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Donald Trump, $80k Bitcoin and the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve

Unlocking the Secrets of Autocatalytic Sets: How Bit Strings and Reactions Shape Molecular Evolution

In my latest letter, Sell in May and Go Away, I highlighted that we were heading for the low liquidity season of the year and that the crypto markets would need a pause before trending higher. At this moment in time, I think the sluggish summer may finally be coming to an end. Uncertainty regarding the U.S. elections is in front of us, and given the many events that unfolded this month, I think we can expect plenty more volatility where investors will be “trading the election” until we see the results in November. Trump Going to the Oval Office? Trump is likely to become the next president. Following the assassination attempt, prediction markets put his likelihood at 71%, and now with Biden’s withdrawal, that has fallen to a comfortable 60%, with Kamala Harris looking like the second most obvious choice with a 38% probability currently. Digital Assets is the Talk of Town What’s interesting about this election is that digital assets have become a topic for candidates to discuss. Apparently, the political elite has finally understood that the +50M crypto holders in America represent a big voter base. This weekend, Trump and R. Kennedy Jr. are both speaking at the Bitcoin2024conference. Kamala Harris was also expected to speak there but declined the opportunity just a few days ago.Another interesting aspect is Trump’s choice of running mate, JD Vance. JD Vance is a self-proclaimed BTC holder, has been a strong proponent of the crypto industry in the Senate, and one of Gary Gensler's most vocal critics in recent years. A bitcoiner on the running card. How about that? Is it Finally Time to Lower the Rates? It’s now been a year since the Fed raised its benchmark rate to between 5.25% and 5.5%, holding this target range steady to date. In the meantime, Jerome Powell has said again and again that rates would not be lowered before something would either break or before the Fed would have been convinced inflation rates would trend lower towards the target rate of 2%. The most recent economic data signals that the Fed could soon start cutting rates: The Fed is getting closer to its 2% inflation target. In June, the monthly CPI fell by 0.1%, while the annual CPI rose by 3%. The U.S. economy is finally softening. GDP growth slowed to an annual rate of 1.4% in Q1 2024, down from 3.4% in the previous quarter. The labor market is also cooling down; June’s unemployment rate spiked to 4.1%, the highest it has been since November 2021. Additionally, Jerome Powell appeared on Capitol Hill this month and warned that “reducing policy restraint too late or too little could unduly weaken economic activity and employment.” Is the “higher for longer” regime coming to an end? It is still quite a balancing act for the Fed, but it seems inevitable that something has to move sooner rather than later. Currently, the market is predicting a 95.3% chance of a rate cut in September’s FOMC meeting. Bitcoin Remains Resilient Despite Sell-offs Bitcoin’s price has remained range-bound between $60K and $70K for most of the summer despite the drying liquidity from Bitcoin ETFs, which had propelled the price from lows of $42K before the approval to record highs of $73K in March. But what’s more remarkable is BTC’s resilience following the recent $2.87 billion sell-off by Germany’s Saxony state. That said, there's a risk of additional selling pressure. Mt. Gox, the defunct crypto exchange, has started its repayment plan, which aims to reimburse creditors around $9 billion worth of Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. 140,000 BTC; this is worth over $9 billion at the current market price. So far, over 40% of the repayments have already been distributed to the creditors. On the brighter side, repayments in-kind does not equal selling pressure as creditors may decide to HODL their BTC. On-chain data shows that BTC withdrawals on Kraken spiked after the exchange completed distributing its share of allocated repayments. This is a sign that a good number of Mt. Gox creditors could be moving their repayments to cold wallets for long-term HODLing. Personally, I remain optimistic that BTC’s price will trend higher in H2 based on its current resilience amid the much-awaited Mt. Gox repayments, which most had predicted would be a huge sell-off event. Additionally, there are some macro and industry-specific factors that could be catalysts in sustaining the current price levels or pushing BTC higher: A good number of the creditors might decide to HODL onto their BTC, causing only short-term downward pressure on BTC’s price. Once the uncertainty over Mt. Gox repayments is over, there is no big expected selling pressure. There is a high chance that the Fed will cut rates in September, likely triggering a rally in risk-on assets. Liquidity is gradually returning to the market. Blackrock’s Bitcoin Spot ETF recently recorded a daily net inflow of $526 million, the largest since March 13th. The crypto market could soon play catch-up with the S&P 500, Nasdaq, and Gold, which showed strength in Q2 while BTC lagged over the past three months. The crypto markets are favoring the Republican Party, and currently, it remains likely that Trump will take office. In my latest letter, Sell in May and Go Away , I highlighted that we were heading for the low liquidity season of the year and that the crypto markets would need a pause before trending higher. At this moment in time, I think the sluggish summer may finally be coming to an end. Sell in May and Go Away Sell in May and Go Away Sell in May and Go Away Uncertainty regarding the U.S. elections is in front of us, and given the many events that unfolded this month, I think we can expect plenty more volatility where investors will be “trading the election” until we see the results in November. Trump Going to the Oval Office? Trump is likely to become the next president. Following the assassination attempt, prediction markets put his likelihood at 71%, and now with Biden’s withdrawal, that has fallen to a comfortable 60%, with Kamala Harris looking like the second most obvious choice with a 38% probability currently. Digital Assets is the Talk of Town What’s interesting about this election is that digital assets have become a topic for candidates to discuss. Apparently, the political elite has finally understood that the +50M crypto holders in America represent a big voter base. +50M crypto holders +50M crypto holders This weekend, Trump and R. Kennedy Jr. are both speaking at the Bitcoin2024 conference. Kamala Harris was also expected to speak there but declined the opportunity just a few days ago. Another interesting aspect is Trump’s choice of running mate, JD Vance. JD Vance is a self-proclaimed BTC holder, has been a strong proponent of the crypto industry in the Senate, and one of Gary Gensler's most vocal critics in recent years. Bitcoin2024 A bitcoiner on the running card. How about that? Is it Finally Time to Lower the Rates? It’s now been a year since the Fed raised its benchmark rate to between 5.25% and 5.5%, holding this target range steady to date. In the meantime, Jerome Powell has said again and again that rates would not be lowered before something would either break or before the Fed would have been convinced inflation rates would trend lower towards the target rate of 2%. The most recent economic data signals that the Fed could soon start cutting rates: could The Fed is getting closer to its 2% inflation target. In June, the monthly CPI fell by 0.1%, while the annual CPI rose by 3%. The Fed is getting closer to its 2% inflation target. In June, the monthly CPI fell by 0.1%, while the annual CPI rose by 3%. The U.S. economy is finally softening. GDP growth slowed to an annual rate of 1.4% in Q1 2024, down from 3.4% in the previous quarter. The U.S. economy is finally softening. GDP growth slowed to an annual rate of 1.4% in Q1 2024, down from 3.4% in the previous quarter. The labor market is also cooling down; June’s unemployment rate spiked to 4.1%, the highest it has been since November 2021. The labor market is also cooling down; June’s unemployment rate spiked to 4.1%, the highest it has been since November 2021. The labor market is also cooling down; June’s unemployment rate spiked to 4.1%, the highest it has been since November 2021. Additionally, Jerome Powell appeared on Capitol Hill this month and warned that “ reducing policy restraint too late or too little could unduly weaken economic activity and employment. ” reducing policy restraint too late or too little could unduly weaken economic activity and employment. Is the “higher for longer” regime coming to an end? It is still quite a balancing act for the Fed, but it seems inevitable that something has to move sooner rather than later. Currently, the market is predicting a 95.3% chance of a rate cut in September’s FOMC meeting. Bitcoin Remains Resilient Despite Sell-offs Bitcoin’s price has remained range-bound between $60K and $70K for most of the summer despite the drying liquidity from Bitcoin ETFs, which had propelled the price from lows of $42K before the approval to record highs of $73K in March. But what’s more remarkable is BTC’s resilience following the recent $2.87 billion sell-off by Germany’s Saxony state . Germany’s Saxony state Germany’s Saxony state That said, there's a risk of additional selling pressure. Mt. Gox, the defunct crypto exchange, has started its repayment plan, which aims to reimburse creditors around $9 billion worth of Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. 140,000 BTC; this is worth over $9 billion at the current market price. So far, over 40% of the repayments have already been distributed to the creditors. On the brighter side, repayments in-kind does not equal selling pressure as creditors may decide to HODL their BTC. On-chain data shows that BTC withdrawals on Kraken spiked after the exchange completed distributing its share of allocated repayments. This is a sign that a good number of Mt. Gox creditors could be moving their repayments to cold wallets for long-term HODLing. Personally, I remain optimistic that BTC’s price will trend higher in H2 based on its current resilience amid the much-awaited Mt. Gox repayments, which most had predicted would be a huge sell-off event. Additionally, there are some macro and industry-specific factors that could be catalysts in sustaining the current price levels or pushing BTC higher: A good number of the creditors might decide to HODL onto their BTC, causing only short-term downward pressure on BTC’s price. A good number of the creditors might decide to HODL onto their BTC, causing only short-term downward pressure on BTC’s price. Once the uncertainty over Mt. Gox repayments is over, there is no big expected selling pressure. Once the uncertainty over Mt. Gox repayments is over, there is no big expected selling pressure. There is a high chance that the Fed will cut rates in September, likely triggering a rally in risk-on assets. There is a high chance that the Fed will cut rates in September, likely triggering a rally in risk-on assets. Liquidity is gradually returning to the market. Blackrock’s Bitcoin Spot ETF recently recorded a daily net inflow of $526 million, the largest since March 13th. Liquidity is gradually returning to the market. Blackrock’s Bitcoin Spot ETF recently recorded a daily net inflow of $526 million, the largest since March 13th. The crypto market could soon play catch-up with the S&P 500, Nasdaq, and Gold, which showed strength in Q2 while BTC lagged over the past three months. The crypto market could soon play catch-up with the S&P 500, Nasdaq, and Gold, which showed strength in Q2 while BTC lagged over the past three months. The crypto markets are favoring the Republican Party, and currently, it remains likely that Trump will take office. The crypto markets are favoring the Republican Party, and currently, it remains likely that Trump will take office.

