Particle Health on Monday said the &quot;vast majority&quot; of its customers are still receiving data from Epic Systems

Particle Health says data dispute with Epic Systems not affecting most customers

Particle Health has created a patient authorization tool that enables fast aggregation and transmission of traditionally fragmented medical records

Particle Health

With the CURES Act finally in place, Americans theoretically have instant access to their medical records. And, while the technology to fully leverage this is still being developed - we are poised to see plenty more tech companies enter this space and deliver new solutions to patients. Anti-Information Blocking Rule Advances in digital health service delivery had been hamstrung by the inability to gain real-time access to patient's electronic health records (EHRs). This was partly due to the practice among record holders of putting up barriers, known as information-blocking. And also partly due to the technical challenges of retrieving this data, which was further stymied by information-blocking. In effect, this has meant that digital health companies have had one hand tied behind their back while providing services to patients or consumers. But with the anti-information blocking rule now live, record-holders are prohibited from blocking access to EHRs. And with this regulation in place, technological solutions can be built that will deliver the long-held dream of enabling Americans to manage their healthcare in the same way they manage their finances - from the comfort of their smartphones. However, while this is undoubtedly great for patient choice and access, platform providers must not lose sight of data privacy and protection. And this is all the more pertinent, considering HIPAA regs do not extend to these providers. Health Apps and HIPAA With the CURES Act breaking apart the control and management of EHRs away from traditional health exchanges, we’re entering a new paradigm for medical data usage. Digital health companies will not only be able to pull EHR data into their platforms, but they will also be able to share data back into health exchanges and update existing records. This has caused some anxiety among provider groups, particularly regarding their liability once data goes out the door. This is specifically regarding HIPAA compliance, a federal law protecting sensitive medical data from being disclosed without a patient’s consent. However, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that “once protected health information has been shared with a third-party app, as directed by the individual, [EHR providers] will not be liable under HIPAA for the subsequent use or disclosure of electronically protected health information, provided the app developer is not itself a business associate of a covered entity or other business associate.” has clarified But what about the health apps receiving and processing EHRs and their liability with regards to HIPAA? Well, in many cases, this doesn’t apply, as they won’t meet the definition of a HIPAA-covered entity. Furthermore, the Anti-Information Blocking Rule means that EHR holders cannot refuse to send data to an app if a patient requests this, regardless of what security standards the app possesses. Data Security Considerations for Health Apps While HIPAA regulations may not currently apply to most health apps, these operators still have a duty of care to their users regarding both data security and privacy. When it comes to data security, principles that all app developers should heed when building their services include the following: With Google pushing for “HTTPS Everywhere,” SSL/TLS certificates are more relevant than ever. This level of encryption will help to secure patient data both when stored and in transit. SSL encryption: Where you store encrypted data is another decision that requires careful consideration. For maximum security and oversight, consider using on-premises servers that are based within the USA. Locally-based data storage: Accessibility measures considered optional or nice-to-have in other apps may become standard in healthtech. An extra layer of privacy protection that makes apps less instantaneous but far more secure will be needed to ensure only the patient is accessing their data. Multi-factor authentication (MFA): A Focus on Privacy Policies Beyond data security considerations, digital health providers and users need to also carefully consider the types of privacy policies that should accompany these services. This is all the more pertinent considering that a found that 79% of health apps studied routinely shared user data but lacked transparency around this. recent study Here are key considerations all developers should have in mind with regards to privacy policies: Arguably the single biggest concern among users is how their data is used and shared by app providers. There are, of course, clear commercial incentives to sharing data with advertisers, and this paradigm is what we’re all now accustomed to with digital services, particularly freemium models. However, we could find that health app users become far less comfortable with this, enabling those providers who do not share data to market this as a clear differentiator. How is the data shared? A health-tech company may know the types and amounts of data they receive from consumers, but the patient can’t be left in the dark. Clear guidance on not only what is being collected but also how to request a copy is essential. What are the user’s rights? Server-side protection, disaster recovery plans, anonymized data—healthcare information is vital, and efforts to reduce the risk of exposure need to be conveyed to the user. What are the harm reduction measures? The Bottom Line Investment in healthtech startups reached over , a big increase from $10.6 billion in 2019. While the pandemic has driven much of this growth, the upshot is that companies developing healthcare applications have more resources than ever to adapt to the Cures Act Final Rules. $15 billion in 2020 The HHS envisions a wide ecosystem of apps and services to benefit patients in everything from pricing and transparency to quality of care. Underlying all of this development will be an expectation of privacy that can be conveyed to the consumer through robust privacy policies, strong data protections, and a design philosophy that bridges the gap between the provider’s EHR and the needs of each patient.

How Digital Health Platforms Should Secure Patient Data Now the CURES Act is Live

