some accidental obstruction being suspected, a cat put in at one end found its way out without injury at the other, thus proving that the phenomenon did not depend on interruption within the pipe. The most portable form in which power can be condensed is, perhaps, by the liquefaction of the gases. It is known that, under considerable pressure, several of these become liquid at ordinary temperatures; carbonic acid, for example, is reduced to a liquid state by a pressure of sixty atmospheres. One of the advantages attending the use of these fluids, would be that the pressure exerted by them would remain constant until the last drop of liquid had assumed the form of gas. If either of the elements of common air should be found to be capable of reduction to a liquid state before it unites into a corrosive fluid with the other ingredient, then we shall possess a ready means of conveying power in any quantity and to any distance. Hydrogen probably will require the strongest compressing force to render it liquid, and may, therefore, possibly be applied where still greater condensation of power is wanted. In all these cases the condensed gases may be looked upon as springs of enormous force, which have been wound up by the exertion of power, and which will deliver the whole of it back again when required. These springs of nature differ in some respects from the steel springs formed by our art; for in the compression of the natural springs a vast quantity of latent heat is forced out, and in their return to the state of gas an equal quantity is absorbed. May not this very property be employed with advantage in their application? Part of the mechanical difficulty to be overcome in constructing apparatus connected with liquefied gases, will consist in the structure of the valves and packing necessary to retain the fluids under the great pressure to which they must be submitted. The effect of heat on these gases has not yet been sufficiently tried, to lead us to any very precise notions of the additional power which its application to them will supply. The elasticity of air is sometimes employed as a spring, instead of steel: in one of the large printing-machines in London the momentum of a considerable mass of matter is destroyed by making it condense the air included in a cylinder, by means of a piston against which it impinges. The effect of competition in cheapening articles of manufacture sometimes operates in rendering them less durable. When such articles are conveyed to a distance for consumption, if they are broken, it often happens, from the price of labour being higher where they are used than where they were made, that it is more expensive to mend the old article, than to purchase a new. Such is usually the case, in great cities, with some of the commoner locks, with hinges, and with a variety of articles of hardware. NOTES: The amount of obstructions arising from the casual fixing of trees in the bottom of the river, may be estimated from the proportion of steamboats destroyed by running upon them, The subjoined statement is taken from the American Almanack for 1832: 'Between the years 1811 and 1831, three hundred and forty-eight steamboats were built on the Mississippi and its tributary streams During that period a hundred and fifty were lost or worn out, 'Of this hundred and fifty: worn out 63 lost by snags 36 burnt 14 lost by collision 3 by accidents not ascertained 34 Thirty-six, or nearly one fourth, being destroyed by accidental obstructions. Snag is the name given in America to trees which stand nearly upright in the stream, with their roots fixed at the bottom. It is usual to divide off at the bow of the steamboats a watertight chamber, in order that when a hole is made in it by running against the snags, the water may not enter the rest of the vessel and sink it instantly. This passage is not printed in italics in the original, but it has been thus marked in the above extract, from its importance, and from the conviction that the most extended discussion will afford additional evidence of its truth. Report from the Committee of the House of Commons on the Framework Knitter's Petition, April, 1819. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (2003). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4238/pg4238.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

On the Duration of Machinery

Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.—No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . The Destructive Effects of Lightning. here The Destructive Effects of Lightning. The amount of destruction of life and property by lightning, or rather electrical discharges, has been very great throughout the world. It is estimated that at least 45 persons are killed annually by lightning in this country. The average number of deaths by lightning has been 22 in England, 9 in Switzerland, 3 in Belgium, and 75 in France. In France alone, during a period of thirty years, over 10,000 persons were smitten, of which 2,252 were instantly killed. Eighty were wounded and 9 killed during one thunderstorm at Châteauneuf les Montiers in 1861, and within one week, when the air was highly charged with electricity, thirty-three fearful flashes of lightning were observed, each bringing death to some victims. During the sixteen years between 1799 and 1816, 156 vessels of the British navy were struck by lightning; 73 men were killed and 138 injured, and the loss of materials amounted to over a million dollars; but since the system of metallic conductors, adapted for vessels, devised