RECARBON

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Startups of The Year 2023 Winners: Europe

Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE ELECTRICAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED WATER. here THE ELECTRICAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED WATER. By WM. WEBSTER. The term sewage many years ago was rightly applied to the excremental refuse of towns, but it is a most difficult matter to define the liquid that teems into our rivers under the name of sewage to-day; in most towns "chemical refuse" is the best name for the complex fluid running from the sewers. It is now more than ten years since I first commenced a series of experiments with a view of thoroughly testing various methods of purifying sewage and water contaminated with putrefying organic matter. It was while investigating the action of iron salts upon organic matter in solution and splitting up the chlorides present by means of electrolysis, that I first became aware of the importance of precipitating the soluble organic matter in such manner that no chemical solution should take the place of the precipitated organic matter. If chemical matter is substituted for the organic compounds, the cure is worse than the disease, as the resulting solution in most cases sets up after precipitation in the river into which it flows. My first electrolytical experiments were conducted with non-oxidizable plates of platinum and carbon, but the cost of the first and the impossibility of obtaining carbon plates that would stand long-continued action of nascent chlorine and oxygen made it desirable that some modification should be tried. I next tried the effect of electrolytic action when iron salts were present, but did not think of using iron electrodes until after trying aluminum. I found that the action of non-oxidizable electrodes was most efficacious after the temperature of the fluid acted upon rose 4° or 5°; but the cost of working made it impossible on a large scale. After a long series of experiments, iron plates were used as electrodes, with remarkable results, for the compounds of iron formed not only deodorized the samples of sewage acted on, but produced complete precipitation of the matters in suspension, and also of the soluble organic matter; the resulting effluents remaining perfectly free from putrefaction. The first part of the process is well illustrated by the small experiments now shown; the organic matter in suspension and in solution separates into flocculent particles, which rise to the top of the liquid and remain until the bubbles of hydrogen which have carried them up escape, when the solid matter will precipitate. In the arrangement adopted on a working scale, the separated particles precipitate readily. As an illustration of the action upon organic matter in solution I take a small quantity of dye, mix it with water, and placing the connected iron electrodes in the mixture, the dye in solution separates into flocculent particles. The electrolytical action is of course easily understood, but the chemical changes that take place need an explanation. At the positive pole, hypochlorite of iron seems to be formed at first, but this is quickly changed into a protochloride, and as at the negative pole an alkaline reaction takes place, the iron salt is precipitated in the form of the ferrous hydrated oxide, together with the organic matters in suspension and solution. Owing to the carbonates that are always present in sewage, ferrous carbonate is also formed. The success of these laboratory experiments led me to a trial of the process on a larger scale, for hitherto only a gallon at any one time had been treated. Small brick tanks were erected at my wharf at Peckham and iron electrodes fitted to them. Wrought iron plates were fixed about an inch apart, and connected in parallel in the tanks, forming one big cell. Sewage to the amount of about 200 gallons was run into the electrode tank and then treated, the results being so satisfactory that larger works were erected, when a supply of sewage equal to 20,000 gallons an hour could be obtained. After a number of experiments had been carried out it was decided to run the sewage as rapidly as possible through electrodes, six cells or two rows in series fixed in a long channel or shoot, for experience showed that the motion of the liquid acted on reduced the back E.M.F. and hastened the formation of the precipitate. A channel is kept at the bottom of the electrodes for the silt to collect, with a culvert at side to flush it into, so as to prevent any block occurring; the advantage of this is obvious. The plates in each section may be from half an inch to an inch thick, and can be of any length up to 6 ft. It may possibly be objected that a large number of plates is required. This may be so, but the larger the number of plates, the less the engine power required, and the longer they last. In each section the electrodes are in parallel, and any one section is in series with the other, the arrangement being exactly like that of a series of primary battery cells. By actual experience I have been able to prove that at least 25 sections of electrodes should be in series and across any one of these sections the potential difference need not be greater than 1.8 volts, the current being of any desired amount, according to the surface of plates used. The electrical measurements taken by Dr. John Hopkinson during these experiments for the Electrical Purification Association, to whom I had sold my patents, entirely corroborated my contentions as to E.H.P. used, and agreed with the measurements