Twitter(now X) indubitably has the largest crypto community on the internet. Picture this: millions of users and a vast market for crypto investors to tap into. But as Elon Musk once admitted, is currently plagued by a bot problem that needs a quick fix. crypto Twitter A found that many of the biggest crypto profiles have 100,000s of fake ‘bot’ followers inflating their communities. These same fake profiles are also used to promote projects with artificial and low-quality engagement on social posts. Elon Musk’s attempts to prevent this since he acquired the company have had limited results, and what is more, Twitter/X is predicted to lose users over the next two years - almost 10% of its active user base. study earlier this year 30 million a new social-fi company, is amping up efforts to improve the level of social engagement on Twitter posts and help fight against the countless fake profiles across the platform. I had the opportunity to sit down with 8an, co-founder of /Reach, for a discussion about /Reach’s mission to help fix Crypto Twitter. /Reach, Q1: Can you tell us about yourself and your route to web3? My background started in consumer goods. I started my career at Rocket Internet as a Global Venture Developer, where we would launch day-one revenue-generating businesses in Europe and Emerging markets within 90 days from conception. After having gone the entrepreneurial route, namely as a founding team member of Numan (which grew to be the largest digital men’s health clinic in Europe), I founded Particle, a real-world assets on-chain fractionalization protocol focused on fine art. We famously tokenised Banksy’s $13M Love is in the Air in January 2022. I’ve been passively investing in Bitcoin since 2014, but I became more active in 2017 and then more ingrained in the community in 2021, like a lot of people. Q2: When Elon Musk bought Twitter a year ago, he promised to fix its bot problem once and for all. Do you think it is a herculean task to beat Twitter bots? It’s definitely not easy, but as with everything, recognising that there is a problem is a big first step. I think it's very much doable, especially with Musk's approach, which is to essentially make it economically deterrent for bots to exist - a similar approach to what /Reach is doing to those seeking to abuse or game the system. The goal, in the long run, is to make it unviable for a bot or exploiter ecosystem to exist. Q3: You have rightly pointed out that Crypto Twitter has a massive bot problem. Can you tell us how serious this problem is? Reportedly, up to 10% of X’s user base are bots. How deep this problem goes, we’ll only know once Musk reveals the extent of the issue as he has promised. What I can say is that within Crypto Twitter, it definitely is something everyone--from project owners, community leaders, artists, and individuals--sees as detrimental to their efforts. Q4: What can you tell us about the founding of /Reach, and how do you intend to tackle this problem? Attention and reach are the greatest challenges for brands, community builders, artists, and projects to crack. The X algorithm is broken, and Musk’s Ads Revenue Sharing program has fallen short of properly remunerating accounts for their reach. The “pay influencers” model is broken too - pseudo/low-value engagement doesn't help bring true visibility to comms that need to be promoted – with unfair and opaque pricing structures. Lastly, in an effort to maintain integrity on their profiles, even a brand’s greatest champions are reluctant to show support. Many aren’t even aware of which pieces of content would be most impactful for them to share. To elaborate further: Modern online tribes and communities, from gaming servers to Web3 projects, have become advertising-resistant, disregarding messages even from Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs). Traditional advertising struggles to infiltrate these tight-knit digital circles authentically. Reputable Web2 brands, despite having considerable media budgets, have yet to effectively access these communities and tribes in a manner that feels genuine and is welcomed. The outsider perception of brands is a significant barrier. Acceptance within these communities hinges on genuine endorsement from active, core tribe members. We approach this problem by harnessing the very ethos of Web3 in having the participants in a network equally participate in its success. The strategies we employ include the promotion of content, products, and services within active, fervent communities across diverse platforms – Web3, gaming, sports, and gambling, among others – organically and unobtrusively; overcoming the ‘Outsider Stigma’: Navigating through the walls of advertising resistance by enabling promotions through trusted, native voices within each tribe or community; and delivering a win-win scenario, allowing communities to monetize their user base while brands authentically connect with fresh, engaged audiences. Q5: What role does Twitter play in keeping the crypto community active? Why is Twitter the platform with the most crypto users? Twitter is our open forum and our playground, it is extremely important in the crypto community. It’s supported, of course, by Discord, Telegram, and WeChat, but Twitter’s model of short, bite-size news-esque delivered content is perfect for the fast-paced nature of Crypto. Q6: What are some of the strategies employed by /Reach in combating Crypto’s Twitter bot problem? We won’t be able to fully solve X’s bot problem alone, but we will be able to make sure it does not affect the spend creators put through the /Reach protocol. The /Reach protocol incentivizes both quality engagement and volume of engagement –both necessary in the success of visibility and fostering high caliber conversations and reach. We’ve implemented purpose-built, AI-powered, dynamic algorithms to power this effort. It is this quality engagement involving real people with authentic opinions that is our greatest weapon against bots on Twitter. Q7: From the information I have, you seem to have collected together a group of very impressive backers. Can you tell us a little bit about them and how you work with them? All of them are users of the /Reach protocol throughout the beta phase. The product and its results spoke for itself and they wanted to get involved. Many of the big names we speak to regularly to get their advice and perspective within the realm of their expertise. Q8: What are the next steps for /Reach after your launch? Grow the /Reach audience. We have already signed two deals with major communities to start using the /Reach protocol and have a pipeline of over 20 conversations at varying degrees of the sales cycle. The goal is to grow to an audience of more than 1,000,000 users within three months of launch.

