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The Radio Amateur's Hand Book, by A. Frederick Collins is part of . You can jump to any chapter in this book here: . Chapter XV: Operation  of Vacuum Tube Receptors HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK] XV. OPERATION OF VACUUM TUBE RECEPTORS From the foregoing chapters you have seen that the vacuum tube can be used either as a detector or an amplifier or as a generator of electric oscillations, as in the case of the heterodyne receiving set. To understand how a vacuum tube acts as a detector and as an amplifier you must first know what electrons are. The way in which the vacuum tube sets up sustained oscillations will be explained in in connection with the Operation of Vacuum Tube Transmitters. Chapter XVIII What Electrons Are.--Science teaches us that masses of matter are made up of molecules, that each of these is made up of atoms, and each of these, in turn, is made up of a central core of positive particles of electricity surrounded by negative particles of electricity as shown in the schematic diagram, Fig. 69. The little black circles inside the large circle represent positive particles of electricity and the little white circles outside of the large circle represent negative particles of electricity, or electrons as they are called. It is the number of positive particles of electricity an atom has that determines the kind of an element that is formed when enough atoms of the same kind are joined together to build it up. Thus hydrogen, which is the lightest known element, has one positive particle for its nucleus, while uranium, the heaviest element now known, has 92 positive particles. Now before leaving the atom please note that it is as much smaller than the diagram as the latter is smaller than our solar system. What Is Meant by Ionization.--A hydrogen atom is not only lighter but it is smaller than the atom of any other element while an electron is more than a thousand times smaller than the atom of which it is a part. Now as long as all of the electrons remain attached to the surface of an atom its positive and negative charges are equalized and it will, therefore, be neither positive nor negative, that is, it will be perfectly neutral. When, however, one or more of its electrons are separated from it, and there are several ways by which this can be done, the atom will show a positive charge and it is then called a positive ion. In other words a positive ion is an atom that has lost some of its negative electrons while a negative ion is one that has acquired some additional negative electrons. When a number of electrons are being constantly given by the atoms of an element, which let us suppose is a metal, and are being attracted to atoms of another element, which we will say is also a metal, a flow of electrons takes place between the two oppositely charged elements and form a current of negative electricity as represented by the arrows at A in Fig. 70. When a stream of electrons is flowing between two metal elements, as a filament and a plate in a vacuum tube detector, or an amplifier, they act as carriers for more negative electrons and these are supplied by a battery as we shall presently explain. It has always been customary for us to think of a current of electricity as flowing from the positive pole of a battery to the negative pole of it and hence we have called this the direction of the current. Since the electronic theory has been evolved it has been shown that the electrons, or negative charges of electricity, flow from the negative to the positive pole and that the ionized atoms, which are more positive than negative, flow in the opposite direction as shown at B. How Electrons are Separated from Atoms.--The next question that arises is how to make a metal throw off some of the electrons of the atoms of which it is formed. There are several ways that this can be done but in any event each atom must be given a good, hard blow. A simple way to do this is to heat a metal to incandescence when the atoms will bombard each other with terrific force and many of the electrons will be knocked off and thrown out into the surrounding space. But all, or nearly all, of them will return to the atoms from whence they came unless a means of some kind is employed to attract them to the atoms of some other element. This can be done by giving the latter piece of metal a positive charge. If now these two pieces of metal are placed in a bulb from which the air has been exhausted and the first piece of metal is heated to brilliancy while the second piece of metal is kept positively electrified then a stream of electrons will flow between them. Action of the Two Electrode Vacuum Tube.--Now in a vacuum tube detector a wire filament, like that of an incandescent lamp, is connected with a battery and this forms the hot element from which the electrons are thrown off, and a metal plate with a terminal wire secured to it is connected to the positive or carbon tap of a dry battery; now connect the negative or zinc tap of this with one end of a telephone receiver and the other end of this with the terminals of the filament as shown at A in Fig. 71. If now you heat the filament and hold the phone to your ear you can hear the current from the B battery flowing through the circuit. Since the electrons are negative charges of electricity they are not only thrown off by the hot wire but they are attracted by the positive charged metal plate and when enough electrons pass, or flow, from the hot wire to the plate they form a conducting path and so complete the circuit which includes the filament, the plate and the B or plate battery, when the current can then flow through it. As the number of electrons that are thrown off by the filament is not great and the voltage of the plate is not high the current that flows between the filament and the plate is always quite small. How the Two Electrode Tube Acts as a Detector.--As the action of a two electrode tube as a detector [Footnote: The three electrode vacuum tube has entirely taken the place of the two electrode type.] is simpler than that of the three electrode vacuum tube we shall describe it first. The two electrode vacuum tube was first made by Mr. Edison when he was working on the incandescent lamp but that it would serve as a detector of electric waves was discovered by Prof. Fleming, of Oxford University, London. As a matter of fact, it is not really a detector of electric waves, but it acts as: (1) a rectifier of the oscillations that are set up in the receiving circuits, that is, it changes them into pulsating direct currents so that they will flow through and affect a telephone receiver, and (2) it acts as a relay and the feeble received oscillating current controls the larger direct current from the B battery in very much the same way that a telegraph relay does. This latter relay action will be explained when we come to its operation as an amplifier. We have just learned that when the stream of electrons flow from the hot wire to the cold positive plate in the tube they form a conducting path through which the battery current can flow. Now when the electric oscillations surge through the closed oscillation circuit, which includes the secondary of the tuning coil, the variable condenser, the filament and the plate as shown at B in Fig. 71 the positive part of them passes through the tube easily while the negative part cannot get through, that is, the top, or positive, part of the wave-form remains intact while the lower, or negative, part is cut off as shown in the diagram at C. As the received oscillations are either broken up into wave trains of audio frequency by the telegraph transmitter or are modulated by a telephone transmitter they carry the larger impulses of the direct current from the B battery along with them and these flow through the headphones. This is the reason the vacuum tube amplifies as well as detects. How the Three Electrode Tube Acts as a Detector.--The vacuum tube as a detector has been made very much more sensitive by the use of a third electrode shown in Fig. 72. In this type of vacuum tube the third electrode, or grid, is placed between the filament and the plate and this controls the number of electrons flowing from the filament to the plate; in passing between these two electrodes they have to go through the holes formed by the grid wires. If now the grid is charged to a higher negative voltage than the filament the electrons will be stopped by the latter, see A, though some of them will go through to the plate because they travel at a high rate of speed. The higher the negative charge on the grid the smaller will be the number of electrons that will reach the plate and, of course, the smaller will be the amount of current that will flow through the tube and the headphones from the B battery. On the other hand if the grid is charged positively, see B, then more electrons will strike the plate than when the grid is not used or when it is negatively charged. But when the three electrode tube is used as a detector the oscillations set up in the circuits change the grid alternately from negative to positive as shown at C and hence the voltage of the B battery current that is allowed to flow through the detector from the plate to the filament rises and falls in unison with the voltage of the oscillating currents. The way the positive and negative voltages of the oscillations which are set up by the incoming waves, energize the grid; how the oscillator tube clips off the negative parts of them, and, finally, how these carry the battery current through the tube are shown graphically by the curves at D. How the Vacuum Tube Acts as an Amplifier.--If you connect up the filament and the plate of a three electrode tube with the batteries and do not connect in the grid, you will find that the electrons which are thrown off by the filament will not get farther than the grid regardless of how high the voltage is that you apply to the plate. This is due to the fact that a large number of electrons which are thrown off by the filament strike the grid and give it a negative charge, and consequently, they cannot get any farther. Since the electrons do not reach the plate the current from the B battery cannot flow between it and the filament. Now with a properly designed amplifier tube a very small negative voltage on the grid will keep a very large positive voltage on the plate from sending a current through the tube, and oppositely, a very small positive voltage on the grid will let a very large plate current flow through the tube; this being true it follows that any small variation of the voltage from positive to negative on the grid and the other way about will vary a large current flowing from the plate to the filament. In the Morse telegraph the relay permits the small current that is received from the distant sending station to energize a pair of magnets, and these draw an armature toward them and close a second circuit when a large current from a local battery is available for working the sounder. The amplifier tube is a variable relay in that the feeble currents set up by the incoming waves constantly and proportionately vary a large current that flows through the headphones. This then is the principle on which the amplifying tube works. The Operation of a Simple Vacuum Tube Receiving Set.--The way a simple vacuum tube detector receiving set works is like this: when the filament is heated to brilliancy it gives off electrons as previously described. Now when the electric waves impinge on the aerial wire they set up oscillations in it and these surge through the primary coil of the loose coupled tuning coil, a diagram of which is shown at B in Fig. 41. The energy of these oscillations sets up oscillations of the same frequency in the secondary coil and these high frequency currents whose voltage is first positive and then negative, surge in the closed circuit which includes the secondary coil and the variable condenser. At the same time the alternating positive and negative voltage of the oscillating currents is impressed on the grid; at each change from + to - and back again it allows the electrons to strike the plate and then shuts them off; as the electrons form the conducting path between the filament and the plate the larger direct current from the B battery is permitted to flow through the detector tube and the headphones. Operation of a Regenerative Vacuum Tube Receiving Set.--By feeding back the pulsating direct current from the B battery through the tickler coil it sets up other and stronger oscillations in the secondary of the tuning coil when these act on the detector tube and increase its sensitiveness to a remarkable extent. The regenerative, or feed back, action of the receiving circuits used will be easily understood by referring back to B in Fig. 47. When the waves set up oscillations in the primary of the tuning coil the energy of them produces like oscillations in the closed circuit which includes the secondary coil and the condenser; the alternating positive and negative voltages of these are impressed on the grid and these, as we have seen before, cause similar variations of the direct current from the B battery which acts on the plate and which flows between the latter and the filament. This varying direct current, however, is made to flow back through the third, or tickler coil of the tuning coil and sets up in the secondary coil and circuits other and larger oscillating currents and these augment the action of the oscillations produced by the incoming waves. These extra and larger currents which are the result of the feedback then act on the grid and cause still larger variations of the current in the plate voltage and hence of the current of the B battery that flows through the detector and the headphones. At the same time the tube keeps on responding to the feeble electric oscillations set up in the circuits by the incoming waves. This regenerative action of the battery current augments the original oscillations many times and hence produce sounds in the headphones that are many times greater than where the vacuum tube detector alone is used. Operation of Autodyne and Heterodyne Receiving Sets.--On page 109 [Chapter VII] we discussed and at A in Fig. 36 is shown a picture of two tuning forks mounted on sounding boxes to illustrate the principle of electrical tuning. When a pair of these forks are made to vibrate exactly the same number of times per second there will be a condensation of the air between them and the sound waves that are sent out will be augmented. But if you adjust one of the forks so that it will vibrate 256 times a second and the other fork so that it will vibrate 260 times a second then there will be a phase difference between the two sets of waves and the latter will augment each other 4 times every second and you will hear these rising and falling sounds as beats. Now electric oscillations set up in two circuits that are coupled together act in exactly the same way as sound waves produced by two tuning forks that are close to each other. Since this is true if you tune one of the closed circuits so that the oscillations in it will have a frequency of a 1,000,000 and tune the other circuit so that the oscillations in it have a frequency of 1,001,000 a second then the oscillations will augment each other 1,000 times every second. As these rising and falling currents act on the pulsating currents from the B battery which flow through the detector tube and the headphones you will hear them as beats. A graphic representation of the oscillating currents set up by the incoming waves, those produced by the heterodyne oscillator and the beats they form is shown in Fig. 73. To produce these beats a receptor can use: (1) a single vacuum tube for setting up oscillations of both frequencies when it is called an autodyne, or self-heterodyne receptor, or (2) a separate vacuum tube for setting up the oscillations for the second circuit when it is called a heterodyne receptor. The Autodyne, or Self-Heterodyne Receiving Set.--Where only one vacuum tube is used for producing both frequencies you need only a regenerative, or feed-back receptor; then you can tune the aerial wire system to the incoming waves and tune the closed circuit of the secondary coil so that it will be out of step with the former by 1,000 oscillations per second, more or less, the exact number does not matter in the least. From this you will see that any regenerative set can be used for autodyne, or self-heterodyne, reception. The Separate Heterodyne Receiving Set.--The better way, however, is to use a separate vacuum tube for setting up the heterodyne oscillations. The latter then act on the oscillations that are produced by the incoming waves and which energize the grid of the detector tube. Note that the vacuum tube used for producing the heterodyne oscillations is a generator of electric oscillations; the latter are impressed on the detector circuits through the variable coupling, the secondary of which is in series with the aerial wire as shown in Fig. 74. The way in which the tube acts as a generator of oscillations will be told in . Chapter XVIII About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Collins, A. Frederick. 2002. The Radio Amateur's Hand Book. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved April 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/6934/6934-h/6934-h.htm#chap15 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The Operation  of Vacuum Tube Receptors