Here's Why It’s Time to Wake Up Again…

Trump v. United States Court Filing, retrieved on July 1, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series. You can jump to any part in this filing here. This part is 21 of 21. IV To the extent that the majority’s new accountability paradigm allows Presidents to evade punishment for their criminal acts while in office, the seeds of absolute power for Presidents have been planted. And, without a doubt, absolute power corrupts absolutely. “If one man can be allowed to determine for himself what is law, every man can. That means first chaos, then tyranny.” Id., at 312. Likewise, “[i]f the Government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy.” Olmstead, 277 U. S., at 485 (Brandeis, J., dissenting). I worry that, after today’s ruling, our Nation will reap what this Court has sown. Stated simply: The Court has now declared for the first time in history that the most powerful official in the United States can (under circumstances yet to be fully determined) become a law unto himself. As we enter this uncharted territory, the People, in their wisdom, will need to remain ever attentive, consistently fulfilling their established role in our constitutional democracy, and thus collectively serving as the ultimate safeguard against any chaos spawned by this Court’s decision. For, like our democracy, our Constitution is “the creature of their will, and lives only by their will.” Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264, 389 (1821). For my part, I simply cannot abide the majority’s senseless discarding of a model of accountability for criminal acts that treats every citizen of this country as being equally subject to the law—as the Rule of Law requires. That core principle has long prevented our Nation from devolving into despotism. Yet the Court now opts to let down the guardrails of the law for one extremely powerful category of citizen: any future President who has the will to flout Congress’s established boundaries. In short, America has traditionally relied on the law to keep its Presidents in line. Starting today, however, Americans must rely on the courts to determine when (if at all) the criminal laws that their representatives have enacted to promote individual and collective security will operate as speedbumps to Presidential action or reaction. Once self-regulating, the Rule of Law now becomes the rule of judges, with courts pronouncing which crimes committed by a President have to be let go and which can be redressed as impermissible. So, ultimately, this Court itself will decide whether the law will be any barrier to whatever course of criminality emanates from the Oval Office in the future. The potential for great harm to American institutions and Americans themselves is obvious. * * * The majority of my colleagues seems to have put their trust in our Court’s ability to prevent Presidents from becoming Kings through case-by-case application of the indeterminate standards of their new Presidential accountability paradigm. I fear that they are wrong. But, for all our sakes, I hope that they are right. In the meantime, because the risks (and power) the Court has now assumed are intolerable, unwarranted, and plainly antithetical to bedrock constitutional norms, I dissent. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings.
This court case retrieved on July 1, 2024, supremecourt.gov is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. Trump v. United States Court Filing, retrieved on July 1, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series. You can jump to any part in this filing here. This part is 21 of 21. Trump v. United States Court Filing, retrieved on July 1, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series . You can jump to any part in this filing here . This part is 21 of 21. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here IV To the extent that the majority’s new accountability paradigm allows Presidents to evade punishment for their criminal acts while in office, the seeds of absolute power for Presidents have been planted. And, without a doubt, absolute power corrupts absolutely. “If one man can be allowed to determine for himself what is law, every man can. That means first chaos, then tyranny.” Id., at 312. Likewise, “[i]f the Government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy.” Olmstead, 277 U. S., at 485 (Brandeis, J., dissenting). I worry that, after today’s ruling, our Nation will reap what this Court has sown. Stated simply: The Court has now declared for the first time in history that the most powerful official in the United States can (under circumstances yet to be fully determined) become a law unto himself. As we enter this uncharted territory, the People, in their wisdom, will need to remain ever attentive, consistently fulfilling their established role in our constitutional democracy, and thus collectively serving as the ultimate safeguard against any chaos spawned by this Court’s decision. For, like our democracy, our Constitution is “the creature of their will, and lives only by their will.” Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264, 389 (1821). For my part, I simply cannot abide the majority’s senseless discarding of a model of accountability for criminal acts that treats every citizen of this country as being equally subject to the law—as the Rule of Law requires. That core principle has long prevented our Nation from devolving into despotism. Yet the Court now opts to let down the guardrails of the law for one extremely powerful category of citizen: any future President who has the will to flout Congress’s established boundaries. In short, America has traditionally relied on the law to keep its Presidents in line. Starting today, however, Americans must rely on the courts to determine when (if at all) the criminal laws that their representatives have enacted to promote individual and collective security will operate as speedbumps to Presidential action or reaction. Once self-regulating, the Rule of Law now becomes the rule of judges, with courts pronouncing which crimes committed by a President have to be let go and which can be redressed as impermissible. So, ultimately, this Court itself will decide whether the law will be any barrier to whatever course of criminality emanates from the Oval Office in the future. The potential for great harm to American institutions and Americans themselves is obvious. * * * The majority of my colleagues seems to have put their trust in our Court’s ability to prevent Presidents from becoming Kings through case-by-case application of the indeterminate standards of their new Presidential accountability paradigm. I fear that they are wrong. But, for all our sakes, I hope that they are right. In the meantime, because the risks (and power) the Court has now assumed are intolerable, unwarranted, and plainly antithetical to bedrock constitutional norms, I dissent. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on July 1, 2024, supremecourt.gov is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on July 1, 2024, supremecourt.gov is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. supremecourt.gov

What Is Next for America After Trump v. United States?

