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Parkable is a park sharing platform for managing employee and tenant parking, finding short-term or monthly public parking and sharing space to earn money.

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Parkable, the leading Parking Management Software, has announced an integration with Engrain, a recognized leader in next-generation touring technology and map-based data visualization.

Parkable partners with Engrain to provide parking efficiencies across multi-tenanted buildings

Market Overview of Global Parking Management market: According to our latest research, the global Parking Management market looks promising in the next 5 years. As of 2022, the global Parking ...

Parking Management Market Dynamics till 2031: Business Development Analysis with Latest Dominating Growth Strategies

What Are the Top Startups in Oceania?

There are many qualities of a great software engineer that will make you stand out. Among them, these 3 are crucial for you to become a great software engineer and leave the competition behind. Surely technical qualities matter a lot to be counted as a superior software engineer. On the other hand, this post is geared towards the non-technical aspects of software engineering. Software engineer qualities to work on for your career development With no doubt, a great software engineer writes working, testable and maintainable code. Numerous technical skills will be required to differentiate yourself as a great software engineer. Writing clean code, debugging bugs, and following standard are some of these technical skills. Some opine as must-have qualities of a great software engineer. Another points to curiosity and a love of learning to be essential to be an efficient software engineer. You can find a in Eastern Europe too if you are looking for one. positive attitude and communication skills post great software engineer For this post, we are more concerned than just the hard skills needed to prove yourself as a valuable software engineer. Let’s proceed to the software engineer qualities you need to work on to set you up for success: Good business acumen Simply put, is an understanding of how a company makes money and meets its goals and objectives. I have written in a too: business acumen previous talk Solutions and value to the business is much more important than the latest language/framework. As a software engineer, you must not worship a particular language or framework. Similarly, you should not apply the latest trends and fads to your day to day work just because it is trendy. Always think of what value does it add to the business. Also, analyze, how does it help make/save money for the business. Think of the trade-offs and the cost to benefit ratio too. For instance, once we became aware of a bug. It was affecting ~0.25% of the customers. The cost of fixing the issue at that time was far more than not fixing it. We did eventually fix the small bug but it was only in the next sprint. This is an example of good business acumen as the business was not losing any money. Yes, a fraction of the customers were facing a minor inconvenience but that was also fixed in about a week. Product managers/owners must have great business acumen. It is also important for software engineers to have good business acumen. I have never seen a software engineer who was promoted and had bad business acumen. Maybe their technical skill was a bit rusty but it was easily covered by good business acumen. If you work as a software engineer for an e-commerce company, you must know what the is. Similarly, it is better to know things like and . In case you are working for a SAAS business, you much understand what is all about to sharpen your business acumen. You can learn more about how investors look at numbers in a fun way by watching . conversion rate Customer acquisition cost (CAC) Customer Lifetime Value(CLTV) churn rate Shark Tank It sums up to having a great sense of how the business works and accumulate valuable domain knowledge over time are super crucial qualities of a great software engineer. Highly responsible Great software engineers are highly responsible. If they take up a task, they make sure that it is working well on production. They will even go above and beyond to establish more clarity around the task by building reports for better visibility. I have never met a great software engineer who will throw his/her work over the wall. By that, I mean saying things like “It is done from my end now it is QA’s responsibility” or “I have written the code, it is approved. Now it is DevOps’ headache to get it to production”. A quality of a great software engineer is that they follow up the task on hand very well. Even after the task is done they will come back to it after days or even weeks to check that is it working fine. They will evaluate numbers and take pride in the great work they have shipped. For an efficient and highly responsible software engineer the Quality Assurance (QA) team is more like a gate to pass by not a group of testers. The engineer would have already thoroughly tested their work in both automated and manual ways. Finding obvious bugs in the work done by an amazing engineer would be difficult. As they would be already highly responsible to think about that edge case or that probable use-case and tackled it in the code. They might have gone ahead to write tests for such scenarios so that it doesn’t come back and bite the team in the future. Following true DevOps and SRE philosophy, a great software engineer will own their work and be accountable for it. If things break in something they have developed and deployed, they will be the first to respond. The response can be as quick as a rollback or even write a quick fix to patch the issue temporarily. They will come back to the issue and release a permanent solution to the issues introduced by the code they have added. Basically, great software engineers truly live by the philosophy of . They also make great engineers. you build it you run it on-call Ace team players Being an ace team player is another crucial quality of a great software engineer. Engineering resilient software is a team sport and efficient software engineers know this fact very well. A great software engineer is an excellent mentor and a coachable mentee too. A great software engineer will always look out for the whole team. They will help engineers junior to him/her and not hesitate to learn from everyone. A valuable software engineer will logically help another teammate. This does not mean that software engineer will always leave their talk on hand, context switch, and help another engineer. This means given the task on hand is at a parkable state they will park it, then go and help the junior team member get unblocked. I did a talk some years back about things a junior software engineer should know. Great software engineers have this innate ability to translate technical jargon and requirements into simple layman language. This in turn helps all team members understand what is being done. For instance, a non-technical product owner can easily explain to the executive why this feature will take more time. A valuable software engineer would go the extra mile to explain the need to refactor and then only do the main task. This will make it faster in the long run and make the feature more reliable too. A great software engineer is an impact multiplier. Let’s say if s/he is somewhat free and they see that the QA person has a lot to do in this sprint. They will not think twice about helping the QA person and help the QA person. A great software engineer knows and values the team output. S/he contributes to the team’s flow and outcome to be better not only their own. Imagine this, the sprint is near to an end but nothing is deployed to production even though pull requests have been approved. A software engineer who is a valuable team player would assist in things that would help code reach production. They will be able to do it without overstepping on anyone’s responsibilities. These software engineer qualities are found in great software engineers. Conclusion All of the above will only foster if the Software engineering culture of the company is on the right path. As Dr. Willam Tate - “Rarely do managers focus on the quality of the fish tank & what surrounds the fish: they mostly notice individual fish and become fixated on them. But if the water is toxic, the fish suffer. If there is no movement in the water, it will be deprived of life-giving oxygen” mentioned To get the best qualities applied even out of great software engineers the whole software engineering culture needs to support it. Also published here.

3 Non-Technical Qualities of a Great Software Engineer

Despite the woo-woo-seeming presentation of ideas in this and his most popular book , I think Napoleon Hill was onto something, even if it was expressed in a delulu way. Think and Grow Rich The following is the summary of the main concepts of a lesser-known Napoleon Hill book: . First things first - Hill didn’t think he was talking to the devil. He wrote it as a parable about human nature and how we sabotage ourselves. Outwitting the Devil actual What you’ll learn: What happens to the mind when it has no purpose? Mental habits and behaviors for success. How to use human nature to your advantage. The key concept of the book - drifting. Drifting refers to a state of mind that lacks aim or purpose - essentially going through the motions. 9 thought habits that lead to drifting: Fear Superstition Avarice Greed Lust Revenge Anger Vanity Laziness Success - drifter vs non-drifter In Hill’s terms, the difference between a successful and an unsuccessful person is a set of habits. If you’re not successful, it’s because you’re unwilling to train your mind. Drifting ≠ Success. Non-Drifting = Success. Successful people carefully choose the people they surround themselves with because we download the thought habits of the people we interact the most with. Drifter always complains that the world has run out of opportunity and there's nothing to do while the non-drifters will create opportunity no matter the circumstances. Non-drifters provide a service that's useful to as many people as possible; the attitude is to give before you get. How to protect yourself against drifting Value time as your greatest asset. Recognize that the emotion of fear is self-sabotage. Resist it. Decide what you want from life and create a plan to achieve it. Form the habit of being decisive. Don’t leave things unfinished. If temporarily defeated or failed, analyze it to extract the knowledge and advantage it has given you. Your thoughts guide your actions. Be wary of what/how you think. Human nature Hypnotic rhythm - the unconscious part of your mind that tends to solidify your habits and behaviors. These automated behaviours can be good or bad: brushing your teeth, compulsively checking social media, exercising, eating poorly etc. But hypnotic rhythm refers to thinking patterns, too. Do we ruminate or gossip? Are we grateful and forgiving? Do we look for opportunities or focus on what work? These mental habits usually form early on and then become solidified beliefs that produce the illusion that . doesn’t that’s what the world is How to stop drifting You need to develop: DEFINITENESS OF PURPOSE Definite aims, goals, and purpose. Have a plan for how you're gonna achieve them. Plans can change, but the definiteness of purpose doesn’t. If a plan fails don't be discouraged, devise a new plan. MASTERY OVER SELF Master your desire for 1) food 2) sex 3) desire to express loosely organised opinions. The person who talks less has the opportunity to learn more by listening to and observing others. Expressing loosely organized opinions is a destructive habit; don't give opinions unless you’re asked. CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE (ASSOCIATIONS) Your environment feeds your thought habits. We unconsciously adopt the habits of those we associate with closely. Association through romantic relationships has very strong powers because the minds are connected spiritually. TIME Time converts thought habits into outcomes and either penalizes or rewards you depending on them. Time allows human beings to cultivate wisdom, but wisdom only comes to non-drifters who proactively use their minds for positive thought habits. HARMONY Like attracts like - nature seeks things of a similar nature. Successful people 1) make sure to have harmony among their business associates 2) require their associates to have definiteness of purpose. CAUTION - THINKING THROUGH YOUR PLAN BEFORE YOU ACT Think first act second. A drifter reacts before thinking. Has a plan if things go wrong to avoid unnecessary stress. How the mind works, according to Hill We receive thoughts from the collective consciousness and the Infinite Intelligence (God, Universe, Consciousness - whatever it means to you). All negative desires are nothing but frustrations of positive desires. Thoughts tend to invoke similar thoughts so if you're thinking positively, more positive thoughts will come up and vice versa. The thoughts that we keep having become a part of the hypnotic rhythm law. That's why it's so important to choose your thoughts. Wrap up Would I recommend you read the book? Yes, if you’re not bothered by spiritual-speak. offers a deep dive into the psychology of success through a dialogue with the sabotaging part of ourselves. Outwitting the Devil Key takeaways: Have purpose and vision for your life and guide your actions accordingly. Master self-discipline, both through thought habits and curating the people/information you surround yourself with. Value your time and use it to your advantage by creating positive mental habits that compound over time and bring you ‘luck.’ Also published . here