The way to understand the way our mind works, the way society works, and that of the natural universe may be evolution. While pondering this I, as usual, came across a larger and more difficult question: What is purpose and where might it come from? Does purpose need a source? First, let me backtrack. We accept that evolution is the best description for the multitude of living species and their different attributes. Life itself seems to be a result of evolution, the change from non-living matter to cells that reproduce comes through the process of interaction – the blending of information, randomness (random mutation), and a best fit, or actually just fit to external surroundings. Actually, the concept of internal, inside the organism or your body, and the outside world may be far more blurred than we usually imagine. In what you call your body there are millions of bacteria many of which are necessary to your bodily functions. Although separate organisms they contribute to the whole of you, your organism. You are an amalgam. Your skin is porous letting in UV rays, chemicals (vitamin E crème for instance is designed to penetrate the skin) and sound and radiation waves pass through us as does electricity changing us in the process. This sideline just helps to illustrate that we like linear boxes although the universe is not boxed or linear. My idea sprouted wings while reading “Time Reborn” by physicist Lee Smolin. He posits that the rules of the universe, the physical laws of quantum and Newtonian physics, are a “best fit” group of rules like the DNA in an animal instructing it how to survive in its environment. They are not perfect but they are very close, and they seem to apply pretty much universally. There are infinite possibilities. But why is the speed of light a constant at 299,792,458 m/s?  Why these laws?  He proposes that these laws are the best fit for just this universe and they evolved with this universe in a coupling. These rules are still evolving. He sees black holes as the place where new laws are made and tested. Only those that fit the universe around them would survive. Recently I read an interview with acclaimed neurologist Gerald Edelman in NPQ and his description of the way our brain works and it is very similar to what I have previously written about on JeS in the article How to Create a Brain (Artificial Intelligence). Our brain finds the best fit or even any fit decisions or actions through a process of trial and error combined with randomness and imagination. Trial and error is essentially a very quick form of evolution. We test each new breed against current circumstances (often imagined) and those that don’t fit are “killed” off and those that do “survive” are tested in the real world and if successful stored for later use. But here I discovered the problem. We have a purpose. We are trying to achieve a goal. If we are trying to find the nearest Bunnings we can test different routes and modes of transport in our imagination first, and then test them in real life to fit the purposes of; Buying a hammer,
Speed of acquisition
Minimal cost. Our brain has purpose and so it creates new ideas and procedures – new information. It evolves making new connections between neurons. Societies and cultures do likewise; being an extension of the beings in them; they test ideas, adapt -making changes – then enforce rules when they have found the best fit. I have talked before about how rigid rules and hierarchies can actually stifle this evolutionary progression in societies. Cultures and societies can and do collapse – the death of a species – they can also spread memes like genes which hold the information for future use. But both animals and societies (groups of animals) have purpose.  In simple life forms the reproduction of the species is the purpose that drives everything. In simple cultures (groups) it is also the maintaining of the individuals to reproductive age to spread the species. But what is the purpose of the universe? What could the intrinsic purpose of a rock be?\ We, of course, have many purposes that are not directly related to the extension or maintenance of the entire species instead many relate solely to a good and happy life. Many people don’t breed but still have purpose. Humans just like many animals have dopamine receptors which give us pleasure from certain activities, and stress responses that cause us discomfort from bad experiences. Many of our evolutionary choice processes are driven by the desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. In a grander sense, we can invent purposes for ourselves. Be it making the world a better place or being the best footballer ever. Purpose seems to be a fluid thing, one that bends and maybe even forms from the environment and society in which we live. It may not need a linear root at all. Some people commit suicide and there is some speculation that whales may beach themselves as a form of suicide. That goes against the central purpose to progress the species. And, most importantly, many people never have children but still have purpose. Our need for a purpose to evolution is the way we try to interpret and understand the world. We want linear connections; we want a cause and effect. But there can be no ultimate cause, for nothing could cause it. Linear lines are endless. I am trying to get away from this way of thinking in this article about evolution being the way to comprehend the universe. However, there may be a way for our linear mind to understand such a concept. Perhaps the universe works in the same way as our brain. It does not need an intrinsic purpose from which all sub-purposes branch. Each micro-part, each atom, each string, and each energy field constantly adapts to the other fields and particles around it, and to the larger form, planets, stars, and gravity. An inter-loop of 4 (and possibly more) dimensional informational transfers; small to large, group and field to group, and field is all in constant flow. Constantly adapting to itself. It just is, and will, continue to be but in a constantly changing and interactive way. In the same way, we refer to the sun rising today as being a sunrise as we called yesterday’s, even though the temperature is different, the hue more magenta, and our mood less happy. The purpose (if required) is to form in the micro-interaction and randomness of evolution. Thus creating a larger organismic form, and then feeding back to itself.  We can box these things to absolutes that never existed. I would like to make one more comment about how physics may be able to help us grasp the non-linear. The theory of the Higgs Boson – which has been supported by experiments in the Large Hadron Collider –  that a Higgs Boson particle does imbalance the field of energy which causes energy to become matter. Imbalance; which we mean to be a purpose away from its desired state. This imbalance is pulling to a purpose, pulling to nothing, pulling to balance and inactivity, to chaos to infinity, which is the purpose of the universe. The matter comes from imbalance the in-between nothing and infinity, the imperfection of Plato’s forms as everything pulls toward perfect nothingness. So here we have the purpose of the universe and all comes from its inability to achieve it. As it is with us. This is just a prelude to something larger for there are too many vague areas for a thorough argument. Please think and write a comment if you want to help. This was first published a long time ago (2014) on my website JeSaurai.net which is over 20 years old now. The way to understand the way our mind works, the way society works, and that of the natural universe may be evolution. While pondering this I, as usual, came across a larger and more difficult question: What is purpose and where might it come from? Does purpose need a source? First, let me backtrack. We accept that evolution is the best description for the multitude of living species and their different attributes. Life itself seems to be a result of evolution, the change from non-living matter to cells that reproduce comes through the process of interaction – the blending of information, randomness (random mutation), and a best fit, or actually just fit to external surroundings. Actually, the concept of internal, inside the organism or your body, and the outside world may be far more blurred than we usually imagine. In what you call your body there are millions of bacteria many of which are necessary to your bodily functions. Although separate organisms they contribute to the whole of you, your organism. You are an amalgam. Your skin is porous letting in UV rays, chemicals (vitamin E crème for instance is designed to penetrate the skin) and sound and radiation waves pass through us as does electricity changing us in the process. This sideline just helps to illustrate that we like linear boxes although the universe is not boxed or linear. My idea sprouted wings while reading “Time Reborn” by physicist Lee Smolin. He posits that the rules of the universe, the physical laws of quantum and Newtonian physics, are a “best fit” group of rules like the DNA in an animal instructing it how to survive in its environment. They are not perfect but they are very close, and they seem to apply pretty much universally. There are infinite possibilities. But why is the speed of light a constant at 299,792,458 m/s?  Why these laws?  He proposes that these laws are the best fit for just this universe and they evolved with this universe in a coupling. These rules are still evolving. He sees black holes as the place where new laws are made and tested. Only those that fit the universe around them would survive. Recently I read an interview with acclaimed neurologist Gerald Edelman in NPQ and his description of the way our brain works and it is very similar to what I have previously written about on JeS in the article How to Create a Brain (Artificial Intelligence) . Our brain finds the best fit or even any fit decisions or actions through a process of trial and error combined with randomness and imagination. Trial and error is essentially a very quick form of evolution. We test each new breed against current circumstances (often imagined) and those that don’t fit are “killed” off and those that do “survive” are tested in the real world and if successful stored for later use. But here I discovered the problem. We have a purpose. We are trying to achieve a goal. If we are trying to find the nearest Bunnings we can test different routes and modes of transport in our imagination first, and then test them in real life to fit the purposes of; Gerald Edelman in NPQ Create a Brain (Artificial Intelligence) Buying a hammer, Speed of acquisition Minimal cost. Buying a hammer, Speed of acquisition Minimal cost. Our brain has purpose and so it creates new ideas and procedures – new information. It evolves making new connections between neurons. Societies and cultures do likewise; being an extension of the beings in them; they test ideas, adapt -making changes – then enforce rules when they have found the best fit. I have talked before about how rigid rules and hierarchies can actually stifle this evolutionary progression in societies. Cultures and societies can and do collapse – the death of a species – they can also spread memes like genes which hold the information for future use. can actually stifle But both animals and societies (groups of animals) have purpose.  In simple life forms the reproduction of the species is the purpose that drives everything. In simple cultures (groups) it is also the maintaining of the individuals to reproductive age to spread the species. But what is the purpose of the universe? What could the intrinsic purpose of a rock be?\ We, of course, have many purposes that are not directly related to the extension or maintenance of the entire species instead many relate solely to a good and happy life. Many people don’t breed but still have purpose. Humans just like many animals have dopamine receptors which give us pleasure from certain activities, and stress responses that cause us discomfort from bad experiences. Many of our evolutionary choice processes are driven by the desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. In a grander sense, we can invent purposes for ourselves. Be it making the world a better place or being the best footballer ever. Purpose seems to be a fluid thing, one that bends and maybe even forms from the environment and society in which we live. It may not need a linear root at all. Some people commit suicide and there is some speculation that whales may beach themselves as a form of suicide. That goes against the central purpose to progress the species. And, most importantly, many people never have children but still have purpose. Our need for a purpose to evolution is the way we try to interpret and understand the world. We want linear connections; we want a cause and effect. But there can be no ultimate cause, for nothing could cause it. Linear lines are endless. I am trying to get away from this way of thinking in this article about evolution being the way to comprehend the universe. However, there may be a way for our linear mind to understand such a concept. Perhaps the universe works in the same way as our brain. It does not need an intrinsic purpose from which all sub-purposes branch. Each micro-part, each atom, each string, and each energy field constantly adapts to the other fields and particles around it, and to the larger form, planets, stars, and gravity. An inter-loop of 4 (and possibly more) dimensional informational transfers; small to large, group and field to group, and field is all in constant flow. Constantly adapting to itself. It just is, and will, continue to be but in a constantly changing and interactive way. In the same way, we refer to the sun rising today as being a sunrise as we called yesterday’s, even though the temperature is different, the hue more magenta, and our mood less happy. The purpose (if required) is to form in the micro-interaction and randomness of evolution. Thus creating a larger organismic form, and then feeding back to itself.  We can box these things to absolutes that never existed. I would like to make one more comment about how physics may be able to help us grasp the non-linear. The theory of the Higgs Boson – which has been supported by experiments in the Large Hadron Collider –  that a Higgs Boson particle does imbalance the field of energy which causes energy to become matter. Imbalance; which we mean to be a purpose away from its desired state. This imbalance is pulling to a purpose, pulling to nothing, pulling to balance and inactivity, to chaos to infinity, which is the purpose of the universe. The matter comes from imbalance the in-between nothing and infinity, the imperfection of Plato’s forms as everything pulls toward perfect nothingness. So here we have the purpose of the universe and all comes from its inability to achieve it. As it is with us. This is just a prelude to something larger for there are too many vague areas for a thorough argument. Please think and write a comment if you want to help. This was first published a long time ago (2014) on my website JeSaurai.net which is over 20 years old now. This was first published a long time ago (2014) on my website JeSaurai.net which is over 20 years old now.