of the managing electrician, Mr. Octavius March. The process was then thoroughly investigated by Sir Henry Roscoe, who had control of the works for one month. He reports as follows: "The reduction of organic matter in solution is the crucial test of the value of a purifying agent, for unless the organic matter is reduced, the effluent will putrefy and rapidly become offensive. "I have not observed in any of the unfiltered effluents from this process which I have examined any signs of putrefaction, but, on the contrary, a tendency to oxidize. The absence of sulphureted hydrogen in samples of unfiltered effluent, which have been kept for about six weeks in stoppered bottles, is also a fact of importance. The settled sewage was not in this condition, as it rapidly underwent putrefaction, even in contact with air, in two or three days. "The results of this chemical investigation show that the chief advantages of this system of putrefaction are: "First.—The active agent, hydrated ferrous oxide, is prepared within the sewage itself as a flocculent precipitate. (It is scarcely necessary to add that the inorganic salts in solution are not increased, as in the case where chemicals in solution are added to the sewage.) Not only does it act as a mechanical precipitant, but it possesses the property of combining chemically with some of the soluble organic matter and carrying it down in an insoluble form. "Second.—Hydrated ferrous oxide is a deodorizer. "Third.—By this process the soluble organic matter is reduced to a condition favorable to the further and complete purification by natural agencies. "Fourth.—The effluent is not liable to secondary putrefaction." Mr. Alfred E. Fletcher also investigated the process subsequently, and reports as follows: "The treatment causes a reduction in the oxidizable matter in the sewage, varying from 60 to 80 per cent. The practical result of the process is a very rapid and complete clarification of the sewage, which enables the sludge to separate freely. "It was noticed that while the raw sewage filters very slowly, so that 500 c.c. required 96 hours to pass through a paper filter, the electrically treated sewage settled well and filtered rapidly. "Samples of the raw sewage, having but little smell when fresh, stank strongly on the third day. The treated samples, however, had no smell originally, and remain sweet, without putrefactive change. "In producing this result two agencies are at work, there is the action of electrolysis and the formation of a hydrated oxide of iron. It is not possible, perhaps, to define the exact action, but as the formation of an iron oxide is part of it, it seemed desirable to ascertain whether the simple addition of a salt of iron with lime sufficient to neutralize the acid of the salt would produce results similar to those attained by Webster's process. "In order to make these experiments, samples of fresh raw sewage were taken at Crossness at intervals of one hour during the day. As much as 10 grains of different salts of iron were added per gallon, plus 15.7 grains of lime in some cases and 125 grains of lime in another, and the treated sewage was allowed to settle twenty-four hours; the results obtained were not nearly as good as the electrical method." During the present year a very searching investigation of the merits of various processes of sewage treatment has been made by the corporation of Salford; among others of my electrical process. As the matter is at present under discussion by the council, I am not in a position to give extracts from the reports of the engineers and chemists under whose supervision and control the work was done, but I may go so far as to say that the results of my system of electrical treatment have proved its efficiency and applicability to sewages of even such a foul nature as that of Salford and Pendleton. The system was controlled continuously for the corporation by Mr. A. Jacob, B.A., C.E., the borough engineer; Mr. J. Carter Bell, F.I.C., etc., county analyst; Messrs John Newton & Sons, engineers, Manchester; Mr. Giles, of Messrs. Mather & Pratt, electrical engineers, Manchester; Dr. Charles A. Burghardt, lecturer in mineralogy at Owens College. I would also refer you to a paper recently read before the Manchester Section of this Society by Mr Carter Bell, the borough analyst for Salford, in whose remarks Dr. Burghardt, an independent authority, permits me to add that he concurs. He cannot give details until his report has gone in, which will be very shortly. Mr. Carter Bell's report gone in, and although he is precluded also from giving full details, he has kindly put at my disposal samples sealed by him of the effluents produced by the electrical treatment, which I now submit, together with the analyses in the table. has The samples are taken at random. Whether the process will or will not be adopted by the Salford authorities I am of course unable to say, but I think I may safely say that the electrical process has now absolutely proved its case in regard to the solution of the sewage problem. It is simple, efficient and, I am sure, more economical than any other known process where duration is taken into account. In regard to the Salford trials it may be interesting to give the following particulars: ______________________________________________________________________
                       |
                       |              Parts in 100,000.
                       |________________________________________________
                       |             |           |           |
                       |   May 15.   |  June 7.  |  June 30. |  July 25.