A Key to Success: Defeat Drifting

Hi, all! Here is my weekly email discussing mental models, performance, business, and entrepreneurship. If you love this content (please share it), but also… Check out my , connect with me on / , and read my Podcast YouTube Twitter daily newsletter. What’s in today’s newsletter? We now enjoy the most health, freedom, and opportunities in human history - standing on the shoulders of inventors and pioneers who sacrificed to expand potential. But too many people waste this unprecedented access to tools for fulfillment by chasing distraction and pleasure while avoiding reality and responsibility. It's ironic how much progress surrounds us externally, yet how stagnant most individuals are in taking the initiative to actually seize it. Entitlement has bred widespread complacency. We must shake off victim mindsets full of excuses. Progress depends on personal accountability. Inheriting progress means accepting responsibility to compound it. Seize the generosity of past generations as fuel for your own creation. Transform excuses into action. Lift all rising tides through your differentiated efforts right now. The heaviest weight is unfulfilled potential despite an unprecedented opportunity explosion. Fortify resolve beyond comfortable circumstances handed to you. Don't take generational privilege for granted - use it as a foundation for your own progress. “We are living at the peak of human civilization.” I know that sounds hyperbolic. But consider this objectively. You stand now at the highest vantage point in the history of mankind when it comes to opportunity, technology, wisdom, and quality of life. In 75 years, we went from prop planes to commercial space flight. From news communicated by post to video calls on handheld devices transmitted by satellites in space. You can access virtually all cumulative knowledge known to humans in seconds from something in your pocket. Translate between languages instantly via AI. Map travel to remote villages Google hasn’t even photographed yet. But here’s the shocking part most haven’t realized... Despite all this exponential progress around us, most individuals fail to hold themselves to the standards such advancements make possible when it comes to actualizing our potential. We life spanned through a renaissance period that unlocked orders of magnitude more opportunity, tools, and information to enhance performance, well-being, and success... Yet, most trade this inheritance for distraction and limitation. Why Do We Squander Our Potential Despite Having Every Advantage? Make no mistake, you stand at the mountaintop when it comes to opportunity. But most come nowhere near achieving what is newly possible in their lifetime when it comes to fulfillment, human performance, and leaving a legacy. There is an alarming chasm between the acceleration of external potential... And lack of internal initiation to seize it. We’re living through discoveries and technological leaps our ancestors couldn’t even conceptualize. Yet, most use these for distraction and entertainment versus deliberate enhancement. For example, learning mastery was always a privilege of the well-connected or exceptionally motivated self-starter. To be a for most pursuits required intense commitment bordering on obsession. “student of the game” Now, you can access Ivy League-level curriculum from home on nutrition, fitness, finances, starting a business, languages, and more for free or extremely affordable. Yet, how many leverage this privileged panopticon of education handed to them? The mere abundance of opportunity actually has the inverse effect. It creates anxiety. The paradox of choice kicks in. They feel overwhelmed by open doors and unsure which path aligns with innate talents or burns with authentic passion and zeal. We know exponentially more about performance, psychology, wellbeing, and success than prior generations too. But we rarely apply this diligently to transcend the excuses that are holding us back. The pioneer heart still lies dormant within despite overwhelmingly favorable conditions for bold new frontiers. The perfect analogy: you’re standing in a forest, amongst massive Redwoods. You can’t help but be memorized by their grandeur, but you can’t bring yourself to plant a seed yourself. So Why This Tragic Gap Between Peak Potential and Performance? In one word? Entitlement. Entitlement manifests when we inherit reward without risk. Have privileges dropped in our lap without paying dues. Act entitled to outcomes without earned merit. The hallmark of entitled mindsets is desiring results now without requisite work beforehand. A gross sense of entitlement stems from the unusual situation we find ourselves in... We’re thrust into an environment drastically different than what our recent ancestors faced. Like time travelers, we skipped hundreds of incremental steps. We opened our eyes to a life wildly transformed by technology and innovation created before we were even born. Handed gadgets, tools, and abundances like magic. Yet, without direct experience progressively earned through each rung ourselves from the bottom up. We didn’t slowly acclimate across generations to appreciate or have a reference for how good we have it. We just stepped into this future now and accepted it as normal. Numbing ourselves to the heights we stand atop. When you don’t earn through your own blood, sweat, and tears — forced to find opportunity where little exists — you don’t fully respect the competitive advantage and possibilities at your fingertips today. Like trust fund kids aimlessly drifting through privilege not grounded by reality. Without scarcity as a sharp contrast, we lose sight of how overwhelmingly abundant life is now for those taking initiative. We gaze into the infinite realm of potential yet focus only on what remains out of reach still versus claiming all within grasp already. Innovation Alone Doesn’t Elevate Individually Make no mistake, access alone means little without action. Books on the shelf don’t transform until read and applied diligently. Courses mean nothing if never finished. Accountability partners lose their leverage when you stop showing up. As Morpheus reminded... “There is a difference between knowing the path, and walking the path.” Don’t pat yourself on the back simply for discovering life-changing wisdom not utilized. It remains inert potential energy at best. Only through courageous initiation do we embody new standards what expanded possibility now allows for. Step fully through the doorway from old limitations into frontiers before off-limits. Otherwise, we cash our inheritance early for distraction instead of investing and compounding gains. We celebrate progress but don’t individually push progress. Squandering our unprecedented opportunity ultimately just increases disempowerment and entitlement. Until we regress despite external progress lifting most boats. As Viktor Frankl said... “Ultimately man should not ask what the meaning of his life is, but rather realize it is he who is asked. In a word, each man is questioned by life; and he can only answer to life by answering for his own life; to life he can only respond by being responsible.” The path is paved, and tools are available to actualize your best life. But it demands responsibility. Owning our personal progression versus making excuses. Amor Fati — loving your fate — regardless of where you start. Seizing opportunity despite disadvantage. Forging your capability despite circumstance. Excuses or Action. Constraint or Creation. You choose daily. Mindset Determines Outcomes Over Environment Here’s an uncomfortable truth most deny... Your external conditions don’t determine outcomes nearly as much as initiative, mindset, psychology, and choices. Environment influences but doesn’t override individual responsibility. Regardless of noise that’s not within control, own what is, with extreme prejudice. This is called displacement theory — where we overfactor context and underappreciate personal accountability. Consider two examples that illustrate the immense leverage of mindset over environment: Immigrants frequently outperform their native peers in academics, income, and home ownership. Despite less access to resources, networks, or cultural familiarity when they start over, many immigrants radically thrive through bottom-up hustle. Conversely, lottery winners ending up worse financially years later is a documented phenomenon. Through entitlement without maturity, they squander windfalls despite luck removing obstacles for them. Or another example... Children of wealthy parents earning trust funds underperform self-made peers substantially, despite infinite safety nets allowing risk and failure. They substitute privilege for individual will and work ethic. Yet, those climbing from nothing showcase immense ambition regardless of environmental factors trying to limit belief in potential outcomes. The Championship Mindset In An Era Of Participation Awards Maybe these realities make you uncomfortable. Good. They are. We want to believe factors out of our control determine destinies. It absolves responsibility to take inventory of decisions and habits within influence that drive outcomes. Blaming society, injustice, or circumstance is easier than reflecting on the dicey notion “If I transformed my psychology and made better choices, I could radically change my results.” But let’s pause here. The goal isn’t condemnation over what have been done or guilt for past approaches. “should” The purpose is illumination, so we pivot forward empowered by truth. Awareness spurs change, not judgment. Transform excuses into energy toward your next phase of actualized potential. Forge opportunity by expanding the possibility of what you believe can be done despite constraints trying to convince you otherwise. Musashi called this having a “championship mindset.” Winners in any domain — sports, art, business, spirituality, relationships — build identity narratives that cut through obstacles in their heads first before ever seeing them manifest physically. Mental fortitude precedes external manifestation. Jelly insides show up as weak results regardless of your potential. Champions hold an almost delusional-level conviction in what they can accomplish if they strategically apply themselves over enough time. They embody the identity of excellence, domination, and impact so completely that it etches their physiology. Confidence is their baseline, not an aspirational boost needing external validation. This unstoppable mindset fuels consistent action towards audacious goals despite hurdles or timelines seeming unreasonable to rest. Great ones know external wins start within long before visible to the outside world. Cultivating sheer efficacy and willpower to turn dreams into plans and then plans into progress. They hold themselves to higher standards constantly. Making incremental improvement daily until the plateau of potential reached elevates baseline. Knowing marginal gains compound over time. This mentality separates those who squander natural talents that the rest wish they had...from those with championship vision who maximize every drop of human potential possessed. Who will you become? Identity drives reality. Claim Your Modern Birthright Manifesting potential starts by taking complete ownership of precious opportunity within your grasp right now. Birthright means an inheritance you’re entitled to by birth. Financial security, status, and assets family members pass down. I challenge you to view the situation you were born into more expansively. Your ancestor just two generations ago likely: Performed backbreaking labor from sunrise to sundown Had health issues we resolve easily today Had way less economic opportunity without global mobility and the internet Access to maybe a few books their whole life in rural areas Die by 60 years old from now preventable causes Just since 1990... Automation replaced 50% of tedious and dangerous jobs Healthcare innovation increased life expectancy over a decade The Internet created millions of economic opportunities Education went from privilege of few to accessible for all Extreme global poverty dropped by 50% The point is you won the cosmic lottery simply by being born in this time and place in history. So before complaining about limitations, perhaps compassionately reflect on how much circumstance-defying potential surrounds you here and now... Then courageously claim it. Sacrifice excuses for initiative. Accept abundance over entitlement. Double down on excellence and accountability. Living through these rare times is a modern birthright. But Destiny's true inheritance must be claimed with both hands despite endless distractions tempting complacency. Compounding This Windfall Part of maturity means realizing you don’t deserve anything simply because you exist. Universal energy rewards those taking responsibility. Actualizing your full potential involves stewarding ALL inheritances — money, knowledge, tools, relationships, inspiration — handed down to responsibly create MORE value as you climb the hierarchy of goals. Think back to stories like the Jesus told. A master going on a journey entrusts servants with bags of gold. In return, two invested and compounded the money. But one simply preserved the original inheritance, digging a hole to hide it without attempting to increase it. “Parable of the Talents” The message is clear: To those faithfully stewarding opportunity: “Well done! You have been trustworthy with small things, I will now give you much more.” But to the servant burying their potential: “You wicked and lazy servant! Take the gold from him and give it to the man enterprising increase.” So think back… Who worked diligently starting with little versus who squandered opportunity? Who multiplied gains versus who generated entitlement? Who owned the identity of excellence versus excuses? Compare where you started to possibilities before you now thanks to external progress. Have you compounded personal capability at an equal rate? Or stagnated in complacent entitlement enjoyed as a birthright? Awaken The Modern Pioneer Spirit Beyond holding yourself to higher standards, adopt the heart and spirit of past pioneers who settled frontiers. The pioneer journeys not for glory itself but so their grandchildren may have opportunities they never dreamed of. Sacrifice in the short term to build foundations for the betterment of future generations. Plant trees under whose shade you may never sit. But know they allow the fruits of your labor to be enjoyed for decades beyond your short, fleeting lifespan. This pioneer spirit is precisely what built the privileged conditions we enjoy but take for granted today. We forget the backs broken with labor and risk so we could have comfort and safety to unlock our creativity. Standing on the shoulders of giants, how will we lift the next wave still higher? The Modern Pioneer Rises What frontiers — physical, spiritual, scientific, personal — will you charge courageously into despite unknowns and fears holding most peers paralyzed? How can we hold ourselves to elevated expectations equal to the abundant privileges we inherited? Where can you multiply opportunity before passing the baton to youth who will one day stand exactly where you stand now? Progress depends on pioneers scraping trails where none exist yet. To blaze so others may follow. To settle where most only daydream of. To actualize imaginary places into inhabitable spaces. You now have guides, tools, and abundance allowing manifestation beyond the wildest dreams of ancestors just decades ago. Much gifted to start farther than they ever imagined. But the modern pioneer can’t rest on generational privilege alone. They must charge forward to meet the future. Create so their young may build upon foundations in place. Ignite sparks today so flames illuminate unforeseen horizons tomorrow. The Bravest Act of Our Times Perhaps this whole discussion seems irrelevant. But I assure you, truly embracing even a fraction of the exponential change swirling around us requires courage and foresight seen only at pivotal transitions in human history. Our complacency and distraction are simply conditioned comfort against risking the unknown frontier. Preference for slow deaths of boredom and limitation over daring greatly into undiscovered possibility. But you can’t selectively inherit the privilege of progress without also accepting responsibility to steward this momentum. Enjoying luxury without risking further elevation is not honorable. Progress depends on pioneers in every generation putting their shoulders to the wheel. To push exponential technology, innovation, and thought even higher. Standing on shoulders while lifting still taller. The bravest act in our times is acknowledging frankly the heights we now stand atop... legacy capital accumulated... gifts and knowledge solemnly passed down to us. Then courageously planting flags further. For not even the sky need be the limit anymore. The Summit Still Beckons Perhaps this brings more questions than concrete steps. It would make sense to feel overwhelmed realizing the progress civilization has made. Opportunities now exist beyond anything known for thousands of generations before. You may also feel anxious realizing you haven’t taken full advantage of what currently surrounds you. Instead, you’ve taken for granted the progress and inventions created by past generations who made this moment possible. That’s completely understandable. The first step is to gain perspective - to accurately see where we are thanks to those who came before us. Consider feeling grateful for the progress made by ancestors you now benefit from. Appreciation carries no judgment, only responsibility. We honor past generations by continuing the march of progress. Their innovations enable us; now, we must execute ourselves and pave the way for those to come. If you enjoyed this article, I’d love to hear from you. Email me at scott@scottdclary.com or at me and I’ll do my best to get back to everyone! tweet , @ScottDClary Also published here

We're Living in the Greatest Time in History (Yet Most Squander It)

আমরা ইতিহাসের সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ সময়ে বাস করছি (তবুও এটি সবচেয়ে বেশি নষ্ট করে)

Wir leben in der großartigsten Zeit der Geschichte (und doch verschwenden die meisten sie)

Estamos viviendo el mejor momento de la historia (aunque la mayoría lo desperdicia)

Nous vivons la plus grande époque de l’histoire (et pourtant, la plupart la gaspillent)

हम इतिहास के सबसे महानतम समय में रह रहे हैं (फिर भी सबसे अधिक इसे बर्बाद कर रहे हैं)

私たちは歴史上最も素晴らしい時代に生きています（しかし、最も多くの人がそれを浪費しています）

우리는 역사상 가장 위대한 시대에 살고 있습니다(그러나 대부분은 그것을 낭비하고 있습니다)

Estamos vivendo o melhor momento da história (ainda que a maioria o desperdice)

Мы живем в величайшее время в истории (однако большинство его растрачивают)

Tarihin En Harika Zamanını Yaşıyoruz (Fakat Çoğu Kişi Bunu İsraf Ediyor)

Chúng ta đang sống trong thời đại vĩ đại nhất trong lịch sử (Tuy nhiên, hầu hết đều lãng phí nó)

我们生活在历史上最伟大的时代（但也是最浪费的时代）

Mark Twain's Speeches by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ABOUT LONDON here ABOUT LONDON ADDRESS AT A DINNER GIVEN BY THE SAVAGE CLUB,
          LONDON, SEPTEMBER 28, 1872.