The Quest for Purpose: Evolutionary Perspectives on Mind and Universe

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On Interactive Content and How it Can be Used to Build Brand Loyalty In the world of marketing, brand loyalty is invaluable. As anyone in the industry will tell you, getting traction in marketing is no small feat. 23. Tips for Building a Great Brand Image Through Blogging Many aspiring entrepreneurs think of blogging as more of an entertainment than a tool for increasing sales and generating website traffic. When launching an online store, businesses mainly focus on product and category descriptions, and try to lure prospective customers by offering discounts and gifts. While it is understandable for a new business to be all about the money, offering low prices, free shipping, and other bonuses is not enough to hit high sales and build a positive brand image. 24. Becoming a Cybersecurity Journalist and Working in the IT Security Industry with Casey Crane My name is Casey Crane and I’m a cybersecurity journalist and Content Manager at The SSL Store. 25. Content is Only King When it Sells 4 Tips for creating content that sells in 2020. 26. 10 Free Ways to Promote Your Content   on the Web How to promote content on the Web? Why content is important in marketing? How to promote content on the blog? Answers to these questions are in this article! 27. How to Tell Your Product’s Story in Compelling Visuals: Advice for Startups on a Budget A great video can be worth a thousand words – particularly for showcasing your product. Learn how to make engaging videos for your startup on a budget! 28. Growth Hacks to Attract More Visitors to Your Website In this digital world, having a business website is no longer an option but a necessity. However, there is a huge difference between creating a website and driving traffic towards it, and this difference turns out to play a vital role in the success of different businesses. 29.  Save Content From the Internet With Evernote Evernote is a powerful tool, so you don't need only your brain to remember things. Check out how I have been using it to save internet content. 30. How To Optimize B2B Content Marketing Funnel 2020? What do you think about B2B content marketing strategy? Does your marketing strategies seem to get the desired results? Is content strategy vital? 31. Here's How I Increased Web Traffic by 300% in 30 Days Here is a 3-step framework to deliver consistent results with limited domain knowledge. I had no marketing knowledge prior to this project but I grew traffic. 32. The Future of Content Creation: Sharing Profit With Your Audience How can you earn money from viewing your favorite Youtuber's video in the future? 33. Carlos Domingo : The Beautiful Humans Of Hacker Noon (Noonies Winner for Best AMA, 2019) Here is a retrospective to highlight the beautiful humans of Hacker Noon. 34. Top 5 AI-Enabled Content Generation Tools Be it healthcare, travel, fitness, finance, or any other industry, the advent of artificial intelligence has revolutionized almost all of them by enabling machines to act and behave like human beings. 35. "Never Be Afraid to Say: I Don't Know" — Vindhya C (2019 Noonies Winner: PM of the Year) Vindhya C won 2019's coveted Noonie Award for Product Manager of the Year. Nominations for the 2020 Award for Product Manager of the Year are OPEN UNTIL 12 AUGUST AT NOON! Nominate someone you admire for a Hacker Noon Tech Award and make a PM's day today! 36. Hey, Content Creator! Here are 7 Tools You Can't Do Without Ready to boost your content creation skills to the next level? Stand out from the competition with these 7 tools for content creators! 37. Our Storytelling Platform Built On ‘Kokorozashi’ Dear reader, Even though we do not want to believe that you do not know yet about HeadUP, we kind of understand this eventuality and the reason(s) why; and it is all fine, no hurt feelings (not like these guys below)... 38. Making Promotional Videos for Crypto Startups: Types, Strategies, Expectations, and Costs 39. How to Nail Your Content Strategy Using AI Artificial Intelligence (AI) has numerous business applications and is increasingly being adopted by companies worldwide. In fact, 37% of businesses leverage AI in some form or another. Content is one such area where AI can help brands and marketers get the
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Getting the attention of other businesses as a vendor in a crowded market place is getting harder every day — the reason why is that more companies have been adopting content marketing to gain visibility with their prospects. If companies do not innovate their marketing efforts, then they will be left behind. We will be doing a deep dive today into B2B content marketing. We want you to understand the basics of using this tactic to make your company more competitive in the B2B space. 44. 3 Marketing Strategies Delivering the Best Growth for Online Side Hustles Here's what I learned growing an online side hustle from $0 to $800 per month in 3 months: Growing an online side-hustle is not easy. Content, in particular, is a risky marketing proposition because of a steep learning curve, high labor and input costs, with very uncertain returns. Yet content forms the basis of pretty much any online marketing strategy — from email to blogging to social. It’s vital for online growth. 45. 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Why Clickbait Is Bad For You Clickbait helps increase click rate, but is it the best strategy for sharing content? Find out why clickbait is bad for you and how you can use it well here. 51. 6 Actionable Tactics to Improve Content Performance and Ace Content Metrics For content to be great, it should hit home with your readers, hook them in so they don’t leave your page, make a positive impact on them, and rank higher. 52. How To Stay Human in the Digital Era: A Series of Fortunate Tips for Shaping the Next Generation World Wide Webers, it’s 2019 and the talk of town are topics that so many of us interact with every day: conversational marketing, behavioural science, machine learning, process automation, productivity tools, chatbots, algorithms, artificial intelligence, big data, deep learning, accelerating digital transformation, and so much more. 53. Adrien Book : The Beautiful Humans Of Hacker Noon (Noonies Winner for Best AI Writer, 2019) The Backstory about the Internet’s most community-focused awards: 54. How Will Gen Z Pay for The Content They Consume? They never had to directly pay for the news, but Gen Z won’t kill off the digital publisher. Technology is giving publishers the tools to engage the ‘lost’ generation. 55. 5 Ways to Put Your Content Promotion on Autopilot Have you been sending out newsletters, launching social media campaigns, and doing content promotion work with age-old manual labor? 56. How to Write Things People Want to Read A checklist for writing good human-first content 57. 5 Ways To Conquer The Content Game As a SaaS Startup As a Software-as-a-Service business, building awareness is imperative for your endeavour. Content marketing has established itself as one of the most powerful tools a SaaS company can use to attract, educate and convert customers. 58. 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62 Stories To Learn About Content

320 Stories To Learn About Deep Learning

214 Stories To Learn About Computer Vision

The morning began as it always did. Blanket aside, sleepy gait, morning ritual, and the usual way to work. Even if the place of work is the desk in the next room. Every successful coach screams about fighting this system. But in fact, you don't need to fight it. It's enough to understand how it works and use it to your benefit. That's what neurohacking is all about. Dopamine mining in the 21st century: inflation Huxley's Brave New World is a super-concentrated utopia in which sources of quick gratification have possessed people. A button come off? Buy a new piece. Food, sex, entertainment - everything is calibrated and available. Even social elevators are predetermined from birth and literally written into your genocode. But let's move away from fiction and look at reality. In it, cyberpsychology and society are closely intertwined into a single structure that generates myths, supports them, and brings them to life. Dopamine swing The whole marketing industry is swinging a huge pendulum of neurohormones. At its highest point is dopamine. And at its lowest point, corticoliberin. It is the fear hormone, and slogans press it: "offer is limited", "the goods are running out", "discount for the first 10 buyers": The fear of being inferior to others hits our nerves because the loss of social status is comparable to death. If a major official/banker/top manager loses his position, the probability of his suicide increases many times over. It seems to us that work remains the only lifeline, without which we will be doomed to die in misery. Technological advances have spawned a synthesis of psychological mechanisms with advances in cybernetics. Today, cyberpsychology understands how to engage a person in absorbing material. How to create an interest that spurs one to watch a new series, go through another rink, or spend hours watching ten-second videos of cats and songs. Millions of years of starvation still outweigh 200 years of conventional satiety. Calories have become more dangerous than lead bullets. We're like primitive humans opening fire. Only we're not just warming ourselves by the fire. The problem is that the fire has become too much, and we are literally burning alive. Even though modern life is safe enough, the body refuses to accept it. Any lunge towards our safety or any threat to our social status is met with hostility. And the brain starts looking for solutions. Marketers present them on a silver platter. Speed is the main adversary We want to solve problems quickly. We also want achievements to stay with us for a long time. But what exactly they should look like, we have no idea. To be more precise, we stopped having about since childhood. Back then, we knew exactly the charm of the very stick, an unusual stone, or could wander for hours among a few trees while our brains drew incredible pictures of grandeur and adventure. But now we look up to seeming authorities who are slightly different from us. Authoritarians who broadcast the same things from every screen: Only true professionals use this smartphone. The super camera, the incredible processor, the screen with the number of colors your eye can't distinguish anyway. But this device becomes obsolete after a year, and you must make your next purchase to get back on track. Want to be fashionable? Here are the expensive brands. Here are ready-to-wear collections. Here are the dressed mannequins. Just take the same and enjoy! You don't need to tell everyone you are rich and fashion-savvy. Just wear the things we've already prepared for you. Have you heard of such a thing as constant self-development? We already spend a third of our lives sleeping! Don't waste time being bored. Boredom and procrastination are a virus worse than COVID-19. Here's a new series, a new movie, a new game. Give your brain a chance to solve interesting puzzles and sit down to work afterward. Develop your cultural experience. Play games, pumping up your game character. Just for your own sake, don't fall into laziness. Otherwise, unnecessary thoughts will start popping up in your head. Add to this shopping on the Internet, delivery services, social networking sites, and a man charged with caffeine who rushes through a maze of entertainment devices in pursuit of the horizon line that looms on every screen. And there is no way to get to it. Neurohacking of dopamine sources So, so far, the situation looks extremely unpleasant. There is a huge target on everyone's forehead, into which a beam of information stimuli is relentlessly beating. It is almost impossible to escape, but there is a way out. Neurohacking is not about taking grandmother's drugs to enhance brain activity. It is a way of life formed from understanding cognitive-behavioral principles and working not with the form of stimuli but with their essence. Power of habits "Step on the system". It applies to people with any type of addiction. Alcohol, drugs, and gambling become a natural ritual, like brushing your teeth or the route to work. To beat the system in the literal sense of the word is impossible. After all, fighting it will already be a reminder of its existence. Therefore, use switching: A notepad or text file in which you write down 3-5 events every day that brought you a moment of happiness. A beautiful sunset, a walk after the office, a dog you petted, a delicious lunch you made yourself. Allowing boredom. Boredom and procrastination are the same as a fever during a cold. It's only worth bringing it down when it's critical. Boredom indicates that you are doing something meaningless. And, quite possibly, there are more productive areas that need your attention. So it's worth giving them a little more attention. Cleansing. I think you know the feeling of not wanting to go to the shower. And then you don't want to get out of it. Same thing with dopamine. Walking on the landing with your smartphone turned off and not even music in your headphones... It seems like torture, but it will be extremely difficult to complete once you start the walk. For starters, you don't have to take it seriously. You're not struggling. You're not giving up habits. You are trying a new way of life. Everything is available to you, and nothing is beyond your control. This is the basis for the principles of Stoicism, which serves as a great balancing act when categorizing personal values. Shifting focus: what is stigmatized by marketers What's written above is a child's warm-up. You know, like morning exercise compared to professional sports. Only your main competition is all the mass marketing. Because to find happiness, you don't need marketing attributes. Comparing yourself with images on advertising posters is similar to biting your nails or lips. It is a kind of 21st-century self-harm. Cyberpsychology studies the tools used in the media by people and companies. These tools dictate the precepts of a successful, productive world. But their status quo can be disrupted by an alternate view conjured up in the mind: You don't need a new keyboard, a smartphone, or a branded notepad to be successful. You can afford all of those things. But it has no power over you. Buy things to get a dopamine boost. But remember that they are only things, and you can easily gift them to loved ones. Or part with them with no regrets. Happiness, like success, cannot be an attainable goal. Like, for example, a profession. It seems that here I will become a freelancer and will type on a chaise lounge on the island. But the screen glares, the charge is not enough, typing is uncomfortable, and it is generally hot. Happiness, success, and freelancing are states, but not an end in themselves. And it is almost impossible to acquire them. Your lifestyle will always seem miserable to some people. And someone will be shocked by its luxury. As Peter H. Diamandis wrote, there are 2 kinds of poverty. Absolute, when you have nothing to eat, and relative, when everyone else has the 12th iPhone, and you have only the 11th. You already have everything you need to experience pleasure and happiness. But it's like comparing a home chandelier to the 3D hologram from the Blade Runner remake... Advertising will always be brighter and more attractive. We will never own the products of the marketing world but only rent them, committing to changing sets of clothes, appliances, and even our personal data. They are left on a hundred websites and no longer belong to us but to supposedly secure databases. Is dopamine gluttony so bad? It may seem like a fierce criticism of modern society and consumer culture. But I'm not. It's more of an illumination of the situation as a whole. Marketing does put pressure on the mind, but companies can't do otherwise. But we can. There is already a culture of alcohol consumption in society. So why stop at just that? A culture of consuming gaming content, media content, marketing content... The excess of stimuli pushing on the dopamine receptors can really be bypassed. It's enough to choose your own goals, instead of being guided by marketing tricks. And yes, you just took a ride on the dopamine-corticoliberine swing.