by Sir W. Snow Harris, has been applied to the vessels in that navy, the losses and damages by lightning have almost entirely ceased, although the number of vessels has been greatly increased. In Fuller's Church History it is stated that "scarcely a great abbey in England exists which once, at least, was not burned down by lightning from heaven." On the night of April, 1718, twenty-four steeples were struck along the coast of Brittany; and on the 11th of January, 1815, twelve steeples suffered a similar fate in the Rhenish provinces. On the 27th of July, 1759, lightning burnt all the woodwork of the great cathedral at Strasbourg; and on the 14th of August, 1833, it was struck three times within a quarter of an hour, and so much damaged that the repairs cost about $6,000,000. In 1835 lightning conductors were placed upon the building and steeple, and since then it has not been damaged whatever by lightning, although discharges have on several occasions occurred in line with the top of the steeple, which is 437 feet above the ground. On the 18th of August, 1769, the Tower of St. Nazaire, at Brescia, was struck, and the subterranean powder magazine, containing 2,076,000 lbs. of powder, belonging to the Republic of Venice, was exploded. One sixth of the whole town was laid in ruins and the rest very much injured, and about 3,000 persons killed. On the 26th of June, 1807, the powder magazine of Luxembourg, containing 28,000 lbs., was struck, and besides about 30 persons killed and 200 injured, the town was ruined. Explosions and large fires, involving a great loss, have become rather frequent in this country, owing to the iron tanks used for the storage of petroleum being struck by lightning. From March to August, in 1876, over 10,000,000 gallons, and on April 19, 1877, over 2,000,000 gallons of oil, and the village of Troutman, were destroyed in the oil regions of Pennsylvania. Some of the thunderstorms which have prevailed in this country have been very terrific and destructive. During August 14th, 15th, and 16th, 1872, portions of New York State and the New England States were visited by some of the most terrific thunderstorms ever experienced, during which over 200 dwellings were struck and damaged, about 10 persons were instantly killed, and 160 stunned. Quite a number of barns, with their contents, hay and cattle, were also struck, fired, and consumed. Cars, while running on some of the railroads, were surrounded by a vivid electric light, but no passengers were injured, although they were greatly alarmed. Telegraph wires were melted by the half mile, telegraph instruments broken, and poles shattered in all directions. One of these storms occurred at midnight, at Arlington, Mass., August 14th, in which brilliant streams of electricity darted across the sky in every direction, and the thunder which followed was constant for a period of thirteen minutes, without the intermission of an instant of silence. Three hundred and thirty-one discharges were counted in seven minutes by an observer, and each discharge was followed by loud and sometimes rattling reports, whose reverberations rolled through the heavens in an endless procession of majestic and terrific sounds. During this scene, the moon, which was about half an hour above the western horizon, was visible, but so magnified, through the haze and vapor, as to appear like a brilliant flame suspended in the sky. For a period of twenty minutes the scene was one of grandeur and sublimity rarely witnessed. In the States of Illinois and Iowa, and the prairie country west of the Mississippi river, thunderstorms are generally more terrific, and more lives have been lost there from the effects of lightning than in any other section of this country. Owing to the said country being level and devoid of trees, the equilibrium between the electricity of the atmosphere and that of the earth is principally restored by disruptive discharges.— Spang's "Treatise on Lightning Protection." A tooth of a mastodon has been dug up near the Ashley river in South Carolina. It is 11½ inches long, 6 inches in diameter, and weighs more than 5 lbs. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2012). Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII. —No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38481/pg38481-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The Destructive Effects of Lightning

ADVANTAGES OF THE BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILER

Proper Circumstances for the Application of Machinery

Steam, Its Generation and Use by Babcock & Wilcox Company, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILER here THE BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILER The following brief description of the Babcock & Wilcox boiler will clearly indicate the manner in which it fulfills the requirements of the perfect steam boiler already enumerated. The Babcock & Wilcox boiler is built in two general classes, the longitudinal drum type and the cross drum type. Either of these designs may be constructed with vertical or inclined headers, and the headers in turn may be of wrought steel or cast iron dependent upon the working pressure for which the boiler is constructed. The headers may be of different lengths, that is, may connect different numbers of tubes, and it is by a change in the number of tubes in height per section and the number of sections in width that the size of the boiler is varied. The longitudinal drum boiler is the generally accepted standard of Babcock & Wilcox construction. The cross drum