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This article is really a precursor to cool things you can do with calculus such as the persuit curve which is used in air-to-air missiles, and rocket launch equations. Let's revisit some calculus topics you most likely haven't touched on in a while and use Python to take a refresher, and go over common derivatives and rules used. This is intended to be a calculus tutorial, but you won't use an online calculator such as Wolfram-Alpha, which requires an API. Also useful if you ever want to write your own code, or just do painless calculations. This is also a great way to check that your calculations done by hand are accurate. I will go over through differentiation rules in the easiest way possible, providing examples which you can execute using python. The areas covered in this how to install SymPy, and go through the following: Power Rule, Product Rule, Quotient Rule, Chain Rule, Exponential, Partial Derivatives I will use Lagrange's derivative notation (such as 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓 (𝑥), and so on) to express formulae as it is the easiest notation to understand whilst you code along with python. Whilst it is more common to use the Leibniz  notation, (d/dx), it didn't feel natural when running differential equations in Python. ′ Using SymPy This post will use , which is a Python library. It is also possible to use the SciPy library, but SymPy prints the output in an easy to read way, and is more useful in getting a grasp of differentiation and integration. SymPy To install it, open up the terminal and run the following command: pip install sympy I would strongly recommend writing the python code in a new Jupyter Notebook, which comes with the distribution. Anaconda Differentiation Rules I will go through some differentiation rules first, as a quick refresher to some Calculus topics that you probably have forgotten a long time ago. Power Rule The power rule states: Which is self-explanatory if you have ever taken a calculus class. So let's take a simple example, and go through the steps by hand; This is a good, easy example to test out with the SymPy library. To implement this in python, first import the library, and declare a variable that you will use within your functions. The snippet below shows how to declare a single variable function: sympy sp

x = sp.Symbol( ) import as 'x' The final step is to get the derivation by running the code below: sp.diff(x** ) 3 Which outputs: You will notice that the output equation comes out in a nice print format. If you want to get the second order differential, , you can simply include twice within the command: f''(x) x diff sp.diff(x** ,x,x) 3 Where is the second order differential, or put in a hand-written way: 6x Product Rule Let's go through a quick example by hand: So running this in python will give you the following: sp.diff(sp.sin(x)*( *x** + )) 2 2 2 Quotient Rule The quotient rule helps allows us to efficiently find the derivative of one function divided by another function, such that: So, let's go through a quick example by hand: and this is what it looks like when we do this in : Python sp.diff((sp.sin(x))/x) Try this by hand, and then run it in python: The quotient rule is very similar to the product rule, except with changing the plus to a minus, and the extra step of dividing by the step. g(x)^2 Chain Rule As mentioned earlier, I have chosen to use Langrangian notation to go through these rules. The chain rule for some reason gets more over-complicated than it needs to be. The formula is shown below: So let's go through an example by hand: The inner function, g(𝑥) is 𝑥^2 +1 which when differentiated is 2𝑥. The outer function is f(𝑥) is ( )^7, which when differentiated turns to 7*( )^6. stuff stuff So following this logic, and here is the hand calculation: Which is pretty straghtforward when using the chain rule formula. This is what this looks like when run in python: sp.diff((x** + )** ) 2 1 7 And that is pretty much it. Try to calculate by hand the following examples if you want good practice: and, For more indepth explanation of the chain rule, check Aaron Schlegel's post on the . Chain Rule Exponential Derivatives and, using the chain rule, while giving an exponent of , e g(x) Let's go through a quick example: and the code for that will look like: sp.diff(sp.exp( *x)) 3 This covers all the differentiaiton rules you would have memorised in your calculus class. With all that, let's look at something called Partial Derivatives: What about Partial Derivatives? A partial differential equation (PDE) differs from the Ordinary Differential equations we have looked at so far, as PDEs contain multivariable functions. The difference being is that you take derivatives of one variable at a time. Let's start with a two variable function and find their partial derivatives: Now how do I do this in Python you might ask? The first step is to declare your variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 like so: x, y = sp.symbols( )