Dopamine Pumps: Neurohacking Habits

ডোপামিন পাম্প: নিউরোহ্যাকিং অভ্যাস

Dopamin-Pumpen: Neurohacking-Gewohnheiten

Bombas de dopamina: hábitos de neurohacking

Pompes à dopamine : habitudes de neurohacking

डोपामाइन पंप्स: न्यूरोहैकिंग आदतें

ドーパミンポンプ: ニューロハッキングの習慣

도파민 펌프: 신경해킹 습관

Дофаминовые помпы: привычки нейрохакинга

Dopamin Pompaları: Nörohacking Alışkanlıkları

Bơm Dopamine: Thói quen tấn công thần kinh

多巴胺泵：神经黑客习惯

82 Stories To Learn About Neural Networks

Intelligent DevOps: 8 Lessons Learned from Nature

ইন্টেলিজেন্ট ডিওঅপস: প্রকৃতি থেকে শেখা ৮টি পাঠ

Intelligentes DevOps: 8 Lektionen aus der Natur

DevOps inteligente: 8 lecciones aprendidas de la naturaleza

DevOps intelligent : 8 leçons tirées de la nature

इंटेलिजेंट DevOps: प्रकृति से सीखे गए 8 सबक

インテリジェントな DevOps: 自然から学んだ 8 つの教訓

지능형 DevOps: 자연에서 배운 8가지 교훈

DevOps Inteligente: 8 Lições Aprendidas com a Natureza

Интеллектуальный DevOps: 8 уроков, извлеченных из природы

Akıllı DevOps: Doğadan Öğrenilen 8 Ders

DevOps thông minh: 8 bài học rút ra từ thiên nhiên

智能 DevOps：从大自然中汲取的 8 个教训

312 Stories To Learn About Future

There is a new book, , whose author, , said, “For that sort of free will to exist, it would have to function on a biological level completely independently of the history of that organism. You would be able to identify the neurons that caused a particular behavior, and it wouldn’t matter what any other neuron in the brain was doing, what the environment was, what the person’s hormone levels were, what culture they were brought up in. Show me that those neurons would do the exact same thing with all these other things changed, and you’ve proven free will to me.” Determined: A Science of Life without Free Will in an interview “But how do 30 billion of them collectively make this a human cortex instead of a primate cortex? How do you scale up from understanding little component parts and getting some sense of the big, emergent thing? Say we figured that out. Have X happen 4,000 times per second in Y part of the brain, countered — as an opposing, inhibitory thing — 2,123 times a second when the hormone levels are doing such-and-such. How does this big thing called a “behavior” or a “personality” or a “thought” or a “mistake” pop out at the macro level? We’re beginning to understand how you get from one level to the other, but it’s unbelievably difficult.” For that sort of free will to exist, it would have to function on a biological level completely independently of the history of that organism. If someone placed a cake behind cutleries on the kitchen table, and another person came around without knowing it was there, then perceived and decided to taste it, how far from the brain into history must one go to decide why that decision came about? You would be able to identify the neurons that caused a particular behavior, and it wouldn’t matter what any other neuron in the brain was doing, what the environment was, what the person’s hormone levels were, what culture they were brought up in. Identifying or seeking neurons is a key reason that neuroscience has not made desirable progress in the last few decades w.r.t. mental disorders. What is outstanding about neurons? What part of neurons can be said to contain the reason for behavior? How or why would neurons be responsible for behavior? Why give an option to a question that is not the answer? Asking for what neuron to identify is like misdirecting and then expecting an arrival at the destination. Show me that those neurons would do the exact same thing with all these other things changed, and you’ve proven free will to me. The problem with counting everything can be similar to obfuscation, piling questions with no real benchmark. What is the end point of all behaviors and actions? It is not the neurons. Whatever someone does is like a relay race, everything could matter, but the last or anchor leg in the brain makes the most determination. Everything else builds up for electrical and chemical impulses to decide, as the last leg, so if they don’t, then nothing is done, making the last leg almost have veto power and can be extrapolated for behavior and free will. “But how do 30 billion of them collectively make this a human cortex instead of a primate cortex? Why do humans know how to read? Senses are common across organisms, but reading, writing, and complex language are in the province of humans, so how? This question is not different from why can fish swim, or why can birds fly. Why do certain land animals have high speed? Why do some use echolocation? These are huge biological questions that exceed isolating humans, to make a point about free will. In the human brain, though there is dexterity for the fingers, they are not enabled to rotate 360 degrees, so why not? It is proposed that the brain, through impulses, has formations or organization for what is enabled. Some of these formations are heritable, but expandable by learning. There are animals with big brains, sperm whales, elephants, some non-human primates, and others, yet, they are not as complex as humans, albeit similarities abound. There are formations with which electrical and chemical impulses take in the human brain that make it stand out. Seating configuration in a stadium is different from those in a class, at the dining table, or in the park. They are all seats. They are purposeful but different. Even within a stadium, seats for managers and reserves are different from those of commentators, as well as those of certain ticket types and so forth. The human brain is advanced thanks to not just the connections but the configuration of impulses in sets or loops, conceptually. How do you scale up from understanding little component parts and getting some sense of the big, emergent thing? Neuroscience says the brain has clusters of neurons across circuits. Many of these clusters are directly linked to certain functions. Losing certain parts of the brain may result in loss of some functions, or the inability to control some. It is hypothesized that in a cluster of neurons, there are sets or loops of impulses. This means that impulses interact in sets. A number of electrical impulses strike a number of chemical impulses. When they do, there is a formation, configuration, or arrangement that becomes an outcome of the interaction. This is how information is organized. Chemical impulses are often rationed or filled, to result in formation. This rationing defines the uniqueness of experiences and differentiation from others. For example, the formation for an emotion could be CDE, with each letter as a chemical impulse, rationed towards the measure or close. There could be higher contributions of one, than others. Neuroscience has established that action potentials can trigger the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles to receptors, after which may then activate or inhibit the next neuron. The neurotransmitters may be taken back by the presynaptic neuron, become diffused, or broken down by enzymes. It is proposed that these interactions between action potentials and neurotransmitters happen in sets. It is in this set that the formation specifies the function. The language used in neuroscience is that triggers the release of neurotransmitters. In a set, it is closely linked to an interaction, to result in formation, than triggering. This means that while neurons and synapses seem important, the wheel is the impulse — electrical and chemical, in a loop. Electrical impulses can carry on the formation, as distributed or shared, from the operational loop. Say we figured that out. Have X happen 4,000 times per second in Y part of the brain, countered — as an opposing, inhibitory thing — 2,123 times a second when the hormone levels are doing such-and-such. The brain is complex, but the last line of attack is the impulses, their architecture for functions. How does this big thing called a “behavior” or a “personality” or a “thought” or a “mistake” pop out at the macro level? There is no behavior, personality, thought, or mistake that does not involve electrical and chemical impulses. They are definers of everything the brain is said to do. It is hypothesized that all electrical and chemical impulses of nerve cells, with their features and interactions in sets, are the human mind. In a set, electrical and chemical impulses have their features and how they interact. This is different from the one synaptic connection with details of one neurotransmitter. These features include pre-/prioritization, old/new sequences, distribution/shares, arrays, early-splits/go-before, rations/fills, and thick/thin shapes. These features explain observations about the brain. For example, what is observed as predictive coding, is proposed to be a split of some electrical impulses in the same set from others. Brain science establishes that electrical impulses leap from node to node in myelinated axons, in what is called saltatory conduction. It is proposed that in a set, some go ahead of others, to interact with chemical impulses resulting in a formation like prior. If it matches with the sensory input, then processing continues; if not, the incoming one is distributed to the right loop. Where Is Free Will in the Brain? It is proposed that within the formation of sets of chemical impulses that make determinations, concentration moves from side to side. This side-to-side diffusion results in the experience becoming one of the self. Since chemical impulses are released across synapses, in a set, releases on some sides are higher than others and may vary from end to end. This change within that interval makes the experience . become one of the self In that formation for chemical impulses, conceptually, there are some with spaces, with constant diameters. These spaces allow access to operate the formation or stir it. It is proposed that the formations with the spaces define free will, intentionality, or control. Simply, whatever can be controlled, is a feature within the formation for that function. It is hypothesized there that for the liver and kidney, the spaces are not there or in the right diameter, precluding the possibility of that control. It applies to situations where some can roll the tongue and others cannot and so forth. Free will exists in the formation of loops of impulses that decide how experiences come about. In the same configuration that allows it possible to turn the neck sideways, is it also possible to know that it is the self ? and to be able to turn it by control It does not matter the gene, history, or whatever else, at that point, the wheels of the action are impulses where free will is intentionality is found.

Free Will: Refutation of a New Neurology-Primatology Book

There is a recent article, stating that, “After all, the more sentience we impute to something--like a week-old human embryo—the more rights we should grant it. Yes, we’re talking about abortion. With “so much at stake,” the letter-signers state, “it is essential to provide a fair and truthful perspective on the status of [integrated information] theory. If integrated information theory is pseudoscience, so are the Penrose-Hameroff theory and other general theories of consciousness. So are claims that ChatGPT and other clever artificial intelligences might be conscious.” The Brouhaha Over Consciousness and “Pseudoscience”, Humans are clearly conscious, or humans can function with what is described as . So, since humans have consciousness, what does it do for humans? Consciousness is defined by being and experience: what it feels like to be an organism and to have subjective experiences. consciousness This is generally accepted as consciousness or . In the brain, there are mechanisms that produce consciousness. In the world, there are outputs—being and experience, that exhibit consciousness. sentience This means that consciousness is singular with the generation. However, without its distribution or availability, it may not be applicable to navigating the environment. For humans, consciousness has the most depth among all organisms. Only humans have a complex language, adding to how being can be described as well as how experiences extend. Only humans have super skilled hands, useful for [conscious] writing, driving, and so forth. These and others, theoretically, give humans a rate of 1, as the highest. Other organisms have lower totals, but because some have similar CNS mechanisms as well as outputs, they can be rated. Simpler organisms can also be rated, given how their cells or different parts of the cells coordinate their functions. The rating can be really low. All organisms experience their habitats in different ways. They may not have advanced subjective experiences, but they often encounter organisms similar or different from them or things in their habitats, whose contrasts may indicate their own existence or being for them. When they find and get food, there is a form of personal need for it and the possibility [to know] of having little or enough. These can be theoretically assumed and empirically tested, or falsified. So, if the highest rate of consciousness is 1, for humans, could consciousness be universal? Could panpsychism be accurate? Is a chair sentient? The chair has molecules, so does the human brain, so is there a molecular parallel between both? The molecules in the chair do not provide being or subjective experience as outcomes to it. They are also strictly defined, changing with temperature or other factors, in ways suggestive of the disturbance to the arrangement. The molecules are not dynamic. A chair cannot be said to be conscious, hence unrated in the scale, refuting panpsychism. This applies to several other objects. Generative AI has outputs in the domain of human consciousness. Its silicon-based mechanism does not equal the carbon-based one of humans, but it has outputs in language, recognition, detection, and so forth in the domain of human intelligence [and consciousness]. The output it has, where accurate, can be rated at a maximum that is equal to the minimum in some of the subdivisions of consciousness for humans. While it is possible to dismiss LLMs, as nothing, understanding or feeling nothing, their outputs, like what humans have for consciousness, in dynamic ways can be included to be fractionally rated. What is the rating of consciousness in a person living with a severe mental disorder, especially where there is dissociation or detachment since there is some problem with the sense of self? How does the brain produce consciousness? How does the brain produce memory, if seeing the color blue is consciousness? How does the brain provision the sense of self, enabling subjective experiences? How does the brain produce intelligence? Since intelligence plays a role in some conscious experiences. What is the difference between sleep and waking states if the mechanism for consciousness is present across both, but there is no output in one, but there is output in the other? How does the brain decide mental health, and what happens in a mental illness? It is proposed here that the human mind is the collection of all the electrical and chemical impulses of nerve cells, in sets, with their features, interactions, and arrays. The human mind produces consciousness. There is no mechanism of consciousness that does not involve electrical and chemical impulses. Also, these impulses are in sets or loops that set formations that determine their functions. When someone sees a vehicle and knows it is a vehicle, the loops [of impulses] and their arrays that decide are in formations that produce the interpretation. There is a proposed feature of impulses called stairs or drifts for rationing or fills of chemical impulses. These rations are the formations, available at synaptic clefts [vesicles-receptors]. Part of these rations is where the sense of self is. There is access to some of these centers of self in ration, where intentionality, free will, or control originates. Simply, the brain organizes information in formations. These formations or rations, for example, MNO, is where a particular [segment of] vision is, or taste, which is different from smell or touch, and provided at varying degrees. Each letter is a contribution of chemical impulses in the right ration for the experience. This can be compared to murmuration with the outcome as the objective, exceeds the place of a starling or how much it determines alone. Formations for impulses exceed an electrical or chemical impulse. It also exceeds neurons as final—even those of a nucleus. Sensory inputs can be said to arrive in the brain by a formation [of electrical impulses], that become placed by existing formations or interpretation that decides what to do with it. There are other features of impulses in loops that explain several observations, including prioritization—for attention, early-split or go-before—for predictive coding, processing and prediction error, and so on. Consciousness is a product of loops of impulses, their features, interactions and arrays. These lead, consciousness. Consciousness does outcomes or knowing for humans and other organisms, for existence and for the environment. It is not impossible that generative AI has a low-rated consciousness, considering its output. indicate and indicate and determine