                       |_____________|___________|___________|__________
                       |Not filtered.|           |           |
    Total solids.      |   109       |  125      |  141      |  132
    Loss on ignition.  |    33       |   21      |   29      |   23
    Chlorine.          |    32       |   44      |   42      |   43
    Oxygen required    |             |           |           |
      for 15 minutes.  |     2.56    |    0.76   |    0.27   |    0.79
    Oxygen required    |             |           |           |
      for three hours. |     4.27    |    0.79   |    0.50   |    1.00
    Free ammonia.      |     2.20    |    0.88   |    0.50   |    0.92
    Albuminoid am-     |             |           |           |
      monia.           |     0.32    |    0.17   |    0.092  |    0.19
  _____________________|_____________|___________|___________|__________ The electrical shoot was built in brick and contained 28 cells arranged in series. Each cell contained 13 cast iron plates 4 in. × 2 ft. 8 in. × ½ in. thick connected in parallel. The available electrode surface in each cell was 256 sq. ft. The ampere hour treatment required for Salford was found to be about 0.37 ampere hours per gallon, and the I.H.P. per million gallons based on these figures would be 37. NOTE.—In estimating for the plant necessary for treating the whole of the Salford sewage, a margin was allowed on above figures. The A.H.T. was taken at 0.4 and the I.H.P. per million at 39 to 39.5. Mr. Octavius March, electrical engineer, who has followed the process from the commencement, and who superintended the electrical details both at Crossness and Salford, will give you on the blackboard a rough sketch of the above trial plant. The Salford tanks are admirably adapted to the application of the electrical or in fact any process of precipitation. They are 12 in number, and it is proposed to take two end tanks for the electrical channels, in which the iron electrodes would be placed. The total I.H.P. required for treating the whole of the Salford and Pendleton sewage, taken at 10,000,000 gallons per 24 hours, is calculated at 400 I.H.P., based on the actual work done during the trial. The electrical plant would consist of four engines and dynamos, any three of which could do the whole work, and three boilers, each of 200 I.H.P. The total cost of plant, including alterations, is estimated at £16,000, to which must be added the cost of about 5,000 tons of iron plates—ordinary cast iron—at say £4 per ton. These plates would last for several years. If filtration were required, there would be an extra expenditure for this, but it will be remarked that as the treated sewage is practically purified when it leaves the electrical channels, these filters would be only required for complete clarification, which for most places would not be a necessity. The filtering material used could be gradually prepared from the sludge obtained after electrical treatment, unless it could be more profitably sold as a manure, and I am not a believer in the value of sewage sludge in large quantities. This sludge, a waste product, is converted into , of which I have here two small samples. This magnetic oxide is a good filtering material, but, like every other filtering material, it would of course require renewal. There would, however, always be a supply of the waste product—sewage sludge—on the spot, and the spent magnetic oxide recarbonized could be used indefinitely. magnetic oxide of iron The annual cost for dealing with the Salford sewage is estimated at in round figures £2,500 for coal, labor, maintenance of engines, boilers and dynamos. To this must be added the consumption of iron and its replacement, which would have to be written off capital expenditure. If a colorless effluent were required, absolutely free from suspended matter, the additional cost is estimated at from £1,200 to £1,500. Recently read before the Chemical Society, London. From the of the Society. Journal About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11649/pg11649-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE ELECTRICAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED WATER

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United States Of America. v. Microsoft Corporation Court Filing by Thomas Penfield Jackson, November 5, 1999 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 53 of 58. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here VI. MICROSOFT’S RESPONSE TO THE THREAT POSED BY SUN’S IMPLEMENTATION OF JAVA For Microsoft, a key to maintaining and reinforcing the applications barrier to entry has been preserving the difficulty of porting applications from Windows to other platforms, and vice versa. In 1996, senior executives at Microsoft became aware that the number of developers writing network-centric applications in the Java programming language had become significant, and that Java was likely to increase in popularity among developers. Microsoft therefore became interested in maximizing the difficulty with which applications written in Java could be ported from Windows to other platforms, and vice versa. A. Creating a Java Implementation for Windows that Undermined Portability and Was Incompatible with Other Implementations Although Sun intended Java technologies eventually to allow developers to write applications that would run on multiple operating systems without any porting, the Java class libraries have never exposed enough APIs to support full-featured applications. Java developers have thus always needed to rely on platform-specific APIs in order to write applications with advanced functionality. Recognizing this, Sun sponsored a process for the creation of a software method that would allow developers writing in Java to rely directly upon APIs exposed by a particular operating system in a way that would nevertheless allow them to port their applications with relative ease to JVMs running on different operating systems. On March 12, 1996, Sun signed an agreement granting Microsoft the right to distribute and make certain modifications to Sun’s Java technologies. Microsoft used this license to create its own Java development tools and its own Windows-compatible Java runtime environment. Because the motivation behind the Sun-sponsored effort ran counter to Microsoft’s interest in preserving the difficulty of porting, Microsoft independently developed methods for enabling “calls” to “native” Windows code that