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reflect

Author:
(1) David Staines. Table of Links Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Arguments 3 Outline and Preview 4 Calvo Framework and 4.1 Household’s Problem 4.2 Preferences 4.3 Household Equilibrium Conditions 4.4 Price-Setting Problem 4.5 Nominal Equilibrium Conditions 4.6 Real Equilibrium Conditions and 4.7 Shocks 4.8 Recursive Equilibrium 5 Existing Solutions 5.1 Singular Phillips Curve 5.2 Persistence and Policy Puzzles 5.3 Two Comparison Models 5.4 Lucas Critique 6 Stochastic Equilibrium and 6.1 Ergodic Theory and Random Dynamical Systems 6.2 Equilibrium Construction 6.3 Literature Comparison 6.4 Equilibrium Analysis 7 General Linearized Phillips Curve 7.1 Slope Coefficients 7.2 Error Coefficients 8 Existence Results and 8.1 Main Results 8.2 Key Proofs 8.3 Discussion 9 Bifurcation Analysis 9.1 Analytic Aspects 9.2 Algebraic Aspects (I) Singularities and Covers 9.3 Algebraic Aspects (II) Homology 9.4 Algebraic Aspects (III) Schemes 9.5 Wider Economic Interpretations 10 Econometric and Theoretical Implications and 10.1 Identification and Trade-offs 10.2 Econometric Duality 10.3 Coefficient Properties 10.4 Microeconomic Interpretation 11 Policy Rule 12 Conclusions and References Appendices A Proof of Theorem 2 and A.1 Proof of Part (i) A.2 Behaviour of ∆ A.3 Proof Part (iii) B Proofs from Section 4 and B.1 Individual Product Demand (4.2) B.2 Flexible Price Equilibrium and ZINSS (4.4) B.3 Price Dispersion (4.5) B.4 Cost Minimization (4.6) and (10.4) B.5 Consolidation (4.8) C Proofs from Section 5, and C.1 Puzzles, Policy and Persistence C.2 Extending No Persistence D Stochastic Equilibrium and D.1 Non-Stochastic Equilibrium D.2 Profits and Long-Run Growth E Slopes and Eigenvalues and E.1 Slope Coefficients E.2 Linearized DSGE Solution E.3 Eigenvalue Conditions E.4 Rouche’s Theorem Conditions F Abstract Algebra and F.1 Homology Groups F.2 Basic Categories F.3 De Rham Cohomology F.4 Marginal Costs and Inflation G Further Keynesian Models and G.1 Taylor Pricing G.2 Calvo Wage Phillips Curve G.3 Unconventional Policy Settings H Empirical Robustness and H.1 Parameter Selection H.2 Phillips Curve I Additional Evidence and I.1 Other Structural Parameters I.2 Lucas Critique I.3 Trend Inflation Volatility 7.2 Error Coefficients 7.2.1 Coefficient Expressions The starting point is the infinite horizon solutions, which states how present deviations depend on present and past shocks. For the expectation variables it implies The first two steps remove expectations to focus on future variables. The third treats lag terms. The fourth is consolidation, the fifth deals with the Euler and the sixth puts them all together. Proceeding through the derivation in order, it is clear that The coefficients have been organised so that the bracketed terms will be positive when computed in the small noise limit at strictly positive rates of trend inflation, as this is a focal alternative to ZINSS.[57] To dig down to primitives it is necessary to expand out the weighting term as follows: Expanding forward using (139), (140) and the primitive properties of the errors yields Thus, I can substitute back into (146) to solve for the third error in terms of the canonical expansions. The unwieldy expression is suppressed. An algorithm for a solution, in terms of the stochastic equilibrium expansion coefficients, would be useful, alongside a method of numerical approximation. However, these tasks lie beyond the boundaries of this investigation. The rest of the derivation is quite simple Combining (139), (140), (149)-(151) gives the following cumbersome expression for the Phillips curve errors All subsequent error forms can be derived easily from this point. 7.2.2 Limiting Solution Now denoting the errors in (117) in the style of the slope coefficients Hence, I am able to solve for the error coefficient using the output term in (112), the error expression (150) and the symmetry implied by (151) and (152) This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Author: (1) David Staines. Author: Author: (1) David Staines. Table of Links Abstract Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Arguments 2 Mathematical Arguments 3 Outline and Preview 3 Outline and Preview 4 Calvo Framework and 4.1 Household’s Problem 4 Calvo Framework and 4.1 Household’s Problem 4.2 Preferences 4.2 Preferences 4.3 Household Equilibrium Conditions 4.3 Household Equilibrium Conditions 4.4 Price-Setting Problem 4.4 Price-Setting Problem 4.5 Nominal Equilibrium Conditions 4.5 Nominal Equilibrium Conditions 4.6 Real Equilibrium Conditions and 4.7 Shocks 4.6 Real Equilibrium Conditions and 4.7 Shocks 4.8 Recursive Equilibrium 4.8 Recursive Equilibrium 5 Existing Solutions 5 Existing Solutions 5.1 Singular Phillips Curve 5.1 Singular Phillips Curve 5.2 Persistence and Policy Puzzles 5.2 Persistence and Policy Puzzles 5.3 Two Comparison Models 5.3 Two Comparison Models 5.4 Lucas Critique 5.4 Lucas Critique 6 Stochastic Equilibrium and 6.1 Ergodic Theory and Random Dynamical Systems 6 Stochastic Equilibrium and 6.1 Ergodic Theory and Random Dynamical Systems 6.2 Equilibrium Construction 6.2 Equilibrium Construction 6.3 Literature Comparison 6.3 Literature Comparison 6.4 Equilibrium Analysis 6.4 Equilibrium Analysis 7 General Linearized Phillips Curve 7 General Linearized Phillips Curve 7.1 Slope Coefficients 7.1 Slope Coefficients 7.2 Error Coefficients 7.2 Error Coefficients 8 Existence Results and 8.1 Main Results 8 Existence Results and 8.1 Main Results 8.2 Key Proofs 8.2 Key Proofs 8.3 Discussion 8.3 Discussion 9 Bifurcation Analysis 9 Bifurcation Analysis 9.1 Analytic Aspects 9.1 Analytic Aspects 9.2 Algebraic Aspects (I) Singularities and Covers 9.2 Algebraic Aspects (I) Singularities and Covers 9.3 Algebraic Aspects (II) Homology 9.3 Algebraic Aspects (II) Homology 9.4 Algebraic Aspects (III) Schemes 9.4 Algebraic Aspects (III) Schemes 9.5 Wider Economic Interpretations 9.5 Wider Economic Interpretations 10 Econometric and Theoretical Implications and 10.1 Identification and Trade-offs 10 Econometric and Theoretical Implications and 10.1 Identification and Trade-offs 10.2 Econometric Duality 10.2 Econometric Duality 10.3 Coefficient Properties 10.3 Coefficient Properties 10.4 Microeconomic Interpretation 10.4 Microeconomic Interpretation 11 Policy Rule 11 Policy Rule 12 Conclusions and References 12 Conclusions and References Appendices Appendices A Proof of Theorem 2 and A.1 Proof of Part (i) A Proof of Theorem 2 and A.1 Proof of Part (i) A.2 Behaviour of ∆ A.2 Behaviour of ∆ A.3 Proof Part (iii) A.3 Proof Part (iii) B Proofs from Section 4 and B.1 Individual Product Demand (4.2) B Proofs from Section 4 and B.1 Individual Product Demand (4.2) B.2 Flexible Price Equilibrium and ZINSS (4.4) B.2 Flexible Price Equilibrium and ZINSS (4.4) B.3 Price Dispersion (4.5) B.3 Price Dispersion (4.5) B.4 Cost Minimization (4.6) and (10.4) B.4 Cost Minimization (4.6) and (10.4) B.5 Consolidation (4.8) B.5 Consolidation (4.8) C Proofs from Section 5, and C.1 Puzzles, Policy and Persistence C Proofs from Section 5, and C.1 Puzzles, Policy and Persistence C.2 Extending No Persistence C.2 Extending No Persistence D Stochastic Equilibrium and D.1 Non-Stochastic Equilibrium D Stochastic Equilibrium and D.1 Non-Stochastic Equilibrium D.2 Profits and Long-Run Growth D.2 Profits and Long-Run Growth E Slopes and Eigenvalues and E.1 Slope Coefficients E Slopes and Eigenvalues and E.1 Slope Coefficients E.2 Linearized DSGE Solution E.2 Linearized DSGE Solution E.3 Eigenvalue Conditions E.3 Eigenvalue Conditions E.4 Rouche’s Theorem Conditions E.4 Rouche’s Theorem Conditions F Abstract Algebra and F.1 Homology Groups F Abstract Algebra and F.1 Homology Groups F.2 Basic Categories F.2 Basic Categories F.3 De Rham Cohomology F.3 De Rham Cohomology F.4 Marginal Costs and Inflation F.4 Marginal Costs and Inflation G Further Keynesian Models and G.1 Taylor Pricing G Further Keynesian Models and G.1 Taylor Pricing G.2 Calvo Wage Phillips Curve G.2 Calvo Wage Phillips Curve G.3 Unconventional Policy Settings G.3 Unconventional Policy Settings H Empirical Robustness and H.1 Parameter Selection H Empirical Robustness and H.1 Parameter Selection H.2 Phillips Curve H.2 Phillips Curve I Additional Evidence and I.1 Other Structural Parameters I Additional Evidence and I.1 Other Structural Parameters I.2 Lucas Critique I.2 Lucas Critique I.3 Trend Inflation Volatility I.3 Trend Inflation Volatility 7.2 Error Coefficients 7.2.1 Coefficient Expressions The starting point is the infinite horizon solutions, which states how present deviations depend on present and past shocks. For the expectation variables it implies The first two steps remove expectations to focus on future variables. The third treats lag terms. The fourth is consolidation, the fifth deals with the Euler and the sixth puts them all together. Proceeding through the derivation in order, it is clear that The coefficients have been organised so that the bracketed terms will be positive when computed in the small noise limit at strictly positive rates of trend inflation, as this is a focal alternative to ZINSS.[57] To dig down to primitives it is necessary to expand out the weighting term as follows: Expanding forward using (139), (140) and the primitive properties of the errors yields Thus, I can substitute back into (146) to solve for the third error in terms of the canonical expansions. The unwieldy expression is suppressed. An algorithm for a solution, in terms of the stochastic equilibrium expansion coefficients, would be useful, alongside a method of numerical approximation. However, these tasks lie beyond the boundaries of this investigation. The rest of the derivation is quite simple Combining (139), (140), (149)-(151) gives the following cumbersome expression for the Phillips curve errors All subsequent error forms can be derived easily from this point. 7.2.2 Limiting Solution 7.2.2 Limiting Solution Now denoting the errors in (117) in the style of the slope coefficients Hence, I am able to solve for the error coefficient using the output term in (112), the error expression (150) and the symmetry implied by (151) and (152) This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