Trump v. United States Court Filing, retrieved on July 1, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series. You can jump to any part in this filing here. This part is 6 of 21. V This case poses a question of lasting significance: When may a former President be prosecuted for official acts taken during his Presidency? Our Nation has never before needed an answer. But in addressing that question today, unlike the political branches and the public at large, we cannot afford to fixate exclusively, or even primarily, on present exigencies. In a case like this one, focusing on “transient results” may have profound consequences for the separation of powers and for the future of our Republic. Youngstown, 343 U. S., at 634 (Jackson, J., concurring). Our perspective must be more farsighted, for “[t]he peculiar circumstances of the moment may render a measure more or less wise, but cannot render it more or less constitutional.” Chief Justice John Marshall, A Friend of the Constitution No. V, Alexandria Gazette, July 5, 1819, in John Marshall’s Defense of McCulloch v. Maryland 190–191 (G. Gunther ed. 1969). Our first President had such a perspective. In his Farewell Address, George Washington reminded the Nation that “a Government of as much vigour as is consistent with the perfect security of Liberty is indispensable.” 35 Writings of George Washington 226 (J. Fitzpatrick ed. 1940). A government “too feeble to withstand the enterprises of faction,” he warned, could lead to the “frightful despotism” of “alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge.” Id., at 226–227. And the way to avoid that cycle, he explained, was to ensure that government powers remained “properly distributed and adjusted.” Id., at 226. It is these enduring principles that guide our decision in this case. The President enjoys no immunity for his unofficial acts, and not everything the President does is official. The President is not above the law. But Congress may not criminalize the President’s conduct in carrying out the responsibilities of the Executive Branch under the Constitution. And the system of separated powers designed by the Framers has always demanded an energetic, independent Executive. The President therefore may not be prosecuted for exercising his core constitutional powers, and he is entitled, at a minimum, to a presumptive immunity from prosecution for all his official acts. That immunity applies equally to all occupants of the Oval Office, regardless of politics, policy, or party. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the D. C. Circuit is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. Continue Reading Here. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings.
This court case retrieved on July 1, 2024, supremecourt.gov is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. Trump v. United States Court Filing, retrieved on July 1, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series. You can jump to any part in this filing here. This part is 6 of 21. Trump v. United States Court Filing, retrieved on July 1, 2024, is part of HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series . You can jump to any part in this filing here . This part is 6 of 21. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here V This case poses a question of lasting significance: When may a former President be prosecuted for official acts taken during his Presidency? Our Nation has never before needed an answer. But in addressing that question today, unlike the political branches and the public at large, we cannot afford to fixate exclusively, or even primarily, on present exigencies. In a case like this one, focusing on “transient results” may have profound consequences for the separation of powers and for the future of our Republic. Youngstown, 343 U. S., at 634 (Jackson, J., concurring). Our perspective must be more farsighted, for “[t]he peculiar circumstances of the moment may render a measure more or less wise, but cannot render it more or less constitutional.” Chief Justice John Marshall, A Friend of the Constitution No. V, Alexandria Gazette, July 5, 1819, in John Marshall’s Defense of McCulloch v. Maryland 190–191 (G. Gunther ed. 1969). Our first President had such a perspective. In his Farewell Address, George Washington reminded the Nation that “a Government of as much vigour as is consistent with the perfect security of Liberty is indispensable.” 35 Writings of George Washington 226 (J. Fitzpatrick ed. 1940). A government “too feeble to withstand the enterprises of faction,” he warned, could lead to the “frightful despotism” of “alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge.” Id., at 226–227. And the way to avoid that cycle, he explained, was to ensure that government powers remained “properly distributed and adjusted.” Id., at 226. It is these enduring principles that guide our decision in this case. The President enjoys no immunity for his unofficial acts, and not everything the President does is official. The President is not above the law. But Congress may not criminalize the President’s conduct in carrying out the responsibilities of the Executive Branch under the Constitution. And the system of separated powers designed by the Framers has always demanded an energetic, independent Executive. The President therefore may not be prosecuted for exercising his core constitutional powers, and he is entitled, at a minimum, to a presumptive immunity from prosecution for all his official acts. That immunity applies equally to all occupants of the Oval Office, regardless of politics, policy, or party. The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the D. C. Circuit is vacated, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. It is so ordered. It is so ordered. Continue Reading Here. Continue Reading Here . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on July 1, 2024, supremecourt.gov is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on July 1, 2024, supremecourt.gov is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. supremecourt.gov

The U.S. Supreme Court: The President Has Immunity for Official Acts Committed During His Presidency

