PureFiis in the Blockchain Infrastructure Industry

PureFi

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Let's learn about via these 68 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Defi Solutions /Learn Repo 1. The Rudiments Of Smart Contract Vulnerabilities We've seen smart contracts give DeFi the ultimate edge over CeFi. However, being a new technology, it has been subjected to many vulnerabilities. 2. Deeper Joins the Polkadot DeFi Alliance Deeper Joins the Polkadot DeFi Alliance 3. Permissioned DeFi — DeFi for the Corporate Institutions Decentralized finance has apparently solved the limitations known with Centralized finance. 4. Passive Income Part 1: Drip Network In this multi part series I'll be delving into the Defi playground with a few low cost entries and revealing my experiences. Part 1 looks at the Drip Network 5. Borrow Without a Lender: a Decentralized Guaranteed Income System Borrow from yourself. At zero interest. This story is about a bank-killing DeFi cryptocurrency plan that involves a Guaranteed Income (GI) system. 6. Can Uniswap Be Left Behind? With newly-launched DEXs, Uniswap V3 is running late. That’s the project that carved out a niche one day and conquered the crypto market. Let’s face the music - even titans can lose over time. The next-gen platform that looks ahead of the pack is Algebra.Finance. 7. High-Utility DeFi Data Analytics Tools For Crypto Investors These four growing platforms will give investors the tools they need to make smarter decisions 8. Why We Built Plasma.Finance for You Plasma.Finance offers the freedom to choose how, when, and where to participate in DeFi. It is a toolkit designed to be intuitive enough for everyday users, but 9. DeFi Learning: What Is a Liquidity Pool? Running on the AMM model, liquidity pools have proved to be a secure and efficient income source. What is a liquidity pool? How does a liquidity pool work? 10. How to Get a Stablecoin Loan: A Beginners Guide Review the criteria a project can use to choose a lending platform. Steps that users need to follow to take out a stablecoin loan. 11. Where to Invest Your Hard-Earned Stablez? Description of the top platforms for staking, in my humble opinion 12. 4 DeFi Protocols that Will Build the Future of Finance There is a protocol arms race in DeFi right now. Yet due to DeFi’s composability, an advance boosts the whole ecosystem, not just one protocol. 13. A N00b's Guide to Decentralized Finance (DeFi) We’re all aware of traditional financial products and services. However, since the emergence of blockchain technology, the concept of Decentralized Finance, aka DeFi, has been on the rise. 14. DeFi Continues To Defy Odds While Ducking Questions on Scalability. For How Long? The term DeFi, short for "decentralized finance," has been entering the lexicon of the tech world for the last few years, yet only gaining real popularity recently. 15. DeFi Lacked Cohesion and Automation - Until Now DeFi is finally providing viable use cases for cryptocurrencies beyond being a speculative value storage. 16. Can DeFi Alter The World’s Wealth Distribution? What do Finance guys do? They do nothing. 17. Fixed DeFi: Crossing the Growth Hurdle How to make fixed rates available across every corner of DeFi 18. Why DeFi is the Future of Finance DeFi democratizes financial products, improving access for every customer. Meet the first DeFi platform to partner with a licensed and regulated bank. 19. Will DeFi Bring Global Revolution to the Traditional Finance Space? In recent years, the term decentralized finance (DeFi) has proliferated across the internet. Spreading from an obscure Telegram group chat to the force it is today, its meteoric rise might spell the end of the global financial system as we know it. 20. How the Finance Industry Is Being Reshaped by Enterprise Blockchain Decentralization and peer-to-peer exchanges, made possible by blockchain and distributed ledgers, are increasing the efficiency of financial transactions. 21. 2021 and the Rise of Layer-2 Blockchain Solutions Discover which layer 2 projects are offering solutions to scaling issues stunting the growth of DeFi 22. An Introduction to Regenerative Finance (ReFi) ReFi, or Regenerative Finance, is a new and innovative financial solution that aims to address many of the issues that traditional banking presents. I 23. DeFi Saver Launches Recipe Creator DeFi Saver introduced Recipe Creator, an advanced defi transactions builder that lets you combine multiple actions from different protocols in one transaction. 24. The State of the Compound Protocol Compound III: towards a money market's multi-chain future 25. The Rise of DeFi and Bolide - Interview We caught up with Ox Bid, the COO of Bolide.fi, to find out more 26. Secure Tokens are More Successful - Here's Why How important is security in the modern world? It is crucial, especially when it comes to finances, no matter the form. As the novelty of crypto assets starts w 27. Is DeFi the Answer to Southeast Asia’s Financial Woes? At that time, the global population seemed to be hopeful for the quick resolution of the problem – yet, the virus not only doesn’t seem to go away, 28. DeFi Evolution For Finance Liberation: Future Wave Of Finance In 2022 may mark a turning point for decentralized finance (DeFi), which enables customers to conduct financial transactions without the use of middlemen. 29. The Rationale for Making DeFi Available to All DeFi has the potential to make life better for everyone. But only if it works. Proposing the 3 S's of Defi to make it truly accessible: Secure, safe, simple. 30. A Look Into Layer 2 DEXs - Will ZKSwap Stand Out? A look into layer2 Dex 31. How to Launch a Token With Instant Liquidity [Coders Needed] In this article, I present a new fair-launch method for fungible tokens that instantly and permanently locks up a large portion of the supply in an AMM. 32. DeFi and Stablecoins: Is It A Match? Unit Protocol is a decentralized protocol that allows you to mint stablecoin $USDP using a variety of tokens as collateral. 33. The Key To DeFi is Simplicity: The Swapfolio Alpha is now LIVE While it’s been quite a chaotic year, the DeFi revolution has proven that the key to success in the crypto world is to make a complicated product much, much simpler and accessible. This ideology is manifested through projects that make the user interface (UI) a priority. 34. APY.Finance: What's Under The Hood? Technological developments and their rapid adoption make this the right time for a new decentralized financial system to emerge. So far, the products with more traction have been protocols offering lending/borrowing of crypto assets. 35. Blockchain Interoperability is Complex and Needs Better Focus on Security: Unhashed #17 Unhashed is a QnA series where I speak with top execs of new and established blockchain projects to unravel the mystery of blockchain & crypto. 36. Ethereum Layer 2 is Rising to the Challenge We've seen a meteoric rise in Ethereum layer 2 as many leading DeFi protocols are now building on, or porting contracts to, a number of thriving L2 ecosystems. 37. Non-Ethereum Systems Race To Develop DeFi-Friendly Capabilities Cryptocurrency aims to make money and payments accessible to everyone globally, no matter where they are located. The Decentralized Finance (DeFi) movement helps in taking a step towards that goal by creating an open, global alternative to the financial services that are in use today to anyone with a smartphone and an internet connection. 38. Automated Market Making With Equal and Self-Adjusting Governance Token Distribution Uniswap describes a vision of a fair decentralized trading protocol: on the one hand, anyone can exchange two paired tokens anytime and anywhere; and on the other hand, it uses fair incentives to encourage everyone to provide liquidity for trading. 39. EYWA Protocol: How cross-chain should actually work? EYWA is a cross-chain liquidity and data protocol that provides a comprehensive solution to the problem of blockchain interoperability. 40. What is DYP.finance? The Defi Project That Grows Silently Launched in the third quarter of 2020, DYP has seen impeccable growth in the past few months. 41. Yearn Finance Token - YFI Price Soared to $40.4K. How Did It Happen And What's Next? If you have checked the latest crypto news, you must have heard about DeFi and the yearn.finance project. Its YFI token has surged by one mln percent in just two weeks and costs much more than bitcoin right now. So, I want to reveal how this could have happened and what is all the buzz about. 42. "DeFi Will Look at Traditional Finance From Above" - Sean Qian Following the devastating effect of the pandemic, the world has quickly realized that it has to adapt to the new fickle environment – otherwise it will not withstand the hardship of Covid-19. 43. 5 Best Audit and KYC Solutions for DeFi Projects As DeFi, and crypto in general, keep getting global recognition, developers have had to comply with KYC and AML regulations in certain jurisdictions. 44. 10 Common DeFi Scams and How to Avoid Them DeFi scams are elaborate schemes designed for the DeFi space. This article covers 10 common DeFi scams; how they work and how to avoid them. 45. Once Upon a Time in DeFi Before I tell you how The Price PureFi has saved the Kingdom of DeFi, here is a story of how it all began. 46. THORWallet DEX: Filling the DeFi Retail Market Gap Decentralized finance (DeFi) is democratizing finance by replacing outdated institutions and legacy infrastructure with peer-to-peer networks. 47. Can DeFi dApps Compete with the Existing Financial Infrastructure? Decentralized finance dApps (DeFi) are, without a doubt, the way we can see real progress being made in regard to the general adoption of cryptocurrencies. As we know them now, cryptocurrencies are still climbing the adoption curve. 48. DeFi: The Disruption Felt 'Round the World' Legacy banks have held the power for too long. Decentralized Finance put the power back into the hands of the people. 49. DeFi Crypto Lending Is The Transformative Use Case The Industry Has Been Waiting For As Decentralized Finance continues to mature and establish footholds in global commerce, the time for its potential to deliver a user-first banking experience has arrived. 50. Crypto Launchpads: The Best Crypto Project Funding Platforms Crypto launchpads help new projects attract the community, thus making it easier for them to tread in crypto. 51. What dYdX and StarkWare's Partnership Means for DeFi's Perpetuals & Future(s) dYdX and Antonio Juliano Zhuoxun Yin Brendan Chou Everett Hu just sent me this handy mail announcing a partnership with StarkWare and their scalability engine, StarkEx. 52. Why Liquidity Bootstrap Pools are the Future of Fundraising Crypto projects went through multiple cycles, seeking the right recipe to build finance operations. The most intuitive and immediate takeaway was that crypto was volatile and unpredictable, with wild price swings for new projects. There were multiple reasons for the price swings, ranging from outright scams to coordinated pumps. 53. The KingSwap Project - An Introduction 🛡⚔️A new 🤴🏼King’s in town to claim his right to the DEX throne⚔️🛡. 54. I Started An Open Source Project To Help DeFi Developers and Companies Most of the DeFi projects are built on the Ethereum blockchain, so I thought that would be cool to collaborate with the community by giving some tools to make the development easier for everyone. 55. DeFi - The Whys, Whats, Wheres, and Hows of Decentralized Finance Decentralized Finance (DeFi) can be rightfully considered a third revolution in the crypto space. If you wonder what the first two are, these are the invention of blockchain itself along with the technology’s firstborn, Bitcoin, and the inception of the smart contract technology. 56. Bringing DeFi to Cosmos: How the Gravity DEX Protocol Came to be The Gravity DEX protocol is finally live. Users will be able to experience the protocol when Emeris, the first platform to support it, launches in beta. 57. CEO Waykichain "Gordon Gao" Explores the Potential of Synths If you let me choose the best concept of DeFi, I vote for synths. The power of such protocols starts with TVL. 58. What Can Blockchain Actually Solve? Does blockchain actually solve any issues? Or is it just a case of hype taking over the industry, blowing smoke amidst mirrors as investors take the bait? [59. DeFi Marketing from A to Z: The Most Efficient Instruments](https://hackernoon.com/defi-marketing-from-a-to-z-the-most-efficient-instruments-19l3txh) Market overview 60. DeFi Funds: Protect Yourself from these 3 Risks Today These 3 avoidable risks are common amongst Crypto Hedge and DeFi funds 61. Push Notifications Will Pull Blockchain Out of the Stone Age of Communication - Unhashed #1 Push notifications are critical for Web2.0 services to engage and notify their users. Apps and services on Web3.0 still lack it. EPNS aims to solve the issue. 62. A Virtual World of Werewolves in the NFT Space By gamifying werewolf assets, we’re giving NFT enthusiasts a new exciting way to get involved that's not so boring. 63. Monetize Your Unused Mobile Data using Aloha DeFi and Win NFTs Aloha DeFi is a one-of-a-kind platform that allows users to monetize unused mobile data through peer-to-peer distribution. 64. Crypto Lending Pools - How Do They Work? We break down exactly how crypto lending pools work and whether they could be a good idea for you 65. Hedging Against Market Manipulation with DeFi The latest addition to the DYP platform is the farming dApp with an integrated referral system. 66. Oracles, P2P Insurance, And DeFi - An Interview with Umbrella Network, Polkacover & Bridge Mutual Interviewing Umbrella Network, Polkacover, and Bridge Mutual Insurance 67. Defi trends in 2022: How to Enjoy Them With Secure and Anonymous KYC In order to take advantage of all the benefits the DeFi world has to offer, you need to go through KYC procedures. What is KYC? And what is wrong with it? 68. In Decentralization We Trust Is decentralization fair for everyone? This Week On Planet Internet, Utsav Jaiswal, Sidra Ijaz, and Amy Tom talk about the decentralization movement. What's the latest with DeFi? Can AI & decentralization be friends? 🥺 Thank you for checking out the 68 most read stories about Defi Solutions on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