How Error Coefficients Reflect Stochastic Equilibrium Expansions in Inflation Models

You heard it right, Startups of The Year is back for its 3rd season! Startups of The Year is a community-driven event created and powered by HackerNoon’s proprietary software, dedicated to recognizing and celebrating tech startups that are making a positive impact on technology and the world. Closing on Startups of The Year 2023, we have achieved a total of 623K+ votes from the community (triple from the prior year) to 30,000+ startups across 4200+ cities ✨🙌 This year we set out to shine the Spotlight on Tech’s Shining Stars (yes, all 150,000 of them 🤭) Coming on to the podium, have you prepared a speech? If not, let this article be your guide to 2024’s Startups of The Year 🚀 Let’s take a trip down memory lane, while also learning from how last year’s nominees flaunted the news of their nominations 🔎 FYI, with Startups of The Year 2024, we're introducing industry awards, categorizing startups by sector. You can find more info here. My Startups Got Nominated. What Should I Do? The FIRST thing that you’re going to do… well after you claim and verify your company, you PROMOTE the heck out of your Startup 💚 Here’s how 2023 Startups did it… PRO TIP: Content is your best friend! Utilize social media strengths to spread the word about your Startups of The Year nomination! Facebook, LinkedIn, X… the more the merrier. You have bragging rights, so post on EVERY social platform possible🔥
Don’t forget to tag HackerNoon, we’d love to support your company to the top 1️⃣ by featuring you on our testimonials site and social media! Here’s How 2023 Startups Did It, On LinkedIn Whether it is a simple call for voting with the Startups of The Year’s key visual or having the Founder/CEO post on their page for increased reach, let your creativity run wild: repost, run a campaign, write an article on HackerNoon, and blast it everywhere! Be vocal and be proud - your startup DESERVES all the recognition! Show the world why they should vote for you!
➡️ Write about your startup mission and vision using this interview template Remember to follow up! You know that one call for voting post isn’t enough - Divide to conquer! Remind your followers that you are still running for the title. Create a sense of urgency and competition like these startups did in 2023 ⬇️ See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on LinkedIn here What About Facebook? You bet! Aside from LinkedIn, Facebook is also a good platform to announce your Startups of The Year nomination. See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on Facebook here And Don’t Forget To Tweet About Your Nomination I know we all have *diverse* opinions on X (Twitter). Regardless, tweeting is still a good way to brag about your Startups of The Year nomination and call for voting. See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on X here I’m sad…my Startup wasn’t nominated… 😔 You have two options: You can either nominate yourself… (it's completely legitimate - see the criteria here)


Or, let your community surprise you with a nomination and revel in the unexpected recognition!
Wojciech Sierocki, co-founder and CEO of Data Lake was taken by surprise too when their startup, Data Lake, got nominated for Startups of The Year 2023. Still have questions about nominations? Check out this guide! About HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year Startups of The Year 2024 is HackerNoon’s flagship community-driven event celebrating startups, technology, and the spirit of innovation. Currently in its third iteration, the prestigious Internet award recognizes and celebrates tech startups of all shapes and sizes. This year, over 150,000 entities across 4200+ cities, 6 continents, and 100+ industries will participate in a bid to be crowned the best startup of the year! Millions of votes have been cast over the past few years, and many stories have been written about these daring and rising startups. The winners will get a free interview on HackerNoon and an Evergreen Tech Company News page. Visit ourFAQ page to learn more. Download our design assets here. Check out the Startups of the Year Merch Shop here. HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year is a branding opportunity unlike any other. Whether your goal is brand awareness or lead generation, HackerNoon has curated startup-friendly packages to solve your marketing challenges. Meet our sponsors: Wellfound: At Wellfound, we're not just a job board—we're the place where top startup talent and the world's most exciting companies connect to build the future. Notion: Notion is trusted and loved by thousands of startups as their connected workspace—from building product roadmaps to tracking fundraising. Try Notion with unlimited AI, FREE for up to 6 months, to build and scale your company with one powerful tool. Get your offer now! Hubspot: If you’re looking for a smart CRM platform that meets the needs of small businesses, look no further than HubSpot. Seamlessly connect your data, teams and customers in one easy-to-use scalable platform that grows with your business. Bright Data: Startups that leverage public web data can make faster, data-driven decisions, giving them a competitive edge. With Bright Data’s scalable web data collection, businesses can grow from a small operation to an enterprise by harnessing insights at every stage. Algolia: Algolia NeuralSearch is the world's only AI end-to-end Search and Discovery Platform combining powerful keyword and natural language processing in a single API. You heard it right, Startups of The Year is back for its 3rd season! Startups of The Year is a community-driven event created and powered by HackerNoon’s proprietary software, dedicated to recognizing and celebrating tech startups that are making a positive impact on technology and the world. Closing on Startups of The Year 2023 , we have achieved a total of 623K+ votes from the community (triple from the prior year) to 30,000+ startups across 4200+ cities ✨🙌 Startups of The Year is back Startups of The Year is back Startups of The Year is back Startups of The Year 2023 Startups of The Year 2023 Startups of The Year 2023 This year we set out to shine the Spotlight on Tech’s Shining Stars (yes, all 150,000 of them 🤭) Coming on to the podium, have you prepared a speech? If not, let this article be your guide to 2024’s Startups of The Year 🚀 Startups of The Year Let’s take a trip down memory lane, while also learning from how last year’s nominees flaunted the news of their nominations 🔎 FYI, with Startups of The Year 2024, we're introducing industry awards, categorizing startups by sector. You can find more info here. FYI, with Startups of The Year 2024 , we're introducing industry awards, categorizing startups by sector. You can find more info here. Startups of The Year 2024 here. here . here My Startups Got Nominated. What Should I Do? The FIRST thing that you’re going to do… well after you claim and verify your company, you PROMOTE the heck out of your Startup 💚 Here’s how 2023 Startups did it… claim claim claim verify verify PROMOTE the heck out of your Startup PROMOTE the heck out of your Startup PRO TIP: Content is your best friend! Utilize social media strengths to spread the word about your Startups of The Year nomination! Facebook, LinkedIn, X… the more the merrier. You have bragging rights, so post on EVERY social platform possible🔥 Don’t forget to tag HackerNoon, we’d love to support your company to the top 1️⃣ by featuring you on our testimonials site and social media! PRO TIP: Content is your best friend! Utilize social media strengths to spread the word about your Startups of The Year nomination ! Facebook, LinkedIn, X… the more the merrier. You have bragging rights , so post on EVERY social platform possible🔥 PRO TIP: Startups of The Year nomination You have bragging rights EVERY Don’t forget to tag HackerNoon, we’d love to support your company to the top 1️⃣ by featuring you on our testimonials site and social media! testimonials site testimonials site testimonials site social media! social media! Here’s How 2023 Startups Did It, On LinkedIn Whether it is a simple call for voting with the Startups of The Year’s key visual or having the Founder/CEO post on their page for increased reach, let your creativity run wild: repost, run a campaign, write an article on HackerNoon, and blast it everywhere ! Be vocal and be proud - your startup DESERVES all the recognition! write an article on HackerNoon, and blast it everywhere write an article on HackerNoon, and blast it everywhere DESERVES DESERVES Show the world why they should vote for you! ➡️ Write about your startup mission and vision using this interview template Show the world why they should vote for you! Show the world why they should vote for you! ➡️ Write about your startup mission and vision using this interview template interview template interview template Remember to follow up! You know that one call for voting post isn’t enough - Divide to conquer! Remind your followers that you are still running for the title. Create a sense of urgency and competition like these startups did in 2023 ⬇️ Remember to follow up ! You know that one call for voting post isn’t enough - Divide to conquer ! Remind your followers that you are still running for the title. Create a sense of urgency and competition like these startups did in 2023 ⬇️ Remember to follow up Remember to follow up one Divide to conquer Divide to conquer Create a sense of urgency and competition See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on LinkedIn here See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on LinkedIn here here here here What About Facebook? You bet! Aside from LinkedIn, Facebook is also a good platform to announce your Startups of The Year nomination. See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on Facebook here See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on Facebook here here here here And Don’t Forget To Tweet About Your Nomination I know we all have *diverse* opinions on X (Twitter). Regardless, tweeting is still a good way to brag about your Startups of The Year nomination and call for voting. *diverse* *diverse* See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on X here See more on how nominated Startups called for voting in 2023 on X here here here here I’m sad…my Startup wasn’t nominated… 😔 You have two options: You can either nominate yourself… (it's completely legitimate - see the criteria here) Or, let your community surprise you with a nomination and revel in the unexpected recognition!
Wojciech Sierocki, co-founder and CEO of Data Lake was taken by surprise too when their startup, Data Lake, got nominated for Startups of The Year 2023. You can either nominate yourself… (it's completely legitimate - see the criteria here) You can either nominate yourself… (it's completely legitimate - see the criteria here ) here Or, let your community surprise you with a nomination and revel in the unexpected recognition! Wojciech Sierocki, co-founder and CEO of Data Lake was taken by surprise too when their startup, Data Lake, got nominated for Startups of The Year 2023. Or, let your community surprise you with a nomination and revel in the unexpected recognition! Wojciech Sierocki, co-founder and CEO of Data Lake was taken by surprise too when their startup, Data Lake, got nominated for Startups of The Year 2023. Data Lake Still have questions about nominations? Check out this guide! Still have questions about nominations? Check out this guide! Still have questions about nominations? Check out this guide ! this guide About HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year Startups of The Year 2024 is HackerNoon’s flagship community-driven event celebrating startups, technology, and the spirit of innovation. Currently in its third iteration, the prestigious Internet award recognizes and celebrates tech startups of all shapes and sizes. This year, over 150,000 entities across 4200+ cities, 6 continents, and 100+ industries will participate in a bid to be crowned the best startup of the year! Millions of votes have been cast over the past few years, and many stories have been written about these daring and rising startups. Startups of The Year 2024 many stories The winners will get a free interview on HackerNoon and an Evergreen Tech Company News page. free interview Evergreen Tech Company News Visit our FAQ page to learn more. FAQ page Download our design assets here . here Check out the Startups of the Year Merch Shop here . here HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year is a branding opportunity unlike any other. Whether your goal is brand awareness or lead generation, HackerNoon has curated startup-friendly packages to solve your marketing challenges. startup-friendly packages Meet our sponsors: Meet our sponsors: Wellfound: At Wellfound, we're not just a job board—we're the place where top startup talent and the world's most exciting companies connect to build the future. Wellfound: Notion: Notion is trusted and loved by thousands of startups as their connected workspace—from building product roadmaps to tracking fundraising. Try Notion with unlimited AI, FREE for up to 6 months , to build and scale your company with one powerful tool. Get your offer now ! Notion: Try Notion with unlimited AI, FREE for up to 6 months Get your offer now ! Hubspot: If you’re looking for a smart CRM platform that meets the needs of small businesses, look no further than HubSpot. Seamlessly connect your data, teams and customers in one easy-to-use scalable platform that grows with your business. Hubspot: Bright Data: Startups that leverage public web data can make faster, data-driven decisions, giving them a competitive edge. With Bright Data’s scalable web data collection , businesses can grow from a small operation to an enterprise by harnessing insights at every stage. Bright Data: Bright Data’s scalable web data collection Algolia: Algolia NeuralSearch is the world's only AI end-to-end Search and Discovery Platform combining powerful keyword and natural language processing in a single API. Algolia: AI end-to-end Search and Discovery Platform