boiler, though originally designed to meet certain conditions of headroom, has become popular for numerous classes of work where low headroom is not a requirement which must be met. LONGITUDINAL DRUM CONSTRUCTION—The heating surface of this type of boiler is made up of a drum or drums, depending upon the width of the boiler extending longitudinally over the other pressure parts. To the drum or drums there are connected through cross boxes at either end the sections, which are made up of headers and tubes. At the lower end of the sections there is a mud drum extending entirely across the setting and connected to all sections. The connections between all parts are by short lengths of tubes expanded into bored seats. The drums are of three sheets, of such thickness as to give the required factor of safety under the maximum pressure for which the boiler is constructed. The circular seams are ordinarily single lap riveted though these may be double lap riveted to meet certain requirements of pressure or of specifications. The longitudinal seams are properly proportioned butt and strap or lap riveted joints dependent upon the pressure for which the boilers are built. Where butt strap joints are used the straps are bent to the proper radius in an hydraulic press. The courses are built independently to template and are assembled by an hydraulic forcing press. All riveted holes are punched one-quarter inch smaller than the size of rivets as driven and are reamed to full size after the plates are assembled. All rivets are driven by hydraulic pressure and held until black. The drumheads are hydraulic forged at a single heat, the manhole opening and stiffening ring being forged in position. Flat raised seats for water column and feed connections are formed in the forging. All heads are provided with manholes, the edges of which are turned true. The manhole plates are of forged steel and turned to fit manhole opening. These plates are held in position by forged-steel guards and bolts. The drum nozzles are of forged steel, faced, and fitted with taper thread stud bolts. Cross boxes by means of which the sections are attached to the drums, are of forged steel, made from a single sheet. Where two or more drums are used in one boiler they are connected by a cross pipe having a flanged outlet for the steam connection. The sections are built of 4-inch hot finished seamless open-hearth steel tubes of No. 10 B. W. G. where the boilers are built for working pressures up to 210 pounds. Where the working pressure is to be above this and below 260 pounds, No. 9 B. W. G. tubes are supplied. The tubes are expanded into headers of serpentine or sinuous form, which dispose the tubes in a staggered position when assembled as a complete boiler. These headers are of wrought steel or of cast iron, the latter being ordinarily supplied where the working pressure is not to exceed 160 pounds. The headers may be either vertical or inclined as shown in the various illustrations of assembled boilers. Opposite each tube end in the headers there is placed a handhole of sufficient size to permit the cleaning, removal or renewal of a tube. These openings in the wrought steel vertical headers are elliptical in shape, machine faced, and milled to a true plane back from the edge a sufficient distance to make a seat. The openings are closed by inside fitting forged plates, shouldered to center in the opening, their flanged seats milled to a true plane. These plates are held in position by studs and forged-steel binders and nuts. The joints between plates and headers are made with a thin gasket. In the wrought-steel inclined headers the handhole openings are either circular or elliptical, the former being ordinarily supplied. The circular openings have a raised seat milled to a true plane. The openings are closed on the outside by forged-steel caps, milled and ground true, held in position by forged-steel safety clamps and secured by ball-headed bolts to assure correct alignment. With this style of fitting, joints are made tight, metal to metal, without packing of any kind. Where elliptical handholes are furnished they are faced inside, closed by inside fitting forged-steel plates, held to their seats by studs and secured by forged-steel binders and nuts. The joints between plates and header are made with a thin gasket. The vertical cast-iron headers have elliptical handholes with raised seats milled to a true plane. These are closed on the outside by cast-iron caps milled true, held in position by forged-steel safety clamps, which close the openings from the inside and which are secured by ball-headed bolts to assure proper alignment. All joints are made tight, metal to metal, without packing of any kind. The mud drum to which the sections are attached at the lower end of the rear headers, is a forged-steel box 7¼ inches square, and of such length as to be connected to all headers by means of wrought nipples expanded into counterbored seats. The mud drum is furnished with handholes for cleaning, these being closed from the inside by forged-steel plates with studs, and secured on a faced seat in the mud drum by forged-steel binders and nuts. The joints between the plates and the drum are made with thin gaskets. The mud drum is tapped for blow-off connection. All connections between drums and sections and between sections and mud drum are of hot finished seamless open-hearth steel tubes of No. 9 B. W. G. Boilers of the longitudinal drum type are suspended front and rear from wrought-steel supporting frames entirely independent of