68 Stories To Learn About Defi Solutions

10 Ukrainian Founders' Stories on Leading Web3 Businesses During the War and Bear Market

10 historias de fundadores ucranianos sobre empresas líderes de Web3 durante la guerra y el mercado bajista

10 histoires de fondateurs ukrainiens sur les principales entreprises Web3 pendant la guerre et le marché baissier

युद्ध और भालू बाजार के दौरान अग्रणी वेब3 व्यवसायों पर 10 यूक्रेनी संस्थापकों की कहानियां

10 ウクライナの創業者による、戦争と弱気市場における主要な Web3 ビジネスに関するストーリー

10 histórias de fundadores ucranianos sobre as principais empresas da Web3 durante a guerra e o mercado de baixa

10 câu chuyện của các nhà sáng lập Ukraina về các doanh nghiệp Web3 hàng đầu trong thời kỳ chiến tranh và thị trường gấu

10 位乌克兰创始人关于战争和熊市期间领先 Web3 企业的故事

Before I tell you how The Price has saved the Kingdom of DeFi, here is a story of how it all began. PureFi Once upon a time, in the faraway Kingdom of DeFi, a massive and explosive change took place. All the holders were happy since the growth of the Kingdom was driven by a massive influx of liquidity in the market. During these happy times, anyone was able to go through a simple process of exchanging their money for a coin without completing any KYC/AML verifiable processes. Then, invest the coins in a project with great potential, and, crossing fingers, watch the investment grow. In other words, holders could easily create wallets and start trading without disclosing any personal data. The Kingdom of DeFi was prospering as its technology could open up an enormous amount of opportunities for honest holders, up until one day, the evil bad actors came and occupied the Kingdom. Some of the honest market players stopped trading entirely and the rest kept going but wouldn’t stop complaining about having sleepless nights, worrying whether their coins were “pure” enough. The pure blue sky was covered with heavy gray clouds. The bad actors were the curse of the Kingdom because they served a function of laundering “dirty money” and systematically put the good actors and their financial activities at risk. Kingdom’s local police called FAFT couldn’t recognize the good actors from bad ones anymore. The Kingdom of DeFi was in complete chaos. Even the good actors who added a tangible value to the rebuilding of the global financial system could be approached and denied any further activity related to DEXs or providing liquidity to liquidity pools by FATF. Truth be told, the legends about evils like were horrifying! Around $32 million were taken away from the investors just like that! Unfortunately, the investors were not the only ones at high risk. DeFi100 Holders unwillingly took the high risk of picking up someone else's “dirty” money trail once they decided to withdraw their assets back. Liquidity pool operators took responsibility for the funds that the pool held. The value of the product was completely demolished once it wasn’t credible for honest holders anymore. It was especially hard to earn users’ trust when the product didn’t comply with money laundering and governmental KYC regulation. There was no way DEX traders could classify coins on their own. By only keeping the history of each transaction, no one was able to defend whether the buy or the sell was “clean”. Prince , the one-step compliance protocol for decentralized finances, was developed by AMLbot as a project of Hacken. He aimed to provide a full-cycle solution for crypto asset analytics and AML/KYC procedures on the DeFi market. PureFi PureFi connects provides crypto asset analytics to protect liquidity pool users and honest market players. Analytics results are available via VC (verifiable credentials). Each VC certificate contains information about asset price, AML/KYC, and other metadata - so it can be used as a full-fledged AML/KYC verification for any legal/validation issues. The content of the certificate is encrypted and available only from the public key list (whitelist). Whitelisted participants get data from the certificate with zero-knowledge proof (ZK SNARK). In this way, the VC certificate empowers its owner to prove to the verifier that a statement is true without disclosing any facts excluding the statement’s validity. This article is part of the hosted by HackerNoon in partnership with . Decentralized Internet Writing Contest Free TON Join the contest for your chance to of TON crystals every month. win up to $1500 worth Looking for more articles like this? Be sure to subscribe to our newsletter in the footer below!

