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Optoro

optoro

New graduate? Jump on board one of these high flying companies Graduating students hungry to dive into the (aka ) often struggle to select the right, specific opportunity to start their career. startup community StartUpLand Each spring, I provide a comprehensive list of exciting, growing, hiring startups–both private or recently public–that are worthy of consideration as places to start or continue a career in StartupLand. The criteria for being on the list is subjective but is a mix of fundraising (typically > $10m in the most recent round), scale (typically > 50 employees), momentum (typically growing revenue or users > 50%) and hiring (typically > 10 open reqs, including a number of entry level positions that would be a fit for recent college or business school graduates). Before we get into the companies themselves, I suggest checking out my posts and , where I give some more detailed advice on how to select the right company for you and position yourself to secure a job. Getting Your First Startup Job Are You Suited For A StartUp? Once you have reviewed this framework for deciding what you’re looking for, this post will give you to research and approach. a list of over 500 companies As usual, the list is compiled and organized based on location since I believe in selecting a geography to plug in to (and contribute to) a community and ecosystem. I received fantastic input from angels, entrepreneurs, lawyers and VCs across the world, helping me pressure test and compile this list (note: Flybridge portfolio companies are in blue). I recognize that the list contains no companies from India or China. I hope to cover those geographies in the future but just didn’t feel I had good enough intelligence at this time. I’d also point folks to Stanford’s Andy Rachleff’s , which he publishes each fall with a similar theme (albeit more Silicon Valley focused). terrific list I’m sure I made many mistakes and omissions, which are all my own. Feedback welcome! East Coast West Coast International Other Startup Hubs Bitpay, Ionic Security, Kabbage, MailChimp ATL: AvantCredit, , BucketFeet, Civis Analytics, Dough, Fooda, Groupon, Iris Mobile, Kapow, Narrative Sciences, , Raise.com, ShopRunner, Shiftgig, SpotHero, SproutSocial, Tastyworks, Uptake CHI: bloXroute Precognitive FullContact, Ibotta, LogRhythm, Rally, SendGrid, Sympoz, TeamSnap, VictorOps, Webroot, CO: Welltok 2U, Cvent, Optoro, Sonatype, Vox Media, WeddingWire DC: Apptio, Avalara, Avvo, ExtraHop, Julep, Juno, Koru, OfferUp, Outreach, Peach, Porch, Pro, Redfin, Rover.com SEA: Bamboo HR, Canopy Tax, Domo, Health Catalyst, HireVue, InsideSales, Instructure, Lucid Software, Observe Point, Pluralsight, Qualtrics, Solution Reach, Workfront UT: That’s it! Special thanks to all those who provided me with anonymous input as well as my colleague, , who did most of the heavy lifting to help me in compiling this list. Caroline Constable

The Rocket Ship Startup List: 2018

A Person Under Yagué Will Seem to Slumber and yet Will Obey Any Order

What Exactly is a Chatbot? are computer programs designed to simulate or emulate human interactions through artificial intelligence. You can converse with chatbots the same way you would have a conversation with another person. They are used for various purposes, including customer service, information services, and entertainment, just to name a few. Chatbots What is a Rule-based chatbot? A rule-based chatbot is a chatbot that is guided in a sequence; they are straightforward; compared to Artificial Intelligence-based chatbots, this rule-based chatbot has specific rules. We will use a straightforward and short method to build a rule-based chatbot. Advantages of Rule-based chatbot Very easy to develop. Time-saving. Disadvantages of Rule-based chatbot Not power and advance as AI-based Chatbot. Requires a large number of codes to make a full-scale chatbot. Project Prerequisites: In this Python project, you just need to know basic Python. That includes. Python print() function Python Input / Output function Python Flask framework Python functions Basic HTML/CSS What will you learn? End to End development of Python chatbot. Basic Input/Output implementation. Flask Framework Basic Getting Started First, let make a very basic chatbot using basic Python skills like input/output and basic condition statements, which will take basic information from the user and print it accordingly. First, we will variables store user information. Step 1: User_Name  = None
User_Age  = None
User_Job = None Then, we will take input from the user. Step 2: print("Hello, I'm a Chatbot \n")
User_Name =  input("What is your name? ")
print("How are you {0}. \n".format(User_Name))

User_Age = input("What is your age? ")
print("Oh, so your age is {0}. \n".format(User_Age))

User_Job = input("What is your job profile? ")
print("So you're a  {0}. \n".format(User_Job)) When we run the above program, we will get the following output: Hello, I'm a Chatbot 
What is your name? pythonscholar
How are you pythonscholar. 
What is your age? 26
Oh, so your age is 26. 
What is your job profile? python developer
So you're a python developer. So now, let’s start creating a real chatbot and deploy it on Flask. We will use the Python library, which is mainly developed for building chatbots. ChatterBot What is ChatterBot, and how does it work? ChatterBot is a machine learning library that helps to generate an automatic response based on the user’s input. It uses a Natural Language Processing-based algorithm to generate repossessed based on the user’s contexts. You guys can refer to official documents for more information, or you can see the for it. Also, you can see the below flow chart to understand better how ChatterBot works. ChatterBot's GitHub code How To Install ChatterBot In Python? Installing ChatterBot in Python is very easy; it can be done using the pip command in the following steps. Type below command in terminal: pip install chatterbot chatterbot_corpus If you guys are using , you need to use the below command to install it on Google Colab. Google Colaboratory notebook !pip install chatterbot chatterbot_corpus So let’s start building a chatbot by following the below steps. First, we will import the ChatterBot library into our Python file. Step 1: from chatterbot import ChatBot
from chatterbot.trainers import ChatterBotCorpusTraine Then, we will name our chatbot. It can be anytime as per our need. Step 2: chatbot=ChatBot('Pythonscholar') We will start training our chatbot using its pre-defined dataset. Step 3: # Create a new trainer for the chatbot
trainer = ChatterBotCorpusTrainer(chatbot)