f = x** * y 'x y' 4 In the above, I have assigned the function as a variable, so as not to rewrite this variable every time I take a derivative. Taking the partial derivative in respect to x: sp.diff(f, x) And taking the partial derivative in respect to y: sp.diff(f, y) You can also take the derivatives with respect to many variables one after the other within the same line of code: sp.diff(f,x,y) Another example with 3 variable functions x, y, z = sp.symbols( )

f = x** * y * z** 'x y z' 3 2 The remaining part now is as before: sp.diff(f, x) sp.diff(f, y) sp.diff(f, z) And that's pretty much it on the derivatives side. However, these aren't actual functions useful in Python code, this is more of a homework thing. Actually putting this in Python Code! What is the point of calculating differential equations in my Python code if I can't plug in the numbers? SymPy gives us a function to do just that! This very handy function is called , where you substitute numbers where you have placed symbols. lambdify Let's do a quick example: f = *x** + *x
f_prime = sp.diff(f)
f_prime 2 3 4 So I have set up f_prime, but I want to substitute 𝑥 with the number 2. We now use our handy little function here: f_prime = sp.lambdify(x, f_prime)
f_prime( ) 2 >> 28 And there you have it. Let's do another example with multiple symbolic variables f = x** * y * z** F = sp.lambdify([x,y,z], f)

F( , , ) 3 2 1 2 3 >> 18 And with this, you now have a python library for finding derivatives and turning them into functions. Have fun! Future Articles Integrals deserve an article of their own, and will be the part 2, followed by Series Expansion and SymPy plots. After that, I will only do articles on the applications of calculus such as the persuit curve, rocket launch equations, orbital mechanics, or anything useful for Kerbal Space Program's kOS mod, which allows you to automate specific tasks. This is probably the easiest way to immediately apply calculus functions with Python. Referenced Websites These are the the websites which I have heavily referenced to make this revision cheat sheet. I would recommend visiting these sites, especially which goes through the same rules. Taking Derivatives In Python Taking Derivatives In Python SymPy.org Calculating Derivatives: Problems and Solutions Derivatives of Exponential Functions

How To Do Calculus with Python: Derivatives Cheat Sheet [Part 1] 