Trump v. United States: All of the Important Summary Points

Starship’s recent test No. 4 was super exciting and breathtaking. So, how can we improve its weakest point - the hinge and the gaps around the flaps? Flaps exposed to essentially a plasma torch on steroids, trying to exploit any material flaw, no matter how small, and level anything uneven in a way? The first crazy Idea I got was to pump inert Argon gas into the spaces between tiles to prevent or delay forming a plasma layer on top of them by cooling. Spacecraft typically enter Earth's atmosphere at about 7-8 km/s. At these speeds, the air in front of the craft can reach temperatures of 10,000K to 20,000K. Plasma typically starts forming when a significant fraction of the gas becomes ionized. For argon, substantial ionization begins at temperatures around 15,000-20,000 K. Increasing gas pressure, we pump between tiles in theory raises the temperature at which plasma forms. We might need pressures 10-100 MPa higher to suppress plasma formation meaningfully. I don't know how feasible that is. Much more feasible is perhaps not preventing but redirecting where plasma forms. The Bubble In theory, we could form an argon gas bubble in which the plasma doesn’t touch the vehicle surface and forms a natural barrier, where the rest of the oxygen and nitrogen second plasma layer forms later. i.e. similar trick which supercavitating torpedoes used since long time ago to have actual zero surface drag/contact with water and move supersonic even in water. Argon ? Argon is a noble gas with low thermal conductivity. A high-pressure layer of neutral argon could act as an effective thermal insulator. Argon does have a higher ionization energy (15.7 eV) compared to nitrogen (14.5 eV) and oxygen (13.6 eV) thus would form a plasma at a slightly higher temperature than air. Another motivation for argon were the fascinating results of Ioffe group experiment and also how it is used in DARPA’s old/new X-plane concept CRANE as explained later in this article. if we can prevent redirect or delay plasma formation long enough in these critical 10 minutes, then in theory, cheap gas compared to ablative tiles doesn’t add weight, complexity, manufacturing, installing, checking delays. It also protects large areas fast, has lesser chance of weak spots as each molecule is nonstop replaced, and has probably better redundancy. Our Induced plasma layer is also expected to be more stable too, as the gas composition flow and presence is in this case controlled by us. When less is more Distribute just from behind special heavy tip tile to simplify and reduce parts. What if we control 2 axes of gas spraying tip as on that supersonic torpedo. What material the tip should be from? Can uneven noble gas spray from tip cause bigger drag on one side thus be form of vectoring control? Once plasma forms. we can use 4 tiny electromagnetic coils at tip to shape that plasma and have literally movable virtual flaps from forcefield. We can shape it to oval which we can rotate etc. Other Gas Choices When two different plasmas meet, they don't simply mix like neutral gases. Their interaction is complex and governed by electromagnetic forces. Argon plasma vs. air plasma: If argon forms a plasma before the air does, it could create a barrier of charged particles. This argon plasma layer could potentially interact with and impede the incoming air plasma. Plasma penetration: The ability of air plasma to penetrate the argon plasma would depend on several factors: a) Relative density of the plasmas b) Temperature and energy of each plasma c) Magnetic and electric fields generated by the plasmas d) Velocity of the incoming air relative to the argon plasma Plasma formation timing: If argon forms a plasma sooner than air (due to being pre-heated by compression or other means), it might have time to establish a more stable shielding layer. Pure Argon Bubble: Advantages: Acts as a thermal insulator due to argon's low thermal conductivity Could provide a buffer zone, delaying the formation of air plasma near the vehicle surface Simpler to implement and maintain compared to a plasma bubble Disadvantages: Less effective at deflecting charged particles from the air plasma May disperse more quickly in the hypersonic flow Argon Plasma Bubble: Advantages: Could interact electromagnetically with the incoming air plasma, potentially deflecting it more effectively Might absorb more energy through ionization and electromagnetic interactions Could potentially be shaped or controlled using magnetic fields Disadvantages: More complex to create and maintain Once ionized, loses some of argon's insulating properties Alternative Gases for Plasma Bubble: If we're specifically aiming for a plasma bubble, we might consider gases with different properties: Xenon: Higher atomic mass could provide a more stable bubble Lower ionization energy, easier to maintain as plasma Krypton: Properties between argon and xenon Could be a balance between effectiveness and cost Helium: Very low molecular weight, which could help with weight savings High ionization energy might help it maintain non-plasma state longer in outer layers Nitrogen: Abundant and cheap Similar to air, so its plasma characteristics might interact more predictably with air plasma Considerations for Choice: Ionization energy: Lower ionization energy makes plasma formation easier to maintain Atomic mass: Heavier atoms might form a more stable bubble but add more weight Control without Flaps As for using gas just for supersonic vectoring and getting rid of flaps with motors batteries and hard to insulate gaps. DARPA's X-plane concept CRANE eliminated moving external control surfaces, reducing aerodynamic drag, which is critical at hypersonic speeds, and increasing fuel efficiency Less Drag The experiment at NASA's Langley Research Center heavily simulated and tested an old idea developed by Russian researchers during the Cold War - that injecting ions into the flow around a high-speed craft can dramatically reduce drag. DARPA did a lot of simulations During The Cold War, the Ioffe group conducted an experiment where they propelled a steel sphere, about the size of a marble, at a speed of 1 km/s through a tube filled with low-pressure argon gas. A section of the gas in the tube was ionized to form a plasma. The team captured footage of the shock wave surrounding the sphere before and after it entered the plasma. The shock wave seemed to stand twice as far from the sphere as its position in a regular gas, resulting in a substantial 30 percent reduction in drag. These results seem shocking, considering that aeronautical engineers typically struggle to reduce drag by mere fractions of a percent. In theory, this could have a huge benefit, potentially lowering drag and heat and offering better longevity and reusability of heat tiles. Less Weight If tip gas vectoring works enough (Maybe a two-tube body is more stable yet redundant at the same time). Then just imagine all the weight (50+tonnes?) and complex sources of potential failures that you can now remove with flaps motors batteries tiles from the starship. Starship’s recent test No. 4 was super exciting and breathtaking. recent test No. 4 So, how can we improve its weakest point - the hinge and the gaps around the flaps? Flaps exposed to essentially a plasma torch on steroids, trying to exploit any material