Once Upon a Time in DeFi 

ON PURIFICATION OF AIR BY OZONE—WITH AN ACCOUNT OF A NEW METHOD

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . VINEGAR. here VINEGAR. Hermann Kratzer, of Leipsic, communicates the following practical information on the clarification and purification of vinegar to the Neueste Erfindungen und Erfahrungen: If vinegar has an unpleasant odor, which is rarer now that the vinegar manufacture has reached such a state of perfection, it may be removed as follows: Well burned and finely pulverized wood charcoal is put into the bottles containing the vinegar, the proportions being 8 grammes of charcoal to a liter of vinegar, or one ounce to the gallon. It is shaken several times very thoroughly, then left standing three or four days, and the vinegar filtered through a linen cloth. Vinegar treated in this manner will be found to have completely lost its unpleasant odor. I have found that when I used blood charcoal or bone coal in place of wood coal it was still more efficient; but it must be mentioned that when they are used they must be purified as follows before using: Charcoal from blood contains potash and hence it is necessary to wash it with distilled water and dry it before using it. Bone coal (also called bone black, animal charcoal, etc.) contains on an average 10 per cent. of nitrogenous and hydrogenated carbon, 8 per cent. of carbonate of lime, 78 per cent. of phosphate of lime, besides phosphate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, soluble salts, etc. Before using, it should be treated with dilute hydrochloric acid until it does not effervesce any more. The bone coal is then left to stand for 24 or 30 hours and at the end of this time is washed with distilled water until the wash water no longer reddens a blue piece of litmus paper, i.e., until every trace of hydrochloric acid has been removed from the bone coal. Wood charcoal may be treated in like manner. When this coal is perfectly dry it is employed in the same proportions as the other, 8 to 1,000, the operation being exactly the same. He turns next to the clarification of the vinegar. It happens everywhere that vinegar instead of being clear is sometimes turbid. This is due to particles of yeast dissolved in the vinegar that have not yet settled. To remove this kind of turbidity it is customary to use oak or beech shavings that have been washed in hot water and then dried. These shavings, which must be very long and extremely thin, are put in a barrel with a second and perforated bottom, to a depth of 12 to 34 inches. The vinegar that runs through them deposits its slimy constituents on the shavings and becomes perfectly clear, and presents to the eye a pleasing appearance. To this generally known method I would add a few more: I take a ½ kilo of well pulverized animal charcoal (black burned bones) to 7/8 of a hectoliter of vinegar (1 lb. to 20 gallons), and stir it well with a wooden rod; or, if the vinegar is in bottles, I shake it a long time after putting the animal charcoal in the bottle, and repeat it several times. After three or four days I finally filter the vinegar through linen, when the filtrate will exhibit the desired clearness. The best way to clarify vinegar is with isinglass. It is first broken up, then swelled for a day in vinegar (17 or 18 grammes to the liter), then 2 liters of vinegar are added and the mass boiled until the isinglass is completely dissolved. Such a solution as this (½ ounce to 3 quarts) is mixed with 10¼ hectoliters (250 gallons) of turbid vinegar and well stirred through it. After the expiration of five or six weeks vinegar treated in this way has a beautifully clear appearance. Albumen can likewise be used to clarify it. The vinegar is boiled with the albumen until the latter is completely coagulated, and then the vinegar is filtered. And finally milk may be employed. For this purpose the milk is skimmed, and 1 quart of milk added for every 68 quarts of vinegar, the mixture well stirred and shaken. After the caseous portion has coagulated (curdled) it is filtered as before, and in this case, too, the product is a fine, clear vinegar. We believe that these few experiments, so easily performed, and at so small an expense, will prove useful to our readers in enabling them to put their product in the market in an excellent condition and nicely clarified. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The following practical information on the clarification and purification of vinegar

Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE ELECTRICAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED WATER. here THE ELECTRICAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED WATER. By WM. WEBSTER. The term sewage many years ago was rightly applied to the excremental refuse of towns, but it is a most difficult matter to define the liquid that teems into our rivers under the name of sewage to-day; in most towns "chemical refuse" is the best name for the complex fluid running from the sewers. It is now more than ten years since I first commenced a series of experiments with a view of thoroughly testing various methods of purifying sewage and water contaminated with putrefying organic matter. It was while investigating the action of iron salts upon organic matter in solution and splitting up the chlorides present by means of electrolysis, that I first became aware of the importance of precipitating the soluble organic matter in such manner that no chemical solution should take the place of the precipitated organic matter. If chemical matter is substituted for the organic compounds, the cure is worse than the disease, as the resulting solution in most cases sets up after precipitation in the river into which it flows. My first electrolytical experiments were conducted with non-oxidizable plates of platinum and carbon, but the cost of the first and the impossibility of obtaining carbon plates that would stand long-continued action of nascent chlorine and oxygen made it desirable that some modification should be tried. I next tried the effect of electrolytic action when iron salts were present, but did not think of using iron electrodes until after trying aluminum. I found that the action of non-oxidizable electrodes was most efficacious after the temperature of the fluid acted upon rose 4° or 5°; but the cost of working made it impossible on a large scale. After a long series of experiments, iron plates were used as electrodes, with remarkable results, for the compounds of iron formed not only deodorized the samples of sewage acted on, but produced complete precipitation of the matters in suspension, and also of the soluble organic matter; the resulting effluents remaining perfectly free from putrefaction. The first part of the process is well illustrated by the small experiments now shown; the organic matter in suspension and in solution separates into flocculent particles, which rise to the top of the liquid and remain until the bubbles of hydrogen which have carried them up escape, when the solid matter will precipitate. In the arrangement adopted on a working scale, the separated particles precipitate readily. As an illustration of the action upon organic matter in solution I take a small quantity of dye, mix it with water, and placing the connected iron electrodes in the mixture, the dye in solution separates into flocculent particles. The electrolytical action is of course easily understood, but the chemical changes that take place need an explanation. At the positive pole, hypochlorite of iron seems to be formed at first, but this is quickly changed into a protochloride, and as at the negative pole an alkaline reaction takes place, the iron salt is precipitated in the form of the ferrous hydrated oxide, together with the organic matters in suspension and solution. Owing to the carbonates that are always present in sewage, ferrous carbonate is also formed. The success of these laboratory experiments led me to a trial of the process on a larger scale, for hitherto only a gallon at any one time had been treated. Small brick tanks were erected at my wharf at Peckham and iron electrodes fitted to them. Wrought iron plates were fixed about an inch apart, and connected in parallel in the tanks, forming one big cell. Sewage to the amount of about 200 gallons was run into the electrode tank and then treated, the results being so satisfactory that larger works were erected, when a supply of sewage equal to 20,000 gallons an hour could be obtained. After a number of experiments had been carried out it was decided to run the sewage as rapidly as possible through electrodes, six cells or two rows in series fixed in a long channel or shoot, for experience showed that the motion of the liquid acted on reduced the back E.M.F. and hastened the formation of the precipitate. A channel is kept at the bottom of the electrodes for the silt to collect, with a culvert at side to flush it into, so as to prevent any block occurring; the advantage of this is obvious. The plates in each section may be from half an inch to an inch thick, and can be of any length up to 6 ft. It may possibly be objected that a large number of plates is required. This may be so, but the larger the number of plates, the less the engine power required, and the longer they last. In each section the electrodes are in parallel, and any one section is in series with the other, the arrangement being exactly like that of a series of primary battery cells. By actual experience I have been able to prove that at least 25 sections of electrodes should be in series and across any one of these sections the potential difference need not be greater than 1.8 volts, the current being of any desired amount, according to the surface of plates used. The electrical measurements taken by Dr. John Hopkinson during these experiments for the Electrical Purification Association, to whom I had sold my patents, entirely corroborated my contentions as to E.H.P. used, and agreed with the measurements of the managing electrician, Mr. Octavius March. The process was then thoroughly investigated by Sir Henry Roscoe, who had control of the works for one month. He reports as follows: "The reduction of organic matter in solution is the crucial test of the value of a purifying agent, for unless the organic matter is reduced, the effluent will putrefy and rapidly become offensive. "I have not observed in any of the unfiltered effluents from this process which I have examined any signs of putrefaction, but, on the contrary, a tendency to oxidize. The absence of sulphureted hydrogen in samples of unfiltered effluent, which have been kept for about six weeks in stoppered bottles, is also a fact of importance. The settled sewage was not in this condition, as it rapidly underwent putrefaction, even in contact with air, in two or three days. "The results of this chemical investigation show that the chief advantages of this system of putrefaction are: "First.—The active agent, hydrated ferrous oxide, is prepared within the sewage itself as a flocculent precipitate. (It is scarcely necessary to add that the inorganic salts in solution are not increased, as in the case where chemicals in solution are added to the sewage.) Not only does it act as a mechanical precipitant, but it possesses the property of combining chemically with some of the soluble organic matter and carrying it down in an insoluble form. "Second.—Hydrated ferrous oxide is a deodorizer. "Third.—By this process the soluble organic matter is reduced to a condition favorable to the further and complete purification by natural agencies. "Fourth.—The effluent is not liable to secondary putrefaction." Mr. Alfred E. Fletcher also investigated the process subsequently, and reports as follows: "The treatment causes a reduction in the oxidizable matter in the sewage, varying from 60 to 80 per cent. The practical result of the process is a very rapid and complete clarification of the sewage, which enables the sludge to separate freely. "It was noticed that while the raw sewage filters very slowly, so that 500 c.c. required 96 hours to pass through a paper filter, the electrically treated sewage settled well and filtered rapidly. "Samples of the raw sewage, having but little smell when fresh, stank strongly on the third day. The treated samples, however, had no smell originally, and remain sweet, without putrefactive change. "In producing this result two agencies are at work, there is the action of electrolysis and the formation of a hydrated oxide of iron. It is not possible, perhaps, to define the exact action, but as the formation of an iron oxide is part of it, it seemed desirable to ascertain whether the simple addition of a salt of iron with lime sufficient to neutralize the acid of the salt would produce results similar to those attained by Webster's process. "In order to make these experiments, samples of fresh raw sewage were taken at Crossness at intervals of one hour during the day. As much as 10 grains of different salts of iron were added per gallon, plus 15.7 grains of lime in some cases and 125 grains of lime in another, and the treated sewage was allowed to settle twenty-four hours; the results obtained were not nearly as good as the electrical method." During the present year a very searching investigation of the merits of various processes of sewage treatment has been made by the corporation of Salford; among others of my electrical process. As the matter is at present under discussion by the council, I am not in a position to give extracts from the reports of the engineers and chemists under whose supervision and control the work was done, but I may go so far as to say that the results of my system of electrical treatment have proved its efficiency and applicability to sewages of even such a foul nature as that of Salford and Pendleton. The system was controlled continuously for the corporation by Mr. A. Jacob, B.A., C.E., the borough engineer; Mr. J. Carter Bell, F.I.C., etc., county analyst; Messrs John Newton & Sons, engineers, Manchester; Mr. Giles, of Messrs. Mather & Pratt, electrical engineers, Manchester; Dr. Charles A. Burghardt, lecturer in mineralogy at Owens College. I would also refer you to a paper recently read before the Manchester Section of this Society by Mr Carter Bell, the borough analyst for Salford, in whose remarks Dr. Burghardt, an independent authority, permits me to add that he concurs. He cannot give details until his report has gone in, which will be very shortly. Mr. Carter Bell's report gone in, and although he is precluded also from giving full details, he has kindly put at my disposal samples sealed by him of the effluents produced by the electrical treatment, which I now submit, together with the analyses in the table. has The samples are taken at random. Whether the process will or will not be adopted by the Salford authorities I am of course unable to say, but I think I may safely say that the electrical process has now absolutely proved its case in regard to the solution of the sewage problem. It is simple, efficient and, I am sure, more economical than any other known process where duration is taken into account. In regard to the Salford trials it may be interesting to give the following particulars: ______________________________________________________________________
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                       |              Parts in 100,000.
                       |________________________________________________
                       |             |           |           |
                       |   May 15.   |  June 7.  |  June 30. |  July 25.
                       |_____________|___________|___________|__________
                       |Not filtered.|           |           |
    Total solids.      |   109       |  125      |  141      |  132
    Loss on ignition.  |    33       |   21      |   29      |   23
    Chlorine.          |    32       |   44      |   42      |   43
    Oxygen required    |             |           |           |
      for 15 minutes.  |     2.56    |    0.76   |    0.27   |    0.79
    Oxygen required    |             |           |           |
      for three hours. |     4.27    |    0.79   |    0.50   |    1.00
    Free ammonia.      |     2.20    |    0.88   |    0.50   |    0.92
    Albuminoid am-     |             |           |           |
      monia.           |     0.32    |    0.17   |    0.092  |    0.19
  _____________________|_____________|___________|___________|__________ The electrical shoot was built in brick and contained 28 cells arranged in series. Each cell contained 13 cast iron plates 4 in. × 2 ft. 8 in. × ½ in. thick connected in parallel. The available electrode surface in each cell was 256 sq. ft. The ampere hour treatment required for Salford was found to be about 0.37 ampere hours per gallon, and the I.H.P. per million gallons based on these figures would be 37. NOTE.—In estimating for the plant necessary for treating the whole of the Salford sewage, a margin was allowed on above figures. The A.H.T. was taken at 0.4 and the I.H.P. per million at 39 to 39.5. Mr. Octavius March, electrical engineer, who has followed the process from the commencement, and who superintended the electrical details both at Crossness and Salford, will give you on the blackboard a rough sketch of the above trial plant. The Salford tanks are admirably adapted to the application of the electrical or in fact any process of precipitation. They are 12 in number, and it is proposed to take two end tanks for the electrical channels, in which the iron electrodes would be placed. The total I.H.P. required for treating the whole of the Salford and Pendleton sewage, taken at 10,000,000 gallons per 24 hours, is calculated at 400 I.H.P., based on the actual work done during the trial. The electrical plant would consist of four engines and dynamos, any three of which could do the whole work, and three boilers, each of 200 I.H.P. The total cost of plant, including alterations, is estimated at £16,000, to which must be added the cost of about 5,000 tons of iron plates—ordinary cast iron—at say £4 per ton. These plates would last for several years. If filtration were required, there would be an extra expenditure for this, but it will be remarked that as the treated sewage is practically purified when it leaves the electrical channels, these filters would be only required for complete clarification, which for most places would not be a necessity. The filtering material used could be gradually prepared from the sludge obtained after electrical treatment, unless it could be more profitably sold as a manure, and I am not a believer in the value of sewage sludge in large quantities. This sludge, a waste product, is converted into , of which I have here two small samples. This magnetic oxide is a good filtering material, but, like every other filtering material, it would of course require renewal. There would, however, always be a supply of the waste product—sewage sludge—on the spot, and the spent magnetic oxide recarbonized could be used indefinitely. magnetic oxide of iron The annual cost for dealing with the Salford sewage is estimated at in round figures £2,500 for coal, labor, maintenance of engines, boilers and dynamos. To this must be added the consumption of iron and its replacement, which would have to be written off capital expenditure. If a colorless effluent were required, absolutely free from suspended matter, the additional cost is estimated at from £1,200 to £1,500. Recently read before the Chemical Society, London. From the of the Society. Journal About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11649/pg11649-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE ELECTRICAL PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE AND CONTAMINATED WATER

Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Purification of Wool and Woolen Stuff. here Purification of Wool and Woolen Stuff. The process, patented some time ago, for the removal of straw, burrs, etc., from wool, by treatment with sulphuric acid, has been modified by Lisc as follows: The stuff is worked for one to two hours in a bath consisting of about 26 gallons sulphuric acid, of 3° to 6°, 1 lb. alum, ½ lb. salt, and 750 grains borax. It is then treated in a centrifugal machine, and afterward subjected to a temperature of 212° to 248°. For removal of the acid it is first washed with pure water for 1½ hours, then treated for two hours with fuller's earth, soda, and lime, and finally washed for two hours with fresh water. As sulphuric acid can only be employed with uncolored cloths, or such as have been dyed with indigo, chloride of zinc and chloride of manganese diluted to 6° are substituted with fabrics otherwise dyed. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19406/pg19406-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Purification of Wool and Woolen Stuff

When working with text in JavaScript, you may come across situations where you need to add a prefix or suffix to each new line in a given text. In this tutorial, we'll walk you through a simple and effective way to achieve this using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. We'll create an easy-to-use online tool that adds a specified prefix and suffix to each new line of text entered by the user. Step 1: Create the HTML Structure First, let's create the basic for our tool. This includes a text area for inputting the text, two input fields for the prefix and suffix, a button to trigger the , and an output text area to display the processed text. HTML structure JavaScript function <!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Add Prefix and Suffix</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Add Prefix and Suffix to Each New Line</h1>
    <textarea id="inputText" rows="10" cols="50" placeholder="Enter your text here..."></textarea>
    <br>
    <label for="prefix">Prefix:</label>
    <input type="text" id="prefix" />
    <br>
    <label for="suffix">Suffix:</label>
    <input type="text" id="suffix" />
    <br>
    <button onclick="addPrefixAndSuffix()">Add Prefix and Suffix</button>
    <br>
    <h2>Output:</h2>
    <textarea id="outputText" rows="10" cols="50" readonly></textarea>
</body>
</html> Step 2: Add CSS for Styling Although not required, you may want to add some basic the tool. Here's a simple example: CSS to style <style>
    body {
        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
        max-width: 800px;
        margin: 0 auto;
        padding: 20px;
    }

    textarea, input {
        display: block;
        width: 100%;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
    }

    button {
        background-color: #4CAF50;
        color: white;
        padding: 8px 16px;
        border: none;
        cursor: pointer;
        text-decoration: none;
    }

    button:hover {
        background-color: #45a049;
    }
</style> Add the above CSS code inside the tag of the HTML code to apply the styles. <head> Step 3: Write the JavaScript Function Now, let's write the JavaScript function that will add the specified prefix and suffix to each new line of the input text. Be sure to include this code within tags at the end of your HTML file, just before the closing tag. <script> </body> function addPrefixAndSuffix() {
    const inputText = document.getElementById('inputText').value;
    const prefix = document.getElementById('prefix').value;
    const suffix = document.getElementById('suffix').value;
    const lines = inputText.split('\n');

    const outputLines = lines.map(line => {
        if (line.trim() === '') {
            return line;
        }
        return prefix + line + suffix;
    });

    const outputText = outputLines.join('\n');
    document.getElementById('outputText').value = outputText;
} This function retrieves the input text, prefix, and suffix from the HTML elements. It then splits the input of lines, processes each line by adding the prefix and suffix (skipping empty or whitespace-only lines), and finally combines the processed lines back into a single string. text into an array Step 4: Test the Tool To test the , save the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code in a new file and open it in your web browser. You should see a simple interface with input fields for the text, prefix, and suffix, as well as a button to trigger the function. tool .html Enter your text in the text area, input your desired prefix and suffix, and click the "Add Prefix and Suffix" button. The processed text with the added prefix and suffix should appear in the output text area. Conclusion In this tutorial, we have demonstrated how to create a user-friendly online tool that adds a prefix and suffix to each new line of text using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. This tool can be helpful for tasks such as formatting lists, adding , or enhancing the appearance of your text. code snippets With this simple yet effective solution, you can save time and effort when working with text in JavaScript.