The Impact of HackerNoon's Startups of The Year: Reflections from Last Year’s Nominees

Die impak van HackerNoon se Startups of The Year: Refleksies van verlede jaar se genomineerdes

L'impacte de les startups de l'any de HackerNoon: reflexions dels nominats de l'any passat

El impacto de las startups del año de HackerNoon: reflexiones de los nominados del año pasado

O impacto das startups do ano de HackerNoon: reflexións dos nomeados do ano pasado

HackerNoon の「今年のスタートアップ」の影響: 昨年のノミネート企業からの考察

HackerNoon компаниясының жыл стартаптарының әсері: өткен жылғы үміткерлердің ойлары

ຜົນກະທົບຂອງການເລີ່ມຕົ້ນຂອງປີຂອງ HackerNoon: ການສະທ້ອນຈາກຜູ້ຖືກແຕ່ງຕັ້ງໃນປີກາຍນີ້

ह्याकरनूनको स्टार्टअप अफ द इयरको प्रभाव: गत वर्षका मनोनयनहरूबाट प्रतिबिम्ब

Kgahlamelo ya Dithomelo tša HackerNoon tša Ngwaga: Ditlhathollo go tšwa go Bakgethwa ba Ngwaga wo o fetilego

Athari za Mwanzo wa Mwaka wa HackerNoon: Tafakari kutoka kwa Walioteuliwa Mwaka Jana.

ผลกระทบของ Startups of The Year จาก HackerNoon: บทสะท้อนจากผู้เข้าชิงในปีที่แล้ว

“HackerNoon” -yň ýylyň başlangyçlarynyň täsiri: Geçen ýyl dalaşgärleriň pikirleri

To write in public or not... Note: This piece is intentionally raw and unpolished, reflecting a direct flow of thoughts—a mental dialogue. I like to write... words and code... both are close to my heart... one allows me to open up my thoughts, and the other allows me to play and find joy. But why write in public?... keep it private... write whatever... why draw attention here?... will you not be judged? Well... I have given it some thought... yes! Opinions can create distractions... I don't intend to seek attention... I have written a lot in private... but I aspire to connect with thinkers and creators of our time... a clan I believe I belong to. I aspire to have conversations with thinkers... and explore possibilities of human endeavors... The world has largely become transactional... society has created these factories of workers... called companies and corporations... where I see humans being treated as resources... and have processes to put them on some kind of efficiency machine to churn out all their energies for transactional needs... Very few, I find, are truly alive. Yes! These factories help us thrive in financial security, family, kids, friends, and travel... we seek happiness in these forms... but most end up spending more than 60% of their life doing things they don't enjoy. Add on top... instead of earning and acquiring, we shift to taking loans and acquiring... repaying in installments forever making life even heavier. I also see people who retire out of these factories with earned comforts and loved ones around... yet most find it difficult to restructure life to fathom boredom... spending time alone feels lonely and burdensome. It’s a tradeoff, and many die long before mortal death arrives... and one day we are erased... maybe remembered by the world for some time... but our identity fades into this vast cosmos. Is this all there is to life... a set pattern of to-dos? Our education system... seems like another kind of factory... they invite and lure us with promises of a great life ahead... conditioning us for 3-5 years to be part of these work factories. It seems like both factories are conspiring to make us believe that we are no more than human resources. I do find small startups... the small factories... small teams with no hierarchy... where we are not treated as resources. It looks like a great place to be if we are driven... if we are problem-solvers... deep divers... don’t always wait for orders to act... believe in collaboration. Here, we all take responsibility for our work... we feel valued... and many of us truly enjoy the process... trying to build something together... amidst a lot of uncertainty. I see many alive here. Now there is a new entrant—AI, which is evolving at a pace that has started shaking things apart for these old factories that train and treat humans as resources. I see it as a great enabler of discovery and exploration... capable of solving complex problems with human collaboration... but it will also reduce the current factories, and existing human resources will need to adapt quickly and explore a new set of possibilities. I now see micro-factories emerging... just 2-3 people building things with AI... this looks even better, giving rise to solo or micro-entrepreneurship... a small group of creators and innovators building and collaborating with AI agents, ushering in a new era of innovations and discoveries. As I explore life, I keep discovering many such factories (big and small) that society has created for personal and transactional needs... and I am cautious about where I choose to tune in. This is just the beginning of my exploration—I'd love to exchange ideas with others on this journey. To write in public or not... To write in public or not... Note: This piece is intentionally raw and unpolished, reflecting a direct flow of thoughts—a mental dialogue. Note: This piece is intentionally raw and unpolished, reflecting a direct flow of thoughts—a mental dialogue. Note: This piece is intentionally raw and unpolished, reflecting a direct flow of thoughts—a mental dialogue. I like to write... words and code... both are close to my heart... one allows me to open up my thoughts, and the other allows me to play and find joy. But why write in public?... keep it private... write whatever... why draw attention here?... will you not be judged? Well... I have given it some thought... yes! Opinions can create distractions... I don't intend to seek attention... I have written a lot in private... but I aspire to connect with thinkers and creators of our time... a clan I believe I belong to. I aspire to have conversations with thinkers... and explore possibilities of human endeavors... The world has largely become transactional... society has created these factories of workers... called companies and corporations... where I see humans being treated as resources... and have processes to put them on some kind of efficiency machine to churn out all their energies for transactional needs... Very few, I find, are truly alive. Yes! These factories help us thrive in financial security, family, kids, friends, and travel... we seek happiness in these forms... but most end up spending more than 60% of their life doing things they don't enjoy. Add on top... instead of earning and acquiring, we shift to taking loans and acquiring... repaying in installments forever making life even heavier. I also see people who retire out of these factories with earned comforts and loved ones around... yet most find it difficult to restructure life to fathom boredom... spending time alone feels lonely and burdensome. It’s a tradeoff, and many die long before mortal death arrives... and one day we are erased... maybe remembered by the world for some time... but our identity fades into this vast cosmos. Is this all there is to life... a set pattern of to-dos? Our education system... seems like another kind of factory... they invite and lure us with promises of a great life ahead... conditioning us for 3-5 years to be part of these work factories. It seems like both factories are conspiring to make us believe that we are no more than human resources. I do find small startups... the small factories... small teams with no hierarchy... where we are not treated as resources. It looks like a great place to be if we are driven... if we are problem-solvers... deep divers... don’t always wait for orders to act... believe in collaboration. Here, we all take responsibility for our work... we feel valued... and many of us truly enjoy the process... trying to build something together... amidst a lot of uncertainty. I see many alive here. Now there is a new entrant—AI, which is evolving at a pace that has started shaking things apart for these old factories that train and treat humans as resources. I see it as a great enabler of discovery and exploration... capable of solving complex problems with human collaboration... but it will also reduce the current factories, and existing human resources will need to adapt quickly and explore a new set of possibilities. I now see micro-factories emerging... just 2-3 people building things with AI... this looks even better, giving rise to solo or micro-entrepreneurship... a small group of creators and innovators building and collaborating with AI agents, ushering in a new era of innovations and discoveries. As I explore life, I keep discovering many such factories (big and small) that society has created for personal and transactional needs... and I am cautious about where I choose to tune in. This is just the beginning of my exploration—I'd love to exchange ideas with others on this journey.

