Rechain

rechain

Chain Theory: A Proposed User-Friendly and Customizable Cryptographic Model

চেইন তত্ত্ব: একটি প্রস্তাবিত ব্যবহারকারী-বান্ধব এবং কাস্টমাইজযোগ্য ক্রিপ্টোগ্রাফিক মডেল

Kettentheorie: Ein Vorschlag für ein benutzerfreundliches und anpassbares kryptografisches Modell

Teoría de la cadena: una propuesta de modelo criptográfico personalizable y fácil de usar

Théorie des chaînes : une proposition de modèle cryptographique convivial et personnalisable

चेन थ्योरी: एक प्रस्तावित उपयोगकर्ता-अनुकूल और अनुकूलन योग्य क्रिप्टोग्राफ़िक मॉडल

チェーン理論: ユーザーフレンドリーでカスタマイズ可能な暗号モデルの提案

체인 이론: 제안된 사용자 친화적이고 사용자 정의 가능한 암호화 모델

Teoria da Cadeia: Uma Proposta de Modelo Criptográfico Fácil de Usar e Personalizável

Теория цепей: предлагаемая удобная и настраиваемая криптографическая модель

Zincir Teorisi: Önerilen Kullanıcı Dostu ve Özelleştirilebilir Bir Şifreleme Modeli

Lý thuyết chuỗi: Một mô hình mật mã thân thiện với người dùng và có thể tùy chỉnh được đề xuất

链式理论：一种用户友好且可定制的加密模型

Solana based Metaverse Game - MixMob raises $7 million in funding , a Solana-powered Metaverse Game on Remix Culture that combines play-to-earn with user-generated content, has secured $7 million in funding in its most recent investment round. MixMob received funding from several leading venture capital firms, including Ascensive Assets, Not3lau Capital, IOSG, and notable individuals such as Kieran Warwick, co-founder of Illuvium, Loi Lui, co-founder of Kyber, and Danish Chaudhry, CEO and founder of , in a round led by Defiance Capital, a DeFi-focused crypto-asset fund. MixMob FMFW.io The play-to-earn sector is exhibiting no indications of slowing down, and we think MixMob will prove to be a success with the creative community by delivering something substantially different from what presently exists in the market. The game allows players to join a creative resistance movement and re-chain our civilization in a future where a malignant master AI has destroyed human culture. Unlike many of its peer-to-peer competitors, the player-owned metaverse platform rewards creativity and flair as well as talent and reaction. Holders of MixMob's vibrant avatars have access to exclusive Discord channels and early access to airdrops and incentives. The MixMob DAO is open to all NFT owners. In addition to masks, users may get MixBots, pet NFTs that change based on the behaviours of gamers in the metaverse. Phase I of the game is based on a strategic card racing game. Phase II will see the game's dimensions grow into a larger, Fortnite-style universe. The game's mechanisms and flows are still being worked on, including tokenomics and a revolutionary land ownership model. MixMob is the brainchild of Encore Studios, which has recruited an all-star development team. The game is being developed by an all-star gaming team who have worked on FIFA, Halo, Battlefield, Nintendo, Disney, Nike, Adidas, Pokerstars Crypto apps see millions of downloads after Super Bowl ads After a Super Bowl commercial featuring digital assets, crypto applications soared to the top of the App Store download rankings in the United States on Monday morning. The Super Bowl LVI matchup between the Cincinnati Bengals and the Los Angeles Rams saw the two most popular cryptocurrency exchanges, FTX and Coinbase, vying for viewers' attention. A QR code flying around the screen in Coinbase's minute-long commercial offered viewers to join in a massive giveaway, with over $100 million in incentives for the crypto community anticipated this year. Soon after the commercial ran, Coinbase's website faced some problems. Larry David, the comedian, was featured in FTX's commercial. From the wheel to a fork to a toilet, David rejects some of history's most significant innovations in this two-minute movie. Image credits: and . Milad Fakurian masahiro miyagi