# Now, let us train our bot with multiple corpus
trainer.train("chatterbot.corpus.english.greetings",
              "chatterbot.corpus.english.conversations" ) chatterbot.corpus.english.greetings and chatterbot.corpus.english.conversations are the pre-defined dataset used to train small talks and everyday conversational to our chatbot. Then, we will check how our chatbot is responding to our question using the below code. Step 4: response = chatbot.get_response("How are you?")
print(response) Now let’s run the whole code and see what our chatbot responds to. Whole Source Code: from chatterbot import ChatBot
from chatterbot.trainers import ChatterBotCorpusTrainer

chatbot=ChatBot('Pythonscholar')

# Create a new trainer for the chatbot
trainer = ChatterBotCorpusTrainer(chatbot)

# Now let us train our bot with multiple corpus
trainer.train("chatterbot.corpus.english.greetings",
              "chatterbot.corpus.english.conversations" )
response = chatbot.get_response("How are you?")
print(response) The Output will be as follow: I am doing well. How to deploy a chatbot on Flask First, we will install the Flask library in our system using the below command: pip install flask And for Google Colab use the below command, mostly Flask comes pre-install on Google Colab. !pip install flask But first, let’s understand what the Flask framework in Python is. What is Python Flask? The Flask is a Python micro-framework used to create small web applications and websites using Python. Flask works on a popular templating engine called Jinja2, a web templating system combined with data sources to the dynamic web pages. Now start developing the Flask framework based on the above ChatterBot in the above steps. We have already installed the Flask in the system, so we will import the Python methods we require to run the Flask microserver. Import necessary methods of Flask and ChatterBot. Step 1: from flask import Flask, render_template, request
from chatterbot import ChatBot
from chatterbot.trainers import ChatterBotCorpusTrainer Then, we will initialize the Flask app by adding the below code. Step 2: #Flask initialisation
app = Flask(__name__) Flask( ) is used to create the Flask class object so that Python code can initialize the Flask server. name Now, we will give the name to our chatbot. Step 3: chatbot=ChatBot('Pythonscholar') Add training code for a chatbot. Step 4: # Create a new trainer for the chatbot
trainer = ChatterBotCorpusTrainer(chatbot)

# Now, let us train our bot with multiple corpus
trainer.train("chatterbot.corpus.english.greetings",
              "chatterbot.corpus.english.conversations" ) We will create the Flask decorator and a route in this step. Step 5: @app.route("/")
def index():
	render_template("index.html") The route() is a function of a Flask class used to define the URL mapping associated with the function. Then we make an index function to render the HTML code associated with the index.html file using the render_template function. In the next step, we will make a response function that will take the input from the user, and also, it will return the result or response from our trained chatbot. Create a function to take input from the user and respond accordingly. Step 6: @app.route("/get", methods=["POST"])
def chatbot_response():
	msg = request.form["msg"]
	response = chatbot.get_response(msg)
	return response Then, we will add the final code that will start the Flask server after interpreting the whole code. Step 7: if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run() The complete code will look like this: from flask import Flask, render_template, request
from chatterbot import ChatBot
from chatterbot.trainers import ChatterBotCorpusTrainer

#Flask initialization
app = Flask(__name__)

chatbot=ChatBot('Pythonscholar')

# Create a new trainer for the chatbot
trainer = ChatterBotCorpusTrainer(chatbot)

# Now let us train our bot with multiple corpus
trainer.train("chatterbot.corpus.english.greetings",
              "chatterbot.corpus.english.conversations" )

@app.route("/")
def index():
	
	return render_template("index.html")



@app.route("/get", methods=["GET","POST"])
def chatbot_response():
    msg = request.form["msg"]
    response = chatbot.get_response(msg)
    return str(response)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run() As per Jinja2 implementation, we have to create two folders for storing HTML and CSS files; while working with the Jinja2 engine, it is necessary to make a folder with a name template to add HTML files, and for other files like CSS, javascript, or image we have to make a folder with the name static but it optional but creating template folder is compulsory. First, we will make an HTML file called index.html inside the template folder. <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='style.css')}}" />
    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
</head>

<body>
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-10 mr-auto ml-auto">
    <h1>Pythonscholar ChatBot</h1>
    <form>
        <div id="chatbox">
            <div class="col-md-8 ml-auto mr-auto">
                <p class="botText"><span>Hi! I'm Pythonscholar.</span></p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div id="userInput" class="row">
            <div class="col-md-10">
                <input id="text" type="text" name="msg" placeholder="Message" class="form-control">
                <button type="submit" id="send" class="btn btn-warning">Send</button>
            </div>
        </div>
    </form>
</div>
</div>