Cryptocurrency regulations worldwide form a mosaic of diverse approaches. Some nations foster a crypto-friendly environment, while others tread cautiously, prioritizing investor protection. Striking the balance between encouraging technological advancements and mitigating risks remains an ongoing challenge as global authorities grapple with defining the boundaries of this evolving financial frontier. The case of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is remarkable in this field. If any company, token issuer, or crypto-related project in general offers their services to U.S. investors, in any capacity, then they should be prepared to deal with the SEC. That’s why a lot of companies just decide to exclude US users from their platforms. It seems like they’re taking an increasingly aggressive approach against crypto-related companies. Besides, it’s not only nationwide but also international. Currently, it’s not like a lot of crypto-related companies, foundations, or projects aren’t abiding by legal rules, though. They are, all over the world. But still, they don’t want to deal with the US SEC. And they’ll have to, if considered that they’re handling securities in the form of digital assets. Let’s learn more about this and how it could affect all the industry. A long story Maybe the most famous and long case around this topic is . In case you don’t know it already, Ripple is one of the oldest crypto ecosystems with its own token, XRP. Their protocol has been around since 2012, and their coin is in fifth place by market capitalization with over $37.5 billion [CMC]. by offering unregistered securities —XRP. SEC vs. Ripple They operated for nearly eight years without issues before the SEC decided that they were probably breaking US securities laws “Probably” is an important word there. All the legal processes have shown that US regulators aren’t quite sure about the legal status of cryptocurrencies and, therefore, the institution that should oversee them. Is XRP a security? Is it a commodity? It took three years of legal battle for both sides to reach a sort of tie in July of this year. According to the court decision (still appealable), XRP was a security in the beginning when offered to be bought by institutions. Now, it’s not a security anymore and, therefore, is outside the regulatory reach of the SEC. The legal issues continue, though. Perhaps Ripple, as a company, will end up paying a juicy fine, but we can say for sure that this isn’t exactly the end of XRP and its protocol. Sadly, it’s also not the end of regulatory concerns around cryptocurrencies. More and more cases Ripple is far from being the first “crypto-case” handled by the SEC. Or in other words, it’s far from being the first lawsuit or legal warning against crypto-related projects done by the SEC. Some claims are, we can say, quite reasonable (against scams and frauds), but others are allegations of handling unauthorized securities. They’ve been suing people in crypto since 2013. On its website, we can discover at least in the industry. 150 more cases Among those cases, we have very familiar names in the crypto industry, like ICOBox, ICO Rating, Block.One (for EOS), Telegram (for TON), Poloniex, BlockFi, Genesis, Gemini, Nexo, Kraken, Justin Sun (for TRON and BitTorrent), Bittrex, Binance, Coinbase, and Celsius —to name a few. They even sued some celebrities for promoting allegedly unregistered securities (ICOs), including Floyd Mayweather and Kim Kardashian. Another remarkable case was the one against The DAO by Slock in 2017. They launched a quite successful Initial Coin Offering (ICO) the year prior and raised $60 million in ETH. Just afterward, they were hacked badly, and all their funds were drained. A polemical discussion started in the crypto community because Ethereum ended up making a forceful hardfork (software/chain update) to “roll back” the robbery. Not everyone agreed to break decentralization like that, and that’s how Ethereum Classic (ETC) was born. However, the part pertaining to the SEC was that, according to them, The DAO team offered unregistered securities to US investors. That was illegal and punishable. So, it marked a turning point in the field for all crypto users. But why could a token be a security, and what does it imply for us? Also, it was the first high-profile ICO to be accused of such a thing by the SEC, accompanied by . specific guidelines Security vs. Commodity n the United States, the regulatory landscape treats securities and commodities distinctly. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversees securities, while commodities fall under the purview of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The second one is known to be less strict and entails lower compliance costs for the involved companies. Dealing with securities and the US SEC is a path . I full of obstacles In case you’re wondering, a commodity is a raw material or tangible product that can be bought and sold, such as gold, oil, or agricultural goods. Its value is determined by supply and demand dynamics. . The key distinction between them lies in the nature of the asset and the financial rights it bestows. On the other hand, securities are financial instruments representing ownership, debt, or the right to future cash flows For digital assets, it’s advisable to apply the Howey Test to discover if a token could be a security. According to , a transaction (or token) is an investment contract (security) if it meets certain features: FindLaw “It is an investment of money. There is an expectation of profits from the investment. The investment of money is in a common enterprise. Any profit comes from the efforts of a promoter or third party.” For instance, Bitcoin, Ether, , and other well-established cryptocurrencies without Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) could be considered, let’s say, not securities (maybe commodities, but it’s not fully clear yet). Most ICO-related tokens are considered securities, though, because they promise future returns without the investors being involved in the process of making them. GBYTE Implications for Crypto Players A massive exodus of crypto companies and projects from the United States has been the main consequence. Several crypto exchanges have paid millions in fines and then have retired from the US market, including Poloniex, Binance, and Bittrex. In addition, other exchanges are known for delisting “problematic” tokens if the SEC considers them securities. Most ICOs nowadays, for example, have established a full ban against US citizens on their official terms. XRP suffered that fate in , not only in the US, and that could be the case now for more digital assets. In their recent lawsuits against crypto exchanges, the SEC that they consider the native Binance coins (BNB and BUSD), Solana (SOL), Cardano (ADA), Polygon (MATIC), Filecoin (FIL), Cosmos (ATOM), Sandbox (SAND), Decentraland (MANA), Algorand (ALGO), Axie Infinity (AXS), and Coti (COTI) as securities as well. several exchanges worldwide mentioned Binance is phasing out support for BUSD, while Solana, Cardano, and Polygon from several crypto exchanges. This could affect their prices too, and, therefore, their investors worldwide might be affected. The mere affirmation has already brought consequences for the assets. have been delisted Beyond these considerations, the bigger picture is showing that the tight crypto rules the SEC wants to apply are hitting a lot of crypto investors not only inside the US but also abroad. Other jurisdictions worldwide might want to imitate those rules, leading to damage in innovation and lower crypto adoption by the most needed sectors (e.g., unbanked people). For their part, if they want to access the US market. Binance is, maybe, the best example of it. Changpeng Zhao, its CEO, to violating US anti-money laundering restrictions in November 2023. The decision was part of an astounding $4 billion agreement between the exchange and the US government. crypto companies would need to follow complex rules and audits and invest in compliance costs prohibitive figures pleaded guilty The bright side To be fair, we must remember that the US SEC isn’t trying to be a villain. Their mission is protecting US investors that deal with risky assets, so, their approach could also bring some advantages. As it intensifies its enforcement actions, fraud prevention takes center stage, shielding investors from the pitfalls witnessed in recent platform collapses like FTX and Terra (LUNA). The on disclosure standards ensures transparency, enabling better-informed investment decisions. Legitimacy and broader adoption could follow suit, as the SEC's regulatory umbrella appeals to traditional investors and institutions. Additionally, the SEC's involvement addresses global concerns, promoting cross-border collaboration in tackling crypto-related crimes. SEC's emphasis Market integrity is bolstered through curbing price manipulation and vigilant surveillance, fostering fair practices. Moreover, it seems like only a few tokens would fall into the SEC’s jurisdiction for now. Crypto investors must consider that the Howey Test and, therefore, all regulations for securities, could apply to their projects and tokens. Then, they should give their best to avoid failing that test. It’s always better for crypto coins to be considered commodities (or just not securities) and fall into more flexible regulations. Featured Vector Image by storyset / Freepik