          Reported by Moncure D. Conway in the Cincinnati Commercial. It affords me sincere pleasure to meet this distinguished club, a club which has extended its hospitalities and its cordial welcome to so many of my countrymen. I hope [and here the speaker’s voice became low and fluttering] you will excuse these clothes. I am going to the theatre; that will explain these clothes. I have other clothes than these. Judging human nature by what I have seen of it, I suppose that the customary thing for a stranger to do when he stands here is to make a pun on the name of this club, under the impression, of course, that he is the first man that that idea has occurred to. It is a credit to our human nature, not a blemish upon it; for it shows that underlying all our depravity (and God knows and you know we are depraved enough) and all our sophistication, and untarnished by them, there is a sweet germ of innocence and simplicity still. When a stranger says to me, with a glow of inspiration in his eye, some gentle, innocuous little thing about “Twain and one flesh,” and all that sort of thing, I don’t try to crush that man into the earth—no. I feel like saying: “Let me take you by the hand, sir; let me embrace you; I have not heard that pun for weeks.” We will deal in palpable puns. We will call parties named King “Your Majesty,” and we will say to the Smiths that we think we have heard that name before somewhere. Such is human nature. We cannot alter this. It is God that made us so for some good and wise purpose. Let us not repine. But though I may seem strange, may seem eccentric, I mean to refrain from punning upon the name of this club, though I could make a very good one if I had time to think about it—a week. I cannot express to you what entire enjoyment I find in this first visit to this prodigious metropolis of yours. Its wonders seem to me to be limitless. I go about as in a dream—as in a realm of enchantment—where many things are rare and beautiful, and all things are strange and marvellous. Hour after hour I stand—I stand spellbound, as it were—and gaze upon the statuary in Leicester Square. [Leicester Square being a horrible chaos, with the relic of an equestrian statue in the centre, the king being headless and limbless, and the horse in little better condition.] I visit the mortuary effigies of noble old Henry VIII., and Judge Jeffreys, and the preserved gorilla, and try to make up my mind which of my ancestors I admire the most. I go to that matchless Hyde Park and drive all around it, and then I start to enter it at the Marble Arch—-and—am induced to “change my mind.” [Cabs are not permitted in Hyde Park—nothing less aristocratic than a private carriage.] It is a great benefaction—is Hyde Park. There, in his hansom cab, the invalid can go—the poor, sad child of misfortune—and insert his nose between the railings, and breathe the pure, health-giving air of the country and of heaven. And if he is a swell invalid, who isn’t obliged to depend upon parks for his country air, he can drive inside—if he owns his vehicle. I drive round and round Hyde Park, and the more I see of the edges of it the more grateful I am that the margin is extensive. And I have been to the Zoological Gardens. What a wonderful place that is! I never have seen such a curious and interesting variety of wild animals in any garden before—except “Mabilie.” I never believed before there were so many different kinds of animals in the world as you can find there—and I don’t believe it yet. I have been to the British Museum. I would advise you to drop in there some time when you have nothing to do for—five minutes—if you have never been there: It seems to me the noblest monument that this nation has yet erected to her greatness. I say to her, our greatness—as a nation. True, she has built other monuments, and stately ones, as well; but these she has uplifted in honor of two or three colossal demigods who have stalked across the world’s stage, destroying tyrants and delivering nations, and whose prodigies will still live in the memories of men ages after their monuments shall have crumbled to dust—I refer to the Wellington and Nelson monuments, and—the Albert memorial. [Sarcasm. The Albert memorial is the finest monument in the world, and celebrates the existence of as commonplace a person as good luck ever lifted out of obscurity.] The library at the British Museum I find particularly astounding. I have read there hours together, and hardly made an impression on it. I revere that library. It is the author’s friend. I don’t care how mean a book is, it always takes one copy. [A copy of every book printed in Great Britain must by law be sent to the British Museum, a law much complained of by publishers.] And then every day that author goes there to gaze at that book, and is encouraged to go on in the good work. And what a touching sight it is of a Saturday afternoon to see the poor, careworn clergymen gathered together in that vast reading-room cabbaging sermons for Sunday. You will pardon my referring to these things. Everything in this monster city interests me, and I cannot keep from talking, even at the risk of being instructive. People here seem always to express distances by parables. To a stranger it is just a little confusing to be so parabolic—so to speak. I collar a citizen, and I think I am going to get some valuable information out of him. I ask him how far it is to Birmingham, and he says it is twenty-one shillings and sixpence. Now we know that doesn’t help a man who is trying to learn. I find myself down-town somewhere, and I want to get some sort of idea where I am—being usually lost when alone—and I stop a citizen and say: “How far is it to Charing Cross?” “Shilling fare in a cab,” and off he goes. I suppose if I were to ask a Londoner how far it is from the sublime to the ridiculous, he would try to express it in coin. But I am trespassing upon your time with these geological statistics and historical reflections. I will not longer keep you from your orgies. ’Tis a real pleasure for me to be here, and I thank you for it. The name of the Savage Club is associated in my mind with the kindly interest and the friendly offices which you lavished upon an old friend of mine who came among you a stranger, and you opened your English hearts to him and gave him welcome and a home—Artemus Ward. Asking that you will join me, I give you his memory. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Mark Twain's Speeches. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3188/pg3188-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ABOUT LONDON

Hi All! Here is my weekly email discussing mental models, performance, business and entrepreneurship. If you love this content (please share it), but also… Check out my , connect with me on / , and read my Podcast YouTube Twitter daily newsletter. What’s in today’s newsletter? Specialize first, diversify later. Build a strong foundation in a niche before expanding your horizons. As Jeff Bezos said, "You have to pay a price for your distinctiveness." Adapt your strategy over time. Specialization and combinatorial thinking each have their place depending on your development stage. Stay agile and optimize for each phase. Deploy counterintuitive strategies (I’ll discuss them) used by all successful entrepreneurs to build strong foundations before branching out into new domains. Also know when's the right time to transition from niche focus to combinatorial thinking. Our world today is fascinated by cross-disciplinary innovation. It seems like the best ideas come from combining different fields and perspectives. I’ve written about combinatorial thinking . several times But today I’m going to tell you why you need to niche down and specialize (at least for a period of time), in your career or in your business. I have no doubt you’re asking… why would anyone wanna specialize in a narrow domain? Wouldn't that limit their potential and creativity? Didn’t you just tell us something radically different, just last week? Well, let me explain. There’s a time and place for everything and history tells us a different story. See, many of the most successful people and businesses with a deep focus on one area. started They built a strong foundation of expertise and reputation before branching out into new domains. They understood that specialization and diversification aren't mutually exclusive, but complementary strategies for growth (I’ll give you some examples in a second). Now. Why is this top of mind? About a year ago I had Joe Foster, the founder of Reebok, on my . I learned that Reebok became a global brand by specializing in women's aerobics shoes (niching down). podcast But when we met for coffee yesterday, he shared how Reebok later diversified into other sports and markets. He explained how specialization gave Reebok a competitive edge, but also how diversification helped Reebok adapt and thrive. His story inspired me to write this newsletter and explore the role of specialization in growth, and how to balance it with diversification. I believe that both approaches have their merits and challenges, and that the key is to use 'em wisely and intentionally. As Jeff Bezos said: "You have to pay a price for your distinctiveness, and it's worth it." In this newsletter, I'll share with you my perspective on how to find your niche, why you need to care about it, how to leverage it for growth, and how to expand your horizons when the time is right. I hope you'll find it useful and interesting. Finding Your Niche Finding your niche is one of the most important and challenging tasks for any aspiring creator, entrepreneur, or professional. How do you find your niche? How do you know if you have chosen the right one? How do you validate your niche before investing too much time and energy into it? Well that’s what I’m here for. Let’s start with two frameworks. The Venn Diagram Framework The Venn diagram framework for finding your niche helps you identify your unique combination of , , and that can help you create value and stand out. skills passions market opportunities This framework forces you to visualize these items. The elements you visualize are the three key factors that define your niche: : What are you good at or can become good at with practice and learning? Skills (Expertise & Experience) : What do you enjoy doing or learning about? Passions (Energy & Enthusiasm) : Who are the people who have a problem that you can solve or a need that you can fulfill? Market (Economics) Your niche is the intersection of these three factors. This is your sweet spot where you can create the most value and differentiation. The framework is very easy to implement just, follow these steps: List down all the skills, passions, and market segments that you have or are interested in. Draw a Venn diagram and see where they overlap. You can also use online tools like to create your own Venn diagram. this one Find one or more areas of overlap that are specific enough to be distinctive, but broad enough to be viable. For example, if you are skilled at writing, passionate about personal finance, and interested in serving young professionals, your niche could be writing about personal finance blog for young professionals. Just a reminder, this framework (like most others) are not perfect. It assumes that your skills, passions, and market are fixed and independent, which is not always the case. You’ll develop new skills or passions over time, or discover new market opportunities that you didn’t know existed. You’ll also find that some of your skills, passions, and market segments are interrelated or overlapping. So don’t treat this framework as a one-time exercise, but as a starting point and a guide. Revisit and update your Venn diagram regularly, and experiment with different combinations and variations. Also, always be open to feedback and data from your potential customers, and adjust your niche accordingly. The Hedgehog Concept Another useful framework to find your niche is the hedgehog concept. This concept was popularized by in his book, , where he studied the characteristics of companies that achieved sustained excellence and outperformed their competitors. Jim Collins Good to Great Collins found that one of the common traits of these companies was that they had a clear and simple understanding of what they were best at, what they were passionate about, and what drove their economic engine. He called this their “ ”, inspired by the ancient Greek parable of the hedgehog and the fox. hedgehog concept The parable goes like this: The fox is a cunning and versatile animal that knows many things and can pursue many strategies. The hedgehog is a simple and focused animal that knows one big thing and sticks to it. Every day, the fox tries to catch the hedgehog using different tricks and tactics, but every time, the hedgehog rolls into a ball of spikes and fends off the fox. The fox never learns, and the hedgehog always wins. The hedgehog concept is similar to the Venn diagram framework, but with some subtle differences. The three circles of the are: hedgehog concept This is not just a skill, but a core competency that you have or can develop that gives you a competitive edge and makes you stand out from the crowd. It is something that you can excel at and sustain over time. What you can be the best in the world at. This is not just a hobby, but a genuine love and enthusiasm for what you do. It is something that motivates you and gives you joy and fulfillment. What you are deeply passionate about. This is not just a market, but a way to measure and generate value for your customers and yourself. It is something that you can monetize and scale. What drives your economic engine. To find your niche, you need to identify the intersection of these three circles. This is where you can achieve greatness and build a lasting legacy. This is your . hedgehog concept To use this framework, you can start by asking yourself three questions: What can I be the best in the world at? What am I deeply passionate about? What drives my economic engine? The goal is to find one or more areas of overlap that are ambitious enough to challenge you, but realistic enough to achieve. Like the Venn diagram framework, this framework is not flawless. It assumes that you can objectively and accurately assess your own abilities, passions, and value proposition, which is not always easy or possible. You may also face trade-offs and conflicts between the three circles, such as having to choose between what you love and what pays well, or between what you are good at and what the market wants. Don’t treat this framework as a final answer, but as a direction and a vision. You should test and validate your hedgehog concept with your potential customers, and refine it based on feedback and results and you also have to be willing to pivot and adapt your hedgehog concept as you learn and grow. The Business Case for Niche Specialization Why do some companies and individuals succeed while others struggle? Well, like I mentioned, one key factor is specialization. One could argue a thousand different examples of companies that do diversify. But at the beginning, all great companies, hyper focus… to start. Efficiency Specializing in a niche allows you to optimize your processes and resources, and achieve higher levels of efficiency and productivity. For example, Basecamp is a software company that hyper specializes in project management tools. By concentrating on one domain, they can simplify their roles and workflows, and devote their attention to improving their core features, rather than diluting their efforts across multiple domains. Efficiency leads to profitability. Innovation Specializing in a niche also fosters innovation and adaptability. By combining different specialties within your niche, you can create new products and services that meet customer needs. For instance, Saxx Underwear specialized in men’s athletic underwear, and used their expertise to create new products like plush loungewear. Saxx is so deep in the weeds of their consumer and their niche that they notice things no one else will ever notice. They get a “ ” for their target customer so they can innovate faster than anyone else. canary in the coal mine Innovation leads to growth. Career Benefits Specialization also pays off in your career. Sommeliers, for example, advance faster and earn more than general beverage managers, despite having less diverse experience. Depth provides credibility and authority. Specialization leads to recognition. The data is clear - specializing in a niche supercharges businesses and careers, providing a competitive edge and higher earning potential. Specialization always precedes diversification. The Psychology Behind Specialization There are significant psychological advantages to specialization as well. Specialization actually helps us perform at a higher lever, with less friction. The Power of Automaticity When we deeply specialize in a niche, we train our brains to perform at an elite level with minimal effort. Through thousands of hours of deliberate practice, we develop automaticity – the ability to execute complex skills without conscious control or attention. Expert violinists can play intuitively, without thinking about note patterns or finger positions. Likewise, star athletes "trust their training" and execute in flow states. Surgeons enter trance-like focus, losing self-awareness during procedures. In short, niche specialization enables the brain to conserve mental energy and divert it towards higher-level insight and creativity. Deep skills become instinctual. Mental Models for Focus Specialists naturally use mental models like and to guide their thinking. inversion exaptation means asking This flip exposes flaws in strategies. Inversion “What would someone do to cause the opposite of my goal?” For example, if your goal is to improve employee retention, you could use inversion and ask "What would I do if I wanted to increase employee turnover?" This flipping of perspective can reveal gaps or flaws in your current strategies. It exposes assumptions, forces you to consider unintended consequences, and highlights actions that could undermine your goals. Inversion is a powerful framework specialists can use to stress test their plans and decisions. By imagining the opposite intent, they gain insights that strengthen their approach. involves applying niche skills creatively in new contexts, not just where they originated. Knowledge transfers unexpectedly. Exaptation For example, the technology behind air hockey tables was originally developed to help clean sensitive electronic components. But engineers later exapted this air suspension technology to invent a new arcade game. The key is repurposing a specific skill or innovation for a completely unrelated use case. Other examples: Using medical adhesive technology to develop soft mountaineering picks that grip ice. Leveraging expertise in aerodynamics from auto racing to design more efficient wind turbine blades. Applying knowledge of microbiome science from yogurt production to develop new probiotic therapies. Building on experience with virtual reality in gaming to create new VR-based PTSD treatments. The core idea is specialists taking their niche expertise and finding unexpected applications that create new value. It allows them to maximize the utility of their deep knowledge. Internalizing a Specialized Identity Research finds that developing a coherent identity (which comes with specialization) boosts motivation and persistence. Specializing shapes how we see ourselves. While pigeonholing has downsides, identifying with a niche provides direction and meaning. As specialists gain mastery, their skill becomes internalized as part of their self-concept. They think, "I am a marketing specialist" rather than "I do marketing." This identity inspires commitment to the craft. This deep integration of niche mastery into self-identity acts as a flywheel. As specialists gain renown in their craft, it further solidifies their self-image and commitment. Their niche obsession breeds more obsession in a virtuous cycle. Being known as the expert woodworker motivates them to become even more adept at woodworking. From Specialist to Combinatorial Thinker To tie this back into how this newsletter started, there is a time for specializing (depth) and time when it really does benefit you to become a polymath (breadth). Studies show depth and breadth can create powerful synergy: Scientists with artistic hobbies are more likely to become Nobel laureates. Diverse activities boost creativity. Inventors with patents across fields produce the most radical innovations. Varied experience connects unforeseen dots. Entrepreneurs who've worked in different industries have higher success rates. Their wider lens reveals overlooked opportunities. In summary, breadth can enhance depth. But depth comes first. Once you’ve achieved depth, you can pursue breadth, aka combinatorial thinking (if you haven’t read past newsletters), which is the art of blending skills from different domains to create new value, like musical notes mingling in a hit song. Thinkers like Scott Adams, Tim Ferriss and Elon Musk exemplify this art, combining distinct expertise into unique outcomes. Adams leveraged skills in business, humor and cartooning to create Dilbert Ferriss combines writing, entrepreneurship and self-experimentation to engage followers Musk integrates engineering, innovation and vision to launch groundbreaking ventures Transitioning from niche expertise to combinatorial thinking requires meticulous timing: Sample diverse domains to discover native strengths and passions. Before specializing: Complement your core skills to avoid tunnel vision. Stay updated on broad trends. While specializing: Leverage niche expertise into new spaces. Diversify offerings. Create novel hybrids. Post-specialization: Balance breadth and depth as needed. But always build upon a specialized foundation. Remember. Specialization brings mastery. Diversification brings growth. Both are essential. The key is embracing each phase fully in its time. Don't rush from novice to polymath overnight. Start by finding your niche. Tend your craft through deep work. Gain skills unconsciously. You’ll eventually start to master . your thing Then carefully broaden your scope. See how your specialty converges with alternate modes of thought. New synapses will spark at these intersections. As Jeff Bezos says, "You have to stay alert, engaged, and continually learning." Maintain a beginner's mind along with your hard-won expertise. Your journey will have twists and turns. Specialize, diversify, oscillate. Optimize for each terrain. Enjoy the trip. And at the end of the day, keep moving forward. Momentum conquers all obstacles. Progress compounds. If you enjoyed this article, I’d love to hear from you. Email me at scott@scottdclary.com or at me and I’ll do my best to get back to everyone! tweet @ScottDClary Also published . here