<script>
    $(document).ready(function() {
        $("form").on("submit", function(event) {
            var rawText = $("#text").val();
            var userHtml = '<p class="userText"><span>' + rawText + "</span></p>";
            $("#text").val("");
            $("#chatbox").append(userHtml);
            document.getElementById("userInput").scrollIntoView({
                block: "start",
                behavior: "smooth",
            });
            $.ajax({
                data: {
                    msg: rawText,
                },
                type: "POST",
                url: "/get",
            }).done(function(data) {
                var botHtml = '<p class="botText"><span>' + data + "</span></p>";
                $("#chatbox").append($.parseHTML(botHtml));
                document.getElementById("userInput").scrollIntoView({
                    block: "start",
                    behavior: "smooth",
                });
            });
            event.preventDefault();
        });
    });
</script>
</body>

</html> We will not understand HTML and jquery code as jquery is a vast topic. We will create a style.css file, save it in the static folder, and use the below code. body {
    font-family: Garamond;
}

h1 {
    color: black;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    margin-top: 0;
    text-align: center;
    font-size: 40px;
}

h3 {
    color: black;
    font-size: 20px;
    margin-top: 3px;
    text-align: center;
}
.row {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    margin-right: -15px;
    margin-left: -15px;
}

.ml-auto{
    margin-left:auto !important;
}
.mr-auto{
    margin-right:auto !important;
}

.col-md-10,.col-md-8,.col-md-4{
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
    min-height: 1px;
    padding-right: 15px;
    padding-left: 15px;
}
.col-md-8{flex:0 0 66.666667%;max-width:66.666667%}
.col-md-4{flex:0 0 33.333333%;max-width:33.333333%}
.col-md-10{flex:0 0 83.333333%;max-width:83.333333%}

.form-control {
    background: no-repeat bottom,50% calc(100% - 1px);
    background-image: none, none;
    background-size: auto, auto;
    background-size: 0 100%,100% 100%;
    border: 0;
    height: 36px;
    transition: background 0s ease-out;
    padding-left: 0;
    padding-right: 0;
    border-radius: 0;
    font-size: 14px;
}
.form-control {
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
    padding: .4375rem 0;
    padding-right: 0px;
    padding-left: 0px;
    font-size: 1rem;
    line-height: 1.5;
    color: #495057;
    border:none;
    background-color: transparent;
    background-clip: padding-box;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #d2d2d2;
    box-shadow: none;
    transition: border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out;
}
.btn {
    float: left;
    text-align: center;
    white-space: nowrap;
    vertical-align: middle;
    user-select: none;
    border: 1px solid transparent;
    padding: .46875rem 1rem;
    font-size: 1rem;
    line-height: 1.5;
    border-radius: .25rem;
    transition: color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out;
}
.btn-warning {
    color: #fff;
    background-color: #f08f00;
    border-color: #c27400;
}
.btn.btn-warning:active, .btn.btn-warning:focus, .btn.btn-warning:hover {
    box-shadow: 0 14px 26px -12px rgba(255,152,0,.42),0 4px 23px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 8px 10px -5px rgba(255,152,0,.2);
}

button, input, optgroup, select, textarea {
    margin: 0;
    font-family: inherit;
    font-size: inherit;
    line-height: inherit;
    overflow:visible;
}
#chatbox {
    background-color: cyan;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    width: 80%;
    min-height: 70px;
    margin-top: 60px;
}

#userInput {
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
    width: 40%;
    margin-top: 60px;
}

#textInput {
    width: 87%;
    border: none;
    border-bottom: 3px solid #009688;
    font-family: monospace;
    font-size: 17px;
}

#buttonInput {
    padding: 3px;
    font-family: monospace;
    font-size: 17px;
}

.userText {
    color: white;
    font-family: monospace;
    font-size: 17px;
    text-align: right !important;
    line-height: 30px;
    margin: 5px;
}

.userText span {
    background-color: #009688;
    padding: 10px;
    border-radius: 2px;
}

.botText {
    color: white;
    font-family: monospace;
    font-size: 17px;
    text-align: left;
    line-height: 30px;
    margin: 5px;
}

.botText span {
    background-color: #ef5350;
    padding: 10px;
    border-radius: 2px;
}

#tidbit {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 0;
    right: 0;
    width: 300px;
} We are all set to run our Flask application. So let’s start our chatbot by running a Python file. Once you run the Python file it will create a local server with the address , and when you open this URL on the browser, you can see the user interface of our chatbot. http://127.0.0.1:5000/ This is our Chatbot output. Congratulations, we have successfully built a chatbot using Python and Flask. Also, you guys can check our other articles below. How to Create Mad Libs game in Python What Is Python? 11 Things To Know Before Python Programming Also published on: https://pythonscholar.com/python-projects/rule-based-chatbot-in-python-using-flask/