the brickwork. This allows for expansion and contraction of the pressure parts without straining either the boiler or the brickwork, and also allows of brickwork repair or renewal without in any way disturbing the boiler or its connections. CROSS DRUM CONSTRUCTION—The cross drum type of boilers differs from the longitudinal only in drum construction and method of support. The drum in this type is placed transversely across the rear of the boiler and is connected to the sections by means of circulating tubes expanded into bored seats. The drums for all pressures are of two sheets of sufficient thickness to give the required factor of safety. The longitudinal seams are double riveted butt strapped, the straps being bent to the proper radius in an hydraulic press. The circulating tubes are expanded into the drums at the seams, the butt straps serving as tube seats. The drumheads, drum fittings and features of riveting are the same in the cross drum as in the longitudinal types. The sections and mud drum are also the same for the two types. Cross drum boilers are supported at the rear on the mud drum which rests on cast-iron foundation plates. They are suspended at the front from a wrought-iron supporting frame, each section being suspended independently from the cross members by hook suspension bolts. This method of support is such as to allow for expansion and contraction without straining either the boiler or the brickwork and permits of repair or renewal of the latter without in any way disturbing the boiler or its connections. The following features of design and of attachments supplied are the same for all types. FRONTS—Ornamental fronts are fitted to the front supporting frame. These have large doors for access to the front headers and panels above the fire fronts. The fire fronts where furnished have independent frames for fire doors which are bolted on, and ashpit doors fitted with blast catches. The lugs on door frames and on doors are cast solid. The faces of doors and of frames are planed and the lugs milled. The doors and frames are placed in their final relative position, clamped, and the holes for hinge pins drilled while thus held. A perfect alignment of door and frame is thus assured and the method is representative of the care taken in small details of manufacture. The front as a whole is so arranged that any stoker may be applied with but slight modification wherever boilers are set with sufficient furnace height. In the vertical header boilers large wrought-iron doors, which give access to the rear headers, are attached to the rear supporting frame. FITTINGS—Each boiler is provided with the following fittings as part of the standard equipment: Blow-off connections and valves attached to the mud drum. Safety valves placed on nozzles on the steam drums. A water column connected to the front of the drum. A steam gauge attached to the boiler front. Feed water connection and valves. A flanged stop and check valve of heavy pattern is attached directly to each drumhead, closing automatically in case of a rupture in the feed line. All valves and fittings are substantially built and are of designs which by their successful service for many years have become standard with The Babcock & Wilcox Co. The fixtures that are supplied with the boilers consist of: Dead plates and supports, the plates arranged for a fire brick lining. A full set of grate bars and bearers, the latter fitted with expansion sockets for side walls. Flame bridge plates with necessary fastenings, and special fire brick for lining same. Bridge wall girder for hanging bridge wall with expansion sockets for side walls. A full set of access and cleaning doors through which all portions of the pressure parts may be reached. A swing damper and frame with damper operating rig. There are also supplied with each boiler a wrench for handhole nuts, a water-driven turbine tube cleaner, a set of fire tools and a metal steam hose and cleaning pipe equipped with a special nozzle for blowing dust and soot from the tubes. Aside from the details of design and construction as covered in the foregoing description, a study of the illustrations will make clear the features of the boiler as a whole which have led to its success. The method of supporting the boiler has been described. This allows it to be hung at any height that may be necessary to properly handle the fuel to be burned or to accommodate the stoker to be installed. The height of the nest of tubes which forms the roof of the furnace is thus the controlling feature in determining the furnace height, or the distance from the front headers to the floor line. The sides and front of the furnace are formed by the side and front boiler walls. The rear wall of the furnace consists of a bridge wall built from the bottom of the ashpit to the lower row of tubes. The location of this wall may be adjusted within limits to give the depth of furnace demanded by the fuel used. Ordinarily the bridge wall is the determining feature in the locating of the front baffle. Where a great depth of furnace is necessary, in which case, if the front baffle were placed at the bridge wall the front pass of the boiler would be relatively too long, a patented construction is used which maintains the baffle in what may be considered its normal position, and a connection made between the baffle and the bridge wall by means of a tile roof. Such furnace construction is known as a “Webster” furnace. A consideration of this furnace will clearly indicate its adaptability, by reason of its flexibility, for any