The Framework Successful People Use to Become Indispensable

ফ্রেমওয়ার্ক সফল লোকেরা অপরিহার্য হয়ে উঠতে ব্যবহার করে

Der Rahmen, den erfolgreiche Menschen nutzen, um unverzichtbar zu werden

El marco que utilizan las personas exitosas para volverse indispensables

Le cadre que les personnes qui réussissent utilisent pour devenir indispensables

सफल लोग अपरिहार्य बनने के लिए जिस रूपरेखा का उपयोग करते हैं

成功者が欠かせない存在になるために使用するフレームワーク

성공한 사람들이 없어서는 안 될 존재가 되기 위해 사용하는 프레임워크

A estrutura que pessoas de sucesso usam para se tornarem indispensáveis

Схема, которую используют успешные люди, чтобы стать незаменимыми

Başarılı İnsanların Vazgeçilmez Olmak İçin Kullandığı Çerçeve

Khuôn khổ mà những người thành công sử dụng để trở thành thứ không thể thiếu

成功人士不可或缺的框架

Of the crucifixion of Jesus; and of his last words upon the cross.

Authors: (1) Dong Jiang, School of Internet, Anhui University, National Engineering Research Center of Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University & jiangd@nju.edu.cn; (2) Zhen Yuan, School of Internet, Anhui University; (3) Wen-xin Li, School of Internet, Anhui University; (4) Liang-liang Lu, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing & lianglianglu@nju.edu.cn. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Strategy Description Encryption Speed Evaluation Statistical Evaluation Security Analysis Parameter Setup Comparison To Previous Works Conclusions Acknowledgments & References 8. Conclusion To sum up, a parallel computing technique based real-time chaotic video encryption strategy is proposed in this paper. It uses multiple threads to simultaneously perform confusion and diffusion operations on corresponding subframes to improve the computational efficiency. To evaluate the performance of the strategy, two chaotic maps are selected to implement cryptosystems. The encryption speed evaluation prove that such strategy significantly improves the encryption speed, and realizes realtime video encryption with different hardware platforms. The statistical and security analysis show that the deployed cryptosystems have outstanding statistical properties and resistance to attacks, noise, and data loss. Compared with previous works, the proposed strategy, to the best of our knowledge, achieves the fastest encryption speed, realizes the first real-time video encryption based on multiple-round confusion-diffusion architecture. This paper provides a feasible solution and a new path for related applications and research, respectively. CRediT authorship contribution statement Conceptualization, Methodology, Writingoriginal draft, Software, Supervision. Zhen Yuan: Investigation, Methodology, Software . Investigation, Software. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - review & editing, Supervision. Dong Jiang: Wen-xin Li: Liang-liang Lu Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Data availability Data will be made available on request. This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Advancing Video Encryption with Real-Time Parallel Computing Strategy: Conclusion

Authors: (1) Dong Jiang, School of Internet, Anhui University, National Engineering Research Center of Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University & jiangd@nju.edu.cn; (2) Zhen Yuan, School of Internet, Anhui University; (3) Wen-xin Li, School of Internet, Anhui University; (4) Liang-liang Lu, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing & lianglianglu@nju.edu.cn. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Strategy Description Encryption Speed Evaluation Statistical Evaluation Security Analysis Parameter Setup Comparison To Previous Works Conclusions Acknowledgments & References Abstract Due to the strong correlation between adjacent pixels, most image encryption schemes perform multiple rounds of confusion and diffusion to protect the image against attacks. Such operations, however, are time-consuming, cannot meet the real-time requirements of video encryption. Existing works, therefore, realize video encryption by simplifying the encryption process or encrypting specific parts of video frames, which results in lower security compared to image encryption. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a real-time chaotic video encryption strategy based on multithreaded parallel confusion and diffusion. It takes a video as the input, splits the frame into subframes, creates a set of threads to simultaneously perform five rounds of confusion and diffusion operations on corresponding subframes, and efficiently outputs the encrypted frames. The encryption speed evaluation shows that our method significantly improves the confusion and diffusion speed, realizes real-time 480 × 480, 576 × 576, and 768 × 768 24FPS video encryption using Intel Core i5-1135G7, Intel Core i7-8700, and Intel Xeon Gold 6226R, respectively. The statistical and security analysis prove that the deployed cryptosystems have outstanding statistical properties, can resist attacks, channel noise, and data loss. Compared with previous works, to the best of our knowledge, the proposed strategy achieves the fastest encryption speed, and realizes the first real-time chaotic video encryption based on multi-round confusion-diffusion architecture, thus, providing a more secure and feasible solution for practical applications and related research. : Real-time video encryption, Parallel computing, Chaotic systems, Confusion and diffusion Keywords 1. Introduction With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, images and videos have shown enormous potential in data storage and network transmission, resulting in extensive application requirements for image and video encryption [1]. However, most conventional cryptographic schemes, such as DES, AES, RSA, etc., are designed to protect textual information, they are not suitable for images and videos [2]. As a result, many image encryption protocols have been proposed over recent years based on different techniques [3, 4, 5, 6], in which chaos based methods attract significant attention, due to the intrinsic characteristics of chaotic systems, including ergodicity, non-periodicity, non-convergence, sensitivity to initial conditions and control parameters, et al. [7]. Most chaos based image encryption algorithms comprises confusion and diffusion phases [8]. In the former phase, the pixel positions are scrambled over whole image without changing the values [9]. In the latter phase, the pixel values are modified sequentially with the byte sequences generated by chaotic systems [10]. Such confusion-diffusion architecture based image encryption protocols need to perform the two phases for multiple rounds until a satisfactory security level is achieved [11]. This, obviously, is very time-consuming and cannot meet the realtime requirements of video encryption. Existing works, therefore, realize video encryption through simplifying encryption process or encrypting specific pixels in the video[12, 13]. For the first category (also known as the full encryption), for example, Ref. [14] selects three chaotic maps to generate byte sequences, and directly performs XOR operations between the pixels and the generated bytes to encrypt the video; Refs. [15] use the generated bytes to encrypt the frame, and take the encrypted pixels as feedback to improve the plaintext sensitivity of the deployed cryptosystem; Ref. [16] performs one round of confusion operation on the video frame, followed by acting XOR operations between the pixels and the generated bytes to realize frame encryption; Since practical applications put forward higher requirements for security, most recently published works are based on one-round confusion-diffusion architecture[17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. The second category is also known as the selective encryption, the algorithms belong to this category encrypt specific pixels in the video frame to reduce the computational complexity [23]. These categories of strategies, clearly, achieve high efficiency at the expense of security. Therefore, how to realize real-time video encryption without compromising the security has become an urgent problem to be solved. In the field of full video encryption, however, there are few related research. And to the best of our knowledge, existing works cannot realize real-time video encryption, i.e., the the number of frames encrypted in a second is larger than FPS (Frames Per Second) of the video or the average encryption time (ms) is less than 1000 / FPS. This paper, thus, takes the advantage of parallel computing, designs a five-round confusion-diffusion architecture based real-time chaotic video encryption strategy. To evaluate the performance, two cryptosystems are implemented using two different chaotic maps. Three hardware platforms are used to assess the encryption speed of the deployed cryptosystems. The evaluation results show that our strategy significantly improves the speed of byte generation, confusion, and diffusion, laying the foundation for the realization of real-time video encryption. The statistical and security analysis prove that the deployed cryptosystems have outstanding statistical properties and resistance to attacks, channel noise and data loss. The proposed strategy also suitable for many confusion and diffusion methods, and can be easily realized with both software and hardware. The rest of the paper are organized as follows: section 2 gives a detailed description of the proposed strategy. In section 3, two typical chaotic maps are selected to realize the strategy, and the encryption speed of the deployed cryptosystems are evaluated using three different hardware platforms. Section 4 and 5 carry out statistical and security analysis, respectively. Section 6 analyzes the reasons for the parameter settings used in this paper. In section 7 gives a comparison to recent published works, followed by a brief conclusion in section 8. This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Real-Time Chaotic Video Encryption Based on Multithreaded Parallel Confusion and Diffusion