Fixing Crypto Twitter: Exclusive Interview With /Reach Co-founder 8an

A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School by Catharine Esther Beecher, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON HEALTHFUL DRINKS. here CHAPTER VII. ON HEALTHFUL DRINKS. Although intemperance in eating is probably the most prolific cause of the diseases of mankind, intemperance in drink has produced more guilt, misery, and crime, than any other one cause. And the responsibilities of a woman, in this particular, are very great; for the habits and liabilities of those under her care, will very much depend on her opinions and practice. It is a point fully established by experience, that the full developement of the human body, and the vigorous exercise of all its functions, can be secured without the use of stimulating drinks. It is, therefore, perfectly safe, to bring up children never to use them; no hazard being incurred, by such a course. It is also found, by experience, that there are two evils incurred, by the use of stimulating drinks. The first, is, their positive effect on the human system. Their peculiarity consists in so exciting the nervous system, that all the functions of the body are accelerated, and the fluids are caused to move quicker than at their natural speed. This increased motion of the animal fluids, always produces an agreeable effect on the mind. The intellect is invigorated, the imagination is excited, the spirits are enlivened; and these effects are so agreeable, that all mankind, after having once experienced them, feel a great desire for their repetition. But this temporary invigoration of the system, is always followed by a diminution of the powers of the stimulated organs; so that, though in all cases this reaction may not be perceptible, it is invariably the result. It may be set down as the unchangeable rule of physiology, that stimulating drinks (except in cases of disease) deduct from the powers of the constitution, in exactly the proportion in which they operate to produce temporary invigoration. The second evil, is, the temptation which always attends the use of stimulants. Their effect on the system is so agreeable, and the evils resulting are so imperceptible and distant, that there is a constant tendency to increase such excitement, both in frequency and power. And the more the system is thus reduced in strength, the more craving is the desire for that which imparts a temporary invigoration. This process of increasing debility and increasing craving for the stimulus that removes it, often goes to such an extreme, that the passion is perfectly uncontrollable, and mind and body perish under this baleful habit. In this Country, there are five forms in which the use of such stimulants is common; namely, , , , , and . These are all alike, in the main peculiarity of imparting that extra stimulus to the system, which tends to exhaust its powers. alcoholic drinks tea coffee opium mixtures tobacco Multitudes in this Nation are in the habitual use of some one of these stimulants; and each person defends the indulgence by these arguments: First, that the desire for stimulants is a natural propensity, implanted in man's nature, as is manifest from the universal tendency to such indulgences, in every nation. From this, it is inferred, that it is an innocent desire, which ought to be gratified, to some extent, and that the aim should be, to keep it within the limits of temperance, instead of attempting to exterminate a natural propensity. This is an argument, which, if true, makes it equally proper to use opium, brandy, tea, or tobacco, as stimulating principles, provided they are used temperately. But, if it be granted that perfect health and strength can be gained and secured without these stimulants, and that their peculiar effect is to diminish the power of the system, in exactly the same proportion as they stimulate it, then there is no such thing as a temperate use, unless they are so diluted, as to destroy any stimulating power; and in this form, they are seldom desired. The other argument for their use, is, that they are among the good things provided by the Creator, for our gratification; that, like all other blessings, they are exposed to abuse and excess; and that we should rather seek to regulate their use, than to banish them entirely. This argument is based on the assumption, that they are, like healthful foods and drinks, necessary to life and health, and injurious only by excess. But this is not true; for, whenever they are used in any such strength as to be a gratification, they operate, to a greater or less extent, as stimulants; and, to just such extent, they wear out the powers of the constitution; and it is abundantly proved, that they are not, like food and drink, necessary to health. Such articles are designed for medicine, and not for common use. There can be no argument framed to defend the use of one of them, which will not equally defend all. That men have a love for being stimulated, after they have once felt the pleasurable excitement, and that Providence has provided the means for securing it, are arguments as much in favor of alcohol, opium, and tobacco, as of coffee and tea. All that can be said in favor of the last-mentioned favorite beverages, is, that the danger in their use is not so great. Let any one, who defends one kind of stimulating drink, remember, then, that he uses an argument, which, if it be allowed that stimulants are not needed, and are injurious, will equally defend all kinds; and that all which can be said in defence of tea and coffee, is, that they be used, so weak, as to do no harm, and that they actually have done less harm than some of the other stimulating narcotics. may The writer is of opinion, that tea and coffee are a most extensive cause of much of the nervous debility and suffering endured by American women; and that relinquishing such drinks would save an immense amount of such suffering. But there is little probability that the present generation will make so decided a change in their habits, as to give up these beverages; and the subject is presented rather in reference to forming the habits of children. It is a fact, that tea and coffee are, at first, seldom or never agreeable to children. It is the mixture of milk, sugar, and water, that reconciles them to a taste, which in this manner gradually becomes agreeable. Now, suppose that those who provide for a family conclude that it is not duty to give up entirely the use of stimulating drinks, may not the case appear different, in regard to teaching their children to love such drinks? Let the matter be regarded thus:—The experiments of physiologists all prove, that stimulants are not needful to health, and that, as the general rule, they tend to debilitate the constitution. Is it right, then, for a parent to tempt a child to drink what is not needful, when there is a probability that it will prove, to some extent, an undermining drain on the constitution? Some constitutions can bear much less excitement than others; and, in every family of children, there is usually one, or more, of delicate organization, and consequently peculiarly exposed to dangers from this source. It is this child who ordinarily becomes the victim to stimulating drinks. The tea and coffee which the parents and the healthier children can use without immediate injury, gradually sap the energies of the feebler child, who proves either an early victim, or a living martyr to all the sufferings that debilitated nerves inflict. Can it be right, to lead children, where all allow that there is some danger, and where, in many cases, disease and death are met, when another path is known to be perfectly safe? their Of the stimulating drinks in common use, is least injurious, because its flavor is so strong, in comparison with its narcotic principle, that one who uses it, is much less liable to excess. Children can be trained to love milk and water sweetened with sugar, so that it will always be a pleasant beverage; or, if there are exceptions to the rule, they will be few. Water is an unfailing resort. Every one loves it, and it is perfectly healthful. black tea The impression, common in this Country, that , especially in Winter, are more healthful than cold, is not warranted by any experience, nor by the laws of the physical system. At dinner, cold drinks are universal, and no one deems them injurious. It is only at the other two meals that they are supposed to be hurtful. warm drinks There is no doubt that drinks are healthful, and more agreeable than cold, at certain times and seasons; but it is equally true, that drinks above blood heat are not healthful. If any person should hold a finger in hot water, for a considerable time, twice every day, it would be found that the finger would gradually grow weaker. The frequent application of the stimulus of heat, like all other stimulants, eventually causes debility. If, therefore, a person is in the habit of drinking hot drinks, twice a day, the teeth, throat, and stomach are gradually debilitated. This, most probably, is one of the causes of an early decay of the teeth, which is observed to be much more common among American ladies, than among those in European countries. warm It has been stated to the writer, by an intelligent traveller, who had visited Mexico, that it was rare to meet an individual with even a tolerable set of teeth; and that almost every grown person, he met in the street, had merely remnants of teeth. On inquiry into the customs of the Country, it was found, that it was the universal practice to take their usual beverage at almost the boiling point; and this, doubtless, was the chief cause of the almost entire want of teeth in that Country. In the United States, it cannot be doubted that much evil is done, in this way, by hot drinks. Most tea-drinkers consider tea as ruined, if it stands until it reaches the healthful temperature for drink. The following extract from Dr. Andrew Combe, presents the opinion of most intelligent medical men on this subject. [G] " is a safe drink for all constitutions, provided it be resorted to in obedience to the dictates of natural thirst, only, and not of habit. Unless the desire for it is felt, there is no occasion for its use during a meal." Water "The primary effect of all distilled and fermented liquors, is, to . In infancy and childhood, the circulation is rapid, and easily excited; and the nervous system is strongly acted upon, even by the slightest external impressions. Hence slight causes of irritation readily excite febrile and convulsive disorders. In youth, the natural tendency of the constitution is still to excitement; and consequently, as a general rule, the stimulus of fermented liquors is injurious." stimulate the nervous system and quicken the circulation These remarks show, that parents, who find that stimulating drinks are not injurious to themselves, may mistake in inferring, from this, that they will not be injurious to their children. Dr. Combe continues thus: "In mature age, when digestion is good and the system in full vigor, if the mode of life be not too exhausting, the nervous functions and general circulation are in their best condition, and require no stimulus for their support. The bodily energy is then easily sustained, by nutritious food and a regular regimen, and consequently artificial excitement only increases the wasting of the natural strength. In old age, when the powers of life begin to fail, moderate stimulus may be used with evident advantage." It may be asked, in this connection, why the stimulus of animal food is not to be regarded in the same light, as that of stimulating drinks. In reply, a very essential difference may be pointed out. Animal food furnishes nutriment to the organs which it stimulates, but stimulating drinks excite the organs to quickened action, without affording any nourishment. It has been supposed, by some, that tea and coffee have, at least, a degree of nourishing power. But it is proved, that it is the milk and sugar, and not the main portion of the drink, which imparts the nourishment. Tea has not one particle of nourishing properties; and what little exists in the coffee-berry, is lost by roasting it in the usual mode. All that these articles do, is simply . to stimulate, without nourishing It is very common, especially in schools, for children to form a habit of drinking freely of cold water. This is a debilitating habit, and should be corrected. Very often, chewing a bit of cracker will stop a craving for drink, better than taking water; and when teachers are troubled with very thirsty scholars, they should direct them to this remedy. A person who exercises but little, requires no drink, between meals, for health; and the craving for it is unhealthful. Spices, wines, fermented liquors, and all stimulating condiments, produce unhealthful thirst. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Catharine Esther Beecher (2007). A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21829/pg21829-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON HEALTHFUL DRINKS.