made porting more difficult than the method that Sun was striving to make standard. Microsoft implemented these different methods in its developer tools and in its JVM. Microsoft also discouraged its business allies from aiding Sun’s effort. For example, Gates told Intel’s CEO in June 1996 that he did not want the Intel Architecture Labs cooperating with Sun to develop methods for calling upon multimedia interfaces in Windows. Since they were custom-built for enabling native calls to Windows, and because they were developed by the firm with the most intimate knowledge of Windows, the native methods that Microsoft produced were slightly easier for developers to use than the method that derived from the Sun-sponsored effort, and Java applications using Microsoft’s methods tended to run faster than ones calling upon Windows APIs with Sun’s method. If a developer relied on Microsoft’s methods rather than Sun’s, however, his Java application would be much more difficult to port from the Windows-compatible JVM to JVMs designed to run on different operating systems. Microsoft easily could have implemented Sun’s native method along with its own in its developer tools and its JVM, thereby allowing Java developers to choose between speed and portability; however, it elected instead to implement only the Microsoft methods. The result was that if a Java developer used the Sun method for making native calls, his application would not run on Microsoft’s version of the Windows JVM, and if he used Microsoft’s native methods, his application would not run on any JVM other than Microsoft’s version. Far from being the unintended consequence of an attempt to help Java developers more easily develop highperforming applications, incompatibility was the intended result of Microsoft’s efforts. In fact, Microsoft would subsequently threaten to use the same tactic against Apple’s QuickTime. Microsoft continued to refuse to implement Sun’s native method until November 1998, when a court ordered it to do so. It then took Microsoft only a few weeks to implement Sun’s native method in its developer tools and JVM. Although the Java class libraries have yet to provide enough functionality to support full-featured applications, they have gradually expanded toward that goal. In 1997, Sun added a class library called Remote Method Invocation, or “RMI,” which allowed Java applications written to call upon it to communicate with each other in certain useful ways. Microsoft was not willing to stand by and allow Java developers to rely on new Java class libraries unimpeded. The more that Java developers were able to satisfy their need for functionality by calling upon the Java class libraries, the more portable their applications would become. Microsoft had developed a set of Windows-specific interfaces to provide functionality analogous to the functionality RMI offered; it wanted Java developers to rely on this Windowsspecific technology rather than Sun’s cross-platform interface. Microsoft thus refused to include RMI as a standard component of the Java runtime environment for Windows that it shipped with Internet Explorer 4.0. The license agreement it had signed with Sun the previous year obligated Microsoft to offer RMI, at a minimum, on its developer Web site. Microsoft did so, but with respect to the RMI beta release, it buried the link in an obscure location and neglected to include an entry for it in the site’s index. Referring to RMI and any Java developers who might access Microsoft’s site looking for it, a Microsoft employee wrote to his approving manager, “They’ll have to stumble across it to know it’s there. . . . I’d say it’s pretty buried.” It is unclear whether Microsoft ultimately placed RMI in a more prominent place on its developer Web site. Even if it did, the fact that RMI was not shipped with Microsoft’s Java runtime environment for Windows meant that Java developers could not rely on its being installed on consumers’ PC systems. If developers wanted their Java applications to call upon communications interfaces guaranteed to be present on Windows users’ systems, they had no choice but to rely on the Microsoft-specific interfaces instead of RMI. Microsoft undertook the effort to remove RMI from the rest of the Java class libraries, instead of simply leaving it in place and allowing developers to choose between it and Windows-specific interfaces, for the sole purpose of making it more difficult for Java developers to write easily portable applications. In a further effort intended to increase the incompatibility between Java applications written for its Windows JVM and other Windows JVMs, and to increase the difficulty of porting Java applications from the Windows environment to other platforms, Microsoft designed its Java developer tools to encourage developers to write their Java applications using certain “keywords” and “compiler directives” that could only be executed properly by Microsoft’s version of the Java runtime environment for Windows. Microsoft encouraged developers to use these extensions by shipping its developer tools with the extensions enabled by default and by failing to warn developers that their use would result in applications that might not run properly with any runtime environment other than Microsoft’s and that would be difficult, and perhaps impossible, to port to JVMs running on other platforms. This action comported with the suggestion that Microsoft’s Thomas Reardon made to his colleagues in November 1996: “[W]e should just quietly grow j++ [Microsoft’s developer tools] share and assume that people will take more advantage of our classes without ever realizing they are building win32-only java apps.” Microsoft refused to alter its developer tools until November 1998, when a court ordered it to disable its keywords and compiler directives by default and to warn developers that using Microsoft’s Java extensions would likely cause incompatibilities with non-Microsoft runtime environments. Continue reading . here About We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: This court case Civil Action No. 98-1232 (TPJ) retrieved on 2-13-2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. justice.gov

Microsoft Was Threatened by Java: That's Why They Made the Decision to Undermine Its Portability