MixMob a Solana Powered Metaverse Game raises $7 million in funding

by Lucius Gregory Meredith & Ralph Benko The internet as originally envisioned by its creators is a decentralized global compute and storage infrastructure accessible by anyone from anywhere in the world. That vision has not been realized, due to the dominance of the de facto gatekeepers. Google, Meta, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon offer socially vital information utilities that are held behind corporate firewalls. The tantalizing promise of the blockchain to restore the vision has been stymied by blockchain’s scaling limitations. Specifically, existing chains get slower as nodes are added. It is not feasible to store consequential data assets directly on chain. And, if even assets could be stored on chain, no chains offer meaningful search capabilities. Until now. RChain is uniquely qualified to deliver on the promise of the decentralized internet because: RChain gets faster as you add nodes to the network. RChain gets about 1000  transactions per second (tps) per node per CPU. So, a network of 10 nodes, each of which has 10 CPUs, gets 10,000 tps; a network of 20 nodes, each of which has 20 CPUs, gets 20,000 tps; etc. Bitcoin gets 6 or 7 tps. Ethereum gets around 20 tps. And while Solana reports 30,000 tps, if a chain scales, it will not have a fixed tps. RChain lets you store digital assets directly on chain. RChain lets users mount the chain as if it were a local file system, in the same manner that Dropbox and other internet storage solutions do. Thus users can use their local file browser to drag and drop digital assets onto chain. These assets include the usual suspects such as documents, audio, and video data. Likewise, using their local file browser users can mint these resources as NFTs, and in the case of audio and video data they can stream these data assets back from chain using their locally installed players. RChain lets you search for digital assets stored on chain. For example, in the case of audio data, digital audio recordings of music can be processed to detect tempo, time signature, key, instrumentation, and much more. Song libraries can be searched by their musical content. While RChain’s smart contracting language, rholang, is a concurrent smart contracting language, it is also a transactional query language integrating the best of SQL and no-SQL. This query capability can be used in conjunction with digital processing algorithms to search resources on chain on the basis of the resources’ content. Welcome to Web 3.0. If your interest is piqued, read on. Preamble to your acquisition of new superpowers. What you have in your hand is the secret decoder ring for the most scalable blockchain on planet Earth. In a few short sentences you will be able to win friends and defeat rivals with your understanding of key solutions to blockchain’s persistent scaling problems. In a few more sentences you will find your powers of perception and persuasion increasing as you understand that beyond the first layer of scaling problems – can you add nodes to your network and make it go faster? – there are more challenges. These too can be addressed simply and effectively. Finally, after acquiring these you will find yourself bathed in the light of compassion for the suffering users who have been struggling with the stone knives and bearskins that are Bitcoin and Ethereum and the other also-ran solutions. You will discover how Web 3.0 is so much more than scalable blockchain. siddhis Web 3.0 presents a clearly identifiable set of features that bring about the next wave of global information utilities right when they are most needed. The secret to scaling the blockchain. The solution to blockchain’s persistent scaling problems turns out to be the same solution needed to address the problem plaguing the software industry. Concurrency. It used to be that a programmer could write some C code and sit on her hands for 18 months. Her code would become 2X faster just because the new chipset had come out. That was Moore’s law in a nutshell. That stopped in 2005. Since then, scaling all software, including blockchain, has been about concurrency. While the industry has struggled to come to grips with this shift, new models of computation (the mobile process calculi of which the and are paradigmatic examples) have been developed to take full advantage of this sea change. That’s what RChain is all about. π-calculus rho-calculus A programmer can write code in rholang and sit on their hands for 18 months and their code will just get faster. Yes, RChain’s block merge feature will make their deployment process faster. Yes, rholang