SEC vs. Crypto: Why so many lawsuits and why does it matter?

এসইসি বনাম ক্রিপ্টো: কেন এতগুলি মামলা এবং কেন এটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ?

SEC vs. Crypto: Warum so viele Klagen und warum ist das wichtig?

SEC versus Crypto: ¿Por qué tantas demandas y por qué es importante?

SEC vs Crypto : pourquoi tant de poursuites et pourquoi est-ce important ?

एसईसी बनाम क्रिप्टो: इतने सारे मुकदमे क्यों हैं और यह क्यों मायने रखता है?

SEC 対仮想通貨: なぜこれほど多くの訴訟があり、なぜそれが重要なのでしょうか?

SEC vs. 암호화폐: 소송이 왜 그렇게 많고 그것이 중요한가요?

SEC vs. Crypto: Por que tantos processos judiciais e por que isso é importante?

SEC против Crypto: почему так много судебных исков и почему это важно?

SEC vs. Kripto: Neden bu kadar çok dava var ve bu neden önemli?

SEC và tiền điện tử: Tại sao có nhiều vụ kiện và tại sao nó lại quan trọng?

SEC 与 Crypto：为什么有这么多诉讼，为什么它很重要？

Written in partnership with Sara Smith For the modern tech guru, adaptability is essential. If you’re in the IT world, you have to be ready to switch gears at the drop of a hat, following the pathway of innovation and opportunity. Sure, you can specialize, but if you’re also able to adapt, the world is your oyster. That’s what IT thought leader Varun Shah has discovered after years in the IT space. “Technological innovation is constantly evolving,” he shares. “If you want to be part of it, you have to evolve with it. At this point, I’ve worked in multiple different sectors, and they have each taught me something different.” Those in the space know that anyone who can demonstrate exceptional leadership and expertise stand out as pioneers. The goal is to reach that mountaintop of being visionary, and being considered a thought leader. As Shah balances on that pinnacle, he also reflects on everything he’s learned throughout his career. “My career trajectory has been marked by involvement in significant projects, technical leadership, and what I hope are noteworthy contributions to the field,” he reveals. “These experiences have all shaped the growth of my knowledge, and have made a profound impact on the way I work and think.” One of Shah’s early positions was at Tata Consultancy Services, a global IT services and consulting company, where he honed his technical skills and gained valuable experience. As a software engineer, he was involved in a variety of projects, collaborating with diverse teams to develop cutting-edge solutions for clients across various industries. Shah's ability to analyze complex problems, devise innovative strategies, and deliver high-quality solutions propelled him to leadership roles within TCS. “During my tenure at Tata, I led teams in the development and implementation of advanced software applications, leveraging emerging technologies and industry best practices,” Shah reveals. “This played a key role in driving technological innovation at Tata.” Shah’s technical leadership was instrumental in the successful delivery of projects, which not only met client expectations but also exceeded them in terms of efficiency and functionality. Shah's ability to navigate the complexities of technology, combined with his strong communication and collaboration skills, made him a valuable asset to TCS. Building on his success at TCS, Shah continued his journey in the technology industry. As a lead engineer at Sony PlayStation, Shah made substantial contributions to the renowned video game company. He was instrumental in the redesign of PlayStation's payment gateway services, transitioning them from a legacy stack to modern technologies, resulting in enhanced scalability and availability. This revamped architecture played a crucial role in facilitating seamless transactions for the global PlayStation community, with over 50 million subscribers benefiting from improved payment experiences. Shah's innovative approach led to a 55% reduction in chargeback fees and a 15% increase in daily payment transactions. He then pivoted to the healthcare tech industry, serving as an engineering leader at Medimpact Healthcare Systems. There, he spearheaded the development and implementation of key projects, including the PBM claim adjudication process, e-prescribing systems, and the virtual pharmacy. These solutions were instrumental in reducing prescription drug prices for Medimpact's healthcare customers, such as insurance companies, government agencies, and employer groups while increasing prescription drug coverage for their members. Notably, Shah led the implementation of an award-winning healthcare solution that utilized genetic