Using Flask to Build a Rule-based Chatbot in Python

Uso de Flask para construir un chatbot basado en reglas en Python

The insulated gate bipolar transistor (hereinafter referred to as IGBT) is a composite device of MOSFET and GTR. Thus it has the advantages of MOSFET and GTR, it is an ideal switch device to replace GTR, which is widely used at present with its ability to turn off, and it’s also widely used in all kinds of solid-state power supply. I. What is IGBT? The insulated gate bipolar transistor (hereinafter referred to as IGBT) is a composite device of MOSFET and GTR. Thus it has the advantages of MOSFET, including fast operation speed, high switching frequency, high input impedance, simple drive circuit, and good thermal temperature; it also contains the advantages of GTR, like large current-carrying capacity and high blocking voltage. It is an ideal switch device to replace GTR, which is widely used at present with its ability to turn off and is also widely used in all kinds of solid-state power supply. And it requires a reasonable drive circuit, but its improper control may cause damage, such as IGBT damage due to overcurrent, and affects the performance of the whole machine. In a word, the drive circuit is very important to IGBT. So this paper mainly discusses the driving and short-circuit protection of IGBT, based on the analysis of its working principle, then designs and simulates the overcurrent protection of the drive circuit. II. The Driving Requirement of IGBT Driving Requirement IGBT is a voltage-type control device. To make IGBT turn on and off safely and reliably, the driving circuit must meet the following conditions.  And the gate capacitance of IGBT is much larger than that of MOSFET. To increase the switching speed, it is necessary to have a suitable gate bias voltage and gate series resistance. Gate Voltage In any case, the gate drive voltage in the open state can not exceed the limited value (generally 20V) given by the parameter table, and the optimal gate forward-bias voltage is 15 V ±1.5V. This value is sufficient to allow IGBT to reach saturation and then getting conduction, which can minimize the conduction loss. In the case of gate voltage is cutting off with the value of zero, to reduce the turn-off time and improve the withstand voltage and anti-interference ability of IGBT, a reverse voltage of -5 ~ -15 V can be added between the gate and the source electrode when the IGBT is in a blocking state. Gate Series Resistance Core The selection of appropriate gate series resistance (RG) is very important for the drive of IGBT. The effect of RG on switching loss is shown in Fig.1. Fig. 1 The Effect of RG on Switching Loss It is the dynamic current of charging and discharging the input capacitance rather than the DC current that is required in a static state, and the input impedance of IGBT is up to 109 ~ 1011. In this case, the DC gain can reach 108 ~ 109, almost without any power consumption. To decrease the steepness of the front and rear edges of the control pulse, prevent oscillation and reduce the voltage tip pulse with a large IGBT collector, it is necessary to add a gate series resistor RG. When the RG increases, the on-off time will prolong and the energy consumption of the IGBT will increase; in turn, the RG reduces, the di/dt will increase and may damage IGBT. Thus, according to the current capacity and voltage rating, and switching frequency of IGBT, it is necessary to select a suitable RG, usually from dozens of ohms to hundreds of ohms. To get a more specific value of RG, it is suggested to refer to the device manual. Fig.2 Main Circuit of Inverter Power Supply Requirements for Driving Power The switching process of IGBT consumes a certain amount of power from the driving power supply. The difference between the gate forward bias voltage and the reverse bias voltage is the △VGE; working frequency is f, the gate capacitance is CGE; and the minimum peak current of the power supply is: Overcurrent Protection for IGBT The overcurrent protection of IGBT is limiting the short-circuit current and its I-V track to the short circuit safe working area when the device overflows, and the IGBT is turned off before the device is damaged to avoid the damage of the switch tube. When the upper and lower arms conducting, the power supply voltage is almost all added to the two ends of the switch, at this time, the larger the short circuit current is, the smaller the saturation voltage drop will be, during this time, the device would be damaged due to the large current. III. The Overcurrent Protection Analysis of IGBT Based on the above analysis, an IGBT drive circuit that contains isolated optocoupler and over-current protection has been put forward in this article, as shown in Fig.3. Fig.3 The Drive and Overcurrent Protection Circuit of IGBT In Fig.3, the high-speed optocoupler 6N137 realizes the electrical isolation of the input and output signals, which is suitable for high-frequency applications. The main drive circuit adopts push-pull output mode, which effectively reduces the output impedance of the drive circuit, improves the driving ability, and makes it suitable for the drive of high power IGBT. The over-current protection circuit uses the principle of desaturation of the collector. When an over-current occurs, the IGBT will be turn off. The V1, V3and V4 constitute the driving pulse amplifier circuit; V1 and R5 constitute an emitter follower. The emitter follower provides a fast current source, which reduces the turn-off time. Using the collector desaturation principle, D1, R6, R7, and V2 form a short-circuit signal detection circuit. D1 is a fast recovery diode, to prevent the high voltage on the collector from running into the driving circuit when IGBT is turned off. In order to prevent the power device from being misled by static electricity, bidirectional voltage regulators D3 and D4 are connected in parallel between the gate sources. Normal When the control circuit sends a high-level signal, the optocoupler 6N137 turns on, V1, V2 turns off, V3 turns on and V4 turns off. And the drive circuit provides IGBT a driving voltage of +15V to turn it on. When the control circuit sends a low level signal, the optocoupler 6N137 turns off, V2 and V3 conduct, and the drive circuit provides a voltage of -5v to IBGT, making IGBT shut down. Overcurrent When a short-circuit fault exists, the voltage of 15V is almost all added to the IGBT. At this time, the voltage of V2 cuts off in the short circuit detection circuit, and the electric potential of point A depends on the partial voltage of D1, R6, R7, and VCES.  When the main circuit works normally and the IGBT is on, the A point is kept low, which is lower than the B point potential. All A1 output low level, this time V5 cuts off, and the C point is high level. So when operating normally, the input to the optocoupler 6N137 is always consistent with the output. When overcurrent occurs, the IGBT collector is desaturated, A point potential rises, when it is higher than B potential ( the setting potential), that is, when the current exceeds the designed fixed value, the A1 overturns and outputs a high level, meanwhile, V5 is switched on, thereby making C in a low potential state. The input signal to the optocoupler 6N137 is always low level regardless of whether the control circuit is sent to a high level or a low level to turn off the power tube. Thus, over-current protection is achieved until the circuit is troubleshot and then restarted. Fig. 4 Strong Driving Circuit of IGBT with Short-Circuit Protection IV. Simulation and Experiment Input to the drive circuit with a high level of 15V and a low level of -5V square wave signal. The output waveform of IGBT is shown in Fig.5 Fig.5 IGBT Output Signal According to the above principle and analysis, the actual output waveform of the circuit is shown in Fig.6 Fig.6 Actual Circuit Output Waveform Conclusion Providing -5V and +15V driving voltage for IGBT to ensure IGBT's turn on and off. Having over-current protection to prevent the IGBT from being damaged when the current is overcurrent. Using in a wide range because the circuit can dynamically adjust the maximum current according to the load. Adopting discrete components as the driving circuits to reduce the cost of the whole system. Previously published at https://www.kynix.com/Blog/Basic-IGBT-Tutorial-Short-circuit-Protection-and-Driving-Circuit.html