Discovering Human Factories: A Personal Reflection on Modern Work, AI, and Creativity

Authors:
(1) Aviad Rom, The Data Science Institute, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel;
(2) Kfir Bar, The Data Science Institute, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Related Work Methodology Experimental Settings Results Conclusion and Limitations Bibliographical References 6. Conclusion Arabic and Hebrew, both Semitic languages, display inherent structural resemblances and possess shared cognates. In an endeavor to allow a bilingual language model to recognize these cognates, we introduced a novel language model tailored for Arabic and Hebrew, wherein the Arabic text is transliterated into the Hebrew script prior to both pre-training and fine-tuning. We contrast our model by training another language model on the identical dataset but without the transliteration preprocessing step, in order to assess the impact of transliteration. We fine-tuned our model for the machine translation task, yielding promising outcomes. These results suggest that the transliteration step offers tangible benefits to the translation process. Comparing to the translation combination involving other language models, we see comparable results; this is encouraging given that the training data we utilized for pre-training the model is approximately 60% smaller than theirs. As a future avenue of research, we intend to train the model on an expanded dataset and explore scaling its architecture. In this study, our emphasis was on a transformer encoder. We are keen to investigate the effects of implementing transliteration within a decoder architecture, once such a model becomes available for Hebrew. Limitations The transliteration algorithm from Arabic to Hebrew is based a simple deterministic lookup table. However, sometimes the transliteration is not that straight forward, and this simple algorithm generates some odd rendering, which we would like to fix. For example, our algorithm does not place a final-form letter at the end of the Arabic word in Hebrew. Another challenge with transliteration into Hebrew is that for some words a Hebrew writer may choose to omit long vowel characters and the readers will still be able to understand the word. This phenomenon is referred to as “Ktiv Hasser” in Hebrew. Yet, there exists a preference for certain word representations over others. This inconsistency makes it more challenging for aligning the transliterated Arabic words to their cognates in the way they are written. Our transliteration algorithm always renders the Arabic word following the Arabic letters, which may be different than how this word is typically written in Hebrew. Another limitation is the relatively small size of the dataset which we used for pre-training the language model, comparing to other existing language models of the same architecture size. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Aviad Rom, The Data Science Institute, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel; (2) Kfir Bar, The Data Science Institute, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel. Authors: Authors: (1) Aviad Rom, The Data Science Institute, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel; (2) Kfir Bar, The Data Science Institute, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Related Work Related Work Methodology Methodology Experimental Settings Experimental Settings Results Results Conclusion and Limitations Conclusion and Limitations Bibliographical References Bibliographical References 6. Conclusion Arabic and Hebrew, both Semitic languages, display inherent structural resemblances and possess shared cognates. In an endeavor to allow a bilingual language model to recognize these cognates, we introduced a novel language model tailored for Arabic and Hebrew, wherein the Arabic text is transliterated into the Hebrew script prior to both pre-training and fine-tuning. We contrast our model by training another language model on the identical dataset but without the transliteration preprocessing step, in order to assess the impact of transliteration. We fine-tuned our model for the machine translation task, yielding promising outcomes. These results suggest that the transliteration step offers tangible benefits to the translation process. Comparing to the translation combination involving other language models, we see comparable results; this is encouraging given that the training data we utilized for pre-training the model is approximately 60% smaller than theirs. As a future avenue of research, we intend to train the model on an expanded dataset and explore scaling its architecture. In this study, our emphasis was on a transformer encoder. We are keen to investigate the effects of implementing transliteration within a decoder architecture, once such a model becomes available for Hebrew. Limitations The transliteration algorithm from Arabic to Hebrew is based a simple deterministic lookup table. However, sometimes the transliteration is not that straight forward, and this simple algorithm generates some odd rendering, which we would like to fix. For example, our algorithm does not place a final-form letter at the end of the Arabic word in Hebrew. Another challenge with transliteration into Hebrew is that for some words a Hebrew writer may choose to omit long vowel characters and the readers will still be able to understand the word. This phenomenon is referred to as “Ktiv Hasser” in Hebrew. Yet, there exists a preference for certain word representations over others. This inconsistency makes it more challenging for aligning the transliterated Arabic words to their cognates in the way they are written. Our transliteration algorithm always renders the Arabic word following the Arabic letters, which may be different than how this word is typically written in Hebrew. Another limitation is the relatively small size of the dataset which we used for pre-training the language model, comparing to other existing language models of the same architecture size. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Reflections on HeArBERT: Transliteration Benefits, Research Horizons, and Limitations

