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Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Answers to Correspondents here Answers to Correspondents CORRESPONDENTS who expect to receive answers to their letters must, in all cases, sign their names. We have a right to know those who seek information from us; besides, as sometimes happens, we may prefer to address correspondents by mail. SPECIAL NOTE.—This column is designed for the general interest and instruction of our readers, not for gratuitous replies to questions of a purely business or personal nature. We will publish such inquiries, however, when paid for as advertisements at 1.00 a line, under the head of "Business and Personal." All reference to back numbers must be by volume and page. Mixing Metals.—All the hard gray American charcoal iron, of which car wheels and all such work are made, requires more heat and a longer time to melt than soft iron, especially Scotch pig, which is the most fluid and the easiest to melt of any iron. Consequently, unless the melter exercises good judgment in charging, the Scotch pig will melt and run off before the car-wheel iron is melted. If G. H. P. be particular in the quality and strength of his iron, he will make better results by using soft American charcoal pig, with old car-wheel iron. It will make stronger castings, mix better, and melt more uniformly; but he should always recollect in charging his furnace that soft iron will melt before hard in the same position, in the cupola. I also think he had better use a larger proportion of soft pig, as every time cast iron is melted it becomes harder, so much so that iron which can be filed and turned with ease, when re-cast will often be found too hard to work.—J. T., of N. Y. Hardening Tallow.—If E. H. H. will use one pound of alum for every five pounds of tallow, his candles will be as hard and white as wax. The alum must be dissolved in water, then put in the tallow, and stirred until they are both melted together, and run in molds.—F. O. H. L. L., of N. Y.—According to Ure, strass is made as follows: 8 ounces of pure rock crystal or flint, in powder, mixed with 4 ounces of salt of tartar, are to be baked and left to cool. The mixture is then poured into hot water, and treated with dilute nitric acid till it ceases to effervesce, and the "frit" is then washed in water till the water comes off tasteless. The frit is then dried, and mixed with 12 ounces of white lead, and this last mixture reduced to fine powder, and washed with distilled water; 1 ounce of calcined borax is now added to every 12 ounces of the mixture, the whole rubbed together in a porcelain mortar, melted in a clean crucible, and poured out into pure cold water. This melting and pouring into water must be done three times, using a clean, new crucible each time. The third frit is pulverized, five drachms of niter added, and then melted for the last time, when a clean, beautiful white crystal mass results. C. M. S., of Wis.—There are no precise proportions observed in making the coal-tar and gravel walks of which you speak. The aim is to saturate the gravel with the hot tar without surplus. The interstices of the gravel are simply to be filled, and the amount required to do this depends wholly upon the coarseness or fineness of the gravel employed. W. P. T., of Ohio.—Two teams of horses, of equal strength, pulling against each other, by means of a rope, would create the same tension in the rope, as one of the teams drawing against an immovable object. W. H. B., of Va.—Ice can be made by compressing air, and, after it has radiated its heat, allowing it to extract the heat of water with which it is brought into contact. The temperature of air at 59° Fah., would be raised, by compressing the air to one fourth its original volume, to 317° Fah; and the air would radiate and absorb again, in expanding, about 190 units of heat. E. T. H., of Ga.—The friable sandstone, a specimen of which you send us, may, we think, be rendered firmer by soaking it in a solution of silicate of soda, and allowing it to stand till dry. J. A. V., of Ohio.—The use of steam expansively, by means of cut-off appliances, enables the expansive force of the steam to be utilized, which cannot be done when the pressure is maintained at one standard, and steam admitted through the fall stroke. It takes no more power to do a given amount of work in one case than in the other, but more boiler capacity, and more fuel, as the working power of the steam is more economically applied when the cut-off is used. Geo. F. R., of Ohio.—Type metal is composed of 3 parts lead and 1 part antimony for smallest, hardest, and most brittle types; 4 of lead and 1 of antimony for next grade; 5 of lead and 1 of antimony for medium sizes; 6 of lead and 1 of antimony for larger types; and 7 of lead and 1 of antimony for the largest. E. J. M., of Texas.—The term "power of a boiler" means its evaporating power, and in that sense is proper. If its evaporative power be sufficient to perform a given amount of work, it is proper to estimate that work in horse power. Water can not be pumped out of a pipe from which atmospheric air is excluded. A pipe driven into a soil impervious to air, can never yield water unless the water is forced up by hydraulic power, as in the artesian system. A. P. Y., of N. Y.