flaw, no matter how small, and level anything uneven in a way? The first crazy Idea I got was to pump inert Argon gas into the spaces between tiles to prevent or delay forming a plasma layer on top of them by cooling. The first crazy Idea I got was to pump inert Argon gas Spacecraft typically enter Earth's atmosphere at about 7-8 km/s. At these speeds, the air in front of the craft can reach temperatures of 10,000K to 20,000K. Plasma typically starts forming when a significant fraction of the gas becomes ionized. For argon, substantial ionization begins at temperatures around 15,000-20,000 K. Increasing gas pressure, we pump between tiles in theory raises the temperature at which plasma forms. We might need pressures 10-100 MPa higher to suppress plasma formation meaningfully. I don't know how feasible that is . I don't know how feasible that is Much more feasible is perhaps not preventing but redirecting where plasma forms. The Bubble In theory, we could form an argon gas bubble in which the plasma doesn’t touch the vehicle surface and forms a natural barrier, where the rest of the oxygen and nitrogen second plasma layer forms later. i.e. similar trick which supercavitating torpedoes used since long time ago to have actual zero surface drag/contact with water and move supersonic even in water. supercavitating torpedoes Argon ? Argon is a noble gas with low thermal conductivity. A high-pressure layer of neutral argon could act as an effective thermal insulator. Argon does have a higher ionization energy (15.7 eV) compared to nitrogen (14.5 eV) and oxygen (13.6 eV) thus would form a plasma at a slightly higher temperature than air. Another motivation for argon were the fascinating results of Ioffe group experiment and also how it is used in DARPA’s old/new X-plane concept CRANE as explained later in this article. Ioffe group CRANE if we can prevent redirect or delay plasma formation long enough in these critical 10 minutes, then in theory, cheap gas compared to ablative tiles doesn’t add weight, complexity, manufacturing, installing, checking delays. It also protects large areas fast, has lesser chance of weak spots as each molecule is nonstop replaced, and has probably better redundancy. Our Induced plasma layer is also expected to be more stable too, as the gas composition flow and presence is in this case controlled by us. When less is more Distribute just from behind special heavy tip tile to simplify and reduce parts. What if we control 2 axes of gas spraying tip as on that supersonic torpedo. What material the tip should be from? Can uneven noble gas spray from tip cause bigger drag on one side thus be form of vectoring control? Once plasma forms. we can use 4 tiny electromagnetic coils at tip to shape that plasma and have literally movable virtual flaps from forcefield. We can shape it to oval which we can rotate etc. Other Gas Choices When two different plasmas meet, they don't simply mix like neutral gases. Their interaction is complex and governed by electromagnetic forces. Argon plasma vs. air plasma: Argon plasma vs. air plasma: If argon forms a plasma before the air does, it could create a barrier of charged particles. This argon plasma layer could potentially interact with and impede the incoming air plasma. Plasma penetration: Plasma penetration: The ability of air plasma to penetrate the argon plasma would depend on several factors: a) Relative density of the plasmas b) Temperature and energy of each plasma c) Magnetic and electric fields generated by the plasmas d) Velocity of the incoming air relative to the argon plasma Plasma formation timing: Plasma formation timing: If argon forms a plasma sooner than air (due to being pre-heated by compression or other means), it might have time to establish a more stable shielding layer. Pure Argon Bubble: Advantages: Pure Argon Bubble: Advantages: Acts as a thermal insulator due to argon's low thermal conductivity Could provide a buffer zone, delaying the formation of air plasma near the vehicle surface Simpler to implement and maintain compared to a plasma bubble Disadvantages: Disadvantages: Less effective at deflecting charged particles from the air plasma May disperse more quickly in the hypersonic flow Argon Plasma Bubble: Advantages: Argon Plasma Bubble: Advantages: Could interact electromagnetically with the incoming air plasma, potentially deflecting it more effectively Might absorb more energy through ionization and electromagnetic interactions Could potentially be shaped or controlled using magnetic fields Disadvantages: Disadvantages: More complex to create and maintain Once ionized, loses some of argon's insulating properties Alternative Gases for Plasma Bubble: Alternative Gases for Plasma Bubble: If we're specifically aiming for a plasma bubble, we might consider gases with different properties: Xenon: Xenon: Higher atomic mass could provide a more stable bubble Lower ionization energy, easier to maintain as plasma Krypton: Krypton: Properties between argon and xenon Could be a balance between effectiveness and cost Helium: Helium: Very low molecular weight, which could help with weight savings High ionization energy might help it maintain non-plasma state longer in outer layers Nitrogen: Nitrogen: Abundant and cheap Similar to air, so its plasma characteristics might interact more predictably with air plasma Considerations for Choice: Considerations for Choice: Ionization energy: Lower ionization energy makes plasma formation easier to maintain Atomic mass: Heavier atoms might form a more stable bubble but add more weight Control without Flaps As for using gas just for supersonic vectoring and getting rid of flaps with motors batteries and hard to insulate gaps. DARPA's X-plane concept CRANE eliminated moving external control surfaces, reducing aerodynamic drag, which is critical at hypersonic speeds, and increasing fuel efficiency Less Drag The experiment at NASA's Langley Research Center heavily simulated and tested an old idea developed by Russian researchers during the Cold War - that injecting ions into the flow around a high-speed craft can dramatically reduce drag. DARPA did a lot of simulations DARPA did a lot of simulations During The Cold War, the Ioffe group conducted an experiment where they propelled a steel sphere, about the size of a marble, at a speed of 1 km/s through a tube filled with low-pressure argon gas. Ioffe group conducted an experiment A section of the gas in the tube was ionized to form a plasma. The team captured footage of the shock wave surrounding the sphere before and after it entered the plasma. The shock wave seemed to stand twice as far from the sphere as its position in a regular gas, resulting in a substantial 30 percent reduction in drag. These results seem shocking, considering that aeronautical engineers typically struggle to reduce drag by mere fractions of a percent. In theory, this could have a huge benefit, potentially lowering drag and heat and offering better longevity and reusability of heat tiles. Less Weight Less Weight If tip gas vectoring works enough ( Maybe a two-tube body is more stable yet redundant at the same time ). Then just imagine all the weight (50+tonnes?) and complex sources of potential failures that you can now remove with flaps motors batteries tiles from the starship. Maybe a two-tube body is more stable yet redundant at the same time