will be updated with release, and that will dramatically speed up rholang code. the 1.1 optimization But more importantly, the hardware market has been on a 20+ year trajectory — which is only sharpening — to deliver more physical threads per cubic centimeter at lower power consumption and lower cost each development cycle. This is the new Moore’s law. RChain was made for that. RChain delivers a model of computing that allows it to get faster as nodes are added to the network, unlike all other blockchains. Currently, RChain gets about 1000 tps per node per CPU. So, a network of 10 nodes each of which has 10 CPUs gets 10,000 tps; a network of 20 nodes each of which has 20 CPUs gets 20,000 tps; etc. Basically, RChain’s software (think about it as a virtual computer) uses all the hardware, turning hardware computing capacity into software performance. Scaling the blockchain was never about some mystical consensus algorithm. It was and is all about concurrency. The reason is simple: most transactions are isolated. Imagine someone buying empanadas in Santiago while someone else is simultaneously buying grilled tofu in Shanghai. Almost certainly these transactions are isolated, and so can be run concurrently without any problems. In fact, that’s what happens on today’s financial networks, which is why they scale. Ethereum and Cardano and Solana and the rest all run these transactions in sequence. That’s why they don’t scale and cannot scale. RChain runs as many transactions concurrently as possible. It can detect when two transactions step on each other’s toes and sequentializes these. It runs everything else concurrently. Running as many transactions concurrently as possible means eating all the physical threads you can throw at RChain. And turning that into performance. Scaling beyond scaling. RChain is based on . But let’s keep our eyes on the prize. Turing-award-winning computer science and it changes how people think about computing The next most important thing to understand about scaling the blockchain is that as soon as you add smart contracting to a blockchain you are adding an entirely new kind of risk. The core protocol could be written by the angels themselves and yet, because the pesky, fallible humans are adding smart contracts into the mix, very very bad things can happen. One example of this is the infamous DAO smart contract. That Solidity contract was audited top to bottom and still it contained many serious errors. One, the famous reentrancy error, allowed an exploit which drained $50M worth of ETH from a contract funded with $150M worth of ETH. None of this had to happen. provide automated safety, liveness, and security guarantees for programs written in the style afforded by a language like rholang. 30-year-old developments in computer science As soon as the error happened . Thus, the buggy code would never have been checked in, let alone deployed. the RChain team rewrote the buggy DAO contract in rholang and showed that the error would have been caught at compile time What saved Ethereum was the fact that it doesn’t scale. At the time it was running at about 7 tps. So, the network had an entire month to rectify the problem. If Ethereum had been running at Visa level speeds (some 40K tps) all the ETH would have been drained from the contract in 1 second and the network would have never recovered. So, even were a smart contracting network to get to scalability, it faces the new challenge of defending against egregious user-introduced errors. None of the incumbent networks are ready for this challenge. Being ready for this challenge has been part of . In fact, RChain is 4th generation smart contracting technology, the first generation of which was Microsoft’s BizTalk Process Orchestration. The lead author of this article was the principal architect of that solution which delivered internet scale smart contracts in 2000. RChain’s design since before Bitcoin was a gleam in Satoshi’s eye Will the real Web 3.0 please stand up? Why do we need a scalable blockchain? To paraphrase James Carville’s admonition to Candidate Bill Clinton: It’s the data, stupid. When you pick up your mobile device or your laptop, how often are you clicking a button to make a payment versus how often are you engaging an app to do a data transaction? As you read tweets about RChain, and as you tweet about it, you have no click-to-pay event. Rather, you are engaged in lots of data transactions. Same with Google Maps and Gmail and YouTube and Facebook and Instagram. Data dominates Internet transactions. Following this basic observation, you want a chain that can do data and compute first and foremost. That is where the vast