Food and Flavor: A Gastronomic Guide to Health and Good Living: Chapter III - Our Denatured Foods

I’m 32 and spent $200k on biohacking. Became calmer, thinner, extroverted, healthier & happier.

Tengo 32 años y gasté $200k en biohacking. Se volvió más tranquilo, más delgado, extrovertido, más saludable y más feliz.

Authors:
(1) Ruochu Yang;
(2) Chad Lembke;
(3) Fumin Zhang;
(4) Catherine Edwards. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Anomaly Detection Algorithm Experimental Evaluation Conclusion and References IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, we apply an anomaly detection algorithm to four real glider missions supported by the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography in the University of Georgia and the University of South Florida. On one side of generality, the algorithm is capable of detecting anomalies like remora attachment and shark hit in diverse real-world deployments based on high-resolution DBD data. On the other side of realtime performance, we simulate the online detection on subsetted SBD data. It utilizes generic data of glider trajectory and heading angle to estimate glider speed and flow speed. Anomalies can be identified by comparing the estimated glider speed with the normal speed range. False alarms can be minimized by comparing the algorithm-estimated flow speed with the glider-estimated flow speed. The algorithm achieves real-time estimation through a model-based framework by continuously updating estimates based on ongoing deployment feedback. Future work will enhance estimation accuracy by incorporating large amount of glider data into a data-driven framework. It is also worth taking into account the impact of the anomaly on the estimated flow speed, aiding in the process of determining false alarms. REFERENCES [1] F. Zhang, D. M. Fratantoni, D. A. Paley, J. M. Lund, and N. E. Leonard, “Control of coordinated patterns for ocean sampling,” International Journal of Control, vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 1186–1199, 2007. [2] D. A. Paley, F. Zhang, and N. E. Leonard, “Cooperative control for ocean sampling: The glider coordinated control system,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 735– 744, 2008. [3] M. Hou, S. Cho, H. Zhou, C. R. Edwards, and F. 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Kumar, “Anomaly detection: A survey,” ACM computing surveys (CSUR), vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1–58, 2009. [22] W. Yassin, N. I. Udzir, Z. Muda, and M. N. Sulaiman, “Anomaly-based intrusion detection through k-means clustering and naives bayes classification,” International Conference on Computing and Informatics, p. 49, 2013. [23] K. Szwaykowska and F. Zhang, “Controlled lagrangian particle tracking: error growth under feedback control,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 874–889, 2017. [24] S. Cho, F. Zhang, and C. R. Edwards, “Learning and detecting abnormal speed of marine robots,” International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 1729881421999268, 2021. [25] R. Yang, M. Hou, C. Lembke, C. Edwards, and F. Zhang, “Anomaly detection of underwater gliders verified by deployment data,” in 2023 IEEE Underwater Technology (UT). IEEE, 2023, pp. 1–10. [26] Y. Ruochu, M. Hou, C. Lembke, C. Edwards, and F. Zhang, “Real-time autonomous glider navigation software,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.13096, 2023. [27] X. Liang, W. Wu, D. Chang, and F. Zhang, “Real-time modelling of tidal current for navigating underwater glider sensing networks,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 10, pp. 1121–1126, 2012. [28] O. Schofield, J. Kohut, D. Aragon, L. Creed, J. Graver, C. Haldeman, J. Kerfoot, H. Roarty, C. Jones, D. Webb, and S. Glenn, “Slocum gliders: Robust and ready,” Journal of Field Robotics, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 473–485, 2007. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Ruochu Yang; (2) Chad Lembke; (3) Fumin Zhang; (4) Catherine Edwards. Authors: Authors: (1) Ruochu Yang; (2) Chad Lembke; (3) Fumin Zhang; (4) Catherine Edwards. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Anomaly Detection Algorithm Anomaly Detection Algorithm Experimental Evaluation Experimental Evaluation Conclusion and References Conclusion and References IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, we apply an anomaly detection algorithm to four real glider missions supported by the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography in the University of Georgia and the University of South Florida. On one side of generality, the algorithm is capable of detecting anomalies like remora attachment and shark hit in diverse real-world deployments based on high-resolution DBD data. On the other side of realtime performance, we simulate the online detection on subsetted SBD data. It utilizes generic data of glider trajectory and heading angle to estimate glider speed and flow speed. Anomalies can be identified by comparing the estimated glider speed with the normal speed range. False alarms can be minimized by comparing the algorithm-estimated flow speed with the glider-estimated flow speed. The algorithm achieves real-time estimation through a model-based framework by continuously updating estimates based on ongoing deployment feedback. Future work will enhance estimation accuracy by incorporating large amount of glider data into a data-driven framework. It is also worth taking into account the impact of the anomaly on the estimated flow speed, aiding in the process of determining false alarms. REFERENCES [1] F. Zhang, D. M. Fratantoni, D. A. Paley, J. M. Lund, and N. E. Leonard, “Control of coordinated patterns for ocean sampling,” International Journal of Control, vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 