Ethereum's Slump Reflects the Web3 Development Dilemma

Building a two-sided managed pet care platform as first-time founders is not an easy task. Looking back, it's clear that some intuitive decisions brought us to where we are today. After 1.5 years of bootstrapping, we raised $400,000 from a VC fund and an angel syndicate, with follow-on investments totaling $1 million. We now have 30,000 paying customers, 3,000 pet caregivers connected to our platform, and over $5 million in gross revenue since launch. Here's my reflection on the key decisions that brought us to this point. Tip 1: Don't Chase Investors Too Early; Focus on Traction First. A couple of months after our launch, with our first customers on board, we thought raising funds would be a breeze. We prepared a conventional pitch deck and business model and started meeting with angel investors and early-stage VCs. However, we quickly realized it was challenging to convince investors to back two first-time founders with a business earning only $1,500 monthly. With our personal runway nearly exhausted, we had an honest discussion and asked ourselves: Do we want to continue without securing a seed round? The answer was yes. We then asked ourselves how we could survive and improve our chances of fundraising later. We decided to stop wasting time chasing investors and focus on gaining traction. This decision boosted our team's morale. Our success was now in our hands, not dependent on funding. By focusing on traction, we implemented key changes that helped us grow tenfold in one year. I'll discuss these changes in the following tips. Tip 2: Improve Your Unit Economics – Be as Effective as You Can to Survive. One of the challenges we faced in becoming profitable was our low take rate. We launched with favorable terms for pet caregivers: after subsidizing transport expenses, our take rate was 18%. This motivated pet caregivers to serve our first customers, but it wasn't enough to achieve profitability quickly with a bootstrapped approach. I wondered: What if we could earn more from every order? What if we could acquire new pet caregivers on more favorable terms for the company? What if existing pet caregivers accepted changes in the transport subsidy? Changing the amount our service providers earned was daunting, but two adjustments helped us double our take rate to 35%: Introduce a cap on transportation coverage.
Increase our take rate for new pet caregivers joining the platform. Sometimes, we underestimate the value our business provides to users. It's crucial to constantly ask: What if we could earn more on each unit? Tip 3: Try Bootstrap Marketing Instead of Paid Ads. As a startup with a novel concept, you'll likely struggle to win user trust initially. Limited funds for ad testing and the need for quick results often lead to lower conversion rates compared to established competitors. This makes it challenging to achieve positive unit economics from paid channels early on. Our first attempt at SEM didn't yield results, so we explored alternative channels due to budget constraints. Here's what worked for us: 📣 Send Press Releases to the Media Outlets First, we sent press releases to major lifestyle media in our region. Some picked up the story and announced our product launch. Consider researching media outlets relevant to your field and reach out to them. Establishing a public presence for your brand is crucial in the early stages. 🤴 Partner with Industry Experts Next, we partnered with respected influencers in our field. When they mentioned our business to their audience, we gained both warm leads and valuable social proof. These leads were already confident in our product due to the influencers' endorsement. Who are the key voices in your industry? Is there potential to build connections with them? 👩‍💼 Tap into Corporate Networks Our third effective channel was partnerships with enterprises. They promoted our exclusive offers to their employees through internal communications, helping us secure early adopters from their workforce. If your product or service has broad appeal, consider exploring ways to include it in corporate benefits programs. Tip 4: Consider Additional Revenue Streams, Even if They Seem to Diverge From Your Initial Focus. When we launched our pet care platform, we initially only connected pet parents with dog walkers. However, we soon realized that adding dog boarding could provide an additional revenue stream because: Our existing customers were requesting boarding/sitting services.
International competitors already offered this product vertical. While launching a new product might seem risky or unfocused, it's crucial to differentiate between introducing a completely new offering to a new audience versus a complementary product for your existing customer base. In our case, we were fortunate to launch the dog boarding vertical just before the vacation season when people frequently cancel walking services and search for dog sitters. This decision significantly influenced our successful investment round closure. The boarding vertical generated an additional $24,400 in revenue, which, when annualized, added approximately $280,000 to our pre-money valuation during deal discussions in October (having multiple ~9X to yearly gross revenue). Tip 5: Find an Advisor From a Similar Company That's a Few Steps ahead of Yours. After our launch, we were fortunate to bring on board a mentor/advisor who was a co-founder and CEO of a Round A stage company with a similar on-demand business model - a medical tech company providing house call doctor services. Orders are placed via mobile app and chatbot as we do. His guidance was crucial in several key areas: 💰 Fundraising Our advisor tipped us off about a startup competition organized by McKinsey & Company. Among the organizers and jury members were angel investors who had backed his medical company. I believe having him as an advisor significantly boosted our chances during the initial selection stage, where only 12 companies were chosen out of 600+ applicants. The organizers were already familiar with him and understood the on-demand business model, putting us in the right place at the right time. We made it to the finals and, although we didn't clinch the win, we still managed to secure a seed round from an angel syndicate that included jury members from the competition. Consider bringing on board someone with hands-on entrepreneurship experience in a similar market or with a comparable business model. They can provide warm introductions to investors, which can be invaluable. 🎓 Re-use best practices As a first-time founder, especially a young one like myself, you often lack experience in areas like people management, stakeholder relations, and hiring. Sometimes, you might need specific advice on topics like launching paid ads without failing. Having someone who's already gained this experience can significantly reduce mistakes, saving company funds and ultimately increasing your chances of success. The key is to listen and learn. 🆘 Moral Support and Constant Challenging Being an early-stage venture founder means constantly managing your emotions. You might swing from "we're the worst company ever, customers will stop using our app" when you receive a negative Trustpilot rating in the morning, to "we're doing quite well" when you deploy a new feature later that day. Things become even more intense when you attract funds, bring investors on board, start hiring employees, and sometimes need to let go of underperformers - it's quite stressful. Moreover, without a boss, it can be hard to adequately assess your own performance - is it poor or good? Having an advisor can help you handle stress as you can transparently discuss all ups and downs. But they can also provide the feedback you need to improve, which is harder to receive when you're working on your own project without someone senior above you. Conclusion I believe these five strategies were crucial to bootstrapping our growth and securing seed funding. Every startup's journey is unique, but focusing on traction, optimizing operational efficiency, and leveraging experienced mentors can significantly increase your chances of success. I hope my insights prove helpful to entrepreneurs building early-stage products. Building a two-sided managed pet care platform as first-time founders is not an easy task. Looking back, it's clear that some intuitive decisions brought us to where we are today. After 1.5 years of bootstrapping, we raised $400,000 from a VC fund and an angel syndicate, with follow-on investments totaling $1 million. We now have 30,000 paying customers, 3,000 pet caregivers connected to our platform, and over $5 million in gross revenue since launch. Here's my reflection on the key decisions that brought us to this point. Tip 1: Don't Chase Investors Too Early; Focus on Traction First. Tip 1: Don't Chase Investors Too Early; Focus on Traction First. A couple of months after our launch, with our first customers on board, we thought raising funds would be a breeze. We prepared a conventional pitch deck and business model and started meeting with angel investors and early-stage VCs. However, we quickly realized it was challenging to convince investors to back two first-time founders with a business earning only $1,500 monthly. With our personal runway nearly exhausted, we had an honest discussion and asked ourselves: Do we want to continue without securing a seed round? The answer was yes. We then asked ourselves how we could survive and improve our chances of fundraising later. We decided to stop wasting time chasing investors and focus on gaining traction. This decision boosted our team's morale. Our success was now in our hands, not dependent on funding. By focusing on traction, we implemented key changes that helped us grow tenfold in one year. I'll discuss these changes in the following tips. Tip 2: Improve Your Unit Economics – Be as Effective as You Can to Survive. Tip 2: Improve Your Unit Economics – Be as Effective as You Can to Survive. One of the challenges we faced in becoming profitable was our low take rate. We launched with favorable terms for pet caregivers: after subsidizing transport expenses, our take rate was 18%. This motivated pet caregivers to serve our first customers, but it wasn't enough to achieve profitability quickly with a bootstrapped approach. I wondered: What if we could earn more from every order? What if we could acquire new pet caregivers on more favorable terms for the company? What if existing pet caregivers accepted changes in the transport subsidy? Changing the amount our service providers earned was daunting, but two adjustments helped us double our take rate to 35%: Introduce a cap on transportation coverage. Increase our take rate for new pet caregivers joining the platform. Introduce a cap on transportation coverage. Increase our take rate for new pet caregivers joining the platform. Sometimes, we underestimate the value our business provides to users. It's crucial to constantly ask: What if we could earn more on each unit? Tip 3: Try Bootstrap Marketing Instead of Paid Ads. Tip 3: Try Bootstrap Marketing Instead of Paid Ads. As a startup with a novel concept, you'll likely struggle to win user trust initially. Limited funds for ad testing and the need for quick results often lead to lower conversion rates compared to established competitors. This makes it challenging to achieve positive unit economics from paid channels early on. Our first attempt at SEM didn't yield results, so we explored alternative channels due to budget constraints. Here's what worked for us: 📣 Send Press Releases to the Media Outlets Send Press Releases to the Media Outlets First, we sent press releases to major lifestyle media in our region. Some picked up the story and announced our product launch. Consider researching media outlets relevant to your field and reach out to them. Establishing a public presence for your brand is crucial in the early stages. 🤴 Partner with Industry Experts Partner with Industry Experts Next, we partnered with respected influencers in our field. When they mentioned our business to their audience, we gained both warm leads and valuable social proof. These leads were already confident in our product due to the influencers' endorsement. Who are the key voices in your industry? Is there potential to build connections with them? 👩‍💼 Tap into Corporate Networks Tap into Corporate Networks Our third effective channel was partnerships with enterprises. They promoted our exclusive offers to their employees through internal communications, helping us secure early adopters from their workforce. If your product or service has broad appeal, consider exploring ways to include it in corporate benefits programs. Tip 4: Consider Additional Revenue Streams, Even if They Seem to Diverge From Your Initial Focus. Tip 4: Consider Additional Revenue Streams, Even if They Seem to Diverge From Your Initial Focus. When we launched our pet care platform, we initially only connected pet parents with dog walkers. However, we soon realized that adding dog boarding could provide an additional revenue stream because: Our existing customers were requesting boarding/sitting services. International competitors already offered this product vertical. Our existing customers were requesting boarding/sitting services. International competitors already offered this product vertical. While launching a new product might seem risky or unfocused, it's crucial to differentiate between introducing a completely new offering to a new audience versus a complementary product for your existing customer base. In our case, we were fortunate to launch the dog boarding vertical just before the vacation season when people frequently cancel walking services and search for dog sitters. This decision significantly influenced our successful investment round closure. The boarding vertical generated an additional $24,400 in revenue, which, when annualized, added approximately $280,000 to our pre-money valuation during deal discussions in October (having multiple ~9X to yearly gross revenue). Tip 5: Find an Advisor From a Similar Company That's a Few Steps ahead of Yours. Tip 5: Find an Advisor From a Similar Company That's a Few Steps ahead of Yours. After our launch, we were fortunate to bring on board a mentor/advisor who was a co-founder and CEO of a Round A stage company with a similar on-demand business model - a medical tech company providing house call doctor services. Orders are placed via mobile app and chatbot as we do. His guidance was crucial in several key areas: 💰 Fundraising Fundraising Our advisor tipped us off about a startup competition organized by McKinsey & Company. Among the organizers and jury members were angel investors who had backed his medical company. I believe having him as an advisor significantly boosted our chances during the initial selection stage, where only 12 companies were chosen out of 600+ applicants. The organizers were already familiar with him and understood the on-demand business model, putting us in the right place at the right time. We made it to the finals and, although we didn't clinch the win, we still managed to secure a seed round from an angel syndicate that included jury members from the competition. Consider bringing on board someone with hands-on entrepreneurship experience in a similar market or with a comparable business model. They can provide warm introductions to investors, which can be invaluable. 🎓 Re-use best practices Re-use best practices As a first-time founder, especially a young one like myself, you often lack experience in areas like people management, stakeholder relations, and hiring. Sometimes, you might need specific advice on topics like launching paid ads without failing. Having someone who's already gained this experience can significantly reduce mistakes, saving company funds and ultimately increasing your chances of success. The key is to listen and learn. 🆘 Moral Support and Constant Challenging Moral Support and Constant Challenging Being an early-stage venture founder means constantly managing your emotions. You might swing from "we're the worst company ever, customers will stop using our app" when you receive a negative Trustpilot rating in the morning, to "we're doing quite well" when you deploy a new feature later that day. Things become even more intense when you attract funds, bring investors on board, start hiring employees, and sometimes need to let go of underperformers - it's quite stressful. Moreover, without a boss, it can be hard to adequately assess your own performance - is it poor or good? Having an advisor can help you handle stress as you can transparently discuss all ups and downs. But they can also provide the feedback you need to improve, which is harder to receive when you're working on your own project without someone senior above you. Conclusion Conclusion I believe these five strategies were crucial to bootstrapping our growth and securing seed funding. Every startup's journey is unique, but focusing on traction, optimizing operational efficiency, and leveraging experienced mentors can significantly increase your chances of success. I hope my insights prove helpful to entrepreneurs building early-stage products.