Generative AI: Consciousness Research, IIT Pseudoscience, Panpsychism and Universal Sentience

190 Stories To Learn About Tips

Let's learn about via these 92 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Self Help /Learn Repo 1. Don't Have Time for the Things You Love? Here's How to Solve That The surefire way to ensure you always have time for the things you love doin. 2. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 14 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P. T. Barnum is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 3. How To Build Your Self Esteem Self-esteem refers to how we view and respect ourselves. Because it is founded on our views and beliefs about ourselves, changing them can be challenging. 4. Here is How to Fix the P Key on a Keyboard Not Working There are two common causes of a malfunctioning keyboard. Mechanical failure and software issues. 5. Why We Shouldn’t Confuse Narcissism with Self Love t is important not to confuse narcissism with self-love because they are two very different things. Narcissism is a personality disorder characterized by an inf 6. How to Setup a Better Column-based Habit Tracker in Notion Not another Column-based Habit Tracker. Try using Relation Property to Track Habits. 7. The Science of Getting Rich: Preface The Science of Getting Rich  by Wallace D. Wattles is part of
HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 8. My Experiences with Overcoming Depression Overcoming depression is a long and challenging process. Here’s what else I have learned. 9. Forget To-do Lists. What About To-learn Lists? We all have to-do lists. But what about a to-learn list? A to-learn list is a way to keep track of everything you want to learn. The beauty of a to-learn lis 10. The Science of Getting: Chapter 3 The Science of Getting Rich by Wallace D. Wattles is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 11. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 11 - Be Systematic The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P. T. Barnum is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. The table of Links for this book can be found here. 12. The Problem with The Waterfall Model of Personal Development One of the ideas that I find to be flawed is the necessity of taking time to work on yourself before getting into relationships with others. 13. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 9 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 14. In a world full of experts, be a newbie There’s no such thing as an expert. The experts are just newbies who never stopped learning. So instead of feeling sorry for yourself, embrace your inner newbie 15. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money  - Table of Links The Table of Links to PT Barnum's The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money on HackerNoon. 16. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 10 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 17. 3 Tips to Improve Your Mental Health as a Developer It's been over a month now since I last wrote an article here for my blog. I've been struggling a lot with low mood, which has meant that I haven't had the motivation or the energy to produce new content. I have been getting help, which I've found really useful, so I thought I'd share some of the things I've learned in the hope that it might help other developers in a similar position. 18. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 17 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 19. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 13 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P. T. Barnum is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 20. The Science of Getting Rich: Chapter 14 The Science of Getting Rich  by Wallace D. Wattles is part of . The table of Links for this book can be found here:
[https://app.hackernoon.com/drafts/0rPO8JkhRaDY0rLVCaVL] (https://app.hackernoon.com/drafts/0rPO8JkhRaDY0rLVCaVL*) HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series 21. How DIY Therapy through Apps is Making Mental Health Management accessible in the Pandemic Research shows that online therapy for depression is basically as effective as in-person therapy in helping individuals deal with mental health issues. 22. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 2 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 23. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 1 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money, by PT Barnum, is part of the HackerNoon Books series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! 24. Digital Marketing: Best Social Media Platform for Business The platforms where you may discover the majority of your target audience should be the focus of your initial marketing efforts. 25. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 5 The Art of Money Getting; Or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P. T. Barnum 26. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 20 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 27. How to Build Your Financial Intelligence Like Men on Forbes’ Billionaire List Financial intelligence that’ll put you on Forbes’ billionaire list. 28. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 6 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P. T. Barnum is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 29. 10 Podcasts that Will Boost Your Growth in Business & Life I have two degrees, one in engineering and one in marketing. But I've learned 10x more from listening to podcasts. 30. How to Be a Terrible Engineering Manager One of the most common mistakes early managers make is to focus on being a "shit shield". Learn why this backfires, and what to do instead. 31. How Not to Ask for Help Online Let’s go over a few rules of thumb that I believe will take you from apparent scammer to valued community member. 32. The Science of Getting Rich: Chapter 12 The Science of Getting Rich by Wallace D. Wattles is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 33. How to Achieve Hard Things following Brandon Sanderson's Advice Brandon Sanderson, a bestselling fantasy author, presents a framework to achieve hard things, based on his experience. 34. Lessons I Learnt From Becoming a CEO As someone who’s been the CEO for years, I think I might be of some help here. Over these years, I saw hundreds of things not working out the way I initially planned but, knowing that I was in the middle of a process kept me going. 35. The Science of Getting Rich: Chapter 13 You must use your thought as directed in previous chapters, and begin to do what you can do where you are; and you must do ALL that you can do where you are. 36. 5 Techniques to Combat Morning Anxiety The way you wake up will influence your performance, how you communicate, and how effective you will be in setting boundaries and achieving your targets. 37. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 12 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P. T. Barnum is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series 38. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 16 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 39. Why Goal Setting is Important and How to Set Goals Goal setting is the seemingly simple process of committing yourself to a milestone in future. This is important both in professional and personal fronts. 40. How to Make a Receiving Set for $5.00 or less The following set is inexpensive, and with this cheap, little portable receptor you can get the Morse code from stations a hundred miles distant. 41. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 7 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P. T. Barnum is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. The table of Links for this book can be found here. 42. The Science of Getting Rich: Chapter 10 The Science of Getting Rich by Wallace D. Wattles is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 43. Heterodyne or Beat Long wave Telegraph Receiving Set? In 2002, there were four different ways used to break up the continuous waves of a wireless telegraph transmitter into groups. Let's discuss them. 44. The Empathic Importance of Explaining The Magic Behind Your Code in Laymen's Terms Have you ever had that conversation with a parent when you try to
face-time, and you’re the one face-timing whilst they’re the one giving
you a close up of their ear, muttering words of confusion and
frustration? 45. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 8 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 46. The Radio Amateur's Hand Book - Table of Links The Radio Amateur's Hand Book, by A. Frederick Collins, is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. The table of Links for this book can be found here. 47. Four Possible Ways to React to Other People's Happiness or Misery Schadenfreude, Compassion, Envy and Mudita: explaining how we react to other people's fortunes or misery 48. The Science of Getting Rich: Chapter 15 The Science of Getting Rich  by Wallace D. Wattles is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 49. 10 Ideas to Create a Daily Writing Habit This writing discusses ways to reduce barriers to creating a daily writing habit. [50. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Part 3 - Avoid Debt](https://hackernoon.com/the-art-of-money-getting-or-golden-rules-for-making-money-part-3-avoid-debt) The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money  by  P. T. Barnum is part of [HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series] 51. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 19 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 52. The Science of Getting Rich: Chapter 17 The Science of Getting Rich  by Wallace D. Wattles is part of . The table of Links for this book can be found here:
[https://app.hackernoon.com/drafts/0rPO8JkhRaDY0rLVCaVL] (https://app.hackernoon.com/drafts/0rPO8JkhRaDY0rLVCaVL*) HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series 53. 3 Life Lessons From John Grisham’s Writing Habits Adopting a stoic mindset, employing consistent habits, learning to enjoy improving in our craft could bring meaningful insights into our efforts. 54. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 18 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P.T Barnum 55. The Art of Money-Making - Chapter 10: Do Not Scatter Your Powers Engage in one kind of business only, and stick to it faithfully until you succeed, or until your experience shows that you should abandon it. 56. What is Financial Literacy and Why is it Important? In today’s increasingly complex world, being financially literate can be the difference between a comfortable happy life and one full of problems and stress. 57. A Hacker's Awakening: Ep.01 - Being Free While Feeling Caged and Yearning for a Victory The following are various emails, posts, messages, and tweets I've had on social media and privately (my side, only paraphrasing their side without permission) in the last 24 hours. 58. How to Act Agile in Every Day Life Agile can be defined as the ability to move quickly and easily. However, for those in tech they might associate agile with something else entirely. Agile methodology is a popular framework for managing software development projects. More specifically, it is a style of project management where you develop a product in short cycles (or sprints- see above image), providing flexibility for revisions as necessary. It requires constant improvement through these iterations of testing and reflection. A finished product is better than a perfect project. 59. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 4 - Persevere The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money  by  P. T. Barnum is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 60. The Science of Getting Rich: Chapter 4 The Science of Getting Rich by Wallace D. Wattles is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 61. I Asked 100 People What They Learned From Lockdown: Here's What They Said I asked 100 people on reddit what fundamental lessons they learned  as a result of quarantine, hopefully you can get some insight on how other people have been 62. How Technological Breakthroughs Are Powering Psychotherapy A few years back, maybe you did not envisage there would be this tremendous transformation that has taken place in psychotherapy; neither did I. Breakthroughs in technology have afforded us the opportunity of accessing online therapy from the comfort of our homes and in real-time. 63. How Password Issues Plague Help Desk Calls A article on passwords, password security, and how businesses can train employees to handle passwords themselves. 64. 15 Apps that Can Make You Productive Here, 15 amazing apps have been listed for increasing our productivity. 65. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Chapter 15 The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money by P. T. Barnum is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 66. How A Vacuum Tube Can Be Used as A Radio Amplifier A Vacuum tube is more sensitive than a crystal detector because it rectifies the oscillating current in receiving circuits and works as an amplifier all at once 67. The Science of Getting Rich: Chapter 16 The Science of Getting Rich  by Wallace D. Wattles is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Blog Post series. 68. 3 Ways to Strengthen Your Will Power and Get Back Control of Your Life 3 ways to strengthen your will power and get back control of your life 69. Intermediate and Long wave Regenerative Receiving Sets All receiving sets that receive over a range of wave lengths of from 150 meters to 3,000 meters are called intermediate wave sets. 70. Building a 100 Mile C.W. Telegraph Set if you have alternating current service in your home you can install a long-distance continuous wave telegraph transmitter 71. There is a Striking Resemblance Between Sound Waves There is a strikingly close resemblance between sound waves and the way they are set up in the air by a mechanically vibrating body. 72. Electricity, What a Concept! It is easy to understand how electricity behaves and what it does if you get the right idea of it at the start. 73. The Radio Amateur's Hand Book: Introduction Before delving into the mysteries of receiving and sending messages without wires, we look at the history of the art and its present-day applications. 74. What’s Up with Short Wave Regenerative Receiving Sets? A short wave receiving set is one that will receive a range of wave lengths of from 150 to 600 meters. 75. Among Several Hundred Thousand Interested in Telephony There are two distinct kinds of wireless systems and these are: the wireless telegraph system, and the wireless telephone system. 76. How I Hacked My Own Body to Beat “Inflamm-aging” Just one simple step and I was better. Therefore, I invested in it and started to build up some habits from the book. 77. Dissecting Vacuum Tube Transmitters To make a tube set up powerful oscillations then, it is only necessary that an oscillation circuit shall be provided. 78. All About Anxiety: Is Anxiety A Disability? Living with anxiety can be difficult and in some regions anxiety is classified as a disability. However, employers can help employees with anxiety work better. 79. The Art of Money Getting or, Golden Rules for Making Money - Introduction In the United States, where we have more land than people, it is not at all difficult for persons in good health to make money. 80. A Simple Vacuum Tube Detector Receiver Though the vacuum tube detector has more complicated circuits than a crystal detector, it doesn't require constant adjustment like the crystal detector. 81. How to Send Wireless Telegraphs with Continuous Waves Sending wireless telegraph messages by continuous waves has many features that rank it above sending them by periodic waves. 82. What Headphones and Loud Speakers Were like in 2002 Wireless Headphones.--A telephone receiver for a wireless receiving set is made exactly on the same principle as an ordinary Bell telephone receiver. 83. Crystal Detectors and Telephonic Speech With a crystal detector receiving set you can receive either telegraphic dots and dashes or telephonic speech and music. 84. The Operation  of Vacuum Tube Receptors To understand how a vacuum tube acts as a detector and as an amplifier you must first know what electrons are. 85. A Practical Guides for Putting Up Your Aerial Receivers An aerial for receiving does not have to be nearly as well made or put up as one for sending. 86. Making Wireless Telephone Transmitting Sets In time past, the most difficult of all electrical apparatus for the amateur to make, install and work was the wireless telephone. 87. Goal Congruence and The Importance of Aligning With Who You Are Goal Congruence: Align With Who You Are 88. Telegraphs in the 80s A wireless telegraph transmitting set can be installed for a very small amount of money provided you are content with one that has a limited range. 89. Regenerative Amplification and Receiving Sets While a vacuum tube detector has an amplifying action of its own, its action can be further increased by making radio frequency currents react on the detector. 90. How to Overcome the Problem of Time Whenever you say “I don’t have time,” you are sending a message about how you prioritize and organize your own life. Stop using this phrase. 91. Green Lights at the End of a Dock: The Secret to Happiness by Jay Gatsby and Richard Curtis My first experience with time travel was when I was 21 years old. 92. How Transmitting and Receiving Sets Work The easiest way to know how a wireless transmitter sends out electric waves and how a wireless receptor receives them is to consider each one separately. Thank you for checking out the 92 most read stories about Self Help on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