—You will find descriptions of iron enamelling processes, on pages 297 and 408, Vol. XII. of this journal. It can be done in colors. See Ure's "Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures." H. C., of Pa.—We do not think increasing the size of the journals of your car axles from 2½ inches to 6 inches diameter, would make them run lighter. H. H. A., of N. Y.—The lining up of a beam engine, in a vessel, is a process for which no definite mode of procedure is exclusively applicable. It is an operation to which common sense and judgment must be brought, and for which each engineer must be a law unto himself. J. S., of Va.—The use of horizontal propellers to force balloons up or down is not a new suggestion. It has been tried, but, we believe, without much practical success. J. T .S., of N. Y.—You will find further information on the subject of transmitting power by compressed air, in our editorial columns of last week. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19180/pg19180-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Answers to Correspondents

THE CLEAR SENTENCE

Business English: A Practice Book by Rose Buhlig is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE PREPOSITION AND THE CONJUNCTION here THE PREPOSITION AND THE CONJUNCTION **Prepositions
\ It is important in the study of prepositions to observe that there are certain words that are followed by certain prepositions. To change the preposition is to convey a different meaning from the one that the speaker intended, or to convey no meaning at all. A partial list of such words with their appropriate prepositions follows: accompanied with anything having no life accompanied by anything having life acquit of accuse of adapted to a thing adapted for a course, because of one's nature adapted from an author agree to a plan or proposition agree with a person agree upon something that must be decided angry at a thing angry with a person compare with to bring out similar qualities compare to without analyzing comply with confer on meaning to give to confer with meaning to talk to confide in meaning to put faith in confide to meaning to commit to one's keeping conform to correspond to, with a thing, denoting similarity correspond with meaning to write to different from dependent on a person dependent for a thing independent of disappointed in employed at a certain place or salary employed in a certain kind of business employed by a certain person or company enter upon duties enter at a door followed by influence over, upon expect of participate in profit by remonstrate against a thing remonstrate with a person Insert the correct preposition in the following: Exercise 125 I shall comply —— your request. The chairman came upon the platform accompanied —— the speaker. He took a walk accompanied —— his dog. The lecture will be accompanied —— stereopticon views. Strikes are usually accompanied —— riots. The years of prosperity were followed —— years of famine. He was accused —— theft, but was acquitted —— the accusation. She is well adapted —— the position that is open. An electric iron is especially adapted —— summer use. The selection was adapted —— Irving. This cloth is well adapted —— summer clothing because it is very light in weight. I agree —— you that the plan is impracticable. Let us agree now —— a place to spend our summer vacation. That is not a proposition —— which I shall agree. It is silly to be angry —— an inanimate object. Don't be angry —— a person because he tells you your faults. His report corresponds in all respects —- yours. Mr. Giles suggested that you would be glad to have us correspond —— you concerning our new bond issues. I shall confer —— my lawyer. The public has conferred a great honor —— him. One should always profit —— his experiences. The new device is entirely different —— the old. I am employed —— a fairly large salary —— a business that is growing daily. All employees must conform —— the rules. I am confiding —— you because I know that I can trust you. She confided her child —— the care of her brother. She is dependent —— her brother —— support. You can have an influence for good —— him. I have remonstrated —— the change several times. Perhaps he will change his plans if we remonstrate —— him at once. Exercise 126—Prepositions Incorrectly Used Each of the incorrect sentences given below contains an unnecessary preposition. When the meaning of "Where are you going?" is entirely clear, there is nothing gained by saying "Where are you going " Omit such superfluous prepositions. to? Wrong Right 1. I took it off the shelf. of I took it off the shelf. 2. I shall accept your hospitality. of I shall accept your hospitality. 3. Where are you at? Where are you? 4. Where are you going to? Where are you going? 5. It is a building twenty to thirty stories in height. of from It is a building twenty to thirty stories in height. 6. Look out the window. of Look out the window. 7. John copies his father in everything. after John copies his father in everything. 8. I am wondering what I should do. about I am wondering what I should do. 9. I shall consult my lawyer. with I shall consult my lawyer. 