United States Of America. v. Microsoft Corporation Court Filing by Thomas Penfield Jackson, November 5, 1999, is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 27 of 58. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here V. MICROSOFT’S RESPONSE TO THE BROWSER THREAT A. Microsoft’s Attempt to Dissuade Netscape from Developing Navigator as a Platform Microsoft’s first response to the threat posed by Navigator was an effort to persuade Netscape to structure its business such that the company would not distribute platform-level browsing software for Windows. Netscape’s assent would have ensured that, for the foreseeable future, Microsoft would produce the only platform-level browsing software distributed to run on Windows. This would have eliminated the prospect that non-Microsoft browsing software could weaken the applications barrier to entry. Executives at Microsoft received confirmation in early May 1995 that Netscape was developing a version of Navigator to run on Windows 95, which was due to be released in a couple of months. Microsoft’s senior executives understood that if they could prevent this version of Navigator from presenting alternatives to the Internet-related APIs in Windows 95, the technologies branded as Navigator would cease to present an alternative platform to developers. Even if non-Windows versions of Navigator exposed Internet-related APIs, applications written to those APIs would not run on the platform Microsoft executives expected to enjoy the largest installed base, i.e., Windows 95. So, as long as the version of Navigator written for Windows 95 relied on Microsoft’s Internet-related APIs instead of exposing its own, developing for Navigator would not mean developing cross-platform. Developers of network-centric applications thus would not be drawn to Navigator’s APIs in substantial numbers. Therefore, with the encouragement and support of Gates, a group of Microsoft executives commenced a campaign in the summer of 1995 to convince Netscape to halt its development of platform-level browsing technologies for Windows 95. In a meeting held at Microsoft’s headquarters on June 2, 1995, Microsoft executives suggested to Jim Clark’s replacement as CEO at Netscape, James Barksdale, that the version of Navigator written for Windows 95 be designed to rely upon the Internet-related APIs in Windows 95 and distinguish itself with “value-added” software components. The Microsoft executives left unsaid the fact that value-added software, by definition, does not present a significant platform for applications development. For his part, Barksdale informed the Microsoft representatives that the browser represented an important part of Netscape’s business strategy and that Windows 3.1 and Windows 95 were expected to be the primary platforms for which Navigator would be distributed. At the conclusion of the June 2 meeting, Microsoft still did not know whether or not Netscape intended to preserve Navigator’s own platform capabilities and expand the set of APIs that it exposed to developers. In the hope that Netscape could still be persuaded to forswear any platform ambitions and instead rely on the Internet technologies in Windows 95, Microsoft accepted Barksdale’s invitation to send a group of representatives to Netscape’s headquarters for a technology “brainstorming session” on June 21. Netscape’s senior executives saw the meeting as an opportunity to ask Microsoft for access to crucial technical information, including certain APIs, that Netscape needed in order to ensure that Navigator would work well on systems running Windows 95. Early in the June 21 meeting, Microsoft representatives told Barksdale and the other Netscape executives present that they wanted to explore the possibility of building a broader and closer relationship between the two companies. To this end, the Microsoft representatives wanted to know whether Netscape intended to adopt and build on top of the Internet-related platform that Microsoft planned to include in Windows 95, or rather to expose its own Internet-related APIs, which would compete with Microsoft’s. If Netscape was not committed to providing an alternative platform for network-centric applications, Microsoft would assist Netscape in developing server- and (to a limited extent) PC-based software applications that relied on Microsoft’s Internet technologies. For one thing, the representatives explained, Microsoft would be content to leave the development of browser products for the Mac OS, UNIX, and Microsoft’s 16-bit operating system products to Netscape. Alternatively, Netscape could license to Microsoft the underlying code for a Microsoft-branded browser to run on those platforms. The Microsoft representatives made it clear, however, that Microsoft would be marketing its own browser for Windows 95, and that this product would rely on Microsoft’s platform-level Internet technologies. If Netscape marketed browsing software for Windows 95 based on different technologies, then Microsoft would view Netscape as a competitor, not a partner. When Barksdale brought the discussion back to the particular Windows 95 APIs that Netscape actually wanted to rely on and needed from Microsoft, the representatives from Microsoft explained that if Netscape entered a “special relationship” with Microsoft, the company would treat Netscape as a “preferred ISV.” This meant that Netscape would enjoy preferential access to technical information, including APIs. They intimated that Microsoft’s internal developers had already created the APIs that Netscape was seeking, and that Microsoft had not yet decided either which ISVs would be privileged to receive them or when access would be granted. The Microsoft representatives made clear that the alacrity with which Netscape would receive the desired Windows 95 APIs and other technical information would depend on whether Netscape entered this “special relationship” with Microsoft. After listening to Microsoft’s proposal, Barksdale had two main questions: First, where would the line between platform (Microsoft’s exclusive domain) and applications (where Netscape could continue to function) be situated? Second, who would get to decide where the line would lie? After all, the attractiveness of a special relationship with Microsoft depended a great deal on how much room would remain for Netscape to innovate and seek profit. The Microsoft representatives replied that Microsoft would incorporate most of the functionality of the current Netscape browser into the Windows 95 platform, perhaps leaving room for Netscape to distribute a user-interface shell. Where Netscape would have the most scope to innovate