fuel and any design of stoker. The boiler lends itself readily to installation with an extension or Dutch oven furnace if this be demanded by the fuel to be used, and in general it may be stated that a satisfactory furnace arrangement may be made in connection with a Babcock & Wilcox boiler for burning any fuel, solid, liquid or gaseous. The gases of combustion evolved in the furnace above described are led over the heating surfaces by two baffles. These are formed of cast-iron baffle plates lined with special fire brick and held in position by tube clamps. The front baffle leads the gases through the forward portion of the tubes to a chamber beneath the drum or drums. It is in this chamber that a superheater is installed where such an apparatus is desired. The gases make a turn over the front baffle, are led downward through the central portion of the tubes, called the second pass, by means of a hanging bridge wall of brick and the second baffle, around which they make a second turn upward, pass through the rear portion of the tubes and are led to the stack or flue through a damper box in the rear wall, or around the drums to a damper box placed overhead. The space beneath the tubes between the bridge wall and the rear boiler wall forms a pocket into which much of the soot from the gases in their downward passage through the second pass will be deposited and from which it may be readily cleaned through doors furnished for the purpose. The gas passages are ample and are so proportioned that the resistance offered to the gases is only such as will assure the proper abstraction of heat from the gases without causing undue friction, requiring excessive draft. The method in which the feed water is introduced through the front drumhead of the boiler is clearly seen by reference to the illustration. From this point of introduction the water passes to the rear of the drum, downward through the rear circulating tubes to the sections, upward through the tubes of the sections to the front headers and through these headers and front circulating tubes again to the drum where such water as has not been formed into steam retraces its course. The steam formed in the passage through the tubes is liberated as the water reaches the front of the drum. The steam so formed is stored in the steam space above the water line, from which it is drawn through a so-called “dry pipe.” The dry pipe in the Babcock & Wilcox boiler is misnamed, as in reality it fulfills none of the functions ordinarily attributed to such a device. This function is usually to restrict the flow of steam from a boiler with a view to avoid priming. In the Babcock & Wilcox boiler its function is simply that of a collecting pipe, and as the aggregate area of the holes in it is greatly in excess of the area of the steam outlet from the drum, it is plain that there can be no restriction through this collecting pipe. It extends nearly the length of the drum, and draws steam evenly from the whole length of the steam space. Patented Side Dusting Doors The large tube doors through which access is had to the front headers and the doors giving such access to the rear headers in boilers of the vertical header type have already been described and are shown clearly by the illustrations on pages and . In boilers of the inclined header type, access to the rear headers is secured through the chamber formed by the headers and the rear boiler wall. Large doors in the sides of the setting give full access to all parts for inspection and for removal of accumulations of soot. Small dusting doors are supplied for the side walls through which all of the heating surfaces may be cleaned by means of a steam dusting lance. These side dusting doors are a patented feature and the shutters are self closing. In wide boilers additional cleaning doors are supplied at the top of the setting to insure ease in reaching all portions of the heating surface. 56 74 The drums are accessible for inspection through the manhole openings. The removal of the handhole plates makes possible the inspection of each tube for its full length and gives the assurance that no defect can exist that cannot be actually seen. This is particularly advantageous when inspecting for the presence of scale. The materials entering into the construction of the Babcock & Wilcox boiler are the best obtainable for the special purpose for which they are used and are subjected to rigid inspection and tests. The boilers are manufactured by means of the most modern shop equipment and appliances in the hands of an old and well-tried organization of skilled mechanics under the supervision of experienced engineers. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Babcock & Wilcox Company (2007). Steam, Its Generation and Use. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22657/pg22657-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILER

Steam, Its Generation and Use by Babcock & Wilcox Company, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . EVOLUTION OF THE BABCOCK & WILCOX WATER-TUBE BOILER here EVOLUTION OF THE BABCOCK & WILCOX WATER-TUBE BOILER Quite as much may be learned from the records of failures as from those of success. Where a device has been once fairly tried and found to be imperfect or impracticable, the knowledge of that trial is of advantage in further investigation. Regardless of the lesson taught by failure, however, it is an almost every-day occurrence that some device or construction which has been tried and found wanting, if not worthless, is again introduced as a great improvement upon a device which has shown by its survival to be the fittest. The success of the Babcock & Wilcox boiler is due to many years of constant adherence to one line of research, in which an endeavor has been made to introduce improvements with the view to producing a boiler which would most effectively meet the demands of the times. During the periods that this boiler has been built, other companies have placed on the market more than thirty water-tube or sectional water-tube boilers, most of which, though they may have attained some distinction and sale, have now entirely disappeared. The following incomplete list will serve to recall the names of some of the boilers that have had a vogue at various times, but which are now practically unknown: Dimpfel, Howard, Griffith & Wundrum, Dinsmore, Miller “Fire Box”, Miller “American”, Miller “Internal Tube”, Miller “Inclined Tube”, Phleger, Weigant, the Lady Verner, the Allen, the Kelly, the Anderson, the Rogers & Black, the Eclipse or Kilgore, the Moore, the Baker & Smith, the Renshaw, the Shackleton, the “Duplex”, the Pond & Bradford, the Whittingham, the Bee, the Hazleton or “Common Sense”, the Reynolds, the Suplee or Luder, the Babbit, the Reed, the Smith, the Standard, etc., etc. It is with the object of protecting our customers and friends from loss through purchasing discarded ideas that there is given on the following pages a brief history of the development of the Babcock & Wilcox boiler as it is built to-day. The illustrations and brief descriptions indicate clearly the various designs and constructions that have been used and that have been replaced, as experience has shown in what way improvement might be made. They serve as a history of the experimental steps in the development of the present Babcock & Wilcox boiler, the value and success of which, as a steam generator, is evidenced by the fact that the largest and most discriminating users continue to purchase them after years of experience in their operation. No. 1. The original Babcock & Wilcox boiler was patented in 1867. The main idea in its design was safety, to which all other features were sacrificed wherever they conflicted. The boiler consisted of a nest of horizontal tubes, serving as a steam and water reservoir, placed above and connected at each end by bolted joints to a second nest of inclined heating tubes filled with water. The tubes were placed one above the other in vertical rows, each row and its connecting end forming a single casting. Hand-holes were placed at each end for cleaning. Internal tubes were placed within the inclined tubes with a view to aiding circulation. No. 2. This boiler was the same as No. 1, except that the internal circulating tubes were omitted as they were found to hinder rather than help the circulation. Nos. 1 and 2 were found to be faulty in both material and design, cast metal proving unfit for heating surfaces placed directly over the fire, as it cracked as soon as any scale formed. No. 3. Wrought-iron tubes were substituted for the cast-iron heating tubes, the ends being brightened, laid in moulds, and the headers cast on. The steam and water capacity in this design were insufficient to secure regularity of action, there being no reserve upon which to draw during firing or when the water was fed intermittently. The attempt to dry the steam by superheating it in the nest of tubes forming the steam space was found to be impracticable. The steam delivered was either wet, dry or superheated, according to the rate at which it was being drawn from the boiler. Sediment was found to lodge in the lowermost point of the boiler at the rear end and the exposed portions cracked off at this point when subjected to the furnace heat. No. 4. A plain cylinder, carrying the water line at its center and leaving the upper half for steam space, was substituted for the nest of tubes forming the steam and water space in Nos. 1, 2 and 3. The sections were made as in No. 3 and a mud drum added to the rear end of the sections at the point that was lowest and farthest removed from the fire. The gases were made to pass off at one side and did not come into contact with the mud drum. Dry steam was obtained through the increase of separating surface and steam space and the added water capacity furnished a storage for heat to tide over irregularities of firing and feeding. By the addition of the drum, the boiler became a serviceable and practical design, retaining all of the features of safety. As the drum was removed from the direct action of the fire, it was not subjected to excessive strain due to unequal expansion, and its diameter, if large in comparison with that of the tubes formerly used, was small when compared with that of cylindrical boilers. Difficulties were encountered in this boiler in securing reliable joints between the wrought-iron tubes and the cast-iron headers. No. 5. In this design, wrought-iron water legs were substituted for the cast-iron headers, the tubes being expanded into the inside sheets and a large cover placed opposite the front end of the tubes for cleaning. The tubes were staggered one above the other, an arrangement found to be more efficient in the absorption of heat than where they were placed in vertical rows. In other respects, the boiler was similar to No. 4, except that it had lost the important element of safety through the introduction of the very objectionable feature of flat stayed surfaces. The large doors for access to the tubes were also a cause of weakness. An installation of these boilers was made at