10. He sat opposite me. to He sat opposite me. 11. I shall leave later . on I shall leave later. for and to 12. I shall try go. and I shall try go. to for of have 13. I might gone. of I might gone. have The wrong preposition 14. He fell the water. in He fell the water. into 15. She died diphtheria. with She died diphtheria. of 16. Divide the work the four of us. between Divide the work the four of us. among ( may be used in speaking of only two persons or things) Between 17. It will be done of an hour. inside It will be done an hour. within 18. Are you angry me? at Are you angry me? with Preposition must be used 19. It's no use to try. It's no use to try. of 20. My sister stayed home. My sister stayed home. at 21. Why do you act that way? Why do you act that way? in 22. We left the third of June. We left the third of June. on The object of a preposition is always in the objective case. Some people have great difficulty in recognizing that in such expressions as for you and me, the pronoun me is as much the object of the preposition for as the pronoun you. Both words must be in the objective case. It is incorrect to say for you and I. Exercise 127 In the following sentences omit the incorrect italicized form: The invitation is for father and I—me. Every one has finished his work except he—him and I—me. It's a question that you and I—me must decide; it refers to you and I—me alone. Girls like you and she—her should have a good influence over the others. All but you and I—me have left. He did it for you and I—me. No one objected but they—them and we—us. She sat opposite you and I—me. They were sitting near you and I—me. We expect you to return with mother and I—me. He wanted my brother and I—me to go into business with his brother and he—him. Neither she—her nor her sister have I seen for several months. My companion and I—me took up the trail of the bear at once. For some distance it led he—him and I—me over the soft, yielding carpet of moss and pine needles, and the footprints were quite easily made out. He—him and I—me had, of course, to keep a sharp lookout ahead and around for the grizzly. All are going on the excursion except he—him and I—me. He—him and I—me went fishing. The rule applies to we—us all—the manager, they—them who keep books, you, and I—me. She beckoned to my companion and I—me. The letter was to be read by the president or I—me. He did it for the sake of my father and I—me. We study Shakespeare with her sister and she—her. She—her and her sister went to the lecture with my sister and I—me. They sent for she—her and I—me, not you and he—him. The program was arranged by the president and I—me. They found that his father and he—him had already left. Mother is going to buy a birthday present to-day for she—her and I—me. The play is interesting not only to you older people but to we—us younger ones also. They expected the work to be done by she—her and I—me. The dispute between his neighbor and he—him over their lot line was settled by the surveyors this morning. He wants to speak to you and I—me. Than and as are not prepositions but conjunctions. They are used to introduce subordinate clauses. Usually the clause is incomplete, but the omitted part is easily understood from the preceding clause and must be supplied to show the case of the noun or the pronoun that is expressed; as, Exercise 128—Than, as : She is as tall as I am. Right : She is taller than he is. Right : I should invite you rather than her than I should invite her. Right Use the correct one of the italicized pronouns in the following sentences: I'll agree that he is richer than I—me, but riches are not everything. I shall send her rather than he—him. No one felt sorrier than she—her. No one knows more about an automobile than he—him. You are more capable of doing the work than he—him. We were nearer the goal than you or he—him. You finished the work almost as quickly as she—her. She writes fully as well as he—him. The manager said he would rather send me than he—him. I secured a position sooner than she—her. It seems to me that they ought to go rather than we—us. I am surprised that you arrived sooner than they—them. They should have elected him rather than I—me. I am not so well-fitted as he—him to hold the position. You are more popular than he—him. Exercise 129—Correlatives There are certain conjunctions, called , that are used in pairs. They are correlatives both—and as—as, so—as either—or not only—but also neither—nor whether—or so—that such—as Illustrations Both—and He has both skill and energy. Either—or I shall leave either Monday or Tuesday. Neither—nor I can neither sing nor play. So—that It rained so hard that we stayed at home. As—as We shall come as early as we can. So—as She is not so tall as you are. (Used in negative expressions.) Not only—but also We saw not only Mr. Brown but his wife also. Whether—or Whether I return to work or stay at home depends on my mother's health. Such—as We shall buy only such goods as we think we can sell. Be very careful not to use the correlative so as incorrectly for so that. So as is used in negative expressions of comparison; so that is used to express result. : We went early so as we could get good seats. Wrong : We went early so that we could get good seats. Right In the illustrations given above, notice that the correlatives always join two similar or coördinate expressions. It is important that they be placed each immediately before one of the two coördinate expressions. : I neither can sing nor play. Wrong : I can neither sing nor play. Right Recast the following sentences, placing the correlative conjunctions before coordinate expressions: Either you ordered it late or not