would be in the development of software “solutions,” which are applications (mainly serverbased) focused on meeting the needs of specific types of commercial users. Since such applications are already minutely calibrated to the needs of their users, they do not present platforms for the development of more specific applications. Although the representatives from Microsoft assured Barksdale that the line between platform and solutions was fixed by a collaborative decision-making process between Microsoft and its ISV partners, those representatives had already indicated that the space Netscape would be allowed to occupy between the user and Microsoft’s platform domain was a very narrow one. Simply put, if Navigator exposed APIs that competed for developer attention with the Internet-related APIs Microsoft was planning to build into its platform, Microsoft would regard Netscape as a trespasser on its territory. The Microsoft representatives did not insist at the June 21 meeting that Netscape executives accept their proposal on the spot. For his part, Barksdale said only that he would like more information regarding where Microsoft proposed to place the line between its platform and Netscape’s applications. In the ensuing, more technical discussions, the Netscape executives agreed to adopt one component of Microsoft’s platform-level Internet technology called Internet Shortcuts. The meeting ended cordially, with both sides promising to keep the lines of communication open. The executive who led Microsoft’s contingent on June 21, Daniel Rosen, emerged from the meeting optimistic that Netscape would abandon its platform ambitions in exchange for special help from Microsoft in developing solutions. His sentiments were not shared by another Microsoft participant, Thomas Reardon, who had not failed to notice the Netscape executives grow tense when the Microsoft representatives referred to incorporating Navigator’s functionality into Windows. Reardon predicted that Netscape would compete with almost all of Microsoft’s platform-level Internet technologies. Once he heard both viewpoints, Gates concluded that Rosen was being a bit naive and that Reardon had assessed the situation more accurately. In the middle of July 1995, Rosen’s superiors instructed him to drop the effort to reach a strategic concord with Netscape. Had Netscape accepted Microsoft’s proposal, it would have forfeited any prospect of presenting a comprehensive platform for the development of network-centric applications. Even if the versions of Navigator written for the Mac OS, UNIX, and 16-bit Windows had continued to expose APIs controlled by Netscape, the fact that Netscape would not have marketed any platform software for Windows 95, the operating system that was destined to become dominant, would have ensured that, for the foreseeable future, too few developers would rely on Navigator’s APIs to create a threat to the applications barrier to entry. In fact, although the discussions ended before Microsoft was compelled to demarcate precisely where the boundary between its platform and Netscape’s applications would lie, it is unclear whether Netscape’s acceptance of Microsoft’s proposal would have left the firm with even the ability to survive as an independent business. At the time Microsoft presented its proposal, Navigator was the only browser product with a significant share of the market and thus the only one with the potential to weaken the applications barrier to entry. Thus, had it convinced Netscape to accept its offer of a “special relationship,” Microsoft quickly would have gained such control over the extensions and standards that network-centric applications (including Web sites) employ as to make it all but impossible for any future browser rival to lure appreciable developer interest away from Microsoft’s platform. Continue reading . here About We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: This court case Civil Action No. 98-1232 (TPJ) retrieved on 2-06-2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. justice.gov

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Technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Machine Learning, Telemedicine, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and the Internet of Things play a vital role in shaping the future of Health Tech. The goal is to make it easy for humans to take care of themselves and their overall health. In this article, we’ll discuss some of the ways AI, Telemedicine, AR, VR, IoT, and 3D technologies are improving healthcare and have become the driving forces of some medical technologies. Artificial Intelligence in Health Tech One of the top technologies causing a radical change in health tech is Artificial Intelligence. AI is the backbone of all modern emerging technologies. For the healthcare industry, AI-enabled solutions can assist medical research and help with new product development. With Machine Learning, the most common form of AI, it has become possible for researchers now to reach conclusions easily and with better precision. Big Data, which goes hand in hand with ML, is to analyze enormous amounts of patient data and detect the patterns of diseases. It includes diagnosing diseases to discovering links between genetic codes and robots assisting surgeries. Altogether, it can lead to better outcomes and patient engagement with immediate returns through cost reduction. used A deep neural network, called the , is developed by researchers at Penn State University. The new ML model would predict any future health conditions of a patient by scanning and analyzing the electronic health records of the patients. LSAN Image: Fraunhofer FOKUS AI in Cancer Care The integration of AI technology in cancer care is one area that can make a breakthrough impact on humanity. Cancer screening today is inconvenient and invasive. The detection of two common cancers, colon and breast, require screening technologies developed 50 years ago. Cancer patients have a 90% chance of survival if cancer is detected at stage I versus only a 5% chance at stage IV, so early detection is a critical means of improving patient outcomes. Helio Health is an AI-driven healthcare startup focused on developing and commercializing early cancer detection tests from a simple blood draw. The company's mission is to simplify cancer screening so lives can be saved by detecting cancer earlier. Helio Health has secured in venture funding and currently in clinical