মাল্টিথ্রেডেড প্যারালাল কনফিউশন এবং ডিফিউশনের উপর ভিত্তি করে রিয়েল-টাইম বিশৃঙ্খল ভিডিও এনক্রিপশন

Chaotische Videoverschlüsselung in Echtzeit basierend auf paralleler Multithread-Verwirrung und -Diffusion

Cifrado de vídeo caótico en tiempo real basado en confusión y difusión paralela multiproceso

Cryptage vidéo chaotique en temps réel basé sur la confusion et la diffusion parallèles multithread

मल्टीथ्रेडेड समानांतर भ्रम और प्रसार पर आधारित वास्तविक समय अराजक वीडियो एन्क्रिप्शन

マルチスレッドの並列混乱と拡散に基づくリアルタイムのカオスビデオ暗号化

멀티스레드 병렬 혼동 및 확산 기반의 실시간 혼돈 영상 암호화

Criptografia de vídeo caótica em tempo real baseada em confusão e difusão paralela multithread

Хаотическое шифрование видео в реальном времени на основе многопоточной параллельной путаницы и диффузии

Çok İş parçacıklı Paralel Karışıklık ve Dağıtıma Dayalı Gerçek Zamanlı Kaotik Video Şifreleme

Mã hóa video hỗn loạn theo thời gian thực dựa trên sự nhầm lẫn và khuếch tán song song đa luồng

基于多线程并行混淆扩散的实时混沌视频加密

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Vogt, Lars, TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology; (2) Konrad, Marcel, TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology; (3) Prinz, Manuel, TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Interoperability Semantic interoperability and what natural languages like English can teach us Requirements for successfully communicating terms and statements Parallels between the structure of natural language statements and data schemata with implications for semantic interoperability What makes a term a good term and a schema a good schema? The need for a machine-actionable Rosetta Stone for (meta)data that acts as an interlingua for specifying reference terms and reference schemata to support cognitive and semantic interoperability Rosetta Stone and machine-readability: UPRIs, XML Schema datatypes, and RDF for communicating terms, datatypes, and statements Rosetta Stone and machine-interpretability: Wikidata and a modeling paradigm for (meta)data statements based on English Rosetta Stone and semantic interoperability: Specifying term mappings and schema crosswalks Rosetta Stone and cognitive interoperability: Specifying display templates and using a query builder Discussion Related work Conclusion, Acknowledgements, & References Parallels between the structure of natural language statements and data schemata with implications for semantic interoperability Since we can think of each datum as a somewhat formalized representation of a natural language statement, structured in such a way that it can be easily compared with statements of the same type, and easily read and operationalized by machines (cf. Fig. 2A with 2D,E), we can think of a data schema as a formalization of a particular type of natural language statement to support its machine-actionability. In other words, data schemata are to machines what syntax trees are to humans—both define positions with semantic roles. When we compare data schemata with their corresponding natural language statements, we can thus see similarities between the structure of a sentence defined by the syntax and grammar of a natural language and the structure of a corresponding schema (Fig. 2). As discussed above, the of terms in a natural language sentence take on specific and contribute significantly to the meaning of the statement. For a data schema to have the same meaning as its corresponding natural language statements, it must, as a , functionally and semantically provide a similar structure with the same elements as the corresponding syntax tree: the schema must represent all relevant syntactic positions—in schemas often called —and their associated semantic roles in the form of , with terms and values populating the slots (see Fig. 2D,E). After all, humans need to be able to understand these data schemata, and need to be able to translate a given datum represented in a given data schema back into a natural language statement. Data schemata can therefore be seen as attempts to translate the structure of natural language sentences into machine-actionable data structures. syntactic positions semantic roles minimum requirement slots constraint specifications Looking at these interdependencies, we can distinguish different . And since we distinguish between terms and propositions as two different types of meaning-carrying entities when we communicate (meta)data, we can distinguish causes for the lack of terminological interoperability from causes for the lack of propositional interoperability. causes for the lack of semantic interoperability With regard to , we can distinguish between ontological and referential causes for the lack of interoperability of terms (10). When two given terms are compared semantically, they can either (i) differ in both their meaning and their referent (e.g., and ), (ii) differ only in their meaning but share the same referent (e.g., and , both referring to the planet Venus), or (iii) share the same meaning and the same referent. terminological interoperability ‘apple’ ‘car’ ‘Morning Star’ ‘Evening Star’ If two terms share their meaning and their referent, they are They are strict synonyms and can be used interchangeably. Since no two terms can share their meaning but not their referent, ontological interoperability always implies referential interoperability, but not vice versa. Thus, if two terms have the same referent but not the same meaning, because controlled vocabularies may differ in their ontological commitments, their ontological interoperability is violated, but not necessarily their since both terms can be used to refer to the same entity. For example, the COVID-19 Vocabulary Ontology (COVoC) defines ‘viruses’ as a subclass of ‘organism’, while the Virus Infectious Diseases Ontology ( ) defines ‘virus’ as a subclass of ‘acellular structure’, and thus as an object that is not an organism–these two terms are therefore not ontologically interoperable, even though they have the same referent (i.e., the same extension). In other words, the set of ontologically interoperable terms is a subset of the set of referentially interoperable terms. referentially and ontologically interoperable. referential interoperability, vido As far as terminological interoperability is concerned, we can therefore conclude that although ontological interoperability is preferred 2 , , since when we communicate information, we at least want to know that we are referring to the same entities. referential interoperability is the minimum requirement for the interoperability of terms In the context of knowledge graphs and ontologies, if two terms share the same meaning and referent despite having different UPRIs, we can express their terminological interoperability by specifying a corresponding term mapping using the ‘same as’ (owl:sameAs) property. If two terms have only the same referent but not the same meaning, we can express their referential interoperability by specifying a corresponding term mapping using the ‘equivalent class’ (owl:equivalentClass) property. Both types of mappings are (49), where there is only one vocabulary element to be mapped on the left side, and several others on the right side of the definition that do not need to be mapped. We can thus distinguish between ontological (i.e., same-as) and referential (i.e., equivalent-class) term mappings. homogeneous definition mappings With respect to , we can distinguish between logical and schematic causes for the lack of interoperability of statements of the same type (10). Data and metadata statements are if they have been modeled on the basis of the same logical framework (e.g., OWL-Full and thus on full description logics), so that one can reason over them using appropriate reasoners (e.g., an OWL-Full reasoner). When we talk about logically interoperable terms, we are actually referring to the ontological definitions of these terms and thus to their class axioms, which are universal statements that can be placed in the same logical framework if the terms are logically interoperable. propositional interoperability logically interoperable is achieved when statements of the same type are documented using the same (meta)data schema. If statements of the same type were represented using different schemata, corresponding (meta)data would no longer be interoperable. In such cases, one would have to specify schema crosswalks by aligning slots (i.e., syntactic positions) that share the same constraint specification (i.e., semantic roles) across different schemata modeling the same type of statement, in order to regain schematic interoperability (see Fig. 3). If the schemata use different vocabularies to populate their slots (i.e., the constraint specifications refer to different vocabularies), then corresponding term mappings must be included in the crosswalk to ensure terminological interoperability (see red bordered slots in Fig. 3). Consequently, we can distinguish between A schema crosswalk is a set of rules that specifies how (meta)data elements or attributes (i.e., slots) from one schema and format can be aligned and mapped to the equivalent (meta)data elements or attributes in another schema and format. Schematic interoperability ontological and referential schema crosswalks. In other words, to achieve schematic interoperability between two given statements, the subject, predicate, and object slots of their (meta)data schemata need to be aligned, and their terms be mapped across controlled vocabularies. To do this, the schemata must first be formally specified, e.g., in the form of graph patterns specified as SHACL shapes. Shapes that share the same statement-type referent then need to be aligned and mapped. These are (i.e., TBox alignments) (49) or , where several vocabulary elements must first be aligned and then mapped in schema crosswalks. ontology pattern alignments ABox alignments As far as propositional interoperability is concerned, we can therefore conclude that although a combination of logical interoperability and schematic interoperability is preferred, for the same reasons as for terms, schematic interoperability using referential schema crosswalks is the minimum requirement for the interoperability of statements. In summary, the interoperability of (meta)data statements does not only depend on the number of applicable operations and thus on machine-actionability, but also on the completeness of the ontological and referential term mappings and schema crosswalks relevant to the statements.

Parallels Between the Structure of Natural Language Statements and Data Schemata

In my previous , which introduced this multithreading series, we delved into Flynn’s taxonomy and meticulously explored various computer architectures. If you haven’t had the chance to peruse it yet, I highly encourage you to do so. blog In this installment, we circle back to delve deeper into SIMD and MIMD architectures, fundamental pillars of parallel computing. These architectures are the cornerstone upon which several parallel programming models are built. The evolution of these models closely mirrors advancements in computer architecture. Hence, understanding architectural intricacies becomes imperative for maximizing resource efficiency. In this journey, we’ll discuss how these architectures differ and what types of parallel programming models are, shedding light on their diverse applications and implementations. SIMD or Vector Programming| Shared Memory Model | Distributed Memory model | Distributed Shared Memory Model | PGAS Highlights: SIMD or Vector Programming Modern processors operate as vector units under the hood. In contrast to scalar processors, which handle data elements individually, modern vector processors excel at processing one-dimensional arrays of data at once. Notably, Intel’s x86 processors, incorporating SSE, AVX, or AVX-512 instruction sets, uniformly embrace SIMD instructions. Similarly, Nvidia GPUs use the concept of ‘Warps’, and AMD uses ‘Wavefronts’. How to exploit SIMD capabilities? Well, there are many ways of doing so. Most modern compilers are very capable of auto-vectorizing the code. We discussed some of these compiler flags (for Intel C++ Compilers) in my post on . Make sure to check that out. Compiler Optimizations GCC also supports a lot of these optimizations. Apart from compiler flags similar to ICC, pragmas can also be used to request available optimizations. #pragma GCC optimize("O3,unroll-loops")