1186–1199, 2007. [2] D. A. Paley, F. Zhang, and N. E. Leonard, “Cooperative control for ocean sampling: The glider coordinated control system,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 735– 744, 2008. [3] M. Hou, S. Cho, H. Zhou, C. R. Edwards, and F. Zhang, “Bounded cost path planning for underwater vehicles assisted by a time-invariant partitioned flow field model,” Frontiers in Robotics and AI, vol. 8, 2021. [4] J. Nicholson and A. Healey, “The present state of autonomous underwater vehicle (auv) applications and technologies,” Marine Technology Society Journal, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 44–51, 2008. [5] O. Schofield, J. Kohut, D. Aragon, L. Creed, J. Graver, C. Haldeman, J. Kerfoot, H. Roarty, C. Jones, D. Webb et al., “Slocum gliders: Robust and ready,” Journal of Field Robotics, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 473– 485, 2007. [6] M. J. Stanway, B. Kieft, T. Hoover, B. Hobson, D. Klimov, J. Erickson, B. Y. Raanan, D. A. Ebert, and J. Bellingham, “White shark strike on a long-range auv in monterey bay,” in OCEANS 2015-Genova. IEEE, 2015, pp. 1–7. [7] J. E. McCosker and R. N. Lea, “White shark attacks upon humans in california and oregon, 1993-2003,” Proceedings-California Academy Of Sciences, vol. 57, no. 12/24, p. 479, 2006. [8] L. G. Baehr, “Swimming with sharks: An underwater robot learns how to track great whites,” Oceanus, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 42–49, 2013. [9] J. J. Gertler, Fault detection and diagnosis in engineering systems. CRC press, 2017. [10] J. Chen and R. J. Patton, Robust model-based fault diagnosis for dynamic systems. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, vol. 3. [11] K. Aslansefat, G. Latif-Shabgahi, and M. Kamarlouei, “A strategy for reliability evaluation and fault diagnosis of autonomous underwater gliding robot based on its fault tree,” International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 83–89, 2014. [12] X. Wang, “Active fault tolerant control for unmanned underwater vehicle with sensor faults,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 9485–9495, 2020. [13] B. Y. Raanan, J. Bellingham, Y. Zhang, B. Kieft, M. J. Stanway, R. McEwen, and B. Hobson, “A real-time vertical plane flight anomaly detection system for a long range autonomous underwater vehicle,” in OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington, 2015, pp. 1–6. [14] E. Anderlini, C. A. Harris, G. Salavasidis, A. Lorenzo, A. B. Phillips, and G. Thomas, “Autonomous detection of the loss of a wing for underwater gliders,” in 2020 IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Symposium (AUV). IEEE, 2020, pp. 1–6. [15] G. Fagogenis, V. De Carolis, and D. M. Lane, “Online fault detection and model adaptation for underwater vehicles in the case of thruster failures,” in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2016, pp. 2625–2630. [16] Y.-s. Sun, X.-r. Ran, Y.-m. Li, G.-c. Zhang, and Y.-h. Zhang, “Thruster fault diagnosis method based on gaussian particle filter for autonomous underwater vehicles,” International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 243–251, 2016. [17] A. Caiti, F. Di Corato, F. Fabiani, D. Fenucci, S. Grechi, and F. Pacini, “Enhancing autonomy: Fault detection, identification and optimal reaction for over—actuated auvs,” in OCEANS 2015-Genova. IEEE, 2015, pp. 1–6. [18] V. Asalapuram, I. Khan, and K. Rao, “A novel architecture for condition based machinery health monitoring on marine vessels using deep learning and edge computing,” in 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Measurement and Control in Robotics (ISMCR). IEEE, 2019, pp. C1–3. [19] P. Wu, C. A. Harris, G. Salavasidis, I. Kamarudzaman, A. B. Phillips, G. Thomas, and E. Anderlini, “Anomaly detection and fault diagnostics for underwater gliders using deep learning,” in OCEANS 2021: San Diego–Porto. IEEE, 2021, pp. 1–6. [20] Z. Bedja-Johnson, P. Wu, D. Grande, and E. Anderlini, “Smart anomaly detection for slocum underwater gliders with a variational autoencoder with long short-term memory networks,” Applied Ocean Research, vol. 120, p. 103030, 2022. [21] V. Chandola, A. Banerjee, and V. Kumar, “Anomaly detection: A survey,” ACM computing surveys (CSUR), vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1–58, 2009. [22] W. Yassin, N. I. Udzir, Z. Muda, and M. N. Sulaiman, “Anomaly-based intrusion detection through k-means clustering and naives bayes classification,” International Conference on Computing and Informatics, p. 49, 2013. [23] K. Szwaykowska and F. Zhang, “Controlled lagrangian particle tracking: error growth under feedback control,” IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 874–889, 2017. [24] S. Cho, F. Zhang, and C. R. Edwards, “Learning and detecting abnormal speed of marine robots,” International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 1729881421999268, 2021. [25] R. Yang, M. Hou, C. Lembke, C. Edwards, and F. Zhang, “Anomaly detection of underwater gliders verified by deployment data,” in 2023 IEEE Underwater Technology (UT). IEEE, 2023, pp. 1–10. [26] Y. Ruochu, M. Hou, C. Lembke, C. Edwards, and F. Zhang, “Real-time autonomous glider navigation software,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.13096, 2023. [27] X. Liang, W. Wu, D. Chang, and F. Zhang, “Real-time modelling of tidal current for navigating underwater glider sensing networks,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 10, pp. 1121–1126, 2012. [28] O. Schofield, J. Kohut, D. Aragon, L. Creed, J. Graver, C. Haldeman, J. Kerfoot, H. Roarty, C. Jones, D. Webb, and S. Glenn, “Slocum gliders: Robust and ready,” Journal of Field Robotics, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 473–485, 2007. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