92 Stories To Learn About Self Help

Let's learn about via these 41 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Ideas /Learn Repo 1. Time is NOT Money! Time is NOT Money…Time is truly scarce and the only currency that really matters. 2. Looking for Micro SaaS Ideas? Here Are 7 You Could Build In 2023 Here's a list of Micro SaaS ideas that you could use as inspiration when coming up with your own Micro SaaS app project to work on. 3. It All Begins With a Side Project Growing up building 4. How to Generate New Software Startup Ideas Ideas are responsible for the progression and prosperity of humans, without them we would still be living in prehistoric times. People spend most of the day work, smartphones when we’re out and about, and tablets and PCs at home. Congratulations to the thousands of software companies that have already helped to make history. Numerous software ideas have been made for people to choose the one with benefits to them. 5. Forget What You See on TV: Good Ideas Don’t Come From Brainstorming The reality of brainstorming sessions is far from the idealized scenes made to entertain us. 6. An Effective Way To Write Executive Summaries For Your Concepts This article describes the ‘idea model’ and provides various examples of real ideas — explains how to write effective executive summaries for your concepts. 7. Detecting Fake Viral Stories Before They Become Viral Using FB API This is the first part of a X part article. 8. 10 Ideas To Make You A Better Product Manager Today, there are so many ways to learn how to be a better product manager. There are books, courses and articles which will teach you the various skills and techniques you need to know. But in this article, I don't want to talk about these. Instead, I want to share some ideas from other disciplines, like economics, psychology and manufacturing that changed the way I think and made me a better product manager. I hope they spark interest and do the same for you! 9. Todays 5 Ideas: 31.08.2020 A text editor where Pac-Man will start eating the text whenever you press backspace. 10. Can’t Buy Me Love: An Argument for Implementing Illiquidity Mapping human values into code.  Hint: its hard to measure them in bitcoin. 11. How I Prove My Ideas Before Implementing Them Time is the most valuable asset, use it wisely. That is why you should  prove your ideas before implementing them. Programming is time consuming, I love programming but I avoid writing code whenever it is possible. A perfect written software, that nobody wants, is just a waste. To identify if an idea worth implementing, I use these tactics. 12. When Burning Man Gets Boring, Silicon Valley Should Worry Burning Man 2002. Photo: Phil Gyford 13. How To Easily Validate Startup Ideas The first step in building a startup is validating the idea. It is a huge risk building a product without know if there are demand for it. The easiest and cheapest way to validate a start up idea is always cold email people at first. 14. We Need Tech to Augment Short-Term Memory for Decision-Making and Relationships We live in an age of information overload, among always-on social networks, real time notifications, on-demand video, live streaming and attention-grabbing viral loops of content online. And because attention means advertising dollars, companies are driven to optimize themselves by exploiting hooks to drive usage, such as those that target our dopamine receptors. 15. How to Make Explanatory Videos for Your SaaS Product in Just 16 Hours For an explanatory video, there are multiple options. Easiest is to sit in front of your camera and speak or record your screen with voiceover. 16. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes - TABLE OF LINKS The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 17. Todays 5 Ideas: 29.08.2020 A recycling bin that compresses my trash allowing me more space to fill. 18. The Feedback Fairy 🧚‍♀️ Shouldn't feedback be one of the easiest things we do as designers or developers? Just look at Who Wants to Be A Millionaire. When you get stuck, just phone-a-friend and make a million dollars. Easy right? 19. Let's Build a New Social Network to Keep Politicians Accountable? We hear lots of promises during elections from our politicians. The problem is how to track the progress of given promises? 20. How to Get Started with Writing Online Here’s what you need to know about the writing process to get you started with writing online. 21. 10 Features We Could Build to Improve Online Meeting & Collaboration Tools Video conferencing tools like Zoom, Skype, or WebEx along with Digital tools like Microsoft Teams and Slack are deeply embedded into the modern ways of working — even more during the lock-down era. And their role will only get more important. 22. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Chapter I - A Scandal in Bohemia The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, by Arthur Conan Doyle is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: Table of 23. From App Idea To Implementation [Guideline] When you have an app idea, you need to get things sorted out before you jump onto the development train. Getting the right people at the table, talking to users and defining your blueprint will help you to get things sorted out. Read on if you want to get solid advice on doing so. 24. How to Test Your Startup Idea In this post, I’d like to share my learnings on how to validate product ideas quickly. This is an extremely useful skill to have when building 0 to 1 products, because most product ideas will fail in the market. So, better not spend 3-6 months building something that nobody wants. Note that idea validation is different from problem validation. Problem validation requires following a different playbook. 25. Creativity and Problem Solving is Required at Every Level Many times, the best problem solvers in an organization never get a chance to contribute their creativity, so a lot of potential goes undiscovered. 26. Diversity is Great. But, Is Niche Really The Future of E-Commerce? Generic markets typically contain groups of consumers that share a broad need which can be met by a wide variety of products or services. In the past two years, Facebook has been struggling to stay relevant and has reported a first-time decline in monthly user growth in the last quarter, where as Instagram and LinkedIn have been galloping at a pace of 2x and 5x respectively. 27. Explore What it Means to Build Online Communities in the Age of Web3 Since the dawn of the internet, people have found groups they can connect and share similar interests. 28. Selling Your Million-Dollar Idea to Management The relevance and priority of a new idea to management depends heavily on how you package it. Here is a step-by-step guide to get them excited about your idea. 29. 10 Startup Ideas Spun Off Product Hunt's Business Model This time I have prepared a bunch of ideas (more ideas - less data) based on the same or similar business model as Product Hunt. Next week you will receive one idea that is bouncing in my head for you but I have to make more research on it, so stay tuned…. 30. 5 Low-Investment Business Ideas You Can Start Online Entrepreneurship definitely is one of the most misconceived terminologies of the era. It seems like a mountain of tasks to start a business. When we think of all the time, money, and risks involved, it’ just seems so inaccessible to a regular man or woman. 31. Learn Idea Generation Using SCAMPER You need not be a natural at coming up with innovations; Use SCAMPER to generate ideas and innovate your product, service, business. 32. The Hound of the Baskervilles: Chapter 1 - Mr. Sherlock Holmes The Hound of the Baskervilles, Chapter 1 by Arthur Conan Doyle is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 33. Conquering Imposter Syndrome for Success Conquer Imposter Syndrome for Unbelievable Success 34. Notes from Startup School Week 1 Videos For people who are busy. 35. Reanimating the forgotten skill of brainstorming: 4 ways to brainstorm remotely + bonus tips This post tries to resurrect brainstorming and suggest new ways to brainstorm remotely with bonus tips relevant in a tech-driven and remote work setting. 36. Find The Right Sponsor for Your Open Source Project The ongoing maintenance and growth of open source projects are clearly in the best interest of the software companies using them. And yet, raising money for an open-source project is difficult, and many developers struggle with finding the right sponsors for their projects. What is the best way to get the resources open source developers need to keep developing? 37. How and Why Makers Should Set a Deadline They Can't Extend Hi, makers:) 38. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Chapter III - A Case of Identity The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, by Arthur Conan Doyle is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 39. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Chapter V - The Five Orange Pips The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, by Arthur Conan Doyle is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 40. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Chapter IV - The Boscombe Valley Mystery The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, by Arthur Conan Doyle is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 41. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Chapter VIII- The Adventure of the Speckled Band The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, by Arthur Conan Doyle is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. Thank you for checking out the 41 most read stories about Ideas on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

41 Stories To Learn About Ideas

There is a recent news feature in , , stating that: Nature Europe spent €600 million to recreate the human brain in a computer. How did it go? “It took 10 years, around 500 scientists and some €600 million, and now the Human Brain Project — one of the biggest research endeavours ever funded by the European Union — is coming to an end. Its audacious goal was to understand the human brain by modelling it in a computer. During its run, scientists under the umbrella of the Human Brain Project (HBP) have published thousands of papers and made significant strides in neuroscience, such as creating detailed 3D maps of at least 200 brain regions, developing brain implants to treat blindness and using supercomputers to model functions such as memory and consciousness and to advance treatments for various brain conditions.” “The HBP was promised €1 billion (US$1.1 billion) in funds. In the end, it received €607 million, including €406 million from the EU, released over four phases and trickled out to labs that competed for grants at each phase. Meanwhile, large brain projects launched or kicked into high gear elsewhere. The United States and Japan both launched brain projects around the same time as the HBP — the former will continue until 2026 and the latter is hoping to run for a total of 15 years. China’s brain project started in 2021, and Australia’s and South Korea’s projects have both entered their seventh year.” The feature quoted a neurophysicist who said, “A project that lasts over ten years, I would expect it to produce a conceptual breakthrough.” It didn’t. The other ongoing large brain projects don’t seem to have produced any conceptual breakthroughs either; so what might the problem be? Breaking Down the Human Brain The brain is a whole, and it is also in parts. The parts have intricacies that have been studied, but characteristics of parts, forming a whole, hold answers to some of the most confounding problems of modern science, most especially mental illnesses. It was “In each hemisphere of our brain, humans have a primary visual cortex, also known as V1, containing 140 million neurons, with tens of billions of connections between them. And yet human vision involves not just V1, but an entire series of visual cortices — V2, V3, V4, and V5 — doing progressively more complex image processing.” stated that There are different parts of the brain involved in different functions, with millions of neurons and billions of connections. So, how can the brain be understood for its processes across circuits? The two most important elements in any brain center are the electrical and chemical impulses of neurons. It is postulated that these impulses with their features and interactions are the human mind. In the V1, as well as in other circuits, all the electrical and chemical impulses form a loop. There are the features of impulses in these loops and how they interact that can be used to explain observations about the brain conceptually. No loop is isolated; they have inter and intra pathways. Can the Brain Predict? A common description of what the brain is said to do predictive coding, processing, and correcting prediction errors. Some have said the brain is a prediction machine, does controlled hallucination, or gives a best guess. There is no evidence anywhere in neuroscience that the brain has a distinct feature to predict anything. Also, there is no standalone function for prediction. If there isn’t, the brain cannot be said to predict or generate predictions, refuting all the assumptions of predictions. What is observed as predictions can be explained as early-splits or go-before of electrical impulses in a loop, where some proceed earlier than others to interact with chemical impulses in that loop like they had done before, such that if the interaction matches with the input, other behind do nothing different, but if it does not, the others go in the right direction. These splits feature also use old sequences as relay paths as well as prioritization or what sets attention. There is no evidence anywhere in neuroscience that the brain has a distinct feature to predict anything. Also, there is no standalone function for prediction. If there isn’t, the brain cannot be said to predict or generate predictions, refuting all the assumptions of predictions. that some electrical impulses in the same loop leap concurrently, to go first before others follow. This explains what is observed as predictions. It also explains how some things are held in mind, in a moment or what is termed working memory or short-term memory. It is postulated It explains things held in mind when speaking, typing, writing, or signing, since they are held in mind or some go first, then others follow as outputs. In a major depressive disorder, with an intense heaviness resulting in the inability to do anything, it is theorized to be a result of a feature of chemical impulses called a principal spot. There is just one principal spot on the mind, with the most domination, for any loop of chemical impulses that moves there. What represents this is the pull-then-clip of some of the stairs or drifts of chemical impulses, exceeding others across the mind. Stairs or drifts of chemical impulses are the decision points of interactions of impulses in loops. When electrical impulses strike chemical impulses in a loop, they shape how chemical impulses in that loop are rationed or filled to produce experiences, learn something new, or for neuroplasticity. The rationing also separates an emotion from a feeling, a taste from a smell, or the degree of touch. In a sharp pain, for example, the rationing or fills are reversed in a direction that results in the intensity. Something close happens with the principal spot where pull, then clip some of the neighboring loops, drawing as many pre-prioritized interactions and dominating, with outcomes such as being unable to do other things or creating effects that slow down other processes. The stairs or drifts are available at the synaptic clefts. some of the stairs or drifts In the visual cortices — V1, V2, V3, and V4, representations of the sight form of objects are encoded and then retrieved, useful to the interpretation of incoming signals. These cortices, as their own loops, use the features and interactions of impulses, with some differences in stairs or drifts — for chemical and electrical impulses. The loops are also able to connect to others, say for the color red, or the spelling, as well as the hearing of the word at the auditory cortex, or some odor say for a red flower at the olfactory cortex. The drifts in these cortices also allow emotions or feelings possible, per instance. What Makes Smell Different From Sight, or What Makes Touch Different From Taste? It is theorized that some brain centers or circuits have multiple loops of electrical and chemical impulses, whose architecture is different due to the differences in how the brain parts of the brain are packed, contributing to how the drifts or stairs are also different. There are nuclei within brain centers that are responsible for different functions; they can be said to be their own loops, where differences in their structures shape the drifts or stairs, for electrical and chemical impulses. The gyri and sulci of the cerebral cortex are hypothesized to play a significant role in how some of the loops of impulses shape functions. Though the cerebellum has more neurons than the cerebral cortex, it has fewer gyri and sulci, which is proposed to lower the amount of loops. Mammals with a smooth brain have loops of impulses for functions, but fewer than in humans. Animals with larger brains than humans have fewer loops of impulses in certain parts [including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus], even though they have more neurons, gyri, and sulci. Stairs or drifts often break out, to form new loops to prepare then determine growth stages from birth, then at puberty, pregnancy, and certain aging outcomes. Differences in humans with preferences, voices, behaviors, and so forth could also be a result of the intensity [or extensiveness of drifts] of certain loops of impulses. There are a few stairs or drifts that may fade or lose their contribution to the loop, as some synapses become weaker. There are also stairs or drifts that may influence how long some genes, within neurons, stay turned on or off. Lissencephaly could also be referred to as a problem that does not provide states for the required loops for neurons. Polymicrogyria can be said to distort loops or break them, making some incomplete, such that the drift or stairs of impulses, are unable to do what they should. All drifts or stairs of impulses have the sense of self, or subjective experience. Some of them are shaped in a way that allows for control, intentionality, or free will. For example, it is possible to open and close the eyes, but not possible to open the eyes, focus [or prioritization], and decide not to see what is there. The access to control of the eyes is possible, but the sight, even though subjective, is out of control. This applies to several other processes in the body. Some loops may contribute to this free will outcome. This is a conceptual option to understand what happens in the brain, aside, from seeking intricacies that help but do not tell the full story for answers against mental disorders. Dopamine or serotonin are never final; they are rationed in loops whose measures — in the right proportions — with other neurochemicals result in experiences. It is why medications have side effects as receptors are induced or inhibited, then the rations become affected in other circuits. The HBP and several other ongoing large projects would learn more from neuropeptides, genes, and so forth, but the human brain is operationally loop-driven, with a basis in impulses, their features, and interactions. Feature image source