at all. He said he neither had money nor time. We not only bought the books you wished but the games also. We like the place in which we live both on account of its quietness and its pleasant surroundings. I shall either go to Quebec or Montreal. Either he must spray his trees or expect no fruit. I neither like the appearance of the shop nor the attitude of the clerks. They did it both for the sake of your brother and you. This sample not only is much darker but heavier also. They are barred who neither can read nor write. These conjunctions are correctly used in speaking of two things only. Care must be taken to use or with either and nor with neither. In comparing three or more things use any of them, none of them, or no. Exercise 130—Either—or, Neither—nor In the following sentences use only the correct italicized forms: Neither effort nor—or money was spared in the undertaking. I have considered planting maple, oak, and elm trees, but neither—none of them seems to grow well in this climate. We do not believe in either enduring oppression nor—or killing the oppressor. We believe in arbitration. He has no—neither time, patience, nor—or energy. If you ask me which of the three I prefer, I'll be frank and tell you I like neither—none of them. Three courses will be given in the subject this year; you may take either—any one of them. I had already passed three branch roads, but neither—none of them had looked familiar to me. I hardly think he accepted any—either of the two offers he received. Neither the doctor or—nor his wife was at home. Both the books look shop-worn. I'll take neither—none. Except and without are prepositions, and are used, therefore, to introduce phrases; unless is a conjunction, and is used to introduce a clause. Exercise 131—Except, Without, Unless In the following sentences insert the correct form, giving a reason for your choice: —— you leave at once, you will miss your train. I cannot learn to swim, —— some one teaches me. I cannot learn to swim —— a teacher. No one could do the work —— me. John expects to learn —— studying. John will discover that he cannot win promotion —— he works hard. No one can learn how to spell —— first learning how to observe. No one will learn to spell —— he learns to observe. No one will succeed —— he has energy and patience. No one will succeed —— energy and patience. You cannot succeed in any way —— by seizing each opportunity as it comes. It is impossible to grow beautiful flowers —— the soil is good. Exercise 132—Like, as Like is followed by a noun or pronoun in the objective case. As is a conjunction and introduces a clause, and is therefore followed by a verb. Like is not a conjunction and therefore may not be substituted for as or as if. : I wish I could play like you can. Wrong : I wish I could play as you can. Right Insert the correct word in the following sentences: The picture looks just —— you. I haven't a voice —— my brother's. I cannot sing —— my brother can. He walks just —— you do. I hope you will all enjoy the trip —— I did. For pleasure and exercise I think there is no game —— tennis. He said that the town looked just —— it had when he was a boy. I cut the paper just —— you said I should. He talks —— his father. He has the same sort of drawl —— his father has. She was there —— you said she would be. They worked —— beavers. He looked —— a tramp. To give the stitch the proper twist throw the thread over the needle —— I do. He walks —— he were lame. Exercise 133—As—as, So—as Use as—as in stating equality; use so—as in negative comparisons. You will find the new clerks fully —— courteous as were the old. You will not find the new clerks —— courteous as were the old. Elms do not grow —— well in this climate as do poplars. We did not carry —— much advertising this year as we did last year, and we find that our receipts are smaller. Under our system of individual instruction a student may advance —— rapidly as his ability permits. You are not —— tall as your sister. I do not seem to learn languages —— easily as mathematics. This house is not —— large as the other. He is —— active as he was twenty years ago. He is not —— active as he was twenty years ago. Exercise 134—Miscellaneous Blunders To, Too, Two To is a preposition; too is an adverb, and means excessively or also; two is a numeral adjective. Insert the correct form in each of the following sentences: The —— sisters discovered that it was —— late for the 4:15 train. It is —— dark in that corner; come —— the light. He spends —— much time in dreaming, —— little in working. He would have done better if he had not given —— little heed —— the advice of his —— older brothers. —— more hours were passed in the all —— weary task of waiting. It was —— cold —— stay out more than —— hours. You may go ——, but don't stay —— long. —— stay there for —— weeks would be —— tiresome. The doctor said that the —— men were —— sick —— go home alone, and I thought so ——. About —— hours ago I met Mary who said that she was going —— the country ——. There, Their 11. —— are seven brothers in —— family. —— books are —— on the table. —— is no doubt that —— knowledge of mathematics is greater than —— knowledge of English. Were, Where 14. —— have you been? —— you ever on a farm —— alfalfa is grown? —— —— you when the report was read? I was just —— you ——. Of, Have 18. You should —— read more distinctly. I could —— done the work if I had had more —— the necessary tools. If I had tried harder, I might —— done the work better. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Rose Buhlig (2011). Business English: A Practice Book. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38046/pg38046-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE PREPOSITION AND THE CONJUNCTION