Driving Circuit and Short Circuit Protection of IGBT

Popular Apple analyst, Ming-Chi Kuo suggested in a note last September that we should expect a new Apple Watch design. The new Apple Watch Series 7 with significant changes could come as early as 2021. We set out to look at recent Apple research on Apple Watch and found six features that have solid potential for the Apple Watch to make big waves in the wearable industry. Some of these ideas are based on recent Apple patent publications, while others are based on supply chain rumors from far East. A Transformation of The Apple Watch Band That is Long Overdue For the last 15 years since the introduction of the original Apple Watch in 2005, the Apple Watch band has functionally remained the same. New materials have been added and new latch designs introduced but the functionality of the band has essentially stayed the same. This could change with a significant re-design of the Apple Watch, given the amount of unused space available on the band. More Battery Power via the Band (Probability - High) Although Apple has improved the battery performance of the Apple Watch over the past few years, users are always looking for more battery power between charges. To solve this problem, Apple could easily add backup battery provision to the band. A future watch band could include an inner frame with multiple slots, each slot configured to house a battery. The band will have the capability to transfer power to the Apple Watch when the low power signal is detected. This is not a far-fetched idea since Apple already has experience in developing backup power via accessories for iPhone and could increase the appeal of the watch to new users. Research on this idea started in 2017 and we have seen new patents along this line of thinking. Apple is not alone in thinking about utilizing the watch band for energy storage. along the same lines according to a recent patent published this week. Google has been researching Watch Band with Optical Sensor (Probability - Low) An older research, originally filed in 2016 and has yet make it to the Apple Watch. The idea here is to attach an optical sensor (camera) to the Apple Watch band. The Apple Watch display would serve as the viewfinder when a user uses the flexible camera band to capture a photo. Given that there is already a called Cameracast that provides this feature at an incredibly high price point of $250, Apple would probably not introduce this feature unless it can engineer this at a more affordable price point. third-party product Apple Watch band could also gain additional sensors that help with health monitoring. A Thinner Apple Watch (Probability - High) This is more likely given that Apple is thinking about significant design changes to the upcoming release. One of the main reasons why it is difficult to make a thinner version of a smartwatch is because a smartwatch has optical sensors on the back of the unit and they protrude outwards in order to help with getting a reading on the PPG sensor. More importantly, the battery inside the watch consumes a lot of space making it harder for designers to offer a watch that has all the new functionality and offer a long battery life between charges. Apple is approaching this problem differently. Recent Apple research shows that the Cupertino giant may be looking at by building in the PPG sensors directly into the core electronics. Instead of having the sensors stick out, the LED and photo-diode sensors will be built-in into the main circuit housing. fabricating the watch internals A New Energy Efficient Watch Display (Probability - High ) A transition to Micro-LED / Mini-LED display for Apple products is very likely given the news coverage around the company’s supply chain. According to Taiwan supply chain news, Apple is teaming up on the new factory with Epistar, Taiwan's top LED producer, and Taiwanese LCD panel maker, AU Optronics. The plant will be located in the Longtan branch of the Hsinchu Science Park and Apple's total investment is estimated at NT$10 billion (US$334 million). Apple has long been expected to use of Mini-LED and Micro LED across a range of products, including at times the 2020 Apple Watch, and now a future refresh of the 16-inch MacBook Pro. Like OLED, micro-LED is self-luminous. However, compared with OLED, micro-LED can support a higher brightness, higher dynamic range, and wider color gamut, all the while achieving a faster update rate, wider viewing angle, and lower power consumption, all qualities favored by Apple. A Micro-LED display on the Apple Watch 7 would probably be the biggest change to the Apple Watch in 2021. Source: https://www.macrumors.com/2020/06/01/apple-invests-330-million-taiwan-micro-led/ New Health and Wellness offerings (Probability - High) We have noticed a long list of partnerships and clinical trials in 2020 where Apple Watch is being used for early COVID detection, post-surgery rehab via partnership with ZimmerBiomet, prediction of Heart failure study in collaboration with UNH and more. The software-as-a-medical-device (SaMD) area is ripe for Apple’s new innovation. It is very likely that we will see blood pressure monitoring on the Series 7. The functionality already exists on the Samsung Galaxy Watch. There has also been rumors that the next Apple Watch and the Samsung Galaxy Watch will feature non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. This is very much possible since Apple has been exploring the use of Thz (Thera-hertz) Raman Spectroscopy for detection of biomarkers. A Japanese company, Quantum Operatin Inc. already showcased a at the 2021 CES, hence, it is not farfetched to imagine that Apple could incorporate a version of it in the upcoming Apple Watch 7. non-invasive blood glucose monitoring Given the stringent FDA standards for disease diagnosis, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring could be a hard feat to achieve. It is more likely that we will see some type of glucose monitoring feature that will get refined in a year or two. Apple Watch Series 7 could also be the first watch to help people who have dementia. The company has been working with related to early dementia onset symptoms and recently published research by Apple researchers showcases the potential around working with Parkinson’s disease use cases. Biogen to understand the biomarkers The work Apple is doing at UCI (University of California, Irvine) to detect early onset of will also play an important role in the offering of a new health monitoring service on the next Apple Watch. Asthma symptoms using the Apple Watch Fitness+ offerings to get additional bells and whistles Apple’s new Fitness+ exercise platform has become a hit. Apple has successfully integrated the Apple Watch into its streaming offerings for fitness enthusiasts. We expect 2021 to bring additional fitness service options integrated via the Apple Watch. The current Fitness streaming options are very one-directional in that you don’t get too much feedback other than a few simple metrics. This is expected to change as Apple launches a personalized and . We have seen the published work from Jay Blahnik and his Fitness+ team which highlights how the Watch will become integral in motivating user behavior. automated Fitness and coaching service Based on your Fitness goals, your Apple Watch will be able to guide you through different workouts and adjust the frequency and duration based on the history of your cardio fitness level metric and other related metrics. 2021 sounds like a promising year for Apple Watch fans. As more and more users are adopting Apple’s wearables and the product segment experiences massive growth, Apple is seriously evaluating new features and form factor that is expected to appeal to the 100 million Apple Watch users worldwide.