Neuroscience: The Conceptual Failure of EU’s Human Brain Project and the US BRAIN Initiative

Let's learn about via these 68 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Smartphones /Learn Repo 1. The Joy of Using Single-Purpose Tech What is it about smartphones that make them the most useful technology ever created? 2. The Rise of Refurbished Phones — Except in the U.S. Refurbished phones are becoming more and more popular, but the U.S. is lagging behind in sales. Here's a look at why. 3. Freedom, Kant, and Why You Should Flush Your Smartphone Down the Toilet Photo by Jens Johnsson 4. Statistics of Damaged Mobile Phones in the UK According to the latest research, the British People have spent more than £680m each year just to have their phones’ screens fixed. From a poll of 2,000 users of mobile phones, the study showed that 53% have paid around £30 or more just to have their phones fixed last year alone. With around 42.7 million mobile phone users in the UK alone, the numbers can add up to a huge amount. 5. How to Track a Smartphone: Android and iOS Devices There are many popular tracker apps that help you to track your phone or your kid's or family member's phones, for security purposes. 6. How to Develop Mobile Apps Using ARKit The creation and development of mobile applications is a large and rapidly developing industry. In the past few years, it has been modified significantly due to the introduction of novel futuristic technologies. 7. Catalyst Total Protection Case for iPhone 12 Review The Total Protection Cases for iPhone 12 Series are fully sealed protection cases that are waterproof, drop-proof and compatible with the MagSafe Charger. 8. The Retail CIO’s Guide to Mobile Device Management Strategy Are you in retail and planning to make mobile part of your strategy? Do you follow a bring-your-own-device (BYOD) policy and need to separate business and personal data on the same devices? If so, mobile device management (MDM) will become an important strategic consideration for your executive team. 9. 5 Simple Ways to Make Your Old iPhone Faster One of the major concerns with older iPhones is the drop in performance and speed. Here are some ways to increase the speed of your older iPhone. 10. The Future of Battery Technology: What’s Next? Lithium-ion batteries are the standard for electronics, electric vehicles and are also growing in popularity for military and aerospace applications. A prototype Li-ion battery was developed by Akira Yoshino in 1985, then a commercial Li-ion battery was developed by a Sony and Asahi Kasei team in 1991. Since then, there haven't really been any breakthroughs in rechargeable batteries, however, because Lithium is finite and not renewable, we will need to find different methods of making these batteries that almost all our electronic devices rely on. 11. Mobile Devices Will Never Replace Desktops The future of technology makes a lot of people very curious. There are hundreds of new devices developed every day, each of them improving upon former models. 12. What We’ll Likely See From the Sprint and T-Mobile Merger Through 2023 Those of us in the business of selling secondhand mobile phones have been closely following the new cell phone trends and developments in 2020. However, one piece of news that has gotten a bit buried amid it all is the T-Mobile/Sprint merger. T-Mobile successfully acquired Sprint on April 1. As you may have noticed, it’s been somewhat of a quiet summer as far as the merger goes—but that’s about to change. 13. The “Brain Drain” Hypothesis Explains That Smartphones Distract Us, Even When Not In Use The mere presence of your phone or apps like Gmail, Slack, and iMessage can decrease your ability to focus even when they don't actually distract you. 14. The Ultimate Ways to Increase Android Phone Battery life The conversation about mobile phones is never ending until a smaller and smarter device takes over the scene and performs all of our daily tasks more quickly and more efficiently. However, until such time comes, smartphones are, and will remain, the most important devices in our daily personal and professional lives. 15. Why Foldable Phones are NOT the Next Big Thing I was convinced that folding phones were going to be the next big thing. Now, a bit over a month into using one myself, I’m not so sure anymore. 16. The 10 Technologies that Completely Changed How we See the World Remember great technological advances that changed the lives of thousands of people and the new bets of the future through information technology. 17. How Should the Smartphone Evolve? This Slack discussion by David, Mario, Dane, and I occurred in Hacker Noon's official #slogging-beta channel, and has been edited for readability. 18. Smartphones Are Now Control Hubs for Personal Service Robots The next decade will see huge strides in artificial intelligence and connectivity, supported by the internet of things. All this creates the technological foundation for the growing smart home market, especially in the domestic robot segment. In its global forecast, MarketAndMarkets predicts that the global value of domestic robot market will hit $9.1 billion by 2024 with a CAGR of 22.4%. 19. What to Expect in the New iPhone 12 Design Despite the COVID-19 pandemic sending the world into a frenzy, the new iPhone 12 might just bring some good news for the Apple loyalists and the company in general. Although a lot has been speculated regarding the design and the innovations surrounding the design, let's discuss the technological relevance of Apple's new design. 20. Success Story + 1 = OnePlus OnePlus went from zero to hero in a matter of a year and became the fastest-growing Android device company. 21. Upcoming Mobile Phones: Future Smartphones in 2020 and 2021 With the pace of smartphone evolution, there is always something waiting for you behind the scenes. No sooner have you spotted the last handset, than there is anticipation for the next big thing. 22. My Personal Digital Transformation Story Smartphone Addiction, Burnout and Balance 23. Why smartphone hacking is a real threat & how to handle it Even if you aren't very tech-savvy, you may have heard about vulnerabilities in both Android and iOS platforms making the news. Despite these headlines, smartphone hacking is a real challenge many of us still don't take seriously. 24. Building a Free Music Site Using React Native So, you want to build a music site with React Native. That’s not an ordinary task because of certain technical limitations but it’s still possible. The chosen framework works best for mobile applications so you can get two or even three products instead of one: a music website and mobile apps for iOS and Android. Sounds good, huh? The question is how to develop such solutions, and we’re going to answer it in this guide. 25. Forget The Gig Economy, Join The Life Economy: Get Paid To Live Written by Chris Kalaboukis, Chief Philosopher, Engineer, and Futurist at hellofuture written for Nodle and Hackernoon. 26. The Metaverse’s Road to Mass Appeal Runs Through Smartphones The Metaverse’s Road to Mass Appeal Runs Through Smartphones. 27. 5 Best Free Android Personalization Apps in 2023 Here are 5 of the coolest and top-notch personalization apps for Android that you should look into this year.  Read the list and download the apps for free! 28. What is Wireless Charging and How Does Wireless Charging Work? This article explains wireless charging so consumers can make an educated decision on how to charge their devices. 29. Two Factor Authentication - The Deep State Tool That Supports Mass Technology Dysfunction 2FA is the initial, mandatory stage of ongoing privacy intrusions that are unwarranted and Orwellian. Alternatives now exist. 30. All Types of POST Requests With API Tester Post requests are the most common types of requests that we perform on the internet and it is very useful in our day-to-day work life. 31. Can Your Smartpones Actually Help in Early COVID-19 Detection? Our smartphones have already played an important role in this virus pandemic. Whether in defining your location’s degree of contagion or providing data on your movements to help assess the threat of infection - smartphones do come to the rescue. 32. Developing Cross-platform Mobile Applications with Xamarin Xamarin is a cross-platform development tool that allows building truly cross-platform mobile apps with power-packed functionality and native user experience. 33. How to Lock WhatsApp Using Your Face or Fingerprint on iOS or Android? Are you living in a house with kids? Do you often face a situation where you are using your phone and kids suddenly snatch it from your hands and start playing games? You are quite fine with it but when it comes to being compromised with your message’s security on WhatsApp, you do not want them to read your private messages. Thankfully, now you are no more required to keep phones away from your kids and worry about your privacy. How? 34. The Endless Quest of Finding Developers For Your Next Big App Businesses which hope to one day become scalable choose to go down the digital path because smartphone holders are their main demographic. 35. Adverse Effects of Smartphone Addiction Today, as the world progresses, the inevitable dominance of technology has taken over almost every aspect of our lives. Unfortunately, relationships are replaced by virtual ones, leisure time is spent while scrolling, and you no longer need drugs to escape from reality. Instead of shutting your eyes and empowering smartphones to rule our lives, it would be wiser to embrace this revolution, let it infuse in your daily routine, and exploit its power to enhance your life. 36. No, We Won't All Move To Mobile Eventually - And Here's Why With the development of mobile technologies, everything has become much easier. While people were forced to do everything by hand in the previous century, now very convenient and smart devices act as a source to conduct everything digitally. 37. The Gaming World is Changing For decades, Video Games have been entertaining adults and children. 38. Covert Google Voice Into Your Own Private Bouncer Or Receptionist In the event that you don’t have a Google Voice telephone number yet, you’re passing up a great opportunity. Google Voice has some extraordinary highlights that can help ensure your security. Also, you can keep your Google Voice telephone number forever, or for in any event insofar as Google is eager to have it. 39. The Reason Why the Best Smartphones Still Need Protection You know the familiar feeling of a smartphone slipping through your fingers and those few milliseconds when you realize it’s too late to catch it — it’s going to hit the ground. Oh no, you don’t want to pay it to get it repaired. Or worse, replaced. Your heart jolts and your stomach twists in anticipation as you watch it smack against the floor. 40. Three Strategies to Help Break an Internet Addiction In more ways than most people recognize, the internet has infiltrated every part of our lives. In some cases, that's been beneficial. For example, the internet puts the majority of the world's knowledge right at our fingertips, allowing individual learning on a previously unheard-of scale. It has also enabled free-flowing global communications, making the vast world a much more integrated community. 41. OnePlus Nord 2 5G Review OnePlus launches new mid-range Nord 2 5G Android smartphone. With 12GB RAM and 256 GB storage, it will compete with Google Pixel 4a 5G, and Samsung Galaxy A52. 42. What Is Google Fi And How Does It Work? Google Fi is a versatile virtual system transporter (MVNO) that gives voice calling, SMS, and portable broadband administrations. It’s situated in the United States, and banded together fundamentally with U.S.- based cell bearers, yet you can utilize it for universal calling, and worldwide information is likewise accessible. Inclusion and administration are like significant bearers, while estimating is in accordance with lower cost MVNOs. Google Fi works with most present day telephones including Android gadgets from most producers, just as the iPhone. 43. How Technology Is Revolutionizing the Dating Scene for Millennials and Gen Zers These days, it’s hard to imagine life without computers; the advances in technology leading to the development of smartphones and tablets have truly made the personal computer ubiquitous. Thirty-five years ago, when Microsoft was founded, computing stood on the threshold of a new era; it’s hard to imagine Bill Gates and Paul D. Allen knew what lay in store, and when, two years later, Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak made the first truly usable personal computer - the Apple II - the Age of Computing dawned on an unsuspecting world. 44. How Can Smartphone Tech Elevate Car Technology To Help Assess The Roads Better? Many cars nowadays have a navigation system with a display inside the car of where you are going. 45. Not-So-True Smartphone Hacks I'm sure a friend or family member has told you every do-it-yourself smartphone trick in the book. For example: don’t charge your phone using knock-off cables, bury your device in a bag of rice to reverse water damage, phone signals interfere with hospital, plane, and gas station technology, and more. Some of these are true, many of them are false. Who is to blame? General word of mouth. Let’s dig in. 46. AttachBack So Far: The Story of My Early-Stage Startup Can a brand new startup forever change the way we use our phones? I think I know the answer. In this post, I’ll share the story of my fledgling startup that aims to do just that. 47. The Technological Relevance of the iPhone X Design Despite the covid19-pandemic sending the world into frenzy, the new iPhone 12 might just bring some good news for the Apple loyalists and even the company in general. Although a lot has been speculated regarding the design and the innovations surrounding the same, we will take some time out to discuss the technological relevance of the inclusions. 48. How COVID-19 Showed Us We Don't Need New Smartphones Every Single Year The year 2020 has started off quite roughly: the new COVID-19 virus, already dubbed as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, spread across the world quite rapidly, already infecting hundreds of thousands and killing tens of thousands of people. 49. Android P Developer Preview Released Android is the most popular operating systems these days and especially when you are a mobile user, you tend to opt for the android. The reason behind the same is that android is easy to use and open source which makes it easier for each and everyone to operate. Another reason behind the increase in the number of android users is that the android based mobiles are cheaper when compared to the iOS based phones. 50. Research Shows That Smartphone Addiction Is As Dreadful As Drug Abuse Do you know that  62 percent of Americans check their smartphones more than 160 times per day? And a whopping 76.5 percent of people consider themselves addicted to their smartphones. 51. How Apps Can Steal Your Privacy Each day, the world makes 250 million terabytes of new data – every second 946 Instagram photos are taken, 8,690 tweets are posted, 77,783 things are searched on Google, and 2,845,459 emails are sent and received all over the world. With all of this new data, keeping your data private and away from prying eyes that will exploit any information about you is becoming more difficult by the day. Most people have no idea who owns their data, let alone what they are doing with it. 52. Hacking The Phone Repair Revolution: Current Phone Replacement Cycle Most people have been keeping their smartphones longer because of fewer new features and a high price. Today, repairing your phone is far more economical. 53. Swipe right for dopamine How smartphone navigation feeds our reward receptors 54. The Independent Phone :  More Privacy, Less Freedom? Freedom and privacy tend to go together, but there is a difference. With a more private phone, does it really mean you have more freedom? 55. Latest in Tech: Instagram Fined Millions Over Children's Data Privacy There's always something new in the world of technology, and it can be hard to keep up. 56. The Impact Of Blockchain Technology On Mobile Applications Blockchain technology has impacted and improved almost all sectors of modern technology, one of which is mobile application. 57. How To Find a Perfect Phone My teacher once told me in school, “Your shoe reflects a lot about your personality,” which seemed weird because our school forced us all to wear the same shoe. 58. Why You Should Repair Your Broken Smartphone Cell phones are a crutch in American culture and when our crutches are broken, we struggle to function as well. Since 1973, the rise of cellular phones have been the fastest growing technology phenomenon ever. 95% of Americans owned a cell phone in 2018, up 33% from 2002. 59. Cool Mobile Tech Stories 2021 I have some mobile tech stories to share with our slogging folks, hope you will like them. 60. Top Gadget Stories 2021 Looking for some cool gadget stories? Here are some interesting gadget stories from March 2021. Enjoy! 61. 7 Ways To Keep Your Mobile Phone Secure It is critical to change our outlook towards the security of smartphones and adopt as many precautions as possible for safeguarding ourselves. 62. Technologies That has Changed Our Lives Man-made technologies have now changed the lives of a Man to an extreme extent. We have made progress very quickly in the last 3-4 decades. It has taken us so far that many of us nowadays cannot imagine a single day without checking our smartphones now. 63. Proximity Events Specification: How To Receive Events From Device Proximity Sensors This is an experimental technology
Check the Browser compatibility table carefully before using this in production. 64. How To Save Your Child From Teen Sexting There are a lot of dangerous things your child might be getting into. Digitalization has been a boon for industries, but some teenagers use the same technology that can lead them to dire consequences. Your teen uses different social media platforms and messaging apps to stay connected with their  friends. They share photos on Instagram, message friends through WhatsApp, always share their current location on Facebook. But teens don’t always make the wisest decision. This is when parental control apps like FamiSafe comes into play. 65. Is iOS 16 Really Worth Getting? Apple has its own way of gaining eyeballs, and this time it's the beta release of iOS 16. While the recently launched iOS version is gaining all the attention, reactions are mixed, with some still wondering whether iOS 16 is worth getting or not. To address the same, I wanted to share an in-depth analysis of newly introduced features and usability. 66. Smartphones: The True Cost of Upgrades Photo by Daniel Romero on Unsplash 67. What You Should Know About iBeacon Technology Bluetooth beacons are a technology that sticks out when looking for ways to increase engagement and revenue for physical establishments. And once you get started, you'll be bombarded with terms like iBeacon, Eddystone, and BLE beacons, which might intimidate anovice. Let's go over each phrase, starting with iBeacon technology. 68. How Technology Can Help with Mental Health Diagnosis Imagine for a minute that it's morning and you’ve just woken up. Bleary-eyed still, you fumble for your smartphone. Because, well, what else would you do? We're in 2020, in the middle of a global pandemic, and for better or for worse, approximately 81% of the U.S. population owns a smartphone. Thank you for checking out the 68 most read stories about Smartphones on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