THE VERB

In recent years, containerisation has emerged as a transformative technology that has refashioned the way applications are developed, deployed, and managed in the world of IT. This technological advacement, driven by a rich history has significantly shaped the modern computing landscape. Containerisation has become synonymous with agility, scalability, and efficiency, and it makes it an indispensable tool for organisations striving to stay competitive in the digital age, like Google with their internal cloud manager, , which has been leading the way since the early 2000s. Borg Linux operating system lies at the core of this container revolution. It plays a pivotal role in container orchestration. Linux, with its potent capabilities and open-source nature, has become the de facto standard for containerisation, powering platforms like and that have gained widespread adoption. Docker Kubernetes The purpose of this article is to illuminate the intricacies of containerisation, with a specific focus on the complexities of process management within containers. I aim to unpack the challenges faced in orchestrating processes in containerised environments and overview innovative solutions to address these issues. By the end of this article, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role Linux plays in container orchestration and will be equipped with valuable acumen for optimising process management within containerised applications. The Basics of Containerisation Containers are lightweight, stand-alone executable packages that encapsulate an application along with all its dependencies, libraries, and configuration files. They isolate these components from the host system and other containers — it ensures consistency and portability across different environments. Containers have become essential because they facilitate developers to package applications once and run them anywhere. It streamlines the development-to-deployment pipeline and advances a consistent, reproducible environment. Docker, Kubernetes, and Other Containerisation Platforms While containers as a concept existed long before, their explosion in popularity can be attributed to platforms like Docker and Kubernetes. Docker simplified container creation and management, making them accessible to a wider audience. Kubernetes, on the other hand, brought a kind of revolution to container orchestration and scalability. Notably, even default Linux daemons nowadays are run in containers, emphasising the pervasive influence of containerisation. The Role of Linux Linux, with its capabilities and open-source nature, plays a pivotal role in the . It emerged as the mainstay of containerisation due to its flexibility, scalability, and community-driven development. It provided the ideal environment for it to flourish, thanks to its rich feature set and robust security model. containerisation ecosystem The secret bit behind Linux's containerisation mastery lies in and . Kernel namespaces enable the isolation of resources, such as file systems, network interfaces, and process IDs, allowing multiple containers to coexist on the same host without interference. kernel namespaces cgroups , short for control groups, regulate resource allocation, ensuring that containers receive their fair share of CPU, memory, and other resources. These Linux features are fundamental to the operation of containers and underpin their ability to provide a secure, isolated environment for applications. cgroups Process Isolation in Containers The foundation of containerisation is in its ability to provide robust process isolation. Understanding why this isolation is crucial is fundamental to grasping the value of containers. Security Concerns in Shared Computing Environments In shared computing environments, where multiple applications coexist on the same host, there is no way of compromising security. Without proper isolation, one misbehaving or compromised application could potentially impact others, leading to data ruptures, service disruptions, and compromised system integrity. Containers address these security concerns by creating a barrier between processes, ensuring that each operates within its own isolated environment. Resource Allocation and Predictability Resource management is another critical aspect of process isolation. Containers offer a predictable and controlled environment where resource allocation can be finely tuned. This predictability is needed for maintaining consistent performance and establishing that applications do not contend for resources, guaranteeing a stable and efficient computing experience. Kernel Namespaces Kernel namespaces are a fundamental building block of process isolation within containers. These namespaces provide a means to create separate and distinct environments for processes, which effectively shield them from each other. PID, NET, IPC, UTS, Mount Namespaces, and User Namespaces for Security Kernel namespaces come in different shapes, each serving a specific purpose. Process ID (PID) namespaces