Reflection: Top 5 Tips to Bootstrap From $1.5K to $16K Monthly Revenue and Raise $400K

প্রতিফলন: $1.5K থেকে $16K মাসিক আয় এবং $400K বাড়াতে বুটস্ট্র্যাপ করার শীর্ষ 5 টিপস

Rückblick: Die 5 besten Tipps, um von 1.500 auf 16.000 US-Dollar Monatsumsatz zu kommen und 400.000 US-Dollar einzuwerben

Reflexión: Los 5 mejores consejos para impulsar ingresos mensuales de $1,5000 a $16000 y recaudar $400000

Réflexion : les 5 meilleurs conseils pour passer de 1 500 $ à 16 000 $ de revenus mensuels et récolter 400 000 $

चिंतन: $1.5K से $16K मासिक राजस्व तक बूटस्ट्रैप करने और $400K जुटाने के लिए शीर्ष 5 युक्तियाँ

反省: 月間収益を 1,500 ドルから 16,000 ドルに引き上げ、400,000 ドルを調達するための 5 つのヒント

반영: 월 수익을 1500만 달러에서 16000달러로 부트스트랩하고 40만 달러를 모으는 5가지 팁

Reflexão: 5 dicas principais para aumentar a receita mensal de US$ 1,5 mil a US$ 16 mil e arrecadar US$ 400 mil

Для размышления: 5 лучших советов, как увеличить ежемесячный доход от 1,5 до 16 тысяч долларов и привлечь 400 тысяч долларов

Yansıma: Bootstrap ile Aylık Geliri 1,5 Bin Dolardan 16 Bin Dolara Çıkarmak ve 400 Bin Dolar Artırmak İçin En İyi 5 İpucu

Suy ngẫm: 5 mẹo hàng đầu để khởi động từ doanh thu hàng tháng từ 1,5 nghìn đô la đến 16 nghìn đô la và tăng 400 nghìn đô la

反思：将月收入从 1500 美元提高到 1.6 万美元并筹集 40 万美元的 5 大技巧

Celebrating 10 Years of War Robots and Reflecting From A Technical Perspective

যুদ্ধের রোবটদের 10 বছর উদযাপন করা এবং একটি প্রযুক্তিগত দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে প্রতিফলিত করা

10 Jahre Kriegsroboter und ein Blick aus technischer Perspektive

Celebrando 10 años de robots de guerra y reflexionando desde una perspectiva técnica

Célébration de 10 ans de robots de guerre et réflexion d'un point de vue technique

युद्ध रोबोट के 10 साल का जश्न और तकनीकी परिप्रेक्ष्य से चिंतन

戦争ロボット10周年を祝い、技術的な観点から振り返る

전쟁 로봇 10주년을 기념하고 기술적 관점에서 성찰

Comemorando 10 anos de robôs de guerra e refletindo de uma perspectiva técnica

Празднование 10-летия боевых роботов и размышления с технической точки зрения

Savaş Robotlarının 10. Yılını Kutlamak ve Teknik Açıdan Düşünmek

Kỷ niệm 10 năm robot chiến tranh và suy ngẫm từ góc độ kỹ thuật

庆祝战争机器人十周年并从技术角度进行反思

Recently I wrote an article where I wanted to compare a popular way of creating object instances with DotNet reflection to another. In that article, I put to see which had better performance. The result saw Activator.CreateInstance emerge as winner in one specific case — but another champion emerges: ConstructorInfo. Activator.CreateInstance head-to-head with Type.InvokeMember In this article, I’ll explain how you can get a ConstructorInfo reference using reflection in DotNet. I’ll also expand upon the benchmarks from the previous article, showing you the code and how the results turned out. Understanding ConstructorInfo From DotNet Reflection In DotNet reflection, we get a powerful set of tools for inspecting assemblies, types, and members at runtime. One of the key components of this reflective capability is the class, which belongs to the namespace. This is where all of the goodies are — ConstructorInfo System.Reflection Even the ones shown in this video that can be misused in the wrong hands: https://youtu.be/3Qstc-ND8Oo?embedable=true allows developers to obtain information about the constructors of a class, including their accessibility (public, private, etc.), parameters, and metadata. But one of the best parts, which we’ll be looking at in more detail, is that it enables the instantiation of objects dynamically at runtime without knowing their types at compile time. ConstructorInfo And the best part? We’re going to see that when we compare it to , it’s way faster. these other DotNet reflection mechanisms for making new instances Finding Constructors with Reflection in DotNet – Getting ConstructorInfo In this section, we’ll look at how we can first get instances so that we can leverage them later for object instantiation: ConstructorInfo Get the instances from types ConstructorInfo Find the right constructor … Profit! Something like that, right? Let’s check these code examples out! Get ConstructorInfo for All Public Constructors To retrieve all public constructors of a class, you can use the method without any parameters by using a instance of a particular type. This method returns an array of objects representing each public constructor defined for the class. GetConstructors Type ConstructorInfo Let’s see it in action in this code example: using System;
using System.Reflection;

public class SampleClass
{
    public SampleClass() { }
    public SampleClass(int i) { }
    protected SampleClass(string s) { }
    private SampleClass(int i, string s) { }
}

Type typeInfo = typeof(SampleClass);
ConstructorInfo[] publicConstructors = typeInfo.GetConstructors();

foreach (var constructor in publicConstructors)
{
    Console.WriteLine(constructor.ToString());
} When we’re thinking about dynamically invoking these things, it’s likely going to be the case that we don’t have the reference to the type though. But if we have the name of the type we’re interested in, we can use the following: Type typeOfInterest = Type.GetType("The.Namespace.Of.Your.Type.TheTypeName"); Get ConstructorInfo Including Private and Protected Constructors To get information about all constructors, regardless of their accessibility level, you can use the method with the parameter. This approach allows you to include non-public constructors in the results: GetConstructors BindingFlags ConstructorInfo[] allConstructors = typeInfo.GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);

foreach (var constructor in allConstructors)
{
    Console.WriteLine(constructor.ToString());
} Keep in mind that if you watched the video I linked above, this starts to get into the territory of “Should I be doing this?”. Please strongly consider if you need to be accessing non-public things — Someone likely chose that access modifier for a reason. Get ConstructorInfo Matching a Specific Signature If you’re looking for constructors that match a specific parameter signature, you can use (notice that it’s singular). This takes in binding flags like we saw before as well as an array of types that you want to match. GetConstructorInfo Here’s how you could find constructors that take a single parameter: int // Specify the parameter types of the 
// constructor you are looking for
Type[] paramTypes = new Type[] { typeof(int) };

// Use GetConstructor with the appropriate
// BindingFlags and parameter types
var constructor = typeInfo.GetConstructor(
    BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance,
    paramTypes);

if (constructor != null)
{
    Console.WriteLine(constructor);
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("No matching constructor found!");
} Note that this method will return null when there’s no match, so ensure you got what you were looking for! Creating Object Instances Using ConstructorInfo Once we have a instance, we can start making object instances. This is what we’ll be benchmarking in the upcoming sections! ConstructorInfo In these examples, assume that we already have a instance called constructorInfo. We’d be getting this instance in any of the ways documented earlier in the article: ConstructorInfo object instance = constructorInfo.Invoke(null); The code above shows instantiating an object with a parameterless constructor. We pass in null for the list of arguments that would need to be provided — because there are none. Take note that the type we get back is an . If we have access to the type at compile, we could cast this instance to that type… But if we have access to the instance at compile time there are probably very few good reasons why you would be doing this in the first place. If you don’t believe me, wait until you see the benchmark results. object If we want to instantiate using a constructor that takes parameters it would look like the following: object instance = constructorInfo.Invoke(new object[] { 42 }); This code example shows a constructor with a single integer parameter defined being invoked with 42 as the single integer argument. ConstructorInfo Performance Benchmarks The moment you’ve all been waiting for! You might enjoy watching the video demonstrating these DotNet reflection benchmarks here: https://youtu.be/Djq7eMI_L-4?embedable=true BenchmarkDotNet Setup for Reflection Performance Much like the previous article, I’ve just added a couple of additional scenarios for the scenarios. I wanted to mention that I added TWO scenarios for each class, and that’s because I wanted to demonstrate the performance if you had to go instantiate AND find the back-to-back. I felt like this variation compared to already having the would be interesting to take note of. ConstructorInfo ConstructorInfo ConstructorInfo Here is the full code: //
// This code was written for the following Dev Leader content:
// https://www.devleader.ca/2024/03/14/activator-createinstance-vs-type-invokemember-a-clear-winner/
// https://www.devleader.ca/2024/03/17/constructorinfo-how-to-make-reflection-in-dotnet-faster-for-instantiation/
// https://youtu.be/Djq7eMI_L-4 
//
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Running;

using System.Reflection;

BenchmarkRunner.Run(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());
//BenchmarkSwitcher.FromAssembly(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly()).RunAllJoined();

public class ParameterlessClass
{
}

public class ClassicStringParameterClass
{
    private readonly string _value;

    public ClassicStringParameterClass(string value)
    {
        _value = value;
    }
}

public class PrimaryConstructorStringParameterClass(
    string _value)
{
}

[ShortRunJob]
public class ParameterlessClassBenchmarks
{
    private Type? _type;
    private ConstructorInfo? _constructorInfo;

    [GlobalSetup]
    public void GlobalSetup()
    {
        _type = typeof(ParameterlessClass);
        _constructorInfo = _type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes);
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Constructor()
    {
        var instance = new ParameterlessClass();
    }