6 Predicted Apple Watch Features with Potential for the New Apple Watch Series 7

Technology influences all aspects of human life, and healthcare is no exception. The rapid technological evolution makes hospitals and other healthcare providers look for solutions that simplify and accelerate their routine. The market for healthcare software development , accounting for USD 13,100 million in 2017 and being forecasted to reach USD 19,300 million by the end of 2025. More and more companies join the competition every year, so it has become difficult to find a reliable provider with proper skills, competencies, certifications, and domain knowledge. is already huge Below, you will find a list of medical software development companies that have proved to be experienced partners when creating robust healthcare software for providers in the US and worldwide. This compilation was based on a thorough assessment of the market leaders based on the following criteria: major healthcare clients, market presence, experience in the healthcare industry, and clients’ reviews. 1. Itransition Colorado-based Itransition is a custom software development company that delivers software solutions for medical organizations and care providers. It creates patient portals, solutions for clinical management, mobile health applications, and more. Employing virtual & augmented reality, IoT, and artificial intelligence, Itransition provides solutions for advanced diagnostics. Itransition’s healthcare software is compliant with HIPAA and other healthcare-related policies. The company’s team of more than 1500 IT specialists delivers healthcare software development to more than 30 countries. <a href="https://medium.com/media/f45777b0568fe3f2a0a9eef2d446b79d/href">https://medium.com/media/f45777b0568fe3f2a0a9eef2d446b79d/href</a> Denver, CO Location: 1998 Founded: $10,000+ Min. Project Budget: Summer Infant, Maximus Major Healthcare Customers: 1000–9999 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://www.itransition.com/ 2. Chetu Since 2000, Chetu has been a medical software development company. The company’s service list includes the development of HIPAA-compliant electronic health records (EHR) and health information exchange (HIE) solutions, electronic prescription services, patient management systems, and many more. The company also delivers solutions for individuals with disabilities. <a href="https://medium.com/media/9c19c7a2e8e80d5e1d5e4d336d1cf281/href">https://medium.com/media/9c19c7a2e8e80d5e1d5e4d336d1cf281/href</a> Plantation, FL Location: 2000 Founded: $10,000+ Min. Project Budget: Memorial Healthcare System, Conifer Health Solutions, MedAdept Major Healthcare Customers: 1000–9999 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://www.chetu.com/ 3. Macadamian Founded in 1997, Macadamian is a full-service software development firm with a focus on healthcare solutions delivering. The company develops of a wide range of healthcare solutions, including cloud-based care management products, digital healthcare solutions for patients, and many more. All of the products are made in compliance with HIPAA and FDA regulations. <a href="https://medium.com/media/47a5910134419ca2c8b5801044afb196/href">https://medium.com/media/47a5910134419ca2c8b5801044afb196/href</a> Gatineau, Canada Location: 1997 Founded: $50,000+ Min. Project Budget: Siemens Healthineers, Bio-Optronics, Fresenius Medical Care Major Healthcare Customers: 50–249 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://www.macadamian.com/ 4. Cabot Technology Solutions Ohio-based Cabot Technology is a software development company that provides solutions for Healthcare. The company offers software for appointment making, health centre search, real-time monitoring, and more. Cabot also creates HIPAA-compliant Electronic Medical Record and Electronic Health Record solutions and builds medical devices. Highland Heights, OH Location: 2006 Founded: $10,000+ Min. Project Budget: Envision, ATMEL Wearable App, Erudyte Major Healthcare Customers: 50–249 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://www.cabotsolutions.com/ 5. Velvetech Illinois-based Velvetech is an award-winning medical software company. It delivers the development of health monitoring solutions, medical education platforms, web/mobile applications for post-acute care coordination, practice management systems for medical practices, and more. Velvetech also empowers its healthcare software products with such emerging technologies as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and the internet of things. <a href="https://medium.com/media/64a5d44eb6bfcf5e7b17414514b50345/href">https://medium.com/media/64a5d44eb6bfcf5e7b17414514b50345/href</a> Northbrook, IL Location: 2004 Founded: $25,000+ Min. Project Budget: American Academy of Family Physicians, MedAdept, Healix Major Healthcare Customers: 50–249 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://www.velvetech.com/ 6. IT Craft With more than 17 years of experience and 280 professionals aboard, IT Craft is a software development company that offers healthcare solutions. The company delivers the development of healthcare-related mobile/web applications, custom healthcare portals, IoT-powered medical solutions, electronic health record systems, data management systems, and more. Berlin, Germany Location: 2001 Founded: $10,000+ Min. Project Budget: Arctrieval, DRG Major Healthcare Customers: 50–249 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://itechcraft.com/ 7. Seamgen Established in 2008, Seamgen is a California-based software development enterprise that offers healthcare applications development. It delivers solutions for e-prescribing, remote diagnosis, electronic medical records management, patient management portals, etc. Seamgen serves healthcare organizations of all sizes and specialities, from insurance teams to large hospitals. All of the company’s technical solutions are HIPAA-compliant. San Diego, CA Location: 2008 Founded: $75,000+ Min. Project Budget: DizzyDoctor, WellMed, WellRx Major Healthcare Customers: 50–249 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://www.seamgen.com/ 8. SunNet Solutions Established in 2011, SunNet Solutions is an award-winning medical software company. SunNet delivers the development of a wide variety of healthcare-related software solutions, from tools for health progress monitoring to medical cases management systems. SunNet has delivered a large number of digital healthcare projects, including the end-to-end creation of FACN website and Act Early Texas website. Houston, TX Location: 2001 Founded: $25,000+ Min. Project Budget: FACN, Act Early Texas Major Healthcare Customers: 10–49 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://sunnet.us/ 9. Nisos Technologies Nisos Technologies is a healthcare software development company that delivers custom software development to healthcare providers, healthcare software organizations, and healthcare insurance firms. The company delivers the creation of the following healthcare software: clinic management software, online appointments systems, health and wellness software for employers, physician referral management systems, and more. Brooklyn, NY Location: 2012 Founded: $25,000+ Min. Project Budget: Magnacare, Brighton Health Plan, Mount Sinai Major Healthcare Customers: 10–49 Average Number of Employees: Website: https://nisostech.com/ 10. BVG Software Group Founded in 2011, California-based BVG Software Group is a company that delivers web and mobile solutions for various industries, including healthcare. The company provides healthcare web/mobile applications, digital healthcare solutions for patients, digital instruments for psychological parameters research and diagnosis, and more. South San Francisco, CA Location: 2011 Founded: $10,000+ Min. Project Budget: SkinData, Almed, Kisquali Games Major Healthcare Customers: 10–49 Average Number of Employees: Website: http://www.bvgsoftwaregroup.com/ <a href="https://medium.com/media/3c851dac986ab6dbb2d1aaa91205a8eb/href">https://medium.com/media/3c851dac986ab6dbb2d1aaa91205a8eb/href</a>