the plant of the Calvert Sugar Refinery in Baltimore, and while they were satisfactory in their operation, were never duplicated. No. 6. This was a modification of No. 5 in which longer tubes were used and over which the gases were caused to make three passes with a view of better economy. In addition, some of the stayed surfaces were omitted and handholes substituted for the large access doors. A number of boilers of this design were built but their excessive first cost, the lack of adjustability of the structure under varying temperatures, and the inconvenience of transportation, led to No. 7. No. 7. In this boiler, the headers and water legs were replaced by T-heads screwed to the ends of the inclined tubes. The faces of these Ts were milled and the tubes placed one above the other with the milled faces metal to metal. Long bolts passed through each vertical section of the T-heads and through connecting boxes on the heads of the drums holding the whole together. A large number of boilers of this design were built and many were in successful operation for over twenty years. In most instances, however, they were altered to later types. No. 8 No. 9 Nos. 8 and 9. These boilers were known as the Griffith & Wundrum type, the concern which built them being later merged in The Babcock & Wilcox Co. Experiments were made with this design with four passages of the gases across the tubes and the downward circulation of the water at the rear of the boiler was carried to the bottom row of tubes. In No. 9 an attempt was made to increase the safety and reduce the cost by reducing the amount of steam and water capacity. A drum at right angles to the line of tubes was used but as there was no provision made to secure dry steam, the results were not satisfactory. The next move in the direction of safety was the employment of several drums of small diameter instead of a single drum. This is shown in No. 10. A nest of small horizontal drums, 15 inches in diameter, was used in place of the single drum of larger diameter. A set of circulation tubes was placed at an intermediate angle between the main bank of heating tubes and the horizontal drums forming the steam reservoir. These circulators were to return to the rear end of the circulating tubes the water carried up by the circulation, and in this way were to allow only steam to be delivered to the small drums above. There was no improvement in the action of this boiler over that of No. 9. The four passages of the gas over the tubes tried in Nos. 8, 9 and 10 were not found to add to the economy of the boiler. No. 11. A trial was next made of a box coil system, in which the water was made to transverse the furnace several times before being delivered to the drum above. The tendency here, as in all similar boilers, was to form steam in the middle of the coil and blow the water from each end, leaving the tubes practically dry until the steam found an outlet and the water returned. This boiler had, in addition to a defective circulation, a decidedly geyser-like action and produced wet steam. All of the types mentioned, with the exception of Nos. 5 and 6, had between their several parts a large number of bolted joints which were subjected to the action of the fire. When these boilers were placed in operation it was demonstrated that as soon as any scale formed on the heating surfaces, leaks were caused due to unequal expansion. No. 12. With this boiler, an attempt was made to remove the joints from the fire and to increase the heating surface in a given space. Water tubes were expanded into both sides of wrought-iron boxes, openings being made for the admission of water and the exit of steam. Fire tubes were placed inside the water tubes to increase the heating surface. This design was abandoned because of the rapid stopping up of the tubes by scale and the impossibility of cleaning them. No. 13. Vertical straight line headers of cast iron, each containing two rows of tubes, were bolted to a connection leading to the steam and water drum above. No. 14. A wrought-iron box was substituted for the double cast-iron headers. In this design, stays were necessary and were found, as always, to be an element to be avoided wherever possible. The boiler was an improvement on No. 6, however. A slanting bridge wall was introduced underneath the drum to throw a larger portion of its heating surface into the combustion chamber under the bank of tubes. This bridge wall was found to be difficult to keep in repair and was of no particular benefit. No. 15. Each row of tubes was expanded at each end into a continuous header, cast of car wheel metal. The headers had a sinuous form so that they would lie close together and admit of a staggered position of the tubes when assembled. While other designs of header form were tried later, experience with Nos. 14 and 15 showed that the style here adopted was the best for all purposes and it has not been changed materially since. The drum in this design was supported by girders resting on the brickwork. Bolted joints were discarded, with the exception of those connecting the headers to the front and rear ends of the drums and the bottom of the rear headers to the mud drum. Even such joints, however, were found objectionable and were superseded in subsequent construction by short lengths of tubes expanded into bored holes. No. 16. In this design, headers were tried which were made in the form of triangular boxes, in each of which there were three tubes expanded. These boxes were alternately reversed and connected by short lengths of