majority of the transactions are. Payments, by comparison, are subsidiary. But what does it mean to do data and compute first? Among other things, it means you can store data assets directly on chain. RChain . In fact, RChain demonstrated mounting RChain as if it were a local file system, in the same manner that Dropbox and other internet storage solutions do, and allowing users to drag and drop resources onto chain using their local file browser. just demonstrated storing video data on chain and streaming it back from chain Specifically, users can drag and drop documents, photos, audio files, and video files onto chain. Further, they can mint these resources as NFTs, using same said local file browser. And in the case of audio and video data they can stream these data assets back from chain using their locally installed players. Easy to use on chain storage is a necessary condition to making Web 3.0 ubiquitous. Yet, not sufficient. The other thing that becomes important, and what made the global digital economy, is search. It’s all very well to be able to store digital assets on chain. For this to be useful, you need to be able to find them again. Just as Google made it possible to find any resource on the internet — websites, goods, services, people, reviews, analysis — RChain makes it possible to search for digital assets stored on chain, and not just on the basis of metadata but also on the basis of objective algorithmically detectable properties of the digital assets. For a simple example, in the case of audio data, digital audio recordings of music can be processed to detect tempo, time signature, key, instrumentation, and much more. Song libraries can be searched on the basis of their musical content. Rholang is not just a concurrent smart contracting language. It is also a transactional query language integrating the best of SQL and no-SQL. This query capability can be used in conjunction with digital processing algorithms to search resources on chain based on their content. By way of comparison, platforms like OpenSea keep digital assets associated with NFTs stored off chain in an unsearchable storage mechanism like IPFS behind an unsearchable blockchain, like Ethereum. This is a step backwards from what users have had from Web 2.0 for over a decade. It will not stand as a viable Web 3.0 solution. RChain takes search capability forward to a Web 3.0 that delivers new and exciting discovery capabilities. You’ve taken your first step into a larger world. We could go on and talk about how Web 3.0 needs advertising even more than Web 2.0, and how RChain provides an on-chain decentralized advertising solution that avoids the moral hazards of the nonconsensual collection of personally identifiable or sensitive data. Instead, we will take this opportunity to remind you that with great power comes great responsibility. What responsibility are we talking about? The world is beyond the tipping point. Many of the consequences of climate change are now unavoidable. state that unless we take painful and unprecedented action we are going to surpass 2.7C temperature rise in the next 30 years. Barring a miracle, we will not be able to prevent the rise above 1.5C. The last two IPCC reports Just past 1.5C the tropical zone of the planet becomes uninhabitable. Forty percent of the world’s population lives in the tropical zone. That means that, if the IPCC projections are correct, in 20 years or less, 2.8B people are going to have to relocate. This is a humanitarian crisis the scope and scale of which humanity has never seen before. With your newfound superpowers, hereby conferred to you by the RChain tech, you will be able to build global telecommunications, compute, storage, and smart power grid solutions that can reroute against the disasters that will threaten Earth’s electronic infrastructure – so that we won’t become isolated, disconnected enclaves. We will be able to remain in dialogue about local and global solutions as we find them to give humanity a fighting chance. For now, we will leave you here to contemplate your destiny. Stay free! is president and founder of RChain Cooperative. Greg is a mathematician, and the discoverer of the rho-calculus, a co-inventor of OSLF (Operational Semantics in Logic Form), and the inventor of the ToGL approach to graph theory. Lucius Gregory (Greg) Meredith an advisor to RChain Cooperative, is a former White House official, a lawyer and consultant specializing in Government and Public Relations, Strategic Communications, Law, Finance, and Blockchain. He also serves as senior counselor to the American Blockchain PAC. Ralph Benko Lead Photo by on Michael Dziedzic Unsplash