How to Add Prefix or Suffix to Each New Line in JavaScript

Task description: A (pronounced as “try”) or is a tree data structure used to efficiently store and retrieve keys in a dataset of strings. There are various applications of this data structure, such as autocomplete and spellchecker. trie prefix tree Implement the Trie class: Initializes the trie object. Trie() Inserts the string into the trie. void insert(String word) word Returns if the string is in the trie (i.e., was inserted before), and otherwise. boolean search(String word) true word false Returns if there is a previously inserted string that has the prefix , and otherwise. boolean startsWith(String prefix) true word prefix false Example 1: Input
["Trie", "insert", "search", "search", "startsWith", "insert", "search"]
[[], ["apple"], ["apple"], ["app"], ["app"], ["app"], ["app"]]
Output
[null, null, true, false, true, null, true] Explanation
Trie trie = new Trie();
trie.insert("apple");
trie.search("apple");   // return True
trie.search("app");     // return False
trie.startsWith("app"); // return True
trie.insert("app");
trie.search("app");     // return True Constraints: 1 <= word.length, prefix.length <= 2000 and consist only of lowercase English letters. word prefix At most calls will be made to , , and . 3 * 10^4 in total insert search startsWith Reasoning: is the classic data structure that is widely used. One of the most famous uses is text searching. Let’s take Google.com as an example. Trie Google’s example Have you ever noticed whenever you start typing a search phrase to a search bar you almost immediately get some suggestion from the searching system? I bet the answer is “Yes”. The Trie data structure makes it possible. Let’s add some words to Trie and see how it looks like this: Example of Trie with some words The Trie above contains words: Algorithm, Animation, Ant, Apache, Append, Apple, Application, Apricot. As you may notice we treat every word as a sequence of characters. Starting from the first character of each word we attach it to the root of the and move down till we reach the last character of each word. Trie Once we reached the end of a word we mark that last as the end of the word. I hope now it’s clear to you how it works in general. If you still struggle with it, I recommend you to read . Node Wikipedia’s article Solution: We are to implement Trie with the following method: https://gist.github.com/RakhmedovRS/a53ea510ad97088fdfd4829209d405b2 As we saw in the example of real we had to notice that as with any other data structure it consists of smaller pieces which are usually called . Let’s introduce this small part: Trie Tree Node https://gist.github.com/RakhmedovRS/bb2a188cd156565b692af1f5262d96a3 A few things we need to have a closer look at here: We have the boolean array which will tell us if we have particular characters in a particular node. boolean variable which answers just one question, whether or not the current node is the end of a word in our Trie. Last but not least TrieNode array stores child TrieNodes of the current TrieNode. chars isEnd children Let’s look at other methods, one by one: Method returns nothing and accepts word to insert into the Trie: void insert(String word) https://gist.github.com/RakhmedovRS/b460db4fd040a47ca33e8afc401af7c0 Starting from the root of the Trie we iterate through every char in provided word and create a new TrieNode every time if we don’t have one. At the last character in word, we mark TrieNode as isEnd. The next method in our list is which searches for a particular word in the Trie and returns a boolean value depending on whether or not the Trie contains it. As input, it takes a word. boolean search(String word) https://gist.github.com/RakhmedovRS/18bb68c4e83f3c602afa4a338e96fbc2 Here we do the same as in the previous method except for a few things. Iterate through every character in provided word and if we don’t have a child with the next character we return false. At the end of a word, we return the current node value of . isEnd Lastly method takes prefix and returns true if we have a prefix in our Trie if not we return false. boolean startsWith(String prefix) https://gist.github.com/RakhmedovRS/d25842ef37c339e6260ef50097713e84 This method does completely the same as the previous one except for only one thing. If we managed to iterate through the whole prefix we return true, because we’re looking for the prefix and not an entire word, otherwise we return false. As always at the end of the article, I prove the full source code of the problem https://gist.github.com/RakhmedovRS/cff7b0ea83d0a598c86c7b9aac834425 It has linear time and space complexity and has the following position among other people's solutions. Also published . here

How to Implement Trie (Prefix Tree) - Blind 75 LeetCode Questions

Cómo implementar Trie (Árbol de prefijos) - Preguntas ciegas de 75 LeetCode

In this post, we will look at prefix sums and how they can be used to solve a common coding problem, that is, calculating the sum of an array (segment). This article will use Java for the code samples but the concept should apply to most programming languages. Before looking into prefix sums, let’s look at the function below that calculates the sum of an array using a standard for loop. The function iterates the array and adds each value to a variable to get the sum: Array Segments Now for array segments, array segments can also be referred to as a of an array. Specifically a of an array. With some modifications, the previous function can be used to also calculate the array segment sum by adding starting and ending array indexes: slice continuous slice Let’s say we have an array with values and we want to get the sum of a segment starting from values . The sum should be . [ 10, 7, 22, 2, 13, 15, 6 ] 7 to 13 44 (7 + 22 + 2 + 13) Now, let’s use our modified function to calculate the sum of array segment providing the starting index for 7(index=1) and ending index for 13(index=4): Prefix sums Now for prefix sums, we can use prefix sums as an alternative approach to the same problem. Prefix sums is a simple yet powerful technique that we can use to easily calculate the sum of a segment or an array. It allows us to lookup the sum of an array segment or for the whole array in constant time, by introducing a reusable lookup array. Given the same array from above, its prefix sum should be like: Now that we know what prefix sums look like, let’s use it to calculate the sum of an array segment of the original array. Using the same example array segment as earlier, the segment that starts from index 1 and ends in index 4 that have the sum of 44. When using prefix sums, iterating each array value won’t be needed anymore, we only need two elements for the calculation and we can get those in constant time. We can get the two values using elements from prefix sums array in certain indexes. The first element is at the index of starting index of the array segment, in this case, it’s , which has the value of . The second element is at the index of the ending index of the array segment, in this case, it’s , so the final index is , which has the value of . Now that we have our two elements, we can subtract the first element to the second element to get the array segment sum which is . index 1 10 +1 index 4 + 1 5 54 44 (54 - 10) That is prefix sums, in theory, now let’s write some Java code to create a prefix sum of an array. The input would be the original array and the output would be an array containing values similar to the example above. There are slight variations on how one should build a prefix sum. In our example, we’re going with initializing it with an array size based from the original array size (n+1). Then each prefix sum value of will have a value of + in order for us to have a running sum for the original array: +1 prefixSum[i] prefixSum[i - 1] originalNums[i - 1] After creating our prefix sum, we can use it to look up the sum of an array segment(or whole) in constant O(1) time. Let’s build a helper function for that lookup to make our lives easier: Putting it all together, let’s use prefix sums to calculate the array segment sum for the same sample array above: In instances where different array segment sums are needed for the same array, prefix sums are most useful. The first approach would have been , where m is how many times we need to recalculate different array segments. With prefix sums, our time complexity is reduced to . O(n * m) O(n + m) End In this post, we learned what are prefix sums, how to implement them, and how they can be applied and used to calculate the sum of an array segment. Also published at: https://micogongob.com/array-segment-sum-using-prefix-sums