#pragma GCC target("avx2,bmi,bmi2,lzcnt,popcnt") Another common method is using the . SIMD intrinsic functions SIMD intrinsics are specialized functions or operations provided by programming languages and compilers to utilize the capabilities of SIMD architectures directly. They allow programmers to explicitly write code that takes advantage of parallel processing capabilities without relying solely on compiler optimizations. These intrinsics map directly to specific SIMD instructions supported by the hardware. GCC allows users to include headers specific to the supported instruction sets (like for SSE, for SSE2, etc.). For convenience, can be included for auto-detection of the supported instruction set and automatically importing the most suitable file. xmmintrin.h emmintrin.h immintrin.h The details of implementing and using SIMD intrinsics deserve an article of their own, and we’ll skip them for now. But feel free to check some of the and to know more about them. code samples Intel intrinsics guide Besides pragmas and intrinsics, libraries, APIs, and even separate languages (built on C/C++) like , , , etc., allow the users to leverage the SIMD capabilities of the underlying hardware. CUDA Kokkos OpenCL MIMD: Shared memory vs distributed memory MIMD represents the most well-known computer architectures. Depending on how the processors access the memory, they are classified into two categories: . Shared and distributed memory Shared Memory Models In shared memory architecture, multiple processors or cores within a system share access to a common, centralized memory space. All processors can read and write data to the same physical memory locations. This shared memory space allows for communication and data sharing among the processors, facilitating coordination and collaboration in parallel processing tasks. From the viewpoint of a programmer, the shared memory model inherently assumes cache coherency (handled by the operating system), and the programmer doesn’t need to worry about that. The OS ensures data consistency (data synchronization) and control flow (control synchronization) for coordinating accesses between the processing elements (like threads). However, there is a lack of flexibility in distributing the tasks. Also, scalability becomes an issue after a certain number of processors. It suffers from low peak performance, and after a certain number of processors, the scalability becomes an issue, and the latency increases as multiple processors compete for the limited memory. Over the years, several variants of the shared memory model have been proposed. The two most popular ones are Uniform Memory Access (UMA) and Non-uniform Memory Access systems (NUMA). Uniform Memory Access (UMA) In Uniform Memory Access (UMA), all the processors in a multiprocessor system have equal access time to the shared, global memory. Thus, accessing any location in the shared memory takes approximately the same time (same latency), regardless of which processor initiates the access. This architecture is often associated with bus-based symmetric multiprocessors (SMP).In the earlier days, computing systems were designed to follow this philosophy. However, as the number of processors increased, the system bus/crossbar switch connecting the processors to the main memory became a bottleneck. This posed a significant scalability issue, and alternatives were sought. Non-uniform Memory Access systems (NUMA) Modern multi-processor computing systems follow the NUMA model. Here, the memory is divided into multiple regions, and each processor or group of processors is assigned to a specific memory region. Thus, a processor can access its local memory faster than remote memory (memory local to another processor). The NUMA systems are designed to address scalability concerns posed by UMA systems. As every processor has its local memory, this increases memory bandwidth. However, these pros come at the price of more programmer intervention.NUMA issues are pervasive for HPC applications. The programmer should carefully visualize the memory access patterns for the best performance. Standard programming practices include identifying the performance of row-major/column-major accesses, using the first-touch allocation strategy for threads, thread affinity for shared memory spaces, etc. Some of the other shared memory architectures include Cache Only Memory Access (COMA), Cache-Coherent NUMA (ccNUMA), and non-ccNUMA (nccNUMA). However, these are not very commonly used. Almost all of the modern computing systems are based on the combination of UMA and NUMA. The most popular shared memory programming models include . In the coming blog series, we’ll discuss in detail POSIX Threads, C++ Threads, and OpenMP. OpenMP , OpenACC , POSIX Threads , C++ Threads , Intel TBB , etc Distributed Memory Models Traditionally, computing has been confined to a single node, limiting the scale and efficiency of operations. However, by interconnecting disparate machines, the distributed memory model opens up a realm of possibilities for enhanced performance and scalability. At its core, the distributed memory model leverages independent hardware units or nodes, each equipped with processors and memory units. Multiple of these nodes distribute a given task among them and operate independently. This fragmentation allows for different levels of integration, accommodating a diverse range of computing resources and configurations. Distributed memory architectures have seen much development in past decades. From the Beowulf clusters to the modern-day blade servers, many configurations have existed (and continue to exist) that allow different levels of integration between the software and hardware. Distributed memory systems have a clear advantage in scalability. For example, let’s assume we have to do some computations on a matrix of size 100,000x100,000. Doing this on a single machine (even when fully utilizing the shared memory) will be time-consuming and resource-intensive. One of the solutions is distributing specific columns and rows to different nodes and letting them handle their fragment of computations. putations at once. Every node can focus on its part of the problem, and as soon as they’re done, one of the nodes can combine the final result. This decentralized approach facilitates load balancing and unlocks unprecedented levels of parallelism. It’s also important to highlight that each node can further exploit the shared memory architecture locally and use a shared memory programming model like OpenMP to potentially improve performance. Distributing matrix elements in this fashion allows many com However, with great power comes great complexity. The distributed nature of this model introduces additional challenges that must be navigated with precision. Moreover, the distribution of the problem itself demands careful consideration to ensure accurate partitioning and efficient utilization of resources. For instance, matrix elements being calculated in one of the nodes may depend on other nodes’ elements. The developer has to be very careful in handling such cases and communicate the data elements at appropriate time steps. Explicit communication between nodes becomes imperative, as data exchange and synchronization are essential for coherent execution. is one of the most common programming models for distributed memory systems. Many APIs and libraries that implement this interface exist. The most popular one is , which allows point-to-point and collective operations to exchange and aggregate data from one or multiple nodes at once. MPI deserves an article of its own, and we’ll skip it for now. Message passing MPI Distributed Shared Memory Model (DSM or DGAS) Both shared and distributed memory models offer their own set of pros and cons. To capitalize on the strengths of both, the , also known as , has been introduced. Distributed Shared Memory model (DSM) Distributed Global Address Space (DGAS) In the DSM approach, each node exposes a portion of its local memory for access by other nodes, thus embodying a distributed memory paradigm. However, this distributed memory can be accessed as a shared address space, resulting in a seamless DSM environment. Consequently, the programmer is only required to specify the shared address of the DSM. Logically, the programmer sees a shared memory, but physically, a distributed memory lies underneath. All necessary communication between nodes occurs transparently, simplifying the programming process and making the concept straightforward to use. Complexities and Challenges Like any model, DSM has drawbacks and intricacies that demand careful consideration during implementation. These complexities include several critical aspects: Determining the specific nodes where data objects should reside within the distributed system. Establishing a robust methodology for assigning addresses to data objects and efficiently retrieving them upon request. Ensuring synchronization within the shared address space to maintain consistency. Modifications made by any node must reflect uniformly across all nodes, preventing discrepancies and potential indeterministic behavior. Implementing a reliable mechanism to uphold fault tolerance, thereby mitigating unexpected issues that may arise across any node within the system. Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) DSM systems can be developed through various approaches, including direct hardware implementation or an operating system-based approach. Fortunately, a few programming models have been developed that enable DSM implementation without requiring hardware or OS modifications. One such approach is the Partitioned Global Address Space method. The Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) is one of the most used programming models for implementing a Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) environment. In PGAS, all nodes collaboratively contribute to form a shared global address space corresponding to the DSM. Each node assumes responsibility for managing a distinct part of this global address space stored within its local memory. Consequently, the memory of each node is bifurcated into two segments: shared and private memory. The shared memory segment is universally accessible by all the nodes. Every data object stored in the DSM is assigned a global address, enabling PGAS implementations to determine the appropriate node for accessing the desired data object. Should the global address point to a different node, a request is dispatched to the responsible node for access to this data object. In contrast, the private memory segment can solely be accessed from the local node. Some of the PGAS implementations include , , and . All of these and many other PGAS implementations use the Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) model. UPC++ OpenSHMEM Titanium SPMD is a parallel programming paradigm where multiple processing units execute a single program simultaneously, each operating on different data. In SPMD, all program instances follow the same control flow but may act on other portions of data. What next? This brings us to the end of the second part of this blog series on multithreading. Equipped with insights into various parallel programming models and architectures, understanding the essence of multithreading will be much easier. In the next part, we’ll dig deep into what a thread is and why it is essential for parallel computing. Suggested Reads: [1] Distributed shared memory frameworks: Comparison of implementations (uni-ulm.de) [2] Distributed Computing: Principles, Algorithms, and Systems — Kshemkalyani and Singhal (uic.edu) [3] An Introduction to Flynn’s taxonomy | Durganshu Mishra Also published . here Featured Photo was generated with . DALL·E 3

Navigating the Parallel Programming Landscape: A Deep Dive into SIMD and MIMD Architectures

My journey in the world of technology and entrepreneurship began with a simple but profound observation during my early years. I saw that many children lacked the fundamental money-saving skills that are essential for financial independence. Inspired by this, I embarked on a path of innovation that has shaped my life’s work. Childhood Coding and Robotics: A Foundation of Innovation My initial motivation to delve into coding and robotics came from a desire to address a fundamental issue: children’s financial literacy. I noticed that young individuals were often overindulged by their parents, leading to a lack of money-saving skills. To address this challenge, I drew inspiration from my own experiences. My parents used a unique system that rewarded me with monetary incentives based on my “good behavior points,” meticulously recorded in a notebook. This system not only encouraged responsible behavior but also taught me the value of saving. This childhood experience laid the foundation for my innovative journey. Alisimba: An Innovative Solution for Financial Education Motivated by my childhood experiences, I founded Alisimba during my high school years. Alisimba was not just a project; it was a vision to provide children across China with a tool to learn essential financial skills. I envisioned an interactive smart piggy bank that could engage and educate children about money matters. Over five years of dedication and hard work, I developed over ten iterations of the “smart piggy.” This journey culminated in a remarkable achievement — Alisimba’s acquisition by the Tophacker Group. Robotics and a Grandfather’s Struggle My passion for innovation extended beyond financial education. During my summer stays at my grandparents’ house, I witnessed my grandfather’s daily struggles with Parkinson’s disease. This experience fueled my determination to create technology that could assist him. Thus, I embarked on a mission to develop a QR code-following robot capable of delivering items my grandfather needed, such as his cell phone and newspaper. My efforts bore fruit when the robot won first prize at the China Robotics Competition, a testament to the power of innovation in addressing real-world challenges. The Evolution: Alisimba, Skylight Investment, and 8 Decimal Capital My journey through Alisimba laid the groundwork for my subsequent ventures. Co-founding Skylight Investment, securing $10 million in funding, and focusing on Deep Tech startups further sharpened my entrepreneurial acumen. However, it was the creation of 8 Decimal Capital in 2017, a blockchain and DeFi investment firm with a diverse portfolio of 40+ companies and $60 million in Assets Under Management (AUM), that marked a significant milestone. These experiences equipped me with valuable insights into team leadership, talent selection, and conflict resolution, which have proven instrumental in my journey. Parallel Finance: Navigating Challenges and Successes Parallel Finance, launched in 2022 with the backing of Sequoia, Founders Fund, and Coinbase Ventures, has been a transformative venture. Within seven months of its inception, Parallel’s Total Value Locked (TVL) surged to nearly $900 million, an achievement I was immensely proud of. However, the onset of a bear market brought challenges, including internal conflicts that tested my leadership. These challenges reinforced the importance of integrity and moral standards when building a team. The Future of DeFi and Parallel Finance My long-term vision for the DeFi space envisions it as an integral part of billions of people’s daily lives. DeFi will serve as the backbone of finance, with transactions seamlessly processed through Layer 2 (L2) and Layer 3 (L3) networks. Parallel Finance is poised to play a central role in this transformation, dominating trading, lending, and staking activities within the DeFi landscape. Educational Journey and Decision-Making My unconventional educational journey, marked by leaving high school early and twice departing Stanford University, has profoundly influenced my entrepreneurial path. These experiences nurtured critical thinking and innovative decision-making skills, shaping the core values and culture of Parallel Finance. The Future of Parallel Finance Parallel Finance’s ultimate goal is to become the heartbeat of DeFi, serving a billion users globally. To achieve this, we are committed to developing a Layer 2 (L2) network that redefines the user experience. This includes eliminating gas fees, implementing account abstraction wallets for secure access, and integrating real-world assets into our blockchain. The journey continues, and I am excited to see where innovation takes us next. As I reflect on this journey, I am reminded that innovation begins with a simple observation, a spark of inspiration, and the determination to turn ideas into reality.

From Childhood Coding to Leading Parallel Finance: My Innovation Journey

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . PORTABLE WRITING AND COPYING CASE. here PORTABLE WRITING AND COPYING CASE. This device is the invention of A. G. Buzby, of Philadelphia, Pa. It is a combined writing and copying case. Besides the usual recesses or chambers for pen, ink, paper, etc., it is provided with a book of copying paper, in which copies of important letters may be made, by damping the letters in the usual way, and pressing them between the leaves of the copying book; or the transfer paper may be used, so that the letter will be copied as it is written, if preferred. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19180/pg19180-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

PORTABLE WRITING AND COPYING CASE

Scientific American Supplement, No. 717, September 28, 1889, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . PORTABLE ELECTRIC LIGHT. here PORTABLE ELECTRIC LIGHT. The famous house of MM. Sautter, Lemonnier & Co. takes a conspicuous part in the Paris exhibition, and from the wide range of its specialties exhibits largely in three important branches of industry: mechanics, electricity, and the optics of lighthouses and projectors. In these three branches MM. Sautter, Lemonnier & Co. occupy a leading position in all parts of the world. The invention of the aplanetic projector, due to Col. Mangin, was a clever means of overcoming difficulties, practically insurmountable, that were inseparable from the construction of parabolic mirrors; this contributed chiefly to the success of MM. Sautter, Lemonnier & Co. in this direction. The firm has produced more than 1,500 of these apparatus, representing a value of nearly £500,000, for the French and other governments. Besides the great projector, which forms the central and crowning object of the exhibit of MM. Sautter, Lemonnier & Co. in the machinery hall, the firm exhibits a projector 90 centimeters in diameter mounted on a crane traveling on wheels, in the pavilion of the War Department. The lamp used for this apparatus has a luminous value of 6,000 carcels, with a current of 100 amperes; the amplifying power of the mirror is 2,025, which gives an intensity of ten millions to twelve millions of carcels to the beam. Projectors used for field work are mounted on a portable carriage, which also contains the electric generator and the motor driving it. It consists of a tubular boiler (Dion, Bouton & Trepardoux system). This generator is easily taken to pieces, cleaned, and repaired, and steam can be raised to working pressure in 20 minutes. The mechanical and electrical part of the apparatus consists of a Parsons turbo-motor, of which MM. Sautter, Lemonnier & Co. possess the license in France for application to military and naval purposes. The speed of the motor is 9,000 revolutions per minute, and the dynamo is driven direct from it; at this speed it gives a current of 100 amperes with and from 55 to 70 volts; the intensity of the light is from 5,500 to 6,000 carcels. The carriage upon which the whole of this apparatus is mounted is carried on four wheels, made of wood with gun metal mountings. These are more easy to repair when in service than if they were wholly of iron. The weight of the carriage is three tons.— Engineering. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 717, September 28, 1889. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17755/pg17755-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