isolate process IDs, ensuring that processes within a container have their own unique view of the system's process tree. Network (NET) namespaces control network-related resources via creating isolated network stacks for each container. IPC, UTS, and Mount namespaces isolate interprocess communication, system identification, and file system mounts, respectively. Moreover, User namespaces provide additional security by mapping container-level user identities to distinct host-level user identities. Namespaces achieve isolation by providing each container with its private namespace for each resource type by employing special system calls (mainly ) or providing specific flags to syscall. This partition means that processes inside a container believe they are operating within their dedicated environment because they receive a copy of one or several and seize sharing it with other processes.. This isolation ensures that processes cannot interfere with each other, which in turn enhances security and resource predictability. unshare(2) clone(2) namespaces Challenges in Process Management Process management in a complex computing environment comes with its fair share of difficulties. As organisations scale up their operations, they often encounter a myriad of challenges that demand solutions. As the number of concurrent processes increases, resource contention becomes a troublesome issue: processes vying for CPU time, memory, and I/O resources can lead to barriers, slowing down overall system performance. becomes an art in this situation. Ensuring that CPU, memory, and I/O constraints are met without starving or overwhelming processes is a continuous struggle. Striking the right balance is the key. Resource management Furthermore, keeping track of an expanding array of processes bears resemblance to the intricate task of managing disparate entities. The orchestration of process scheduling, prioritisation, and the imperative of optimising their individual efficiency compounds in complexity as the volume of processes proliferates. Fairness, in this regard, is the cornerstone of effective resource management. Allocating resources to different processes, regardless of their size or priority, is a constant endeavour. Solutions to the Challenges We have thoroughly dissected the challenges inherent in process management, and this would be pointless without pointing out designed to mitigate these challenges effectively. Here is a short summary of the most outstanding: solutions and methodologies Container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes and Docker Swarm offer powerful tools for process management at scale. Orchestrators streamline process management by automating deployment, scaling, and resource allocation. Robust monitoring tools such as , , and provide critical insights into process performance. They ensire proactive monitoring and efficient resource utilisation. cAdvisor Prometheus Grafana Furthermore, establishing resource quotas and limits is essential to prevent resource overutilisation and ensure fair distribution. There are also a myriad of practices for efficient process management, including prioritising scheduling, proactively monitoring performance, and adopting auto-scaling mechanisms. These strategies, along with maintaining documentation, backup plans, security protocols, and performance tuning, collectively help organisations secure a stable and resilient computing environment and seamless operations while overcoming process management challenges. The Summary: Trends to Watch The future promises to bring more . We anticipate innovations in orchestration platforms that will streamline process management further. As containers continue to gain momentum, we foresee process management evolving to address specific challenges. Technologies like , bridging the gap between traditional virtual machines (VMs) and containers, will play a pivotal role in enhancing security and isolation. automation, self-healing, and adaptability gVisor With the increasing importance of hardware-level optimisations, technologies like are believed to recast process management. Addressing memory bandwidth and CPU cache limits at the hardware level will be instrumental in optimising performance. Intel Resource Director Undoubtedly, the future of Linux process management within containers is shaped by the relentless advance of technology. As the Linux kernel evolves, containerisation matures, and innovative technologies like and Intel Resource Director come to the fore, we anticipate a landscape where process management is both efficient and finely tuned to the demands of each workload. eBPF

Linux Process Management in Containers: Challenges and Solutions

THE EVIL EYE