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Event notifications in MinIO may not seem thrilling at first, but once you harness their power, they illuminate the dynamics within your storage buckets. Event notifications are critical components of a full-fledged, efficient object storage system. Webhooks are my personal . They are like a Swiss Army knife in the world of events, offering a universal solution to various challenges. favorite tool for integrating with MinIO MinIO's user-friendly UI provides seamless service , but we're diving deeper in this guide. We're building services from scratch in Python, using their client credentials, to walk you through the nuts and bolts of MinIO integration. integrations In our exploration, we'll focus on deploying using docker-compose, a method that offers streamlined and efficient orchestration. This approach will involve setting up a cohesive environment for MinIO and Flask, enabling them to interact seamlessly. By integrating the MinIO service with its appropriate credentials and configurations, we aim to create a systematic workflow that effectively demonstrates the practical application of managing and responding to MinIO bucket events. Once we set up client configurations and define the structure for response data, as always, the real fun begins. This demonstration will highlight several key aspects of how you can connect your MinIO client to a Flask application where the event notification data can further be processed. We want you to feel comfortable in developing your own event-driven systems with MinIO, so utilize the services we've provided in the resource hosted on . blog-assets/flask-webhook-event-notifications MinIO’s GitHub Page Prepare to dive into a world where data handling is both an art and a science, made simpler with MinIO. It's an opportunity to innovate, create and revolutionize the way your apps work with data. MinIO and Integrated Services MinIO's integration into the exemplifies its adaptability across various cloud technologies. Webhooks are pivotal, offering developers the flexibility to craft custom integrations, whether for managing data across diverse cloud platforms or for local home lab setups. Kubernetes ecosystem This guide goes beyond theoretical concepts, providing you with practical, executable code snippets to build your integrations. It's an invitation to explore the boundless potential of your creativity in leveraging MinIO event notifications. Laying the Groundwork for a Python Application with Docker The initial phase of our journey is dedicated to harnessing the power of Docker's containerization to craft a robust Python application environment. Our approach centers around deploying with Docker-compose, a method chosen for its simplicity and effectiveness. This choice is designed to cater to a wide range of developers, prioritizing ease of use and rapid deployment while ensuring a high level of functionality. Utilizing Docker-compose, we create a user-friendly, configuration-driven setup. This environment is perfect for those seeking quick deployment without sacrificing the depth of their project's capabilities. It provides a straightforward pathway to integrate advanced webhook features and fine-tune MinIO settings, catering to the specific requirements of your project. Each step we take in setting up this environment is crucial. It's not just about getting the services up and running; it's about understanding and leveraging components to create a comprehensive system. Developing your own systems can be the spark that ignites your innovation, enhancing your overall data management strategy, and eventually turns your raw data into actionable, insightful information. Deploying MinIO and Integrated Services Deploy with Docker-Compose: Flask App and MinIO We will begin by setting up a Python application and its environment. This involves deploying MinIO with docker compose and the services to be integrated. To set up MinIO with a Flask application, we will be using the command to clone the repository to your local environment: git minio/blog-assets git clone https://github.com/minio/blog-assets.git

cd flask-webhook-event-notifications

docker-compose up This will clone the repository from GitHub, navigate to the directory containing the file, and start the MinIO and Flask services. minio/blog-assets /flask-webhook-event-notifications/ docker-compose.yaml Directory Structure This docker-compose structure outlines two services and their respective configuration variables. For visualization purposes, I have provided a tree view of the desired directory structure here: /flask-webhook-event-notifications
├── Dockerfile
├── app
│       └── main.py
└── docker-compose.yaml Setting up Webhooks in MinIO Configuring a webhook in MinIO can be accomplished through various methods ranging from using the user-interface, by using (the MinIO client utility), or by way of scripting with various programming languages. mc MinIO supports a , including: , , , , , , , , , and . variety of external services for event notifications AMQP (RabbitMQ) MQTT NATS NSQ Elasticsearch Kafka MySQL PostgreSQL Redis webhook services Setting up MinIO to utilize these involves a series of well-defined steps, ensuring that your MinIO instance not only captures but also effectively communicates important event data as  an interactive, responsive part of your application ecosystem. event notifications Understanding the Data Structure of MinIO Event Notifications The S3 event notifications from MinIO include a , essential for a comprehensive understanding and effective management of events. Below I have listed some of the values found from within the event data: detailed JSON data structure : The unique identifier of the object in the bucket. Key : The object’s version identifier for integrity and version control. eTag : The size of the object in bytes, indicating its scale. Size : Ensures the events are processed in the exact sequence they occurred. Sequencer : The media type of the object, specifying how to handle or display the file. ContentType : User-defined metadata attached to the object, providing additional context. UserMetadata : Bucket Details : The unique identifier for the bucket in AWS. ARN (Amazon Resource Name) : The name of the bucket where the object is stored. Name : Information about the owner of the bucket. OwnerIdentity : Indicates the version of the S3 event notification schema used. s3SchemaVersion : Identifier for the specific notification configuration that triggered this event. ConfigurationId This structure is particularly effective for , enabling systematic logging, parsing and analysis of interactions with the MinIO bucket. Flask applications Setting Up MinIO for Webhooks and Event-Driven Operations After deploying the outlined above, continue by using the MinIO Client, , command-line utility. This setup involves creating an alias in MinIO, configuring the endpoint and setting bucket notifications. docker-compose.yaml mc We will be working inside of an interactive terminal for the container, which we can spawn by running a single command: “minio” docker exec -it minio /bin/sh The reason for running our mc commands from within this shell is because the Docker image already has installed and ready to go. minio/minio mc Once inside the container’s interactive terminal, the process of configuring MinIO for event notifications using the MinIO Client (mc) involves the following key steps: : The first step involves creating an alias for your MinIO server using the MinIO Client (mc). This alias is a shortcut to your MinIO server, allowing you to easily execute further mc commands without repeatedly specifying the server’s address and access credentials. This step  simplifies the management of your MinIO server through the client. Setting Up MinIO Alias mc alias set myminio http://localhost:9000 minio minio123 : Configure a new webhook service endpoint in MinIO. This setup is done using either environment variables or runtime configuration settings, where you define important parameters such as the endpoint URL, an optional authentication token for security, and client certificates for secure connections. Adding the Webhook Endpoint to MinIO mc admin config set myminio notify_webhook:1 endpoint="http://flaskapp:5000/minio-event" queue_limit="10" : Once you have configured the settings, restart your MinIO deployment to ensure the changes take effect. Restarting the MinIO Deployment mc admin service restart myminio Expect: Restart command successfully sent to myminio. Type Ctrl-C to quit or wait to follow the status of the restart process....Restarted myminio successfully in 1 seconds : The next step involves using the mc event add command. This command is used to add new bucket notification events, setting the newly configured Webhook service as the target for these notifications. Configuring Bucket Notifications mc event add myminio/mybucket arn:minio:sqs::1:webhook --event put,get,delete Expect: Successfully added arn:minio:sqs::1:webhook : Run this command to list the event assigned to myminio/mybucket: List Bucket Subscribed Events minio mc event list myminio/mybucket Expect: arn:minio:sqs::1:webhook s3:ObjectCreated:*,s3:ObjectAccessed:*,s3:ObjectRemoved:*  Filter: : Run this command to list the event assigned to myminio/mybucket in JSON format: List Bucket Assigned Events (in JSON) minio mc event list myminio/mybucket arn:minio:sqs::1:webhook --json Expect: { "status": "success", "id": "", "event": ["s3:ObjectCreated:","s3:ObjectAccessed:", "s3:ObjectRemoved:*"], "prefix": "", "suffix": "", "arn": "arn:minio:sqs::1:webhook"} The Structure of the Event Notification Data Received by Flask Depending on the services or integration you are building, you may need to identify the event_data from your Flask app, and this requires a good understanding of the data your event provides. {
  "s3": {
    "bucket": {
      "arn": "arn:aws:s3:::mybucket",
      "name": "mybucket",
      "ownerIdentity": {
        "principalId": "minio"
      }
    },
    "object": {
      "key": "cmd.md",
      "eTag": "d8e8fca2dc0f896fd7cb4cb0031ba249",
      "size": 5,
      "sequencer": "17A9AB4FA93B35D8",
      "contentType": "text/markdown",
      "userMetadata": {
        "content-type": "text/markdown"
      }
    },
    "configurationId": "Config",
    "s3SchemaVersion": "1.0"
  },
  "source": {
    "host": "127.0.0.1",
    "port": "",
    "userAgent": "MinIO (linux; arm64) minio-go/v7.0.66 mc/RELEASE.2024-01-11T05-49-32Z"
  },
  "awsRegion": "",
  "eventName": "s3:ObjectCreated:Put",
  "eventTime": "2024-01-12T17:58:12.569Z",
  "eventSource": "minio:s3",
  "eventVersion": "2.0",
  "userIdentity": {
    "principalId": "minio"
  },
  "responseElements": {
    "x-amz-id-2": "dd9025bab4ad464b049177c95eb6ebf374d3b3fd1af9251148b658df7ac2e3e8",
    "x-amz-request-id": "17A9AB4FA9328C8F",
    "x-minio-deployment-id": "c3642fb7-ab2a-44a0-96cb-246bf4d18e84",
    "x-minio-origin-endpoint": "http://172.18.0.3:9000"
  },
  "requestParameters": {
    "region": "",
    "principalId": "minio",
    "sourceIPAddress": "127.0.0.1"
  }
} By following these steps, you can effectively utilize MinIO event notifications, significantly automating data workflow processes. For more detailed guidance and information, please refer to the MinIO documentation on and . Bucket Notifications Monitoring Bucket and Object Events command-line tool for a more detailed, scriptable setup. The blog post further rounds out your understanding of the topic by emphasizing the importance of properly configuring PostgreSQL in the MinIO UI and the significance of restarting the MinIO server for changes to take effect. If you're interested in setting up , take a look at , where I’ve covered MinIO's extensive configuration and management of data events. These configurations range from using the for a user-friendly graphical interface to the MinIO with PostgreSQL Streamlining Data Events with MinIO and PostgreSQL MinIO Console mc Developing a Webhook with Flask to Receive Event Notifications Following the deployment of our environment, we now shift our focus to the integration of MinIO with Python, a key aspect of our data handling and processing system. This integration is pivotal in creating a cohesive ecosystem, where MinIO can seamlessly collaborate with Flask. Importing the Necessary Packages In our demonstration code, we carefully select Python imports to ensure the application's functionality aligns with its intended purpose. The package creates the web server infrastructure, defining endpoints to handle incoming HTTP requests. Then the application can be coded to handle the MinIO event notifications in any desired manner. flask from flask import  Flask, jsonify, request These imports collectively form the foundation of the application, enabling it to receive and process MinIO event notifications. Flask Application and Event Handling Endpoint in Python A Flask application is instantiated, and an endpoint is set up to handle POST requests at the route . Flask is a micro web framework in Python, ideal for setting up web applications and API endpoints. /minio-event app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/minio-event', methods=['POST'])
def handle_minio_event():
    event_data = request.json
    app.logger.info(f"Received MinIO event: {event_data}")
    return jsonify(event_data), 200 The function in the Flask app processes POST requests containing MinIO event data, and returns the received from the MinIO event notification. handle_minio_event event_data This approach facilitates real-time processing and response to storage events, enabling dynamic interaction between the MinIO storage system and the Flask application. Integrating Services with MinIO Bucket Events via Python Scripting This blog post used MinIO and Python in a Docker environment to demonstrate the power and flexibility of MinIO bucket event notifications, and demonstrates a strategic approach for creating scalable, efficient event-driven applications. The use of Docker, with its containerization technology, stands out for enabling components like MinIO and Flask to work independently yet cohesively. Of course, this containerized cloud-native setup minimizes conflicts and dependencies, highlighting Docker and Docker containers significance in modern software architecture. In conclusion of our exploration of MinIO webhook event notifications, I am convinced that the synergy of a dynamic programming language and MinIO’s formidable strength presents an unparalleled toolkit. This pairing paves the way for boundless opportunities in application development. It empowers us to not only innovate and streamline but also to expand our capabilities with remarkable efficiency and adaptability. This guide has demonstrated the simplicity and efficacy of API development using Python, laying a solid foundation for ongoing innovation and meeting ever-changing demands. It underscores the adaptability that is essential for the continued advancement in both data management and the evolution of application development. This approach is not just a methodology; it’s a pathway to future-proofing our technological endeavors.