Real-Time Anomaly Detection in Underwater Gliders: Conclusion and References

There is a new preprint on , , where the authors concluded that, "GPT models perform worse than humans, on average, in solving letter string analogy tasks using the normal alphabet. Moreover, when such tasks are presented with counterfactual alphabets, these models display drops in accuracy that are not seen in humans, and the kinds of mistakes that these models make are different from the kinds of mistakes that humans make. These results imply that GPT models are still lacking the kind of abstract reasoning needed for human-like fluid intelligence." arXiv Using Counterfactual Tasks to Evaluate the Generality of Analogical Reasoning in Large Language Models Human intelligence and LLMs are not directly comparable for a few reasons: , what is the convergence between humans and LLMs? Or, what is the primary commonality between humans and LLMs? Digital. This means that what humans do on digital, that LLMs can do, is digitally delimited. First While it is clear that humans understand more than LLMs, which humans express on paper, in communications, and then on digital, LLMs are using what humans have made on digital, in a fraction of the vastness of human abilities. So, just the digital inputs and outputs of humans are comparable with LLMs. LLMs can be compared to a person learning a second language. However, the progress level should not be measured with someone who is a native speaker but with a native speaker of that language learning another language of similar difficulty. This implies that LLMs are trying to do what humans are great at in comparison with if humans were to learn machine language and communicate with it. What does it mean that, as the only non-living things, LLMs can do some of the intelligent things that humans can do, at least, on digital? It means that the similarities are not just what matters but divergence. LLMs can simply be told to make fake images, videos, or audio. They can be told to write fake information. They run the errand. They pay attention. They are aware of information from different sources. However, they have no emotional connection to anything. They show no remorse. They also have no knowledge of the consequences. They are the only non-organism that has what is parallel to a human mind, refuting the ubiquity of mind, suggested by panpsychism. The human mind has functions, and those functions have qualifiers. The collection of the qualifiers can be termed as consciousness, the super qualifier. LLMs would win over the human mind because of how good they would deliver on tasks. Many call them tools, but tools that can use language, an agent of being, to access many parts of the mind, including solving valuable problems in situations, is an elevation for LLMs. They are not like pets but like evolving cohabitants. AI Safety and Digital Memory Digital is not physical. This distinction is now important in an age where there is contamination in digital. AI can be used to find correlations in cardiology, particle physics, decipher papyrus, and so forth, but AI can also clone voices, deepfake images, videos, and generate convincing misinformation amid other vices. Some of these and other things were at least contained or a tad difficult in the past. In the physical, contaminants, like pathogens, require precautions against their sources, say water, air, forests, or others. Digital contaminants are freely able to spread with physical-representative digital, with little barriers. It will be important to note that whatever is not physical may not be as real, at times, if there is no guarantee that it is a transmission of live physical, or something extra verifiable. The internet is already unified, which, with its advantages, may not be a great thing anymore, as contamination can spread, including cyberattacks. There can be new ways to use AI as security agents, making detections of sources where harmful traffic or activities might be originating, which some are already doing. For any page on social media or the internet that a person would visit, there can be an AI reader assistant that goes ahead to interpret images, videos, audio, and stories on it. This is done by some browsers already for search results. It would be vital for social media, not just to say what is ahead while scrolling, but to blur some, if the image, video, or text would be problematic to the person's mental health, or does not have a physical representation likelihood or may be misleading. Some platforms may provide some features where, as people make posts they go through a filter, such that those who would see it will be sure of what they are seeing, as a real representation of the physical. along with digital use, where the working of memory, emotions, feelings, intelligence, and so forth, can be available as a what to consult on the side, against allowing digital results to carry a user away, before much can be done. How the human mind works, conceptually, may also be useful to go The importance of how the mind works as an attachment to digital results is to ensure that some of the effects of contaminated digital images that are sent are mitigated, with the ability to use intent to check distributions in the mind, before falling for it. Just like brain science, cognitive science, psychology, psychiatry, philosophy of mind, and the rest are driven by labels, AI is also being labeled. There are labels for different aspects of memory, like there are labels for types of emotions, feelings, and so forth, but the key importance in the human mind is how sets of impulses mechanize them, not what they are called. For AI, there are labels like emergent properties, layers, parameters, tokens, self-attention, and so forth. What will be important is to find parallels between the qualifiers of the human mind and those that are acting on digital for AI. This is different from direct comparisons of the parameters of LLMs to brain synapses. AI safety institutes may be focused on technical paths against AI risks, which are great, but parallels to the human mind, to know what AI is doing within digital, similar to how the mind qualifies functions, may be useful to set off alarms, or capability benchmarks, especially for wide distribution, thick sets of memory, sequences, and others. LLMs can interpret inputs, with their ability to summarize essays, similar to how biological senses can also interpret. This is an example of a distant parallel, to human sentience, qualifying inputs with memory functions. Research and development into the mind, theoretically, may be useful for safety, especially to develop counter agents, or counter qualifiers, against those that serve contaminations. Feature image source