Ayse’s hand landed firmly on Mert’s desk, causing papers to scatter everywhere. The morning sun highlighted the mess in the room. Clothes, books, and various items were scattered everywhere, a testament to a teenager’s whirlwind life. “Mert!” Ayse’s voice was filled with frustration. “How many times have I told you about this room? How can you find anything in here?” Mert, looking defeated, responded, “I’ve searched everywhere, Mom. I can’t find it.” Ayse took a deep breath and stepped into the room. “Describe the book to me,” she said, her voice calmer. He thought for a moment. “It’s this size,” he showed with his hands. “It has a blue cover. I drew a maze on it with a silver pen. There’s also a red ribbon bookmark.” Ayse began looking around, hoping to spot the book. Mert just watched, his energy spent from searching. As she moved to a pile of bags near the closet, Ayse’s fingers brushed against the familiar texture of a book’s spine. She pulled out Mert’s weekend bag, the one he used for visits to his father’s house. Unzipping it, her heart leapt as she spotted the blue cover with the intricate silver labyrinth. “Here it is!” Ayse exclaimed. “Why on earth was it in this bag?” He looked away, slightly embarrassed. “I took it to Dad’s,” he said. “I wanted to show him.” She handed him the book, her face showing a mix of emotions. “We need to leave,” she said, checking the time. “Now.” Mert held the book to his chest as they left the room, the atmosphere thick with unspoken feelings. The tram’s rhythmic hum provided a backdrop as Ayse and Mert found seats next to each other. The city passed by in a blur outside the window, but inside, the tension was palpable. “This can’t continue, Mert,” Ayse began, her voice carrying a mix of concern and frustration. Mert, feeling the weight of the morning’s events, nodded. “I know, Mom. I’ll try harder.” She started to give him a detailed breakdown, “Your clothes should go in the wardrobe, books on the shelf, toys in the box…” But she stopped herself mid-sentence, realizing the futility of her words. “No, this isn’t the solution. It won’t help with the mess.” Distracting herself, Ayse began to rummage through her purse. Her fingers brushed against some old business cards. She pulled them out, hoping to divert her mind from the current situation. Glancing at one, she read aloud, “System analyst.” An idea began to form. Grabbing a pen, she scribbled on the back of the cards. Mert watched curiously, his earlier despondency replaced by intrigue. Ayse cleared her throat, “This is my adventure game for you.” She held up the cards, reading them one by one: “All items have a home. Return them after use.” “Daily declutter: Spend 5 minutes before bed putting things away.” “Group like items together: All books in one place, all toys in another.” “If you haven’t used it in a month, consider if you really need it.” Mert looked at the cards, then back at his mother. “It’s like a game?” Ayse smiled, “Exactly. Think of it as leveling up in real life. Each step helps you maintain order and makes your life easier.” He pondered for a moment, then nodded. “Okay, I’ll give it a try.” The tram had come to a stop, and Ayse stepped out, heading towards her office building. As she approached the entrance, she spotted Jamal, her colleague, waiting for her. “Morning, Ayse,” he greeted with a smile. “Morning, Jamal,” she replied, still thinking about the conversation with Mert. Jamal, always eager to discuss work, began, “You remember the ‘Vladimir’s revenge’ section of our codebase?” Ayse chuckled, “How could I forget? That legacy code has been a thorn in our side for ages.” Jamal nodded, “Exactly. So, I’ve been thinking about the evolution of ” refactoring. Ayse raised an eyebrow, intrigued. “Go on.” “Well,” Jamal began, counting off on his fingers, “First, we did it manually. Like, if we changed the parameters of a function, we’d search for every instance of that function and update it manually.” Ayse grimaced, “Time-consuming and error-prone.” “Exactly. Then, we moved to regex, using it to replace instances across multiple files.” Ayse nodded, “A bit better, but still not foolproof.” “Right. And then, we started using the IDE. It has some basic refactoring techniques, like adding a parameter or renaming a function.” Ayse recalled the countless hours they’d spent on ‘Vladimir’s revenge’. “But we were still stuck with that part of the code.” Jamal’s eyes lit up, “That’s when I did some digging and found out about tools that work with the AST.” Ayse frowned, “AST?” “Abstract Syntax Tree,” Jamal explained. “It’s a tree representation of the structure of code. Instead of seeing code as just text, AST sees it as a structure with nodes representing different elements, like functions, variables, and so on.” Jamal could see the curiosity mixed with confusion in Ayse’s eyes. “Let me give you a simple example to illustrate AST,” he said, pulling out a notepad. He quickly scribbled down a basic code snippet: function add(x, y) {
    return x + y;
} “This is a simple function in JavaScript,” Jamal began. “Now, when this code is parsed into an Abstract Syntax Tree, it’s broken down into a structured format.” He drew a tree diagram: FunctionDeclaration
│
├─ Identifier (name: "add")
│
├─ Parameters
│   ├─ Identifier (name: "x")
│   └─ Identifier (name: "y")
│
└─ BlockStatement
    └─ ReturnStatement
        └─ BinaryExpression
            ├─ Identifier (left: "x")
            ├─ Operator: "+"