Using MinIO and Python to Create Scalable and Efficient Event-driven Applications

In the rapidly evolving world of data storage and processing, combining efficient cloud storage solutions with advanced AI capabilities presents a transformative approach to handling vast volumes of data. This article demonstrates a practical implementation using MinIO, Langchain and OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 model, focusing on summarizing documents stored in MinIO buckets. The Power of MinIO MinIO is open-source, high-performance object storage that is fully compatible with the Amazon S3 API. Known for its scalability, MinIO is ideal for storing unstructured data such as photos, videos, log files, backups and container images. It’s not just about storage; MinIO also offers features like data replication, lifecycle management and high availability, making it a top choice for modern cloud-native applications. Integrating Langchain and OpenAI , a Python-based tool, facilitates the interaction between document loaders and AI models. In our use case, we combine Langchain with OpenAI’s model to summarize documents from MinIO buckets. This setup exemplifies how AI can extract essential information from extensive data, simplifying data analysis and interpretation. For additional information and supporting materials related to this article such as notebooks and loaded documents, please visit the in the directory. Langchain gpt-3.5-turbo-1106 MinIO Github repository langchain-s3-minio Installing Langchain Before diving into the implementation, ensure you have Langchain installed. Install it via pip: pip install --upgrade langchain This will encapsulate all the required libraries we will be using for our S3 loaders and OpenAI model. Step 1: Langchain S3 Directory and File Loaders Initially, we focus on loading documents using Langchain's and . These loaders are responsible for fetching multiple and single documents from specified directories and files in MinIO buckets. S3DirectoryLoader S3FileLoader MinIO Configurations and Langchain S3 File Loader from langchain_community.document_loaders.s3_file import S3FileLoader

# MinIO Configuration for the public testing server
endpoint = 'play.min.io:9000'
access_key = 'minioadmin'
secret_key = 'minioadmin'
use_ssl = True

# Initialize and load a single document
file_loader = S3FileLoader(
    bucket='web-documentation',
    key='MinIO_Quickstart.md',
    endpoint_url=f'http{"s" if use_ssl else ""}://{endpoint}',
    aws_access_key_id=access_key,
    aws_secret_access_key=secret_key,
    use_ssl=use_ssl
)

document = file_loader.load() Python Langchain Example - S3 File Loader Langchain S3 Directory Loader: from langchain_community.document_loaders.s3_directory import S3DirectoryLoader

# Initialize and load documents
directory_loader = S3DirectoryLoader(
    bucket='web-documentation',
    prefix='',
    endpoint_url=f'http{"s" if use_ssl else ""}://{endpoint}',
    aws_access_key_id=access_key, 
    aws_secret_access_key=secret_key, 
    use_ssl=use_ssl
)

documents = directory_loader.load() Python Langchain Example - S3 Directory Loader Summarizing with OpenAI Step 2: After loading the documents, we use OpenAI's GPT-3.5 model (which are included in the Langchain library via ) to generate summaries. This step illustrates the model's capability to understand and condense the content, providing quick insights from large documents. ChatOpenAI To access the OpenAI API, you can acquire an API key by visiting the . Once you have the key, integrate it into the code below, to harness the power of GPT-3.5 for document summarization. OpenAI platform Code Example for Document Summarization: from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
import os

# Set your OpenAI API key
os.environ['OPENAI_API_KEY'] = 'your-openai-api-key'
model = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model="gpt-3.5-turbo-1106")

prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(
    "Summarize the following document '{document_name}':{context}Please provide the summary and key points."
)

loaded_documents = [documents, document]  # From S3 Loaders
flattened_documents = [doc for sublist in loaded_documents for doc in sublist] 

for loaded_document in flattened_documents:
    document_text = loaded_document.page_content
    document_name = getattr(loaded_document, 'name', 'Unknown Document')  # Assuming each document has a 'name' attribute
    chain = (
        RunnableLambda(lambda x: {"context": document_text, "document_name": document_name})
        | prompt
        | model
        | StrOutputParser()
    )
    summary = chain.invoke(None)
    print("Summary:", summary) Python Langchain Example - Summarizing Documents with OpenAI API Below is the output from running this demo, and is a result of integrating LangChain with OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 and MinIO S3 storage; the output has been shortened for demonstrative purposes: Summary: The document is a quickstart guide for MinIO, a high-performance object storage system that is compatible with Amazon S3. It explains how to run MinIO on bare metal hardware or in containers. For Kubernetes environments, it recommends using the MinIO Kubernetes Operator. The key points are:

- MinIO is a high-performance object storage system.
- It is released under the GNU Affero General Public License v3.0.
- MinIO is API compatible with Amazon S3.
- It can be used to build high-performance infrastructure for machine learning, analytics, and application data workloads.
- The guide provides quickstart instructions for running MinIO on bare metal hardware or in containers.
- For Kubernetes environments, the MinIO Kubernetes Operator is recommended. Response from OpenAI API This method highlights an interesting way to load documents from S3 storage into an LLM using the Langchain framework to process them, while OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 model generates a concise summary and key points of the which is fetched from the server. The use of AI to analyze and condense extensive documentation, provides users with a quick and thorough understanding of essential aspects like installation, server configuration, SDKs and other MinIO features. It showcases the capability of AI in extracting and presenting critical information from comprehensive data sources. MinIO_Quickstart.md play.min.io Loading Documents from MinIO Buckets with Langchain The integration of MinIO, Langchain and OpenAI offers a compelling toolset for managing large data volumes. While Langchain's S3 loaders, S3DirectoryLoader and S3FileLoader, play an important role in retrieving documents from MinIO buckets, they are solely for loading data into Langchain. These loaders do not perform actions related to uploading data into buckets. For tasks like uploading, modifying or managing bucket policies, the is the appropriate tool. This SDK provides a comprehensive set of functionalities for interacting with MinIO storage, including file uploads, bucket management and more. For additional information, please see , . MinIO Python SDK Quickstart Guide — MinIO Object Storage for Linux Python Client API Reference — MinIO Object Storage for Linux While Langchain streamlines the process of fetching and processing data using AI models, the heavy lifting of data management within the MinIO buckets is dependent on the MinIO Python SDK. This is an important distinction that must be understood by developers and data engineers building efficient, AI-integrated storage solutions. For a thorough understanding of MinIO's capabilities and how to utilize its Python SDK for various storage operations, refer to MinIO's official . documentation By using MinIO object storage as the primary data repository for AI and ML processes, you can simplify your data management pipeline. MinIO excels as a one-stop solution for , which is crucial for effective AI and ML operations. This streamlined approach reduces complexity and overhead, potentially accelerating insights by ensuring swift access to data. storing, managing, and retrieving large datasets For those interested in delving deeper into the integration of MinIO with Langchain to enhance LLM tool-use, the article “ ” offers a comprehensive exploration of the subject. Developing Langchain Agents with MinIO SDK for LLM Tool-Use Good luck in your development endeavors! We hope continues to play a key role in your AI/ML journey. Reach out to us on and share your insights and discoveries! MinIO Slack