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There is a new paper in , , where the authors stated that: Nature 5-HT2AR and NMDAR psychedelics induce similar hyper-synchronous states in the rat cognitive-limbic cortex-basal ganglia system "The profound changes in perception and cognition induced by psychedelic drugs are thought to act on several levels, including increased glutamatergic activity, altered functional connectivity and an aberrant increase in high-frequency oscillations. To bridge these different levels of observation, we have here performed large-scale multi-structure recordings in freely behaving rats treated with 5-HT2AR psychedelics (LSD, DOI) and NMDAR psychedelics (ketamine, PCP). While interneurons and principal cells showed disparate firing rate modulations for the two classes of psychedelics, the local field potentials revealed a shared pattern of synchronized high-frequency oscillations in the ventral striatum and several cortical areas. Remarkably, the phase differences between structures were close to zero, corresponding to <1 ms delays. Likely, this hypersynchrony has major effects on the integration of information across neuronal systems and we propose that it is a key contributor to changes in perception and cognition during psychedelic drug use. Hence, we propose that such hypersynchrony is a mechanism by which an altered state of consciousness can be induced, either during a psychedelic experience or as part of a psychotic episode." They noticed that in spite of different actions on different receptors, psychedelics generally cause brain waves to move in hypersynchrony. Brain waves are measures of the activities of electrical impulses of neurons. Electrical impulses, in a process called saltatory conduction, are insulated in myelinated axons and travel faster than in unmyelinated axons, in the process called continuous conduction. Electrical impulses jump from node to node, over myelin sheaths in saltatory conduction. There are different brain centers that are more specialized for certain functions than others. These circuits have their localized neurons, defining those functions. In those sets of neurons, it is hypothesized that their jumps across myelin sheaths are not concurrent, but that they occur in sequences, where the differences between some in a set define interactions with chemical impulses. This means that given the set of neurons for motivation or expectation, say in the ventral striatum, some of the saltatory conduction occurs with differences that go on to induce sets of chemical impulses. These differences, though slight, determine an experience and its contrasts from others. The human mind is postulated to be the collection of all the electrical and chemical impulses of neurons, with their features and interactions. Sets of electrical impulses have their features as well as sets of chemical impulses. One of those features is stairs or drifts, where chemical impulses are rationed or filled, in appropriate measures to define and differentiate an emotion from a feeling, or a taste from a smell, or the degree of touch, and so forth. These stairs or drifts can be said to have a sense of self as well, . In parts of these stairs, access is possible for control or intentionality, or free will. where subjective experiences are obtained It is theorized that for sets of chemical impulses, the drifts are mostly provided at the synaptic clefts, with the vesicles and receptors. For sets of electrical impulses, their stairs or drifts are myelin sheaths, which they skip over. Another feature of electrical impulses is early-splits or go-before, where some in the same beam of incoming signals split, to interact with chemical impulses like had happened before, such that if the input matches, nothing happens, but if not, the following ones go to the right direction, correcting the error. This explains predictive coding, processing, and prediction error. Perceptions are by splits since they are often the first to be interpreted. Short-term memory or working memory also uses this. Talking, typing, signing, and writing also use this to prepare what next to say. The saltatory conduction is proposed to play a role in the splits. In serious mental illnesses, with delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and so forth, there could be a problem with splits, starting from a higher concurrency with sets of saltatory conduction. Usually, external situations are always checked with memory, emotion, and feeling, to ensure that the consequences of actions are known. This is provided by splits, where some in the set of electrical impulses 'acquire' those from sets of chemical impulses, guiding behavior and action. In a mental illness, the split may not acquire consequence, or the concurrency of saltatory conduction that should induce a drift in the synaptic cleft for the sense of self does not happen. This could be responsible for how some living with a mental illness have little sense of self in some of their acts or have detached experiences, from what is happening to them. Simply, the higher-than-usual collection or beam among sets of electrical impulses could be responsible for some of the symptoms. For example, an individual living with schizophrenia could be in the cold, shivering without seeking shelter or better clothing. The individual may be , as well as not having fear of what may go wrong. Fear is available as a drift of chemical impulses that should be obtained by some of the split electrical impulses, but may not because some of them are in beams. The same applies to shame in some actions. having a detached experience For psychedelics, they may induce numerous splits, or larger-than-usual differences in the intervals of saltatory conduction in a set of neurons, so that as the splits scatter everywhere, there is an altered state of consciousness, across emotion, feeling, and memory experiences. The hypersynchrony in the paper does not negate that splits or spaced saltatory conduction between sets of electrical impulses are possible. The hypersynchony could mean that there is more synchrony between those electrical impulses conducting at the same time. For example, say there are a number of saltatory conduction at A, B, C, D, and so forth times, it is possible that some electrical impulses jump together at A, then others at B, and some at C, D, and so forth. This could mean that there are more splits, with many deciding to go at the same time, in different directions. In mental illnesses, they are further packed, limiting regular acquisitions and subjective experience or the self. There are other that include sequences, bounce points, principal spot, prioritization and pre-prioritization, thin and thick shapes, and others. It is possible to theoretically model mental illnesses by the proposed features of sets of electrical and chemical impulses as well as what psychedelics do, to ensure that a display is possible even as LLMs take hold and some of the measures can be explored, providing an aspect of help against many of the conditions. features as well of sets of chemical and electrical impulses Lead image source.

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