Supercavitating 'Em Steered Starship: Riding in Plasma Bubble

সুপারক্যাভিটেটিং 'এম স্টিয়ারড স্টারশিপ: এটি প্রতিরোধ করার চেষ্টা করার পরিবর্তে প্লাজমা পুনর্নির্দেশ করা

Superkavitierendes gesteuertes Raumschiff: Plasma umleiten statt verhindern

Supercavitando 'Em Steered Starship: redirigiendo el plasma en lugar de intentar prevenirlo

Supercavitation d'un vaisseau spatial dirigé : rediriger le plasma au lieu d'essayer de l'empêcher

सुपरकैविटेटिंग 'एम ने स्टारशिप को चलाया: इसे रोकने की कोशिश करने के बजाय प्लाज्मा को पुनर्निर्देशित करना

スーパーキャビテーション 操縦された宇宙船: プラズマを防ぐのではなく方向転換する

슈퍼캐비테이션 'Em 조종 우주선: 플라즈마를 방지하는 대신 방향을 바꾸다'

Supercavitando a nave estelar dirigida: redirecionando o plasma em vez de tentar evitá-lo

Суперкавитация управляемого звездолета: перенаправление плазмы вместо попыток ее предотвратить

Süper Kavitasyona Sahip Olanlar Yıldız Gemisini Yönlendirdi: Plazmayı Engellemeye Çalışmak Yerine Yönlendirmek

Supercavitation 'Em Steered Starship: Chuyển hướng plasma thay vì cố gắng ngăn chặn nó

超空泡操纵星舰：改变等离子体方向，而不是试图阻止它

Fine-tuned LLMs Know More, Hallucinate Less With Few-Shot Sequence-to-Sequence Semantic Parsing 