Managing Large Data Volumes With MinIO, Langchain and OpenAI

Make a Code Review Great Again: Patterns of Quick and Effective Code Quality Control

The modern data landscape demands a new breed of infrastructure – one that seamlessly integrates structured and unstructured data, scales effortlessly, and empowers efficient AI/ML workloads. This is where come in, providing a central hub for all your data needs. However, building and managing an effective data lake can be complex. modern datalakes This blog post dives deep into three powerful tools that can optimize your current approach: , and MinIO. The steps below will walk you through how these services seamlessly combine to create a robust, cloud-native data lake architecture specifically optimized for AI/ML workloads. Apache Iceberg Tabular, What is Tabular? Tabular is a data platform created by the original creators of Apache Iceberg. It is designed to provide an independent, universal storage platform that connects to any compute layer, eliminating data vendor lock-in. This feature is critical to the modern data stack, it allows users to pick best-in-class compute and storage tools without being forced into a particular vendor's aged and or mismatched tool set. In an of MinIO and Iceberg and can be enhanced by Tabular. Tabular can be used to manage and query Iceberg data stored in MinIO, allowing for the storage and management of structured data in a scalable, high-performance, and cloud-native manner. These Kubernetes native, components work together smoothly with very little friction and build on each other’s capabilities to perform at scale. architecture Why S3FileIO instead of Hadoop's file-io? This implementation leverages Iceberg's S3FileIO. S3FileIO is considered better than Hadoop's file-io for several reasons. Some of which we’ve already discussed : elsewhere : Iceberg's S3FileIO is designed to work with cloud-native storage. Optimized for Cloud Storage Iceberg uses an to distribute files across multiple prefixes in a MinIO bucket, which helps to minimize throttling and maximize throughput for S3-related IO operations. Improved Throughput and Minimized Throttling: ObjectStoreLocationProvider Iceberg has been to fully leverage strict consistency by eliminating redundant consistency checks that could impact performance. Strict Consistency: updated Iceberg's S3FileIO implements a algorithm, which uploads data files parts in parallel as soon as each part is ready, reducing local disk usage and increasing upload speed. Progressive Multipart Upload: progressive multipart upload Iceberg allows for for S3 API writes to ensure the integrity of uploaded objects, which can be enabled by setting the appropriate catalog property. Checksum Verification: checksum validations Iceberg supports adding to objects during write and delete operations with the S3 API, which can be useful for cost tracking and management. Custom Tags: custom tags The FileIO interface in Iceberg does not require as strict guarantees as a Hadoop-compatible FileSystem, which allows it to that could otherwise degrade performance. Avoidance of Negative Caching: avoid negative caching In contrast, Hadoop's S3A FileSystem, which was used before S3FileIO, does not offer the same level of optimization for cloud storage. All this to say: Don’t hobble your future-facing data lake infrastructure with the trappings of the past. Prerequisites Before you begin, make sure your system meets the following requirements: Docker Docker Compose If you're starting from scratch, you can install both using the installer for your specific platform. It is often easier than downloading Docker and Docker Compose separately. Verify if Docker is installed by running the following command: Docker Desktop docker-compose --version Getting started To get started, clone or copy the YAML file in Tabular’s . You just need the YAML for this tutorial. Feel free to explore the rest of the repository at a later time. git repository Breaking it Down The provided YAML file is a Docker Compose configuration file. It defines a set of services and their configurations for a multi-container Docker application. In this case, there are two services: Spark-Iceberg and MinIO. Let's break down each section: 1. Spark-Iceberg Service: spark-iceberg:
    image: tabulario/spark-iceberg
    container_name: spark-iceberg
    build: spark/
    networks:
      iceberg_net:
    depends_on:
      - rest
      - minio
    volumes:
      - ./warehouse:/home/iceberg/warehouse
      - ./notebooks:/home/iceberg/notebooks/notebooks
    environment:
      - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=admin
      - AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=password
      - AWS_REGION=us-east-1
    ports:
      - 8888:8888
      - 8080:8080
      - 10000:10000
      - 10001:10001
  rest:
    image: tabulario/iceberg-rest
    container_name: iceberg-rest
    networks:
      iceberg_net:
    ports:
      - 8181:8181
    environment:
      - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=admin
      - AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=password
      - AWS_REGION=us-east-1
      - CATALOG_WAREHOUSE=s3://warehouse/
      - CATALOG_IO__IMPL=org.apache.iceberg.aws.s3.S3FileIO
      - CATALOG_S3_ENDPOINT=http://minio:9000 Specifies the Docker image to use for the spark-iceberg service. In this case, it uses the tabulario/spark-iceberg:latest image. image: Specifies that the spark-iceberg service depends on the rest and minio services. depends_on: Assigns a specific name (spark-iceberg) to the container. container_name: Sets environment variables for the container, including Spark and AWS credentials. environment: Mounts local directories (./warehouse and ./notebooks) as volumes inside the container. volumes: Maps container ports to host ports for accessing Spark UI and other services. ports: 2. Minio Service: minio:
    image: minio/minio
    container_name: minio
    environment:
      - MINIO_ROOT_USER=admin
      - MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD=password
      - MINIO_DOMAIN=minio
    networks:
      iceberg_net:
        aliases:
          - warehouse.minio
    ports:
      - 9001:9001
      - 9000:9000
    command: ["server", "/data", "--console-address", ":9001"] Specifies the Docker image for the MinIO service. image: Assigns a specific name (MinIO) to the container. container_name: Sets environment variables for configuring MinIO, including root user credentials. environment: Maps container ports to host ports for accessing MinIO UI. ports: Specifies the command to start the MinIO server with specific parameters. command: Another aspect of the MinIO service is , MinIO’s command line tool. mc mc:
    depends_on:
      - minio
    image: minio/mc
    container_name: mc
    networks:
      iceberg_net:
    environment:
      - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=admin
      - AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=password
      - AWS_REGION=us-east-1
    entrypoint: >
      /bin/sh -c "
      until (/usr/bin/mc config host add minio http://minio:9000 admin password) do echo '...waiting...' && sleep 1; done;
      /usr/bin/mc rm -r --force minio/warehouse;
      /usr/bin/mc mb minio/warehouse;
      /usr/bin/mc policy set public minio/warehouse;
      tail -f /dev/null
      " Specifies that the mc service depends on the MinIO service. depends_on: Specifies the Docker image for the mc service. image: Assigns a specific name (mc) to the container. container_name: Sets environment variables for configuring the MinIO client. environment: Defines the entry point command for the container, including setup steps for the MinIO client. entrypoint: /usr/bin/mc rm -r --force minio/warehouse;
      /usr/bin/mc mb minio/warehouse;
      /usr/bin/mc policy set public minio/warehouse;
      tail -f /dev/null
      " This sequence of commands essentially performs the following tasks: Removes the existing warehouse directory and its contents from the MinIO server. Creates a new bucket named warehouse. Sets the access policy of the warehouse bucket to public. This Docker Compose file orchestrates a multi-container environment with services for Spark, PostgreSQL, MinIO. It sets up dependencies, environment variables, and commands necessary for running the services together. The services work in tandem to create a development environment for data processing using Spark and Iceberg with MinIO as the object storage backend. Starting Up In a terminal window, cd into the tabular-spark-setup directory in the repository and run the following command: docker-compose up Login into MinIO at with the credentials to see that the warehouse bucket has been created. http://127.0.0.1:9001 admin:password Once all the containers are up and running, you can access your Jupyter Notebook server by navigating to http://localhost:8888 Run one of the sample notebooks and return to MinIO at to see your warehouse populated with data. http://127.0.0.1:9001 Building Your Modern Datalake This tutorial on building a modern datalake with Iceberg, Tabular, and MinIO is just the beginning. This powerful trio opens doors to a world of possibilities. With these tools, you can seamlessly integrate and analyze all your data, structured and unstructured, to uncover hidden patterns and drive data-driven decisions that fuel innovation. Leverage the efficiency and flexibility of this architecture in production to expedite your AI/ML initiatives and unlock the true potential of your machine learning models, accelerating your path to groundbreaking discoveries. Reach out to us at or on our channel if you have any questions as you build. hello@min.io Slack

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