AI Safety: Human Intelligence Beyond LLMs and Panpsychism

Scientific American, Volume XLIII., No. 25, December 18, 1880, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . VARIEGATION OF LEAVES. here VARIEGATION OF LEAVES. BY JAMES HOGG. At the meeting of the Association of Nurserymen in Chicago, last July, one of our prominent horticulturists described leaf variegation as a disease. Incidentally this brought up the question: Does the graft affect the stock upon which it is inserted? Much confusion of ideas exists upon this subject, largely due to a loose application of the term disease. Strictly speaking, this term is only applicable to that which shows the health of the plant to be impaired. It should be distinguished from aberrant or abnormal forms, for these are not necessarily indicative of disease. Nobody thinks of saying that red or striped roses are diseased because they are departures in color from the white flower of the type species; or that white, yellow, or striped roses are diseased when the color of the type species is red. Nobody thinks of saying that double flowers are evidences of disease in the plant, or that diminution in the size of leaves or variation in their form is a disease. Why then should it be said that because leaves may become of some other color than green, or become party-colored, therefore they are diseased? If it be said that flowers are not leaves, and that therefore the analogy is not a good one, the reply is, that flowers in all their parts, and fruits also, are only leaves differently developed from the type. This fact is a proven one, and so admitted to be by all botanists and vegetable physiologists of the present day. If it be objected that by becoming double, flowers lose the power of reproducing the variety or species, the answer is, that this loss of power is not necessarily the result of disease, but may arise from various other causes. Because an animal is castrated, it surely will not be claimed that therefore it is diseased. In man and in the higher animals the power of reproduction ceases at certain ages, but it cannot therefore be said that such men or animals are diseased. Neither is a redundancy of parts an unequivocal evidence of disease. Topknot fowls and ducks are as healthy as those which do not have such appendages, and a Shetland pony is as healthy as a Percheron horse, notwithstanding the difference in their size and weight. Again, color in block or in variegation is not positive evidence of disease in animal life. The white Caucasian is as healthy as the negro, the copper-colored Malay as the red Indian. The horse, ox, and hog run through white and red to black both in solid and party-color, and all are equally healthy; so with the rabbit, dog, cat, and others of our domestic animals. In wild animals, birds, reptiles, fishes, and insects, it is the same, so that mere difference in color or combinations of color are not evidence of disease. prima facie But some will say this may be true of animal life, but not of plant life. That there is a strong and evident analogy, the one with the other, is now universally admitted by physiologists. Formerly many physiologists considered leaf variegation a disease, because it generally ran in stripes lengthwise of the leaf or in spots. In the former case it was supposed to originate from disease in the leaf cells of the leaf stalk, which, as the cells grow longitudinally, naturally prolonged it to the end of the leaf. But the originating of varieties in which the variegation did not assume this form, with other considerations, has done much to upset this theory. In the variegated leaved snowberry we have the center and border of the leaf green, separated the one from the other by an isolated white or yellow zone. In the zebra-leaved eulalia and the zebra-leaved juncus, from Japan, we have the variegation of the leaf transversely instead of longitudinally, so that according to the old theory we have the anomaly of a healthy portion of the leaf producing an unhealthy portion, and that again a healthy one, and thus alternately along the whole length of the leaf. When we dissect a leaf in its primal development, we find that its cells contain colorless globules, by botanists called chlorophyl or phyto-color; these undergo changes according as they are acted upon by light, oxygen, or other agents, producing green, yellow, red, and other tints. This chlorophyl only exists in the outer or superficial cells of the parenchyma or cellular tissue of the leaf, and thus differs from starch and other substances produced in the internal cells, from which the light is more or less excluded. It is a fatty or wax-like substance, readily dissolved in alcohol or ether. The primal color of all leaves and flowers is white or a pale yellowish hue, as can readily be seen by cutting open a leaf or flower bud. The seed leaves of the French bean are white when they come out of the earth, but they become green an hour afterward under the influence of bright sunshine. A case is on record where in a certain section, some miles in extent, in this country, about the time of the trees coming into leaf, the sun did not shine for twenty days; the leaves developed to nearly their full size, but were of a pale or whitish color; finally, one forenoon the sun shone out fully, and by the middle of the afternoon the trees were in full summer dress. These facts show that the green color of leaves is due to the action of light. Variegation is sometimes produced independently of the chlorophyl, as in and , in which it is produced by a layer of air interposed between the epidermis or outer skin of the leaf and the cells beneath; this gives the leaf a bright, silvery appearance. Begonia argyrostigma Carduus marianus To what, then, are we to ascribe leaf variegation? I think that it is entirely due to diminished root power; by this I do not mean that the roots are diseased, but that they are either in an aberrant or abnormal state; but disease cannot be predicated upon either of these states. To explain: everybody knows to be a strong growing shrub, having umbels of rosy-colored flowers and strong, stout roots; the white flowered variety is quite dwarf, is more leafy and bushy than the species, and has more fibrous and delicate roots than the type; the crisp-leaved variety is still more dwarf, very bushy, and very leafy, and has very fine threadlike roots. This would indicate that the aberrance is in the roots; the two varieties are much more leafy in proportion to their size than the species, so that if the leaves controlled the roots, the latter should have been larger in proportion than those of the species. Again, once when, in the autumn, I was preparing my greenhouse plants for their winter quarters, I cut back a "Lady Plymouth" geranium, which chanced to be set away in a cool and somewhat damp cellar. When discovered the following February and started into growth in the greenhouse it produced nothing but solid green leaves, and never afterward produced a variegated leaf. This I attributed to its having gained greater root power during its long season of rest. By this I mean that the roots had grown and greatly increased