Top Healthcare Software Development Companies

The checkbox people I am one. Has a list, must check it all. The radio button people They find one aspect of life and identify completely with it. The textarea people I’d like to be one of these. The interesting ones but also potentially boring . folk The text input people They’re very good at oneliners. The dropdown select people Like the radio button people, but introverted. The multiple dropdown select people They appear to have options, but they’re all in the same box. The button people Your vegan activist which activates only when something clicks. The slider people They appear to be easily dragged around, but only in the one way they want. The label people Despite being annoying, they’re quite . necessary The fieldset people Natural born managers, don’t do much other than keep the flock packed. The optgroup people Like the fieldset people, but less lucky in life. The legend people The do all the work of the fieldset people. The keygen people The folk who know the friends of your friends beter than you know your friends. The output people They write useless content all over your Internets.

The 14 Forms Of People

has shot itself in the foot. After spending years exclusively dominating the graphic card market, the Santa Clara, Calif.-based chipmaker has fallen prey to predatory pricing, stagnation, and, quite frankly, the same shenanigans that 's dominance in the CPU market. Nvidia hurt Intel There's a new competitor in town, and while it has yet to completely usurp Nvidia's lead in the GPU market, it has already started chipping away at its market share. Yes, we're talking about (who else!?), which is likely going to be the next GPU of choice for nearly a quarter of HackerNoon readers that participated in a poll asking which graphic card they were going to buy in the future. AMD To be sure, Nvidia still commands respect, with nearly a third of users choosing to go team green when they buy their next GPU. However, opting for team red was virtually unheard of half a decade ago, even when AMD the long-awaited RX Vega GPUs to compete with Nvidia's wildly popular 10-series cards. announced For the most part, and had dominated the and markets from the early 2000s up until the late 2010s, relegating AMD to a niche given how poorly its chips performed. It didn't really help that AMD was slow to launch new products, and when it did, they would suffer from and , leaving it curiously absent from both the CPU and GPU markets for years on end. Intel Nvidia CPU GPU high power consumption bad thermals Perhaps the only thing that kept AMD afloat during those years were the custom-made chipsets it manufactured for consoles, in particular the Playstation and Xbox, which ultimately ended up becoming a for the Nasdaq-listed firm. But other than that, AMD really hadn't launched any products that had consumers' heads turning. significant source of revenue All of this changed with the 2017 launch of the Ryzen series processors that were based on a new architecture called Zen. Though as its Intel counterpart in gaming, the flagship product from that launch — the Ryzen 7 1800X — came at a spitting distance of Intel's then leader, the i7-8700k, in productivity tasks at a much, much lower price. not necessarily as powerful Meanwhile, less powerful variants of the Ryzen 7 had a similar story to tell: they were cheaper, performed nearly as well as their Intel counterparts in productivity, and notably, came with so budget-conscious consumers didn't have to spend extra. Consumers entering the Ryzen ecosystem also knew that every subsequent processor launch would continue to be based on the , meaning they could simply swap out their older processors for newer ones without . good heatsinks AM4 chipset necessarily changing motherboards Tech enthusiasts hailed the launch of the Ryzen 7 processors due to their potential for in the CPU market, which they did. Every subsequent processor launched since the original Ryzen 7 series has shown , while Intel's processors continue to provide . In fact, a HackerNoon editor was so impressed with the latest AMD processor launch (The Ryzen 9 7900X) that they decided to do the unthinkable: migrate to team red, citing not only the better performance, but, the better economics of being a part of the AMD ecosystem. breaking Intel's monopoly improvements in leaps and bounds incremental benefits over their predecessors AMD has also made gains in the GPU market, starting from the launch of Vega 64, which, while against Nvidia's 10 series products, couldn't necessarily compete with it because of how great the 10 series cards were in terms of both