Unlocking the Power of Data Lakes for Embedded Analytics in Multi-Tenant SaaS

মাল্টি-টেন্যান্ট SaaS-এ এমবেডেড অ্যানালিটিক্সের জন্য ডেটা লেকের পাওয়ার আনলক করা

Entfesseln Sie die Leistungsfähigkeit von Data Lakes für eingebettete Analysen in Multi-Tenant-SaaS

Liberando el poder de los lagos de datos para análisis integrados en SaaS multiinquilino

Libérer la puissance des lacs de données pour l'analyse intégrée dans les SaaS multi-locataires

मल्टी-टेनेंट SaaS में एम्बेडेड एनालिटिक्स के लिए डेटा लेक्स की शक्ति को अनलॉक करना

マルチテナント SaaS の組み込み分析のためのデータレイクのパワーを解き放つ

멀티 테넌트 SaaS에 내장된 분석을 위한 데이터 레이크의 강력한 기능 활용

Desbloqueando o poder dos data lakes para análises incorporadas em SaaS multilocatário

Раскрытие возможностей озер данных для встроенной аналитики в мультитенантном SaaS

Çok Kiracılı SaaS'ta Gömülü Analitik için Data Lakes'in Gücünü Ortaya Çıkarma

Khai thác sức mạnh của Hồ dữ liệu cho Phân tích nhúng trong SaaS nhiều người thuê