in size, although there had not been any leaf growth. That roots under certain circumstances do so is well known. The roots of fir trees have been found alive and growing forty five years after the trunks were felled. The same has occurred in an ash tree after its trunk had been sawn off level with the ground. A root of has been known to keep on growing for twelve years after its top had been destroyed by frost; and in all that time it never made buds or leaves, yet it increased to seven times its original weight. The tuberous roots of some of the will continue to grow and increase in size after the tops have been accidentally broken off; and potatoes buried so deep in the earth that they cannot produce tops will produce a crop of new potatoes. Spirea callosa Ipomea sellowii Tropæolums On the other hand, I have had an oak-leaved geranium overlooked in a corner of the greenhouse until it was almost dried up for lack of water. When its branches were pruned back and it was started into growth only one branch showed the almost black center of the leaf, all the rest were clear green. This was an evident case of diminished root power, but the plant grew as thriftily as ever. The lack of the dark marking in the leaves was equivalent to the variegation in other varieties, only in a reverse direction. In practice, when gardeners wish to produce an abnormal condition in a tree or plant, they will, if they wish to dwarf it, graft it on a species or variety of diminished root power, and contrariwise, if they wish to increase its growth, will graft it upon a stock of strong root power. But in neither case can the graft be said to be diseased by the action of the roots of the stock. When this root power is so far diminished as to produce complete albinism, the shoots from such roots appear to partake of this diminished power, and to lose the power of making roots, and thus become very difficult to propagate. It is sometimes said that albino cuttings cannot be rooted at all, but this is a mistake, for I have succeeded in striking such cuttings from the variegated leaved . It required much care to do it; they did not, however, retain their albino character after they rooted and started into growth. Hydrangea Albinism and white variegation in leaves appear to be due to the chlorophyl in such leaves being able to resist the action of the three (red, yellow, and blue) rays of light. What we call color in any substance or thing is due to its reflecting these different rays in various proportions of combination and absorbing the rest of them, the various proportions giving the various shades of color. White is due to the reflection of all of them, and black to the absorption of them. In some plants with variegated foliage we have the curious fact that the cells containing chlorophyl reflecting one color produce cells which reflect an entirely different color. In the coleus "Lady Burrill," for instance, the lower half of the leaf is of a deep violet-crimson color, and the upper half is golden yellow. In other varieties of coleus, in , and other plants, we have foliage without a particle of green in it, and yet they are perfectly healthy. This shows that green leaves are not absolutely necessary to the health of a plant. Perilla nankiensis As a proof of leaf variegation being a disease, the speaker alluded to cited a case in which a green leaved abutilon, upon which a variegated leaved variety had been grafted, threw out a variegated leaved shoot below the graft. This can easily be explained. The growth of the trunk or stem of all exogenous plants, or those which increase in size on the outside of the stem, is brought about by the descent of certain formative tissue called cambium, elaborated by the leaves and descending between the old wood and the bark, where it is formed into alburnum or woody matter. Some think that it is also formed by the roots and ascends from them as well as descending from the leaves. Be this as it may, there is no doubt about its descent. In such comparatively soft-wooded, free growing plants as the abutilon the descent of the cambium is very free and in considerable quantity, so that the stock would soon be inclosed in a layer of it descending from the graft. When being converted into woody matter it also forms adventitious buds which under certain favorable circumstances will emit shoots of the same character as the graft from which it was derived. The graft is such cases may be said to inclose the stock in a tube of its own substance, leaving the stock unaffected otherwise. The variegated shoot in this case was in reality derived from the downward growth of the graft and not from the original stock, which was not therefore contaminated by the graft. In cases where the stock is of much slower growth than the graft, or the graft is inserted upon a stock of some other species, the descending cambium does not inclose the stock, but makes layers of wood on the stem of the graft, which thus, as is frequently seen, overgrows the stock, sometimes to such an extent as to make it unsightly. Nobody ever saw an apple shoot from a crab stock, a pear from a quince stock, or a peach shoot from a plum stock. This is one of the arguments in favor of the view that cambium also rises from the roots. Again, to show that the stock is not affected by the graft, or the graft by the stock, except as to root power, let any person graft a white beet upon a red beet, or contrariwise, when about the size of a goosequill, and when they have attained their full growth, by dividing the beet lengthwise he will find the line of demarkation between the colors perfectly distinct, neither of them running into the other. The theory that leaf variegation is a disease has been held by many distinguished botanists and is in nowise new. But this theory has been controverted, and we think successfully, by other botanists, and it is not now accepted by the more advanced vegetable physiologists. There are now so many acute and industrious students and observers in every department of science, and the accumulation of facts is so rapid and so great, that very many of the older theories are being set aside as not in accord with the newly discovered facts. A student brought up in institutions where the old theories are inculcated has afterward to spend half his time in unlearning what he had been previously taught, and the other half in studying the new facts brought to his notice and testing the theories promulgated by men of science. Botanical science does not wholly consist in the classification and nomenclature of plants, but largely consists in a knowledge of vegetable anatomy and physiology, and these require much study and some knowledge of other sciences, such as chemistry, meteorology, geology, etc. Without such general knowledge it is difficult to form a harmonious theory in regard to any of the phenomena of plant life. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2007). Scientific American, Volume XLIII., No. 25, December 18, 1880. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21081/pg21081-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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