Meetings with Remarkable Tech: Can RChain Solve Scaling Limitations in Blockchain?

This article discusses the scaling limitations for the widely used smart contract platforms Ethereum, Cardano and EOS. We compare the processing of smart contracts at layer one to RChain’s powerful concurrent computation model and describe how RChain achieves scalability. A smart contract platform is a virtual machine whose state evolves as transactions are executed over time. A platform is decentralized, with each computer within a network maintaining a replica of the virtual machine (VM). A decentralized network, running multiple VM copies, provides the necessary security in the event one or more program instances fail or become malicious. Ethereum was the first smart contract platform followed by Cardano and EOS. Each new platform promised to outperform the one before. Ethereum uses Solidity language for smart contracts, while Cardano uses Haskell and EOS, C++. Unfortunately, they all work similarly, following the same paradigm. Ethereum, EOS and Cardano will or already encounter problems, due to the limited work a single processor can perform and to the fact that many nodes have to reach consensus rapidly every x seconds. The maximum number of transactions that can be executed in one second is around 20 in the case of Ethereum. One might think that upgrading the computers to ultra-fast 128 cores processor machines would resolve the first cause of limited transactions throughput, . it does not Limitations of Traditional Programming Languages Smart contracts are just code. Solidity and C++ are object oriented programming languages while Haskell is a functional programming language. The disadvantage of using Solidity, C++ or Haskell for smart contract platforms is easy to understand. There is no way to know if two transactions interact with the same resources, the node cannot know if A then B (sequential execution), B then A (sequential execution), or A and B (concurrent execution) will end up changing the virtual machine state the same way. Before you execute them, transactions are essentially black boxes. For EOS, ethereum and cardano, the ordering of transactions inside a block is therefore part of the protocol. In order to be sure to reach the same state after execution, all nodes have to run transactions in the same order, one after another. Strict ordering and sequential execution of transactions is the main reason for slow transactional throughput speeds. Smart contract platforms right now cannot scale as the hardware scales. Rholang to the Rescue RChain is the only smart contract platform that allows for safe concurrent execution of transactions at layer one. It does so by relying on a new programming language called which follows pi-calculus principles developed by Robin Milner, Joachim Parrow and David Walker in the 90's. rholang RChain nodes that receive smart contracts in the form of rholang terms (code) are able to determine that transactions A, B, C and D are independent, do not interact with the same resources and can therefore be dispatched into multiple processing units (e.g. executed concurrently). statically Ethereum, Cardano and EOS platforms have no choice but to limit transaction flow. They are dependent on centralized and adventurous layer two solutions for scaling. RChain, however, achieves vertical scalability. As nodes add computer core processors they gain additional compute power to process transactions faster. Thanks to its unique approach and concurrency model, RChain platform should outperform Ethereum by one or more orders of magnitude, even with keeping the same level of decentralization. Dappy is building its whole ecosystem on RChain platform, this article was writtent by myself as the guy building dappy, and as a member of the RChain coop. If you would like to learn more about RChain please visit the website and join the pub-RChain Discord community. rchain.coop https://rchain.coop