    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
    public void Activator_Create_Instance()
    {
        var instance = Activator.CreateInstance(_type!);
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Type_Invoke_Member()
    {
        var instance = _type!.InvokeMember(
            null,
            BindingFlags.CreateInstance,
            null,
            null,
            null);
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Constructor_Info_Invoke()
    {
        var instance = _constructorInfo!.Invoke(null);
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Find_Constructor_Info_Then_Invoke()
    {
        var constructorInfo = _type.GetConstructor(Type.EmptyTypes);
        var instance = constructorInfo!.Invoke(null);
    }
}

[ShortRunJob]
public class ClassicStringParameterClassBenchmarks
{
    private Type? _type;
    private ConstructorInfo? _constructorInfo;

    [GlobalSetup]
    public void GlobalSetup()
    {
        _type = typeof(ClassicStringParameterClass);
        _constructorInfo = _type.GetConstructor([typeof(string)]);
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Constructor()
    {
        var instance = new ClassicStringParameterClass("Hello World!");
    }

    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
    public void Activator_Create_Instance()
    {
        var instance = Activator.CreateInstance(
            _type!,
            new[]
            {
                "Hello World!",
            });
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Type_Invoke_Member()
    {
        var instance = _type!
            .InvokeMember(
                null,
                BindingFlags.CreateInstance,
                null,
                null,
                new[]
                {
                    "Hello World!",
                });
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Constructor_Info_Invoke()
    {
        var instance = _constructorInfo!.Invoke(new[]
        {
            "Hello World!",
        });
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Find_Constructor_Info_Then_Invoke()
    {
        var constructorInfo = _type.GetConstructor([typeof(string)]);
        var instance = constructorInfo!.Invoke(new[]
        {
            "Hello World!",
        });
    }
}

[ShortRunJob]
public class PrimaryConstructorStringParameterClassBenchmarks
{
    private Type? _type;
    private ConstructorInfo? _constructorInfo;

    [GlobalSetup]
    public void GlobalSetup()
    {
        _type = typeof(PrimaryConstructorStringParameterClass);
        _constructorInfo = _type.GetConstructor([typeof(string)]);
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Constructor()
    {
        var instance = new PrimaryConstructorStringParameterClass("Hello World!");
    }

    [Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
    public void Activator_Create_Instance()
    {
        var instance = Activator.CreateInstance(
            _type!,
            new[]
            {
                "Hello World!",
            });
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Type_Invoke_Member()
    {
        var instance = _type!
            .InvokeMember(
                null,
                BindingFlags.CreateInstance,
                null,
                null,
                new[]
                {
                    "Hello World!",
                });
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Constructor_Info_Invoke()
    {
        var instance = _constructorInfo!.Invoke(new[]
        {
            "Hello World!",
        });
    }

    [Benchmark]
    public void Find_Constructor_Info_Then_Invoke()
    {
        var constructorInfo = _type.GetConstructor([typeof(string)]);
        var instance = constructorInfo!.Invoke(new[]
        {
            "Hello World!",
        });
    }
} ConstructorInfo Benchmark Results from BenchmarkDotNet The first set of results will be for the parameterless constructor: In the results above, we already knew that without using reflection, we get the best speed. No brainer here. BenchmarkDotNet says it’s so fast it can’t even measure it properly. But we’ll notice that is technically a smidge faster here than using , even if we already had the instance ahead of time. The results are very close, and I have seen this swing the other way. So overall, these two are very comparable in this situation. Activator.CreateInstance ConstructorInfo What happens if we need to use parameters though? The BenchmarkDotNet results above show that a classic style constructor taking in a single string parameter, is an order of magnitude faster than the other DotNet reflection options. Even if we need to look up the instance first, it’s still almost twice as fast as the other options! ConstructorInfo And of course, I wanted to see if primary constructors were any different in behavior: Based on the results above though, they’re right on par! Wrapping Up ConstructorInfo and Reflection in DotNet As we can see from the BenchmarkDotNet results, leveraging can be very performant! Only in the case where we’re dealing with a public parameterless constructor did it seem to be right on par with . Technically in this run it showed that it was a touch slower, but I’ve run these before and seen the opposite case too. Overall, you’ll want to consider if it makes sense for you to leverage this approach for creating object instances — but certainly don’t opt for reflection if you can easily just call ! ConstructorInfo Activator.CreateInstance new() If you found this useful and you’re looking for more learning opportunities, consider and check out my ! subscribing to my free weekly software engineering newsletter free videos on YouTube

Faster Instantiation With DotNet Reflection Using ConstructorInfo

Reflection in is a powerful feature that allows you to inspect and manipulate code at runtime. If that sounds like some fancy programming magic, it’s because it basically is. And you know what they say — with great power, comes great responsibility. C# Reflection in C# provides us with the ability to examine types, and their members, and invoke methods dynamically, opening up a world of possibilities for creative programs. In this article, I’ll provide you with 4 simple code examples illustrating how reflection works in C#. Example 1: Retrieving Type Information Using Reflection in C# Reflection in C# allows us to examine and manipulate types at runtime. It gives us the ability to retrieve information about classes, interfaces, methods, properties, and more. Understanding how to retrieve types using reflection is important for more complex and creative applications in C#. To retrieve types using reflection, we can use the class from the namespace. The class provides various methods and properties to work with types dynamically. Here’s an example code snippet that demonstrates how to retrieve types using reflection: Type System Type using System;

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        // Get the type of a class
        Type carType = typeof(Car);
        Console.WriteLine($"Type Name: {carType.Name}");

        // Get all public methods of a class
        MethodInfo[] methods = carType.GetMethods();
        Console.WriteLine("Methods:");
        foreach (MethodInfo method in methods)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"- {method.Name}");
        }

        // Get all properties of a class
        PropertyInfo[] properties = carType.GetProperties();
        Console.WriteLine("Properties:");
        foreach (PropertyInfo property in properties)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"- {property.Name}");
        }
    }
}

public class Car
{
    public string Make { get; set; }
    public string Model { get; set; }

    public void StartEngine()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Engine started");
    }

    public void StopEngine()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Engine stopped");
    }
} In the above code, we first use the of the class. Then, we can . In this example, we retrieve the type’s name, all public methods, and all properties. Running this code will output the following: typeof operator to get the type Car access various information about the type Type Name: Car
Methods:
- StartEngine
- StopEngine
Properties:
- Make
- Model Retrieving types using reflection can be useful in a variety of scenarios. For example, you might want to dynamically load and instantiate classes based on user input or configuration data. Reflection also enables you to inspect the structure and behavior of code at runtime, and this opens up some doors when you need to make decisions based on information that you don’t have at compile time. See how this works in this video tutorial: https://youtu.be/7xWaSuPn2I8?embedable=true Example 2: Accessing Non-Public Members Using Reflection in C# We previously saw how we could access things like public methods and properties that are available on types. As mentioned, this can have many helpful use cases but it doesn’t *quite* feel like the scary stories we might have heard about reflection. Let’s change that up a bit. While reflection in C# allows us to look up this information, we can also look up non-public information about types. That’s right. All of that effort that someone put in place to use private/protected and hide details from us on the outside? Gone. We can see everything we want! Muahaha! Oh, right — with great power comes great responsibility. No more evil laughter. Here’s an example code snippet that demonstrates how to access non-public members using reflection: using System;
using System.Reflection;

public class Person
{
    private string _name;

    privateint Age { get; set; }

    private void SayHello()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Hello!");
    }
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        Type personType = typeof(Person);

        // Accessing a field using reflection
        FieldInfo nameField = personType.GetField(
            "_name",
            BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
        Console.WriteLine($"Field Name: {nameField.Name}");

        // Accessing a private property using reflection
        PropertyInfo ageProperty = personType.GetProperty(
            "Age"
            BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
        Console.WriteLine($"Property Name: {ageProperty.Name}");

        // Accessing a private method using reflection
        MethodInfo sayHelloMethod = personType.GetMethod(
            "SayHello",
            BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
        Console.WriteLine($"Method Name: {sayHelloMethod.Name}");
    }
} In the above code, we define a class with a , a private property , and a private method . In the method, we obtain the object for the class using . Using reflection, we can access the field, property, and method by specifying their names and using the , , and methods of the type, respectively, to retrieve the corresponding members. Person private field name Age SayHello Main Type Person typeof(Person) GetField GetProperty GetMethod Type But the super important part here? The enum. We can ask, for instance, non-public members. We combine these two categories of members together , which you can : BindingFlags using flag enums learn more about here in this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yUOrzTCpGU&embedable=true Example 3: Modifying Objects Using Reflection Reflection in C# not only allows us to inspect and retrieve information about objects, but it also gives us the power to modify their data and behavior dynamically at runtime. This means that we can, at runtime, get a member by name (and other conditions) and then make modifications — effectively bypassing a lot of the compile-time checks we normally get. And… we can combine that with the non-public access we just saw! Keep that maniacal evil laughter under control… To illustrate how modifying objects using reflection works, let’s consider a scenario where we have a simple class with properties representing their name and age: Person public class Person
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    
    // NOTE: this probably makes no sense to ever
    // just have a private property like this here
    // but it's just for demonstration
    private int Age { get; set; }

    public void PrintInfo()
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{Name} - {Age} years old");
    }
} Now, let’s say we want to change the age of a object dynamically based on some condition. With reflection, we can achieve this by accessing and modifying the property at runtime. Person Age // Create a new instance of the Person class
Person person = new Person()
{
    Name = "Dev Leader",
};

// Get the Type object for the Person class
Type personType = typeof(Person);

// Get the PropertyInfo object for the Age property
PropertyInfo ageProperty = personType.GetProperty(
    "Age",
    BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);

// Set the value of the Age property to 35
ageProperty.SetValue(person, 35);