释放数据湖的力量，实现多租户 SaaS 中的嵌入式分析

-𝙸𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚎𝚐𝚒𝚗𝚗𝚒𝚗𝚐, 𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛𝚎 𝚠𝚊𝚜 𝚘𝚗𝚎. -𝙳𝚎𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚍 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚑𝚒𝚕𝚍𝚛𝚎𝚗 𝚠𝚑𝚘 𝚗𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚛 𝚏𝚘𝚞𝚗𝚍 𝚑𝚘𝚖𝚎. Year 2048. The first words I ever heard were in a facility for kids. We were five, the golden children of humankind. From the age of 2, we could fire darts with precision, and it wasn’t weird. We never had anyone new join us; we were always alone, together. Father called us geniuses; he called us creatures beyond humanity. Father never hid the truth from us, and he treated us with utmost respect. We never saw Mother. Not even once. We only knew she existed because Father mentioned her from time to time. Father loved us, and he told us that we were his only hope. Father hid nothing from us; he believed in being straightforward. “ ” Father said one day, as he stared pointedly at the five of us, me being some sort of leader, according to Father. Father was a large man with tribal marks of jagged lines adorning his face, giving him the look of a warrior, but the lab coat he always wore conflicted with his weathered face, making him look like a cross between a villain and a doting father. The world will one day see all you can do. Until then, forgive me. We didn’t know what we had to forgive Father for; he was always there when we needed him, along with two others. Father called them his underlings, yet he was so friendly with them; the camaraderie was beautiful. We were treated well and didn’t have a cause to question our existence. Names were not given to us, and we lived with codes. Father said names were outdated and called us in codes. I was 0i. Father said codes were vital because we were different from the rest of the people in the books we read. Father made us feed on Socrates, Plato, and so many other ancient philosophers. His favorite was Friedrich Nietzsche, who spoke about the abyss. Father spoon-fed us knowledge, saying we needed to understand how the world worked. “ ” You’re only useful when you choose to be. The power you wield lies in your willingness to wield it. Man is a creature of willpower, and once willpower is taken away, nothing remains of man. A fate worse than death. Father’s favorite quote was a personal one. He never ceased to remind us of what would happen if our willpower was taken away. Father was the only god we knew. We didn’t exactly worship him; we loved him. He was all we knew, the light in our overwhelming darkness. A man worthy of the title, father. 0ii, one of the girls in our midst. She was sharp-eyed, her mouth rarely opening up to speak. With an oval face and a perfect nose, 0ii became fascinating. I once asked Father why she wasn’t the leader since I didn’t think I was fit. Father was calm when he replied, but I could hear the underlying fury in his tone. “ ” 0ii is none other than your subordinate. Your birth marks you as a leader, and your prowess doesn’t matter. She is below you; she always will be. You were born a light that even others cannot but bow to. You are the one who will herald humanity into the new age. You are 0i. Do not forget. I never brought it up again after that. We knew that Father loved us and Father’s word was law. So, we let go of sentimental things and focused on being the best, making Father proud. Oiii was next. Another girl. She wasn’t as charming or as beautiful as 0ii, but what she lacked in those aspects, she made up for it in smartness. She had hooked teeth and self-esteem that caved with the slightest criticism. Father called her a fond name: 𝐵𝑎𝑏𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑡. She was the only one who had a name in five of us. When I asked him why, Father laughed heartily and spoke to me in the most jovial tone ever. “ ” What is she? Isn’t that what she looks like? I’m only calling her as I see it. Father was wise beyond his years; I admired him so much. We all did. He knew so much about everything, much more than we did. 0iv was the bookworm in our midst. He consumed all the books in the library, but still, Father paid him no heed. With his glasses perked on the bridge of his nose, 0iv did everything to get Father’s attention, but it was to no avail. I asked Father about it once again. “ ” Those who seek attention are like dogs begging for scraps. They’re unworthy of it. That’s why they demand it from others. I was the only one whom Father talked to so openly, so I spoke for us. We were the golden children humanity had been waiting for; Father said so. But when we were 9, Father introduced the blades. They were beautiful blades with edges sharp enough to sear through a human. “ ” These are the gifts I’ll be giving all of you for your 9th birthday. Use them well. Father didn’t explain anything to any of us, but I understood. We had read stories of assassins, and we understood what was required of us. Father was all-knowing, training us in the Art of the blade even though he was never there to see. It didn’t matter; 0v excelled at it beautifully. He was the only one out of us. Father never said anything bad about him. Truthfully, Father never said anything about him at all. It was as though he didn’t exist. 0v never complained, either. He was even more beautiful than 0ii, yet his gaze was even chillier than Father’s. The day 0iii died, Father didn’t bat an eyelid. 0v was playing with two sets of blades, and 0iii dared to approach him in that mode. I always knew he was darker than he let on, but watching 0iii grip her bloodied neck, eyes widened in disbelief as she dropped to the floor in a thud made me finally understand. Father was passing by when it happened, but he didn’t spare her a glance. The rest of us were shocked by what we’d seen, but 0v kept twirling the blades in the air, a bored expression on his beautiful face. “ ” I screamed for the first time at Father. But Father didn’t look as though he was bothered. He walked away. Father didn’t look back for the first time. Father! 0iii is dead! Once we were five, then we became four. Father stopped talking to me after that. 0v acted normally, while 0ii and 0iv steered clear of him. 0v offered no explanations for his actions, and one day, Father stopped coming to see us. He usually went away for days, leaving his underlings with us sometimes. But this time, Father left us alone. I counted the days. I was the leader, and I had to tell the others what to do. It wasn’t exactly a good experience. But strangely, 0v didn’t show any sign of distress. It was as though he didn’t have emotions. “ ” You must do your share of the work, or we’ll starve. I decided to face him one day, already livid. 0iii was dead, and he couldn’t even act remorseful. He didn’t care, plain and simple. He grew up with us yet grew apart from us. It was like he was in his universe, unperturbed by everything around him. He was human yet acted so differently, I wondered, too. “ ” Starve? Okay, starve. That was all he said as he stood up from where he sat, his hair shielding his eyes. His hair had been an afro since I’d known him, adding to the mystery his personality created. I was tired of being scared of a person who was just like me. It was irksome and unnecessary. We weren’t made of fear. I placed my arms on his shoulders to pull him back, but the next thing I saw was a dagger heading straight in the middle of my face. It was too fast for me to dodge, and I saw my life flash before my eyes. His wrist movements were perfect, with no single flaw in the swing of his blade. It was funny how I was thinking about that while facing my inevitable death. As soon as it began, it ended. I was alive. But I could hear gurgling sounds as my eyes I once closed opened to see someone in front of me. It was 0iv, and the hilt of a dagger was protruding from his mouth. “ .” I said, starve 0v drew his dagger out of the open mouth of 0iv as 0iv fell to the ground, much like 0iii did. The dagger reached the back of his throat as 0v drew it out, placing his tongue on the flat of the dagger, licking the blood on it while staring at me with the coldest eyes I’d ever seen. I tried to stop my body from shaking, but it was hard. 0iv did what he did to shield me, and he lay there, choking on his blood. 0v just walked away as 0ii ran to the toilet to puke. I just stood and stared. Hell had been unleashed in the form of a beautiful boy. Once we were five, then we became three. Father returned a week after that incident, and he said nothing about the disappearance of 0iv. I didn’t explain either. I needed to find a way out of there with 0ii. Father tried to talk to me again, but it was no use. 0v was a demon, one he let roam. Father wasn’t to be trusted. I spoke hushedly with 0ii, not letting 0v into our conversation. But he didn’t mind, and it was as though he wasn’t even there. He kept fiddling with daggers, paying us no heed. That night was meant to be the night of our escape. I prepared 0ii, and in the dead of the night, we tried to sneak out. I regretted it. It was all fine and good, and we were making progress. Since everybody was asleep, we moved stealthily. 0iii would have loved it; she was the smartest of us. I still had no idea why 0iv protected me; he was book-smart. He knew the implications of playing the hero. Yet, he died for me. If I had one thing to say, I wish I’d died with them. 0ii needed to be protected at all costs. We made it past the door of Father, and at that moment, I was elated. We could finally leave. Until the lights came on. They were blinding, and I held on to 0ii, fearing the worst. “ ” Finally, let the game begin. I heard the voice of Father as he smiled sinisterly at me, 0v coming from right behind him, holding a dagger and staring at me with lifeless eyes. Then, hell began. Protecting 0ii was hard, and shielding myself from stab wounds was harder. I could hear booming sounds from the speakers that miraculously materialized around me. They were making bets on us. 0v came after me, swinging the dagger dangerously close to my face, but I evaded. Then he went after 0ii, but she showed some skill by dodging his attacks. Even in the cramped space of the facility, we fought for our lives. I saw Father approaching me, and 0v stopped swinging his dagger and stood still. “ ” I tried to reach him, but he slapped my hands away. It felt even worse than losing 0iii and 0v. Father… “ ” Don’t you dare call me that. I’m not your father, and I’ll never be the father of freaks. Here, we harvest your abilities and sell them to the world. You’re not special; you’ve never been. You never had a father, just a childish imagination and daddy issues. I couldn’t speak. I didn’t know what happened, but I could hear ringing in my ears and a voice screaming at me from afar; it was muffled as though it was coming from a distance. The ringing sound in my ears got louder as 0ii screams came out in muffled gasps, but I was too far away to hear. Far away in my head. I could listen to the sound of a blade rending through flesh; I could smell the sickening odor of blood. But, I was rooted at that spot. Nothing could make me move as I stared with despair at the man I called Father. “ ” I’m sorry, I’m so sorry, 0i. You always were the best of us. I was too weak; I believed them. 0v eyes were filled with tears as he turned the blood-stained dagger on himself. Even then, I didn’t react. Even when his screams filled the room, and the ringing in my ears faded like background noise. Once we were five, then we became one. I was left alive. Not like I could die. They didn’t kill me; they just made me live every day in remembrance of those I killed. We weren’t the golden children of humanity, we were livestock. Not all is as it seems. But hell is on earth. When I called him Father, I unleashed it. I didn’t die. I didn’t live either. I was in oblivion. It was truly damnation.

Father

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