expanded tubes, being connected to the drum by tubes bent in a manner to allow them to enter the shell normally. The joints between headers introduced an element of weakness and the connections to the drum were insufficient to give adequate circulation. No. 17. Straight horizontal headers were next tried, alternately shifted right and left to allow a staggering of tubes. These headers were connected to each other and to the drums by expanded nipples. The objections to this boiler were almost the same as those to No. 16. Nos. 18 and 19. These boilers were designed primarily for fire protection purposes, the requirements demanding a small, compact boiler with ability to raise steam quickly. These both served the purpose admirably but, as in No. 9, the only provision made for the securing of dry steam was the use of the steam dome, shown in the illustration. This dome was found inadequate and has since been abandoned in nearly all forms of boiler construction. No other remedy being suggested at the time, these boilers were not considered as desirable for general use as Nos. 21 and 22. In Europe, however, where small size units were more in demand, No. 18 was modified somewhat and used largely with excellent results. These experiments, as they may now be called, although many boilers of some of the designs were built, clearly demonstrated that the best construction and efficiency required adherence to the following elements of design: 1st. Sinuous headers for each vertical row of tubes. 2nd. A separate and independent connection with the drum, both front and rear, for each vertical row of tubes. 3rd. All joints between parts of the boiler proper to be made without bolts or screw plates. 4th. No surfaces to be used which necessitate the use of stays. 5th. The boiler supported independently of the brickwork so as to allow freedom for expansion and contraction as it is heated or cooled. 6th. Ample diameter of steam and water drums, these not to be less than 30 inches except for small size units. 7th. Every part accessible for cleaning and repairs. With these points having been determined, No. 20 was designed. This boiler had all the desirable features just enumerated, together with a number of improvements as to detail of construction. The general form of No. 15 was adhered to but the bolted connections between sections and drum and sections and mud drum were discarded in favor of connections made by short lengths of boiler tubes expanded into the adjacent parts. This boiler was suspended from girders, like No. 15, but these in turn were carried on vertical supports, leaving the pressure parts entirely free from the brickwork, the mutually deteriorating strains present where one was supported by the other being in this way overcome. Hundreds of thousands of horse power of this design were built, giving great satisfaction. The boiler was known as the “C. I. F.” (cast-iron front) style, an ornamental cast-iron front having been usually furnished. The next step, and the one which connects the boilers as described above to the boiler as it is built to-day, was the design illustrated in No. 21. These boilers were known as the “W. I. F.” style, the fronts furnished as part of the equipment being constructed largely of wrought iron. The cast-iron drumheads used in No. 20 were replaced by wrought-steel flanged and “bumped” heads. The drums were made longer and the sections connected to wrought-steel cross boxes riveted to the bottom of the drums. The boilers were supported by girders and columns as in No. 20. No. 22. This boiler, which is designated as the “Vertical Header” type, has the same general features of construction as No. 21, except that the tube sheet side of the headers is “stepped” to allow the headers to be placed vertically and at right angles to the drum and still maintain the tubes at the angle used in Nos. 20 and 21. No. 23, or the cross drum design of boiler, is a development of the Babcock & Wilcox marine boiler, in which the cross drum is used exclusively. The experience of the Glasgow Works of The Babcock & Wilcox, Ltd., with No. 18 proved that proper attention to details of construction would make it a most desirable form of boiler where headroom was limited. A large number of this design have been successfully installed and are giving satisfactory results under widely varying conditions. The cross drum boiler is also built in a vertical header design. Boilers Nos. 21, 22 and 23, with a few modifications, are now the standard forms. These designs are illustrated, as they are constructed to-day, on pages , , , and . 48 52 54 58 60 The last step in the development of the water-tube boiler, beyond which it seems almost impossible for science and skill to advance, consists in the making of all pressure parts of the boiler of wrought steel, including sinuous headers, cross boxes, nozzles, and the like. This construction was the result of the demands of certain Continental laws that are coming into general vogue in this country. The Babcock & Wilcox Co. have at the present time a plant producing steel forgings that have been pronounced by the to be “a perfect triumph of the forgers’ art”. London Engineer The various designs of this all wrought-steel boiler are fully illustrated in the following pages. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Babcock & Wilcox Company (2007). Steam, Its Generation and Use. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22657/pg22657-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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