// Prints "Dev Leader - 35 years old")
person.PrintInfo(); In this code example, we first create an instance of the class. Then, using reflection, we obtain the object for the class. From the object, we retrieve the object for the property, which is private and not accessible to us traditionally from the outside. Finally, we use the method of the object to modify the property of the object to 35. When we ask the instance to print its info, we see the updated value! Person Type Person Type PropertyInfo Age SetValue PropertyInfo Age person While being able to modify objects dynamically can be incredibly powerful, it also comes with some risks and considerations. Modifying objects using reflection can introduce complexity and potential pitfalls (read that as: “will likely break things”), such as breaking encapsulation and violating the intended behavior of the object. It’s important to exercise caution and ensure that the modifications made using reflection align with the design and requirements of the system — this *probably* shouldn’t be your first course of action for many things. Learn more about private access and modification in this video tutorial: https://youtu.be/3Qstc-ND8Oo?embedable=true Example 4: Creating Objects Using Reflection Reflection in C# allows us to dynamically. This means that we can create objects of a certain class without knowing the class name at compile-time. This flexibility can be particularly useful in scenarios where we need to dynamically instantiate objects based on runtime data or configuration. create instances of types To create an object dynamically using reflection, we need to follow a few steps: We need to obtain a Type object that represents the class we want to create an instance of. We can do this by using the method and passing the fully qualified name of the class as a string. Type.GetType() We can use the method to create an instance of the class. This method takes the Type object as a parameter and returns a new instance of the class. We can then cast this instance to the desired type and use it as needed. Activator.CreateInstance() Let’s take a look at an example: string className = "MyNamespace.MyClass";
Type classType = Type.GetType(className);
object instance = Activator.CreateInstance(classType);
MyClass myObject = (MyClass)instance; In the code above, we start by defining the fully qualified name of the class we want to create an instance of ( ). We then obtain the Type object by calling and passing the class name as a string. Next, we use to create a new instance of the class and cast it to the desired type ( in this case). MyNamespace.MyClass Type.GetType() Activator.CreateInstance() MyClass Creating objects dynamically using reflection can be useful in various scenarios, including: . By using reflection, we can dynamically create instances of the plugin classes based on configuration or user input. A plugin system where we want to load different plugins at runtime Dynamic object creation when working with deserialization. For example, if we receive JSON or XML data and need to map it to different classes based on the data content, reflection in C# can help us create the appropriate objects dynamically. Remember to handle exceptions and ensure proper error-checking when working with reflection and dynamically creating objects! It’s easy to forget that reflection opens some funky doors that we really need to be careful with. Showcase of Reflection in C# Reflection in C# is a powerful tool that every C# developer should get familiar with because even if you don’t need to use it regularly, it’s helpful to understand. Reflection allows us to examine and manipulate objects at runtime, providing us with great flexibility and control over code in some creative situations — like plugin loading! By leveraging reflection, we can dynamically load types, query and invoke methods, access properties, and even create new objects. Throughout this article, we explored four code examples that showcased how you can leverage reflection in C#. We discussed how to iterate through members, inspect things that aren’t publicly available, retrieve and set property values dynamically, and dynamically create instances of objects. If you found this useful and you’re looking for more learning opportunities, consider and check out my ! subscribing to my free weekly software engineering newsletter free videos on YouTube Also published . here

4 Simple But Powerful Code Examples of Reflection in C#

Context This article is meant to be a sober reflection on the data lakehouse table format conversation I have had as a participant over the last two years. I've written the following articles over the years on the subject: Table Format Comparison Table Format Comparison: Partitioning Table Format Comparison: Governance Architecture of the Lakehouse Table Formats Apache Iceberg 101 I am writing this article in response to these two pieces: Jacques Nadeau: Overview of state of table formats Kyle Weller: Don’t Worry About Data Lakehouse Features, Trust in Google Search… I work for , who is a contributor to Apache Iceberg and has robust support for Apache Iceberg Data Lakehouses (DDL, DML, Cataloging, Table Optimization) and also can read Delta Lake tables. DISCLOSURE: Dremio, the Data Lakehouse Platform Introduction Choosing the right open-source table format for your data lakehouse is more top of mind than ever as people explore implementing data lakehouses and data lakehouse platforms. With three prominent options in Apache Iceberg, Apache Hudi, and Delta Lake, all vying to be the heart of your lakehouse, it's easy to get lost in the noise of feature sets and performance benchmarks. This blog aims to cut through the fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) surrounding table formats, providing a clear path to understanding what really matters in your selection process. Short Version for Quick Readers All major table formats are mature projects that are constantly improving performance and feature sets. The existence of multiple formats is a boon to the industry, as it fosters a competitive environment that drives improvements across the board. However, when it comes down to choosing a format, it's not just about features and performance. The critical decision should be based on the ecosystem of tools you plan to use and how well they integrate with the format. By focusing on your use cases and testing with your actual workloads, you'll find the table format that best meets your needs. My Journey with Table Formats and Lakehouses Over the last two years, I've immersed myself in the world of table formats and lakehouses, a journey that I plan to continue for the foreseeable future. My entry into this conversation began with an article comparing different table formats. That piece, which became one of my most-viewed writings, initially focused on the various features of these formats. However, as I've updated the article over time, I've noticed the narrowing differences between them, leading to a significant realization. Ecosystem Over Features What truly matters is not the array of features a format possesses but the ecosystem that supports these features and their usability. After all, what's the point of advanced functionality if it's not utilized effectively or is too complex to integrate? The real value lies in how these features are implemented within the ecosystem and how seamlessly they can be adopted into your workflows. Key Takeaways The first major takeaway from my experience is the paramount importance of the ecosystem and usability over the raw feature set. A table format might boast an impressive list of capabilities, but if those features are not accessible or practical for your team's use, their value diminishes. Thus, when evaluating table formats, consider the supporting tools, documentation, community, and ease of integration into your existing systems. Ecosystem and Usability Over Features Performance Considerations: Beyond Benchmarks When delving into the world of table formats, it's easy to get caught up in the numbers game of performance benchmarks. While these metrics offer a snapshot of efficiency under ideal conditions, they seldom provide the full picture needed for informed decision-making. The Limitations of Benchmarks Benchmarks, particularly those in Apache Spark environments, have their place in performance evaluation. However, they often reflect a momentary advantage, influenced by specific configurations and data sets that may not align with everyday usage. The reality is that the performance of a table format is not static; it evolves with each update to its libraries, the processing too, and as users configure the table and tools to suit their unique workloads. True performance evaluation requires a broader lens, one that considers how a table format behaves with the suite of tools you rely on and the nature of your data. Making Informed Choices Choosing a table format based on performance means looking beyond Spark-centric benchmarks. It involves testing how each format manages your specific data types and use cases across the tools and technologies that form the backbone of your data infrastructure. Only by assessing performance in this holistic manner can you ensure that your chosen table format aligns with your operational realities and performance expectations. Understanding the Metric of Open Source Contributors A critical aspect I'd like to clarify from my original blog post is the rationale behind using the number of open-source contributors as a key metric. This choice might have raised some eyebrows, especially considering the complex structure of repository management across many table formats. These projects often distribute their development efforts across multiple repositories, separating the core project—typically written in Java—from implementations in other programming languages like Python, Go, and Rust. Why Focus on Core Contributors? The decision to concentrate on contributors to the core format was deliberate. The core repository is where the most significant decisions regarding the format's evolution are made. It's the heart of the project, determining not just current functionalities but also setting the direction for future developments. The distribution of influence over these decisions is crucial. It reveals whether the evolution of the format is being guided by a diverse group of stakeholders or if it's under the control of a few, potentially leading to a bias in development priorities. The Impact on the Ecosystem While there are undoubtedly many talented contributors working across the various language-specific repositories, their work often focuses on mirroring the functionality established in the core. Although valuable, this does not typically drive the project's overall direction. The core repository's contributor diversity is, therefore, a more accurate indicator of the project's health and its alignment with the broader community's needs. The Importance of Competitive Diversity From a consumer's perspective, the diversity of contributors to the core repository is more than a technicality; it's a safeguard against vendor lock-in, budget inflation, and the potential stagnation of innovation in a controlled market. A table format steered by a community with varied interests ensures that no single entity can dominate the project's direction to the detriment of the community. This competitive diversity fosters an environment where vendors can innovate on equal footing, driving technological advancements and more favorable pricing for end-users. The Value of Contributor Diversity In aiming for a competitive market, the significance of an open format governed by a broad coalition cannot be overstated. The diversity of core repo contributors matters because it ensures that the format remains open, adaptable, and free from monopolistic control. By prioritizing formats with a wide array of contributors, we champion the principles of open innovation and collective progress that are foundational to the open source ethos. Conclusion It's clear that the table format conversation transcends mere technical specifications and performance metrics. The past two years have illuminated the paramount importance of ecosystem compatibility, the tangible benefits of a broad, diverse community of open-source contributors, and the nuanced understanding required to evaluate performance in real-world scenarios. As we navigate the choices between Apache Iceberg, Apache Hudi, and Delta Lake, it becomes evident that the true value lies in fostering an open, competitive market that drives innovation, ensures flexibility, and avoids vendor lock-in. By prioritizing formats that align with our technological ecosystems, supported by a vibrant community, and delivering performance on our workloads with our desired tooling, we can build data infrastructures that are not only robust and efficient but also adaptable and forward-looking. Try the Dremio Lakehouse Platform Today Build a Prototype Data Lakehouse on Your Laptop with This Tutoria Also published . here

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