RChain concurrency model compared to Ethereum, Cardano and EOS sequential model

As everyone knows, cryptocurrencies had a fantastic year in 2017. As more tokens, investors, and startups joined the space, scalability emerged as a serious issue. Blockchain scalability is a key element for mass adoption and further growth of the industry. We all know the CryptoKitties example which caused the Ethereum network to slow down due to an enormous backlog of transactions. Since then, awareness increased for more scalable solutions. RChain is a project which focuses on scalability by using a multi-threaded blockchain with its own smart contract language. It wants to compete with top projects like Ethereum. RChain is an open-sourced project with the goal of building a decentralized and censorship-resistant economic blockchain platform to be used as a public computing infrastructure. Let’s take a look. Architecture RChain is built up following a couple of minimal requirements: Dynamic smart contract functionality to allow more use cases to be implemented. Concurrent execution; Multiple independent smart contracts can operate next to each other. Computationally non-intensive consensus protocol in order not to waste resources: Casper Protocol. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the foundation of Rho Virtual Machine (RVM). The RVM Execution Environment can operate multiple RVMs with each running a smart contract concurrently and in a multi-threaded fashion. The concurrent structure allows for independent processes to compose into complex processes without competing for resources. This architecture will enable a multi-chain (multiple blockchains per node) effect where transactions are handled on independently executing VM instances. Consensus — Correct by Construction Casper Correct-by-Construction (CBC) Casper is a form of Proof of Stake consensus protocol. It has been designed to work in an asynchronous environment like RChain. It’s a Byzantine fault tolerant protocol with very low message passing overhead. Consensus is happening on a directed acyclic graph of blocks (blockDAG), rather than a blockchain. This means that a block can have multiple parents and multiple children. The DAG structure allows for the acknowledgment of multiple blocks. This in turn serves as a “join” operation and allows independent branches to be merged into a single branch, thus reducing the time to reach consensus. Besides that, they introduce an agency of validators through block acknowledgment and political capital (PC). A block with more PC is more likely to remain a part of the main blockDAG. The amount of PC a validator chooses to attach to a block can be thought of as a “bet” on the success of that block. The other aspect of validator agency is the ability to acknowledge blocks. Formation of the BlockDAG Rholang Contracts Rholang contracts can be used on RChain nodes. Rholang is “process-oriented”: all computation is done by means of message passing. Messages are passed via “channels”, which are rather like message queues. Note that throughout this article the words “name” and “channel” are used interchangeably. This is because in the rho-calculus (on which Rholang is based) the term name is used, however, because you can send and receive information on names, semantically they are like channels. You can play around with some code using the Rholang . web interface Syntax stands for a null process, do nothing. 0 is used for receiving messages on a channel. and are both channels. for (x <- y) {P} x y is used for sending messages on a channel. x!(P) the pipe symbol is used for doing two things at once. P | Q is used for evaluating code. *x Sending Data — Hello World This example is the basis of every language. We create a new private channel using the keyword. Only our process can now send and receive messages over this channel. If we want other processes to be able to use our channel, we have to explicitly send this channel to other processes. new The contract will create a copy of itself whenever it receives a message to facilitate the concurrent execution. We define a contract HelloWorld which returns a message . Hello, World! Next, the example defines a new channel which we call . We want to explicitly give this channel access to our HelloWorld channel which contains the contract. The operator “unquotes” a channel to get its underlying process. In Rholang you can only send processes over channels; you cannot send channels over channels directly. Therefore, we use to turn the private channel into a process prior to sending. myChannel * * Receiving Data — Hello Again You will notice the operator in the contract’s constructor. Like in Golang, the underscore is used to discard the parameter. We create again a new channel called which is responsible for first sending a new hello world message using the send syntax . Next, we listen for a message on the chan channel. The ‘@text’ variable binds the string process to the free variable text. For this example, we don’t want to process the text variable further, so we give . underscore chan x!(P) Nil At last, you will notice the symbol. We use this to trigger the contract at the same time and give it a Nil parameter as this will be discarded. pipe Token Contract RChain has recreated ERC20 functionality for Rholang. It’s now possible to create your token smart contract and deploy it on RChain. You can find the example on their . Let’s take a brief look at the function. Github transfer() It’s pretty straightforward actually. All operations are executed after each other by using the pipe symbol. Get balance of sender. Check how much the sender is allowed to send to the contract. Get balance of receiver. Listen for input from three previous actions. When we have all input, we can start the transfer. Match operation is used to perform a couple of checks like checking if you have sufficient balance. A Case operation is used accordingly to check whether all checks were successful. If yes, the balance of both sender and receiver will be updated. A ‘true’ boolean will be returned to notify the successful transfer. Conclusion Key Points RChain is faster because Rholang doesn’t impose a single global transaction order like Ethereum and because they’re using a better sharding approach than anyone else. Asynchronous executing enables high throughput per second — Multi-threading. Ethereum smart contracts can be written in Rholang language — even for ICOs.

Stories, News & Mentions about RECHAIN

Rechain’s Stories on HackerNoon