PORTABLE ELECTRIC LIGHT

The AI industry is dominated by discussions of massive LLMs like GPT-4, Claude 3, and Gemini. But there are equally big issues with relying on these closed-source LLMs. For one, you have minimal control. The models often worsen over time and exhibit biases that you can’t fix. Plus, the firms gatekeeping the models, from OpenAI to Anthropic to Google, can throttle your usage, increase your prices, or simply ban your account. If you run a business, you’re risking everything by using closed-source models. Another issue is their sheer size. They’re far too big and slow to be useful for hardware devices like portable assistants - something Rabbit and Humane AI learned only after scathing reviews. That’s where open-source, tiny LLM models come into play. The most accurate of these in the <2B parameter category is H2O.ai’s Danube 2. They’re becoming increasingly popular for deployment on edge devices, as traditional large language models are too computationally demanding to run efficiently on resource-constrained hardware. Tiny LLMs for phones Danube 2 is a “tiny LLM” that packs a surprising punch for its size. With just 1.8 billion parameters, Danube is lightweight compared to giants like GPT-4, but it achieves highly competitive performance across a wide range of natural language tasks. Trained on a carefully curated dataset of 2 trillion tokens from diverse web sources, Danube leverages techniques refined from models like Mistral to maximize its efficiency. Basically, you can download this model to your device and run it wherever you like — whether that’s new portable consumer hardware, a security camera, an IoT sensor, or anywhere else. One of the key advantages of Danube is its accessibility. With an Apache 2.0 license, it’s freely available for commercial use, lowering the barriers to entry for developers and businesses looking to incorporate AI into their mobile applications. H2O.ai has also released a fine-tuned version, Danube2–1.8B-Chat, specifically optimized for conversational AI. This could spur a wave of more natural and responsive chatbots and virtual assistants on devices from smartphones to smart home hubs. Tiny AI in healthcare The potential applications for small AI extend far beyond consumer-facing chatbots or phones. In the healthcare sector, companies like HeartSciences are leveraging compact machine learning models to supercharge the electrocardiogram (ECG). Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally, claiming around 51,000 lives each day, and ECGs are one of the primary tools for diagnosing cardiac issues. However, interpreting these readings requires specialized expertise that many healthcare providers lack, particularly in resource-constrained settings. HeartSciences’ MyoVista Wavelet ECG system aims to bridge this gap by incorporating sophisticated AI algorithms capable of spotting subtle patterns that human eyes might miss. Trained on vast datasets, these models act as an early warning system for cardiac dysfunction. Crucially, the machine learning behind MyoVista is designed to run efficiently on the kind of hardware you’d find in a typical doctor’s office or clinic, not a high-performance computing cluster. This is the essence of small AI — bringing the power of cutting-edge algorithms to the point of care, where they can have the greatest impact on patient outcomes. When minutes can mean the difference between life and death, having AI-powered insights available immediately is a game-changer. And with hundreds of millions of ECGs administered every year, the scalability of lightweight models like those used in MyoVista is key to making a real dent in the global burden of heart disease. Tiny AI for security Another promising application for small AI is in the realm of smart security systems. Traditional security cameras rely on motion detection and human monitoring to identify potential threats, leading to high rates of false alarms and missed incidents. However, by incorporating compact machine learning models, these systems can become much more intelligent and autonomous. Imagine a security camera equipped with an AI model trained to recognize not just motion but specific types of behaviors and objects. Such a system could distinguish between a person walking their dog and someone attempting to break into a building, alerting human operators only when there’s a genuine threat. By running these models directly on the camera hardware rather than streaming video to the cloud for analysis, smart security systems can operate more efficiently and protect sensitive data from potential breaches. Of course, developing effective AI models for smart security presents its own set of challenges. The models must be able to operate in real-time, processing video feeds as they come in while also being robust to variations in lighting, weather, and other environmental factors. They must also be trained on diverse datasets to avoid bias and ensure fair performance across different demographic groups. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of AI-powered smart security are significant. By reducing false alarms and enabling proactive threat detection, these systems can help keep people and property safe while also reducing the workload on human operators. And as the underlying hardware continues to become more powerful and energy-efficient, the possibilities for edge-based AI in security applications will only continue to grow. Takeaways As the AI community continues to push the boundaries of what’s possible with large-scale models and infrastructure, it’s important not to lose sight of the transformative potential of small AI. By bringing powerful capabilities to the devices and contexts where they’re needed most, compact models have the potential to democratize access to AI’s benefits and touch billions of lives in meaningful ways. From the smartphones in our pockets to the medical devices in our clinics to the security cameras watching over our streets, small AI is poised to make a big impact. As we work to overcome the challenges around data, privacy, and bias, we must also recognize and celebrate the quiet revolution that’s happening at the edge. The future of AI may be small, but its potential is enormous. The AI industry is dominated by discussions of massive LLMs like GPT-4, Claude 3, and Gemini. But there are equally big issues with relying on these closed-source LLMs. For one, you have minimal control. The models often worsen over time and exhibit biases that you can’t fix. worsen over time exhibit biases Plus, the firms gatekeeping the models, from OpenAI to Anthropic to Google, can throttle your usage, increase your prices, or simply ban your account. If you run a business, you’re risking everything by using closed-source models. Another issue is their sheer size. They’re far too big and slow to be useful for hardware devices like portable assistants - something Rabbit and Humane AI learned only after scathing reviews . scathing reviews That’s where open-source, tiny LLM models come into play. The most accurate of these in the <2B parameter category is H2O.ai’s Danube 2 . They’re becoming increasingly popular for deployment on edge devices, as traditional large language models are too computationally demanding to run efficiently on resource-constrained hardware. H2O.ai’s Danube 2 Tiny LLMs for phones Danube 2 is a “tiny LLM” that packs a surprising punch for its size. With just 1.8 billion parameters, Danube is lightweight compared to giants like GPT-4, but it achieves highly competitive performance across a wide range of natural language tasks. Trained on a carefully curated dataset of 2 trillion tokens from diverse web sources, Danube leverages techniques refined from models like Mistral to maximize its efficiency. Basically, you can download this model to your device and run it wherever you like — whether that’s new portable consumer hardware, a security camera, an IoT sensor, or anywhere else. One of the key advantages of Danube is its accessibility. With an Apache 2.0 license, it’s freely available for commercial use, lowering the barriers to entry for developers and businesses looking to incorporate AI into their mobile applications. H2O.ai has also released a fine-tuned version, Danube2–1.8B-Chat , specifically optimized for conversational AI. This could spur a wave of more natural and responsive chatbots and virtual assistants on devices from smartphones to smart home hubs. Danube2–1.8B-Chat Tiny AI in healthcare The potential applications for small AI extend far beyond consumer-facing chatbots or phones. In the healthcare sector, companies like HeartSciences are leveraging compact machine learning models to supercharge the electrocardiogram (ECG). HeartSciences Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally, claiming around 51,000 lives each day, and ECGs are one of the primary tools for diagnosing cardiac issues. However, interpreting these readings requires specialized expertise that many healthcare providers lack, particularly in resource-constrained settings. HeartSciences’ MyoVista Wavelet ECG system aims to bridge this gap by incorporating sophisticated AI algorithms capable of spotting subtle patterns that human eyes might miss. Trained on vast datasets, these models act as an early warning system for cardiac dysfunction. Crucially, the machine learning behind MyoVista is designed to run efficiently on the kind of hardware you’d find in a typical doctor’s office or clinic, not a high-performance computing cluster. This is the essence of small AI — bringing the power of cutting-edge algorithms to the point of care, where they can have the greatest impact on patient outcomes. When minutes can mean the difference between life and death, having AI-powered insights available immediately is a game-changer. And with hundreds of millions of ECGs administered every year, the scalability of lightweight models like those used in MyoVista is key to making a real dent in the global burden of heart disease. Tiny AI for security Another promising application for small AI is in the realm of smart security systems . Traditional security cameras rely on motion detection and human monitoring to identify potential threats, leading to high rates of false alarms and missed incidents. However, by incorporating compact machine learning models, these systems can become much more intelligent and autonomous. smart security systems Imagine a security camera equipped with an AI model trained to recognize not just motion but specific types of behaviors and objects. Such a system could distinguish between a person walking their dog and someone attempting to break into a building, alerting human operators only when there’s a genuine threat. By running these models directly on the camera hardware rather than streaming video to the cloud for analysis, smart security systems can operate more efficiently and protect sensitive data from potential breaches. Of course, developing effective AI models for smart security presents its own set of challenges. The models must be able to operate in real-time, processing video feeds as they come in while also being robust to variations in lighting, weather, and other environmental factors. They must also be trained on diverse datasets to avoid bias and ensure fair performance across different demographic groups. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of AI-powered smart security are significant. By reducing false alarms and enabling proactive threat detection, these systems can help keep people and property safe while also reducing the workload on human operators. And as the underlying hardware continues to become more powerful and energy-efficient, the possibilities for edge-based AI in security applications will only continue to grow. Takeaways As the AI community continues to push the boundaries of what’s possible with large-scale models and infrastructure, it’s important not to lose sight of the transformative potential of small AI. By bringing powerful capabilities to the devices and contexts where they’re needed most, compact models have the potential to democratize access to AI’s benefits and touch billions of lives in meaningful ways. From the smartphones in our pockets to the medical devices in our clinics to the security cameras watching over our streets, small AI is poised to make a big impact. As we work to overcome the challenges around data, privacy, and bias, we must also recognize and celebrate the quiet revolution that’s happening at the edge. The future of AI may be small, but its potential is enormous.