            └─ Identifier (right: "y") “This tree,” Jamal continued, “represents the structure of our code. Each node corresponds to a part of the code. For instance, FunctionDeclaration represents our function, Identifier nodes represent variable or function names, and BinaryExpression represents the addition operation.” Ayse studied the tree, “So, when we refactor using tools that understand AST, they’re working with this structured representation rather than just text. That’s why it’s more accurate?” “Exactly,” Jamal confirmed. “If we wanted to rename the function from add to sum, an AST-based tool would look for the Identifier node with the name ‘add’ under FunctionDeclaration and change it there. This ensures that only the function name is changed and not any other variable named ‘add’ in the code.” Ayse’s face lit up with understanding. “That’s brilliant. It’s like having a blueprint of a building and making changes to it, rather than just painting over the exterior.” Jamal nodded, pleased. “Precisely. It’s a more intelligent way of refactoring, especially for complex codebases like ours.” Ayse smiled, “Thanks for the crash course, Jamal. Let’s put an end to ‘Vladimir’s revenge’ once and for all.” Ayse’s initial enthusiasm began to wane as the implications of what Jamal was suggesting settled in. “Wait a minute,” she said, her brow furrowing. “Doesn’t this mean we’ll have to write a tool to convert our source code into this AST format? And then another tool to manipulate the AST? And yet another to convert the modified AST back into source code? That sounds like a lot of work.” Jamal chuckled softly, sensing her apprehension. “I understand why you’d think that, but no, we don’t have to start from scratch. Every programming language has a parser that constructs an AST. It’s a fundamental part of how compilers and interpreters work.” He continued, “For instance, in JavaScript, there’s a tool called ‘Esprima’ that can parse code into AST. And there are libraries like ‘Recast’ that allow us to manipulate the AST and then convert it back into source code.” Ayse looked relieved. “So, we don’t have to reinvent the wheel?” Jamal shook his head, “Not at all. The tools are out there. We just need to leverage them. Think of it as assembling a puzzle with most of the pieces already provided.” The tram rumbled softly beneath them as Ayse and Mert settled into their seats. Despite the morning bustle, both seemed notably calmer than the previous week. In Mert’s hands was a sleek pen holder, its design hinting at the precision of a 3D printer. He looked pleased with it. Ayse, recognizing it, commented, “That’s the pen holder from your tech project, right?” “Yeah,” Mert replied, a small smile forming. “And I found my design notes and the USB without having to turn my room upside down.” Ayse gave a half-smile, “Seems like the game had some effect.” Mert nodded, looking at the pen holder. “It made organizing less tedious. Projects like this became simpler.” Ayse patted his hand gently. “It’s good to see. Both the tidier room and this impressive piece.” Mert just shrugged modestly, “Feels good to have things in order.” As the tram continued its journey, Ayse’s gaze wandered from the pen holder to the organized layout of the city outside. The structured design of the holder began to remind her of something else, something related to their codebase. A thought began to crystallize in her mind. Without a word, she rummaged in her purse and pulled out the business cards, scribbling down the nascent idea. Mert, noticing her sudden preoccupation, queried, “Something on your mind, Mom?” Ayse looked up, her thoughts still forming. “I might be onto something for work. Just connecting some dots.” In the open-concept office, Ayse approached Jamal’s desk, her steps purposeful. The hum of keyboards and hushed conversations filled the space, but for Ayse, the world had narrowed down to the idea she had scribbled on the back of a business card. Jamal looked up from his monitor, noticing her approach. “Hey, Ayse. You look like you’ve had an epiphany.” She smiled, holding up the business card. “Remember how we talked about refactoring using the AST?” Jamal nodded, leaning back in his chair. “Of course. What’s on your mind?” Ayse took a deep breath, laying out her idea. “Instead of directly refactoring the source code and then opening a PR with those changes, what if we took a different approach? We could write a program that does the refactoring for us. This program, or meta-program, would be what we review.” Jamal raised an eyebrow, intrigued. “Go on.” Ayse continued, her excitement evident, “Once we’re satisfied with the meta-program, we integrate it into our CI/CD pipeline. Here’s how it would work:” “We push the meta-program to a dedicated branch.” “The CI/CD pipeline picks it up and runs the transformation on our codebase, converting it using the AST logic we’ve defined.” “Automated tests are then run on the transformed code. If everything passes, the pipeline automatically merges the changes into the main branch. If there are issues, it flags them for us to review.” Jamal leaned forward, his interest piqued. “So, instead of reviewing the refactored code, we review the logic that does the refactoring. It’s like… setting the rules and letting the system apply them.” “Exactly,” Ayse confirmed. ” Think of it like a database migration, but for our source code. It could streamline our process, reduce human error, and ensure consistency. Plus, it would save us countless hours of manual code review. We’d be reviewing the transformation logic, not every single line of changed code.” Jamal thought for a moment, then nodded. “It’s a bold approach, but it might just work. It’s like teaching the system how to clean its own room but on a much larger scale.” Ayse chuckled, “Inspired by real-life events.” [The next part of this story is ] Proglogging: The Developer's Detective Toolkit

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