testing to predict the effectiveness of prescription drugs. This innovative solution helped insurance companies reduce costs by ensuring the prescription of effective medications, while also safeguarding consumers from adverse drug effects. The success of Shah's work at Medimpact was recognized with the prestigious PBMI Excellence award, highlighting his significant contributions to advancing healthcare technology and improving patient outcomes. He continued to take on increasingly challenging roles at prominent companies. His expertise and reputation as a technologist led him to join Amazon, one of the world's largest e-commerce and cloud computing companies. As part of Amazon's dynamic and fast-paced environment, Shah has been involved in groundbreaking and life-safety projects that have reduced the risk of thousands of Amazon employees' life during critical and emergency events like earthquakes, floods, active shooters, etc. at Amazon facilities and also reduced overall operation cost involved during critical events at Amazon facilities. His contributions to the development of Amazon's cutting-edge technologies and platforms have helped shape the company's success and global impact. Shah's role extends beyond software development, as he collaborates with cross-functional teams to identify market trends, explore emerging technologies, and develop innovative strategies to address customer needs and enhance user experiences. Shah's technical leadership at Amazon has been instrumental in driving innovation across various domains. From advancing artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to optimizing cloud infrastructure and developing scalable software solutions, Shah's expertise has played a vital role in shaping Amazon's technological capabilities. His ability to navigate complex technical landscapes, leverage data-driven insights, and lead cross-functional teams has propelled the company's technological advancements and solidified its position as a leader in the industry. Throughout his career, Shah has exemplified the qualities of a technological innovator – a combination of technical expertise, leadership acumen, and a passion for driving positive change through innovation. From his early days at Tata Consultancy Services to his current position at Amazon, Shah's journey has been characterized by his unwavering commitment to pushing the boundaries of technological innovation. His involvement in significant projects, technical leadership, and contributions to driving technological advancements have made a lasting impact on the companies he has been a part of and has positioned him as a thought leader in the industry. As the technology landscape continues to evolve, individuals like Varun Shah will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of innovation. Through their expertise, vision, and dedication, they will drive technological advancements, transform industries, and improve the lives of people around the world. Varun Shah's journey serves as an inspiration, highlighting the immense potential of technological innovation and the impact that one individual can make in driving positive change. Learn more: https://www.linkedin.com/in/varunpshah/ : Vested Interest Disclosure This story was distributed as a release by Ascend Agency under HackerNoon’s Brand As An Author Program. Learn more about the program . here

Varun Shah and the Pursuit of Technological Innovation

Varun Shah y la búsqueda de la innovación tecnológica

Varun Shah et la poursuite de l'innovation technologique

वरुण शाह और तकनीकी नवाचार की खोज

ヴァルン・シャーと技術革新の追求

Varun Shah e a busca pela inovação tecnológica

Varun Shah và việc theo đuổi đổi mới công nghệ

Varun Shah 与技术创新的追求

Twitter v. Elon Musk Court Filing by Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP, July 12, 2022 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 13 of 31. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS III - The Final, Agreed-upon Term Deals G. Specific Performance 54. Twitter may seek specific performance, an injunction, or other equitable relief to enforce any of defendants’ obligations under the merger agreement. Id. § 9.9(a). It has the specific power to compel Musk to fund the equity financing and close the merger, provided the closing conditions are met (or are capable of being met at the time of closing), the debt financing (which is already committed) has been or will be funded at the closing, and the company is itself prepared to close. Id. § 9.9(b). Continue reading here