trials for its lead liver cancer detection test, the HelioLiver Test. Helio's development program is focused on liver, colon, breast, and lung cancer, and actively with top national cancer centers. $86 million currently collaborating Telemedicine in Health Tech Telemedicine technologies have been making a huge impact. Telemedicine boomed during the COVID-19 pandemic and I believe the trend is going to stay. There are plenty of reasons for that, but the real reason is as more and more gadgets, gears, and wearable devices - like Ring, FitBit, or Embr Wave - are becoming part of health tech. Apple announced a breakthrough ECG app - approved by the FDA - empowering patients to maintain a log of their electrocardiogram anytime. Our smartphones can now also pair with third-party health devices like glucometers, heart monitors, body scales, toothbrushes, and spirometers for other important and vital metrics. Wearable Devices Wearable and mobile devices are becoming popular as they are providing more accurate results than before. One of the causes of death worldwide is hypertension. But your smartphone can measure your blood pressure as well. OptiBP, by grants from The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, is a smartphone app that measures your blood pressure anytime. The app is very , and aided by telemedicine, can really make a difference to fight the global hypertension crisis even in low-income countries. leading Biospectal backed accurate Image: CNET Health tech devices can even transmit data automatically from such devices to telemedicine service providers. This growing number of health devices and their convenience is not only just helping researchers with day-to-day data but also opening a new era of at-home telehealth. Eye Exams Can Now be Done Online Another example of telemedicine is , a leading eye health provider. During the pandemic, they started to offer all eye care as part of their telemedicine initiative. The optical company offered patients to receive a customized eye care treatment plan and prescription through a virtual video screen with a local Ophthalmologist (MD) or Optometrist. It allowed patients to receive eye care during a pandemic when many eye care providers are turning away patients within the safety of their homes. Stanton Optical Many other startups like DoctorSpring and Second Opinions are telemedicine services. allows you to do a medical consultancy from board-certified doctors 24x7. Second Opinions also let you submit a medical questionnaire before scheduling an online meeting with a board-certified doctor. providing DoctorSpring Health tech is making it possible for the healthcare industry like diagnosing and treating cancer, diabetes, hypertension and helping patients suffering from mental health issues. to manage major diseases Neural Interfaces Can Also Improve Health Tech Elon Musk's neural technology company, , is working on a brain chip that will be implanted into the human skull and connected directly to the brain. The goal of the Neuralink chip is to provide an interface to communicate with the brain. It can help to improve mental health and cure brain disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries. It would initially focus on curing and treating major traumas and brain injuries, and can also be used to . The chip electrodes can read signals from the brain and write them down and will be helpful in curing paralysis as well. Neuralink restore eyesight and hearing Screengrab: Neuralink YouTube The brain chip designed by Neuralink is still in the phases of trials. It was first implanted in the brain of a pig for initial trials. The chip was recently implanted in a monkey, and a video showed it playing a video game by using its brain only. Elon Musk that his company and the chip will be ready for human trials later this year. However, he made a similar claim in 2019 that the chip would be tested on humans by the end of 2020. claimed in a tweet Facebook made a formal entry into the neural world when it CTRL Labs, a startup co-founded by Internet Explorer creator and neuroscientist Thomas Reardon, in 2019. CTRL Labs is working on a similar brain-machine interface, but unlike brain implanted chips by Neuralink, CTRL Labs' mainstream product is their wristband which they to transmit electrical signals from the brain into computer input. acquired demonstrated CTRL Labs wristband is part of Facebook's AR/VR research group. Facebook plans to use the neural interface technology of CTRL Lab's wristband that connects to their AR/VR devices more naturally and intuitively. Neural technology development is a clear indication that we will see a breakthrough in health tech very soon. Medical VR/AR Solutions Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) have proved to be significant and useful visual technologies. They have already advanced so much in the healthcare sector that medical practitioners can now 3D images of human autonomy and their CT scans for better examination and to precisely locate the blood vessels, bones, and muscles. render , a startup based in Palo Alto, has raised $14 million in September to build a virtual reality surgical training and assessment platform. This can help surgeons in training to repeat steps many times virtually. Orthopedic residency programs using Osso VR include Columbia University, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Harvard Medical School, and more. Osso VR Image: Osso VR Organovo has already printed human liver cells and tissues in 3D. Their is helping the pharmaceutical and the healthcare industry in testing the conditions of the human liver. ExVive3D Liver Tissue The technology is advancing quickly enough that we could soon see surgeons and medical staff frequently use VR or AR glasses during critical surgeries, and it was that the individuals who take help from this health tech perform surgeries quicker and with better precision. Surgeries are quicker and more precise now with the help of AR and VR. found Final Thoughts on the Current State of Health Tech Healthcare has always been of immense importance to human beings. Health tech is constantly improving the healthcare sector, and the ways of providing basic healthcare to humans have become easier and more effective. Do you think I missed an important health tech development? Share your views in the . HackerNoon Community Want to keep up with all the latest health topics? Subscribe to our newsletter in the footer below.