Danube-2: The Tiny AI Model Leading the Open LLM Leaderboard

Authors: (1) Renato P. dos Santos, CIAGE – Centre for Generative Artificial Intelligence in Cognition and Education. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Materials And Methods Results and Analyses Prompts and generated texts Conceptualizing chemical reactions Deepening on understanding of chemical reactions Question about combustion Question about a graph of gases turning into water over time Question about the difference between atoms, molecules, and moles Deepening on the concept of mole Question about changing of state Question about an animated representation of water molecules undergoing phase changes Question about plasma, a state of matter Question about chemical bondings Question about illustration of chemical bonds Question about the essence of the type of chemical bonding Further analysis Conclusions Limitations of the study and possible future studies Author Contributions, Conflicts of interest, Acknowledgements, and References Question about illustration of chemical bonds *: can you create an illustration explaining these types of chemical bonds?* P1 *: Certainly! Let's break down the explanation and illustration into three parts:* ChatGPT 1. Covalent Bonding 2. Ionic Bonding 3. Hydrogen Bonding 1. Covalent Bonding: *: Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons. The shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both atoms, holding the atoms together. This type of bond is common between non-metals.* Description *: Imagine two circles (representing atoms) with electrons (smaller circles or dots) around them. When they come close, they share some of these electrons.* Illustration ***2. Ionic Bonding: *** *: Ionic bonds are formed when one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom. This creates a positive ion (cation) and a negative ion (anion). The opposite charges attract each other, holding the atoms together. This type of bond is common between metals and non-metals.* Description *: Imagine two circles (representing atoms). One atom has an extra electron which it donates to the other. This creates a "+" sign on the donating atom (cation) and a "-" sign on the receiving atom (anion). They are attracted due to opposite charges.* Illustration ***3. Hydrogen Bonding: *** *: Hydrogen bonds are a type of weak bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom* Description bonded to a strongly electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) is attracted to another electronegative atom. They are especially important in water molecules and in the structure of DNA. *: Imagine a water molecule (H2O) with a hydrogen atom (H) and an oxygen atom (O). The hydrogen atom in one water molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom in a neighboring water molecule. This attraction is represented by a dotted line, indicating the hydrogen bond. Now, let's create a visual representation for each of these bond types.* Illustration * Here's the visual representation of the three types of bonds: 1. Covalent Bonding: Atoms A and B are sharing electrons, represented by the blue dots between them. The red line indicates the covalent bond formed by this sharing. 2. Ionic Bonding: Atom A has donated an electron to Atom B. As a result, Atom A becomes positively charged (A+) and Atom B becomes negatively charged (B-). The dashed red line indicates the attraction between these oppositely charged ions. 3. Hydrogen Bonding: The hydrogen atom (H) bonded to the oxygen atom (O) is attracted to another oxygen atom. The solid red line indicates the covalent bond within the molecule, while the dashed green line represents the weaker hydrogen bond. I hope this helps clarify the differences between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds! BingChat: * *: Sure. Here is an illustration explaining the different types of chemical bonds:* Bard Ionic bonds ionic bond between a sodium atom and a chlorine atom * In an ionic bond, one atom transfers one or more electrons to another atom. This results in two oppositely charged ions, which are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces. In the image above, the sodium atom transfers one electron to the chlorine atom. The sodium atom becomes a positively charged ion (Na+), and the chlorine atom becomes a negatively charged ion (Cl-). The Na+ and Cl- ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces, and they form an ionic bond. Covalent bonds * covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms In a covalent bond, two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Covalent bonds are typically formed between nonmetals. In the image above, the two hydrogen atoms share a pair of electrons. The two hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded together. Hydrogen bonds * hydrogen bond between two water molecules A hydrogen bond is a special type of weak bond that forms between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the unique properties of water, such as its high boiling point and surface tension. In the image above, the hydrogen atom in one water molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom in another water molecule. This hydrogen bond is weaker than a covalent bond, but it is strong enough to hold the two water molecules together. I hope this illustration helps you to understand the different types of chemical bonds. Please let me know if you have any other questions. *: Here is an illustrated explanation of the three main types of chemical bonds - ionic,covalent, and hydrogen bonds:* Claude * In this illustration: • Ionic bonding is shown with the full electron transfer between the sodium and chlorine atoms, forming charged ions that attract. • Covalent bonding is shown with the shared pair of electrons between two hydrogen atoms. • Hydrogen bonding is shown with the polarity of the water molecule, leading to electrostatic attraction between molecules. Let me know if a visual explanation like this helps differentiate the types of bonds! I can create more illustrated examples to demonstrate chemical concepts. Images and diagrams can sometimes bring these abstract ideas to life. starts with the usual “Certainly!,” followed by "Let's break down the explanation," which demonstrates . After a detailed description of what the visualisation should comprise, repeatedly asking the student to “Imagine” something, it generated a quite crude “visual representation of the three types of bonds”, finalising with a “I hope this help clarify”. solely reliance on four high-quality, yet generic, pictures of chemical bonds not only did the images fail to employ effective , but they also did not promote genuine , failing to deeply engage users in the topic. The content also lacked in , as it missed drawing on parallels or real-world examples. Furthermore, the images also missed adding a , making the learning experience feel less tailored and intimate. used , by providing a comprehensive explanation, accompanied by three specific images sourced from the internet, each distinctly depicting a type of bond, adding . Concluding its explanation, added a touch of , expressing, “I hope this illustration helps you” and prompting further engagement with “Please let me know...” depiction was even more rudimentary, presenting bond details in textual format instead of offering a lucid visual illustration. Such a choice reflected a deficiency in and diminished , even though the final assertion “Images and diagrams can sometimes bring these abstract ideas to life.” While the closing remarks of "Let me know" and "I can create more illustrated examples" hint at a desire for , the lack of an actual tailored visual representation undermines this effort. ChatGPT Reinforcement & Feedback Instructional strategy Personalization & Personable Touch BingChat’s Instructional Strategies Engagement & Interactivity Use of Analogy & Comparative Illustrations Personalization & Personable Touch Bard Instructional strategy Detail Depth & Content Recommendation Bard Personalization & Personable Touch Claude's Instructional Strategies Engagement & Interactivity Personalization & Personable Touch This paper is under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

How GenAIbots Repond to Questions About Illustration of Chemical Bonds

কিভাবে GenAIbots রাসায়নিক বন্ডের ইলাস্ট্রেশন সম্পর্কে প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয়

So reagieren GenAIbots auf Fragen zur Darstellung chemischer Bindungen

Cómo responden los GenAIbots a las preguntas sobre la ilustración de enlaces químicos

Comment les GenAIbots répondent aux questions sur l'illustration des liaisons chimiques

GenAIbots रासायनिक बंधों के चित्रण के बारे में प्रश्नों का उत्तर कैसे देते हैं

GenAIbotsが化学結合の図解に関する質問にどのように応答するか

GenAIbot이 화학 결합 예시에 대한 질문에 응답하는 방법

Como GenAIbots responde a perguntas sobre ilustração de ligações químicas

Как GenAIbots отвечают на вопросы об иллюстрации химических связей

GenAIbot'lar Kimyasal Bağların İllüstrasyonu Hakkında Sorulara Nasıl Yanıt Veriyor?

Cách GenAIbot trả lời câu hỏi về minh họa liên kết hóa học

GenAIbots 如何回答有关化学键说明的问题

RAND Suggests Metaverses Could Operate as Modern Societal States

RAND পরামর্শ দেয় মেটাভার্স আধুনিক সামাজিক রাষ্ট্র হিসাবে কাজ করতে পারে

RAND schlägt vor, Metaversen könnten als moderne Gesellschaftsstaaten funktionieren

RAND sugiere que los metaversos podrían funcionar como estados sociales modernos

RAND suggère que les métavers pourraient fonctionner comme des États sociétaux modernes

RAND का सुझाव है कि मेटावर्स आधुनिक सामाजिक राज्यों के रूप में काम कर सकते हैं

RANDはメタバースが現代の社会国家として機能する可能性を示唆

RAND는 메타버스가 현대 사회 국가로 작동할 수 있다고 제안합니다.

RAND sugere que metaversos poderiam operar como estados sociais modernos

RAND предполагает, что метавселенные могут функционировать как современные социальные состояния

RAND, Meta Veri Dizilerinin Modern Toplumsal Durumlar Olarak İşleyebileceğini Öneriyor

RAND đề xuất Metaverses có thể hoạt động như các quốc gia xã hội hiện đại

兰德公司认为元宇宙可以像现代社会国家一样运作

This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Jinrui Yang, School of Computing & Information Systems, The University of Melbourne (Email: jinruiy@student.unimelb.edu.au); (2) Timothy Baldwin, School of Computing & Information Systems, The University of Melbourne and Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, UAE (Email: (tbaldwin,trevor.cohn)@unimelb.edu.au); (3) Trevor Cohn, School of Computing & Information Systems, The University of Melbourne. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Background and Related Work Multi-EuP Experiments and Findings Language Bias Discussion Conclusion, Limitations, Ethics Statement, Acknowledgements, References, and Appendix 6 Conclusion In this paper, we introduce Multi-EuP, a novel dataset for multilingual information retrieval across 24 languages, collected from European Parliament debates. The demographic information provided by the Multi-EuP dataset serves a dual purpose: not only does it contribute to multilingual retrieval tasks, but it also holds significant potential for advancing research in the realm of fairness and bias. This dataset can play a pivotal role in investigating issues of equitable representations and mitigation of biases within document ranking settings. Multi-EuP facilitates diverse information retrieval (IR) scenarios, encompassing one-vs-one, one-vs-many, and many-vs-many settings. We demonstrated the utility of Multi-EuP as a benchmark for evaluating both monolingual and multilingual IR. Our study reveals the presence of language bias in multilingual IR when employing BM25. We further validate the effectiveness of mitigating this bias through the strategic implementation of whitespace as a language tokenizer. We propose to conduct future work in three main areas. First, we intend to expand our investigation of language bias to encompass a broader range of ranking methods, including neural methods such as mDPR (Zhang et al., 2021), mColBERT (Lawrie et al., 2023) and PLAID-X(Santhanam et al., 2022). Second, we will expand the dataset by developing an automated API to retrieve data published by the European Parliament (EP), thereby ensuring realtime synchronization of our dataset. Lastly, our current experiments have explored language bias only, but we plan to further investigate gender bias, age bias, and nationality bias. Limitations The limitations of the Multi-EuP dataset are notable but navigable. Primarily, the temporal coverage of the dataset is confined to the past three years. This temporal constraint arises due to the fact that, preceding 2020, documents released by the EU were predominantly available in mono-lingual versions only. However, a potential remedy lies in the amalgamation of the Europarl (Koehn, 2005) collection, enabling a more comprehensive and holistic MultiEuP dataset. Furthermore, it is worth noting the domain skew of the dataset, in that Multi-EuP inevitably centers on political matters. While this presents challenges, particularly in terms of the intricate nuances of political language, it inherently serves as an excellent foundational stepping stone for delving into the intricacies of multilingual retrieval. We believe, however, that this dataset can serve as a launching pad for broader explorations encompassing crossdomain and open-domain transfer learning scenarios, thus contributing to the broader landscape of language understanding and retrieval. Ethics Statement The dataset contains publicly-available EP data that does not include personal or sensitive information, with the exception of information relating to public officeholders, e.g., the names of the active members of the European Parliament, European Council, or other official administration bodies. The collected data is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. [8] Acknowledgements This research was funded by Melbourne Research Scholarship and undertaken using the LIEF HPCGPGPU Facility hosted at the University of Melbourne. This facility was established with the assistance of LIEF Grant LE170100200. We would like to thank George Buchanan for providing valuable feedback. References Luiz Henrique Bonifacio, Israel Campiotti, Roberto de Alencar Lotufo, and Rodrigo Frassetto Nogueira. 2021. mMARCO: A multilingual version of MS MARCO passage ranking dataset. CoRR, abs/2108.13897. Ilias Chalkidis, Manos Fergadiotis, and Ion Androutsopoulos. 2021. MultiEURLEX - a multi-lingual and multi-label legal document classification dataset for zero-shot cross-lingual transfer. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 6974–6996, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. 8 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/cont Jonathan H. Clark, Eunsol Choi, Michael Collins, Dan Garrette, Tom Kwiatkowski, Vitaly Nikolaev, and Jennimaria Palomaki. 2020. TyDi QA: A benchmark for information-seeking question answering in typologically diverse languages. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 8:454–470. Vladimir Karpukhin, Barlas Oguz, Sewon Min, Patrick Lewis, Ledell Wu, Sergey Edunov, Danqi Chen, and Wen-tau Yih. 2020. Dense passage retrieval for opendomain question answering. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pages 6769–6781, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. Omar Khattab and Matei Zaharia. 2020. Colbert: Efficient and effective passage search via contextualized late interaction over BERT. CoRR, abs/2004.12832. Philipp Koehn. 2005. Europarl: A parallel corpus for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit X: Papers, pages 79–86, Phuket, Thailand. Dawn Lawrie, Eugene Yang, Douglas W. Oard, and James Mayfield. 2023. Neural approaches to multilingual information retrieval. arXiv cs.IR 2209.01335. Jimmy Lin, Xueguang Ma, Sheng-Chieh Lin, JhengHong Yang, Ronak Pradeep, and Rodrigo Nogueira. 2021. Pyserini: A Python toolkit for reproducible information retrieval research with sparse and dense representations. https://github.com/ castorini/pyserini. Tri Nguyen, Mir Rosenberg, Xia Song, Jianfeng Gao, Saurabh Tiwary, Rangan Majumder, and Li Deng. 2016. MS MARCO: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset. CoRR, abs/1611.09268. Ella Rabinovich, Raj Nath Patel, Shachar Mirkin, Lucia Specia, and Shuly Wintner. 2017. Personalized machine translation: Preserving original author traits. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers, pages 1074–1084, Valencia, Spain. Association for Computational Linguistics. Razieh Rahimi, Azadeh Shakery, and Irwin King. 2015. Multilingual information retrieval in the language modeling framework. Information Retrieval Journal, 18:246–281. Keshav Santhanam, Omar Khattab, Christopher Potts, and Matei Zaharia. 2022. PLAID: An efficient engine for late interaction retrieval. In Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management, CIKM ’22, page 1747–1756, New York, NY, USA. Association for Computing Machinery. Jörg Tiedemann and Santhosh Thottingal. 2020. OPUSMT – building open translation services for the world. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation, pages 479–480, Lisboa, Portugal. European Association for Machine Translation. Eva Vanmassenhove and Christian Hardmeier. 2018. Europarl datasets with demographic speaker information. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation, page 391, Alicante, Spain. Denny Vrandeciˇ c and Markus Krötzsch. 2014. ´ Wikidata: A free collaborative knowledge base. Communications of the ACM, 57:78–85. Konrad Wojtasik, Vadim Shishkin, Kacper Wołowiec, Arkadiusz Janz, and Maciej Piasecki. 2023. BEIRPL: Zero shot information retrieval benchmark for the Polish language. arXiv cs.IR 2305.19840. Peilin Yang, Hui Fang, and Jimmy Lin. 2017. Anserini: Enabling the use of lucene for information retrieval research. In Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, pages 1253–1256. Xinyu Zhang, Xueguang Ma, Peng Shi, and Jimmy Lin. 2021. Mr. TyDi: A multi-lingual benchmark for dense retrieval. arXiv cs.CL 2108.08787. A. Appendix [8] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/ legal-notice/legal-notice.html

Multi-EuP: Analysis of Bias in Information Retrieval - Conclusion, Limitations, and Ethics Statement

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