Twitter May Enforce Musk to Close Deal as long as It Met Closing Conditions, per Lawsuit 

Twitter puede obligar a Musk a cerrar un trato siempre que cumpla con las condiciones de cierre, según la demanda

Twitter peut obliger Musk à conclure l'accord tant qu'il respecte les conditions de clôture, par poursuite

ट्विटर मई मस्क को डील बंद करने के लिए मजबूर कर सकता है, जब तक कि यह प्रति मुकदमा बंद होने की स्थिति में है

訴訟によると、Twitter は成約条件を満たしている限り、Musk に取引を成立させる可能性がある

Twitter pode forçar Musk a fechar negócio, desde que atenda às condições de fechamento, por processo judicial

Twitter có thể buộc Musk phải đóng giao dịch miễn là nó đáp ứng các điều kiện kết thúc, theo vụ kiện

根据诉讼，Twitter 可能会强制马斯克在满足成交条件的情况下完成交易

Ripple has long been a consistent player in the world of cryptocurrencies. Having existed in the ecosystem since 2012, XRP has continually found itself within the top 10 digital coins based on its market capitalization. However, a chaotic beginning in 2021, punctuated by social media pump attempts and SEC lawsuits, created greater levels of volatility and price movements. Since November 2020, Ripple has been on a rollercoaster of dizzying highs and devastating lows, causing the coin’s value to leap dramatically before floundering. ** (Image: ) CoinGecko Aside from a stratospheric skyrocketing of XRP’s value in 2018, Ripple has consistently traded between $0.15 and $0.40 for much of the past two years of bear markets. However, after a winter of fighting SEC lawsuits and becoming a community favorite on Reddit message boards and social networks like TikTok, XRP may have lost its consistency for good. The First Social Pump It’s not uncommon for users of social networks to gather together in a bid to pump the value of a cryptocurrency or stock. In the world of crypto, Dogecoin has regularly experienced price fluctuations, and users rally to buy into the meme-based coin. (Image: ) Twitter When TikTok Investors shared a video on the social network to Twitter, claiming that “this is your moment to be Elon Musk...I introduce you to $XRP,” it seemed like another speculative attempt to influence the market enough to turn a profit. However, the impact of the TikTok Ripple pump was so significant that it managed to turn XRP from being the worst-performing asset throughout 2018, 2019, and early 2020 into the fastest appreciating coin on the market - leaping 123% in the space of a week. XRP even leapfrogged the likes of Bitcoin and Ethereum in trading volume, clocking in at $6.07 billion, while BTC and ETH could only muster $5.05bn and $3.89, respectively. The power of Ripple’s November pump was an extraordinary example of the power of social media, but unbeknownst to investors, an SEC lawsuit was about to send XRP tumbling back down to earth. Lawsuit Uncertainty In December 2020, as XRP was still riding the wave of mass investment from social media, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and two of its executives with a lawsuit, claiming that they have determined the cryptocurrency to be an unregistered security. served Ripple The action sent a shockwave throughout the cryptocurrency market, with investors fearing that their coins could suffer the same fate. One by one, like Coinbase Crypto.com and OK Coin, began delisting the popular asset. cryptocurrency exchanges In the space of three days between the 21st and 24th of December, XRP had shed half of its value and appeared to be disappearing from its position of prominence. In early February, Ripple formally responded to the SEC lawsuit, claiming that it’s "unsupported by both the facts and the law.” , who’s consulting Ripple from the law firm Debevoise & Plimpton, added: “The SEC is now stretching the concept of an 'investment contract' beyond its breaking point. We look forward to presenting our case in Court.” Andrew Ceresney Although Ripple’s battle with the SEC remains ongoing, the network appears to be confident of securing a victory that would likely restore investor confidence in XRP. However, XRP’s price has continued to experience heavy volatility throughout 2022 as wider market downturns hit the fortunes of many cryptocurrencies. Benefitting From the Meme-Stock Frenzy After another social pump in the world of stocks and shares caused headline stories across the world as a group of Reddit investors caused hedge funds to lose out on almost $13 billion through shorting GameStop shares, the world of crypto is beginning to coin pumps. experience more coordinated As members of the Reddit group, WallStreetBets made money at the cost of hedge funds, and investment apps like Robinhood sought to limit their access to the pumping stocks. The reaction to this restrictive move was largely one of disgust, and it led to more investors turning their back on the exchange to seek out that also supported cryptocurrency holdings to invest in. alternatives Amazingly, despite Ripple being subject to an SEC lawsuit, the coin rallied from $0.25 on the 28th of January to $0.49 on the 1st of February. Dogecoin was another winner from the post-GameStop crypto action. Despite both XRP and DOGE suffering corrections in the wake of the pump, both assets are still trading higher than their initial price, indicating that investors are still showing faith in their assets. Buoyed by the rapid rise of meme-based investing, XRP enjoyed an excellent 2021, with the coin’s price peaking at $1.84 and spending much of the year valued at over $1 - a feat that hadn’t been achieved since early 2018. Although Ripple has since suffered in the wake of market-wide drawbacks, both XRP and DOGE alike have shown their meme-coin credentials, and stand to be key beneficiaries should a future bear market draw similar levels of investor enthusiasm. While Ripple’s future may rest on the outcome of its day in court, social media networks appear to be infatuated with the ailing coin. The coming months may be even more erratic for XRP, but this is likely to be seen as a good thing for investors looking to turn their holdings into big short-term profits.