How Health Tech is Shaping the Future of Healthcare

“I’m going to do a boss move,” announced my manager, almost like she was going to step out for lunch. “Let’s discuss more in our meeting later.” “Oh, OK,” I replied looking at her and then politely smiled. I had never heard this phrase before and was confused as to what might be coming next. I quickly turned back to my laptop to Google “ .” I scrolled through the search results looking for an obvious definition but nothing was making sense. Boss Move My mind then jumped to the conclusion that I must have done something wrong. Now we’d probably have to talk about a performance improvement plan, my anxiety said. To prepare, I raced through my list of what I was working on and my deliverables. Nothing had blown up and I really thought everything was going fine -- at least it was by me. Everything became uncomfortably clear in our meeting. I was assured that I hadn’t done anything wrong. However, my boss would now take over a piece of business I negotiated and visit the client herself, not me. It was a setback since I thought I owned the relationship. But it was an early-stage startup after all and anything could happen at any time, even office politics. Whether you work for a startup or a FAANG, you’ll find office politics. In fact, office politics exist in all organizations. And, while there are many books and LinkedIn courses available on the subject, the vast majority of us have only had on-the-job training. It’s also important to note that even though you may not be physically in the office, working remotely may change but not eliminate your organization’s political landscape. The Game of Office Politics Interpersonal relationships are at the core of office politics. more broadly states that “office politics include being aware of interpersonal dynamics at work, and trying to accomplish things while keeping that reality in mind.” Gossiping, flattering higher ups, and claiming credit for someone’s work are the most common activities associated with office politics, according to a . Further, office politics were ranked the this year in a Dorie Clark survey by Robert Half number one cause of workplace stress Perkbox survey. After the “boss move” experience, it was stressful and challenging to know when the next “boss move” might happen. I felt more insecure with my work and unmotivated. The competition also felt more intense between competing agendas of the stakeholders at the startup. It’s interesting to note that are known for having their own brand of negative politics, attributed to evolutionary competition for mates, where aggressive and bullying behavior is directed solely at other women. Office politics are also seen as a “ ,” and involvement in office politics as well as potential gains for other groups have begun to be researched since diversity has gradually been changing the status quo. women white man’s game In addition, the media has reported extreme Silicon Valley office politics stories about backstabbing venture capitalists, manipulator CEO’s and toxic culture - but it's not all bad and every workplace has their own flavor of politics. Organizations can have varying degrees of office politics according to , which include pathologically, highly, moderately and minimally political. Kathleen Kelley Reardon To understand which level an organization is operating, it may take time, research and close observation. By starting with informational interviews, employer reviews online and the interview process, the level of politics may be apparent. For example, when I was told by a hiring manager that I would not be moving forward in the startup’s interview process, I moved on. However, when the CEO followed up with me a few days later and asked that I write the hiring manager to be put on a project, I knew this was a category of politics I didn’t feel comfortable participating in. I also didn’t think managing up in the interview process would help me look like a team player. The rules and norms of office politics are constantly changing, just as individual organizations increase or decrease headcount. As long as there is scarcity and people must figure out how to work with each other, office politics will continue to exist to some extent. Most experts agree is a strategy that will not result in career advancement. Some advocate developing political skills to manage difficult situations in addition to being strategic about work relationships, especially with the six common types of . But jumping on the political bandwagon regardless if you are junior or senior level may be challenging. How to Deal avoiding office politics office personalities Whether you’re meditating on life or premeditating politicking, keep in mind that the organization’s leadership is responsible for creating the work culture and political environment that exists. One study by the found, the environment itself, not increasing political skill, can help both women and men achieve senior management positions. To change the environment and subsequently office politics in tech, one proposed solution to increase diversity has been to “ ” by recruiting leadership from other industries. Tech leadership teams open to diverse industry experiences can minimize cliques and political conflicts. Journal of Applied Psychology create new talent On the individual level, how to deal effectively with all variances of workplace dynamics depends largely on values and developing soft skills. Shifting the focus away from reactively dealing with the negative effects of office politics to cultivating an awareness of one’s strengths and weaknesses can reframe office politics. Further, developing sustainable professional relationships takes a high degree of communication and authenticity. When you’re confident in your values and abilities, being authentic comes automatically. This sincerity will build trust and can increase your ability to influence others as a leader, according to . Networking within and outside your organization with those that share your values will multiply opportunities to gain visibility and you can help others. Amy Cuddy Everyone has their own stories about office drama. With increasing resources on workplace behavior, in addition to learning from individual stories, office politics will continue to shift as organizations will need to create better environments to stay competitive. For me, it’s through personal reflection and sharing my work experiences that I’ve gained more insight into my values and which has led to more professional growth opportunities. If you want to learn more about how to deal with politics- read our piece on . performance reviews

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