Inside the Turbulent World of Ripple: How Lawsuits and Social Media Pumps Turned XRP Chaotic

Dentro del turbulento mundo de Ripple: cómo las demandas y las bombas de las redes sociales convirtieron el XRP en un caos

À l'intérieur du monde turbulent de Ripple : comment les poursuites judiciaires et les pompes des médias sociaux ont rendu le XRP chaotique

लहर की अशांत दुनिया के अंदर: कैसे मुकदमे और सोशल मीडिया पंप ने एक्सआरपी को अराजक बना दिया

Ripple の激動の世界の内部: 訴訟とソーシャル メディアの勢いが XRP を混沌に変えた経緯

Dentro do mundo turbulento da Ripple: como processos judiciais e bombas de mídia social tornaram o XRP caótico

Bên trong thế giới đầy sóng gió của Ripple: Cách các vụ kiện và phương tiện truyền thông xã hội bơm tiền đã biến XRP trở nên kỳ lạ như thế nào

在动荡的瑞波世界内部：诉讼和社交媒体泵如何使 XRP 变得混乱

USA v. Google LLC Court Filing, retrieved on January 24, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 1 of 44. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here I. INTRODUCTION 1. An open, vibrant internet is indispensable to American life. But today’s internet would not exist without the digital advertising revenue that, as a practical matter, funds its creation and expansion. The internet provides the public with unprecedented access to ideas, artistic expression, news, commerce, and services. Content creators span every conceivable industry; they publish diverse material on countless websites that inform, entertain, and connect society in vital ways. Yet the viability of many of these websites depends on their ability to sell digital advertising space. Just as newspaper, radio, and television organizations historically relied on advertising to fund their operations, today’s online publishers likewise rely on advertising revenue to support their activities and reach. But unlike historical media advertising, today’s online ads are bought and sold in enormous volumes in mere fractions of a second, using highly sophisticated tools and automated exchanges that more closely resemble a modern stock exchange than an old-fashioned, bilateral contract negotiation for newspaper ad space. 2. Website publishers in the United States sell more than 5 trillion digital display advertisements on the open web each year—or more than 13 billion advertisements every day. The sheer volume of these online ads make the offline advertisements of yesteryear pale in comparison. To put these numbers in perspective, the daily volume of digital display advertisements grossly outnumbers (by several multiples) the average number of stocks traded each day on the New York Stock Exchange. The digital display advertising business is also lucrative. Collectively, these advertisements generate more than $20 billion in revenue per year, just for publishers based in the United States. 3. To meet this demand, sophisticated technological tools, informally known as “ad tech,” have developed to automate advertising matchmaking between two key groups: website publishers and advertisers. [1] These tools have evolved such that today, every time an internet user opens a webpage with ad space to sell, ad tech tools almost instantly match that website publisher with an advertiser looking to promote its products or services to the website’s individual user. This process typically involves the use of an automated advertising exchange that runs a high-speed auction designed to identify the best match between a publisher selling internet ad space and the advertisers looking to buy it. 4. But competition in the ad tech space is broken, for reasons that were neither accidental nor inevitable. One industry behemoth, Google, has corrupted legitimate competition in the ad tech industry by engaging in a systematic campaign to seize control of the wide swath of high-tech tools used by publishers, advertisers, and brokers, to facilitate digital advertising. Having inserted itself into all aspects of the digital advertising marketplace, Google has used anticompetitive, exclusionary, and unlawful means to eliminate or severely diminish any threat to its dominance over digital advertising technologies. 5. Google’s plan has been simple but effective: (1) neutralize or eliminate ad tech competitors, actual or potential, through a series of acquisitions; and (2) wield its dominance across digital advertising markets to force more publishers and advertisers to use its products while disrupting their ability to use competing products effectively. Whenever Google’s customers and competitors responded with innovation that threatened Google’s stranglehold over any one of these ad tech tools, Google’s anticompetitive response has been swift and effective. Each time a threat has emerged, Google has used its market power in one or more of these ad tech tools to quash the threat. The result: Google’s plan for durable, industry-wide dominance has succeeded. 6. Google, a single company with pervasive conflicts of interest, now controls: (1) the technology used by nearly every major website publisher to offer advertising space for sale; (2) the leading tools used by advertisers to buy that advertising space; and (3) the largest ad exchange that matches publishers with advertisers each time that ad space is sold. Google’s pervasive power over the entire ad tech industry has been questioned by its own digital advertising executives, at least one of whom aptly begged the question: “[I]s there a deeper issue with us owning the platform, the exchange, and a huge network? The analogy would be if Goldman or Citibank owned the NYSE.” 7. By deploying opaque rules that benefit itself and harm rivals, Google has wielded its power across the ad tech industry to dictate how digital advertising is sold, and the very terms on which its rivals can compete. Google abuses its monopoly power to disadvantage website publishers and advertisers who dare to use competing ad tech products in a search for higher quality, or lower cost, matches. Google uses its dominion over digital advertising technology to funnel more transactions to its own ad tech products where it extracts inflated fees to line its own pockets at the expense of the advertisers and publishers it purportedly serves. 8. Google’s anticompetitive behavior has raised barriers to entry to artificially high levels, forced key competitors to abandon the market for ad tech tools, dissuaded potential competitors from joining the market, and left Google’s few remaining competitors marginalized and unfairly disadvantaged. Google has thwarted meaningful competition and deterred innovation in the digital advertising industry, taken supra-competitive profits for itself, and prevented the free market from functioning fairly to support the interests of the advertisers and publishers who make today’s powerful internet possible. 9. The harm is clear: website creators earn less, and advertisers pay more, than they would in a market where unfettered competitive pressure could discipline prices and lead to more innovative ad tech tools that would ultimately result in higher quality and lower cost transactions for market participants. And this conduct hurts all of us because, as publishers make less money from advertisements, fewer publishers are able to offer internet content without subscriptions, paywalls, or alternative forms of monetization. One troubling, but revealing, statistic demonstrates the point: on average, Google keeps at least thirty cents—and sometimes far more—of each advertising dollar flowing from advertisers to website publishers through Google’s ad tech tools. Google’s own internal documents concede that Google would earn far less in a competitive market. 10. The United States and Plaintiff States bring this action for violations of the Sherman Act to halt Google’s anticompetitive scheme, unwind Google’s monopolistic grip on the market, and restore competition to digital advertising. [1] Internet advertisers include businesses, agencies of federal and state governments, charitable organizations, political candidates, public interest groups, and more. The money these advertisers spend on digital advertising creates an important stream of revenue for websites to use in creating, developing, and publishing website content. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 1:23-cv-00108 retrieved on September 8, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. justice.gov

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