price performance. Vega 64 was also plagued by at launch, though AMD was quick to address those issues as they came along. reviewing modestly and driver issues But Nvidia got smug with the launch of the successor to the 10 series, perhaps hoping that consumers and tech enthusiasts would fall for its marketing and a promise for better-looking games with the ray-tracing feature. Sadly for Nvidia, , noting at the time that the 20 series cards were only incrementally better than their predecessors and the ray-tracing feature that Nvidia was charging a premium for was yet to be available across major video game titles. We personally termed the release as a 'meme launch,' signifying that anyone with a bit of time and research could figure out that the card was simply meant to make money and didn't really offer anything beyond a promise of a technology that had yet to reach fruition. Not to mention, it wasn't even at said technology (ray tracing). reviewers panned the release that great Meanwhile, AMD still hadn't hit the mark, with the RX 5000 series cards that were supposed to compete with Nvidia's 20-series products in power consumption, thermals, and drivers. As the 30-series launch came along and Nvidia seemed to have course corrected, AMD too did not disappoint, with the RX 6000 series from reviewers for its performance, price, and . facing issues getting praise availability Which brings us to the present: the Nvidia 4-series. And oh my god, it looks like history is repeating itself. This is yet another 'meme release' panned by reviewers for price, performance, and (not to mention ). Meanwhile, AMD's upcoming RX 7000 series cards are already touted to be than what Nvidia has put out. power consumption the issue that shall not be named cheaper and better https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2_xTUshy94?embedable=true All of this to say: we get it. Nvidia, just like Intel, has become a fat, lazy dragon content with its dominance from the glory days. In contrast, AMD has consistently targeted consumers that were long forgotten by the titans: the budget gamers, who, by all accounts, make up an . By positioning itself as the to market behemoths, AMD has been able to claw away at its competition, all the while investing money in R&D so it too could produce products that could compete with some of the best tech out there for cheaper. overwhelming majority of PC users less expensive alternative Surprisingly, a very small portion of HackerNoon readers might also opt for an Intel graphic card. While not exactly known for their graphical prowess, Intel's integrated GPUs have long been a mainstay of laptops, particularly at the lower price point. Reviewers have hailed the launch of Intel's Arc series desktop GPUs for the same reasons as they did for AMD's processors: , even if team blue's new product is . With Intel's entry into the desktop GPU market, we can now only hope for a gold trifecta in which no single company calls the shots, and all three competitors keep their peers in check with performance and pricing. Only time will tell. competition subpar at best To wrap things up, while we know what team HackerNoon readers are leaning toward if they want to purchase a graphic card, we also know (based on the poll results) that a good chunk of readers are unlikely to buy a new graphic card anytime soon. It could be the price, the availability, or the fact that they probably don't care about a graphic card and are likely not consumers who have a need for a dedicated GPU. , they follow a simple principle: they don't upgrade unless what they currently have is no longer giving them the performance they seek. Or To participate in Hackernoon’s current poll, head down to the following . link

Nearly 25% of HackerNoon Readers to Opt for AMD GPUs Next

Casi el 25 % de los lectores de HackerNoon optarán por las GPU de AMD

Près de 25% des lecteurs de HackerNoon opteront pour les GPU AMD Suivant

हैकरनून के लगभग 25% पाठक अगले एएमडी जीपीयू को चुनेंगे

HackerNoon の読者の 25% 近くが AMD GPU を選ぶ

Quase 25% dos leitores do HackerNoon optarão por GPUs AMD em seguida

Gần 25% người đọc HackerNoon chọn GPU AMD

接下来将近 25% 的 HackerNoon 读者选择 AMD GPU

If you have stumbled upon this post you probably ran into the same issues I did when working with flow coordinators. If you are new to coordinators I suggest you read posts about coordinators. This work is the foundation of my understanding coordinators but upon trying to implement my own coordinators I ran into a huge flaw when dealing with the back button. Soroush Khanlou’s Blog Horizontal vs. Vertical Flows Child coordinators can represent either vertical or horizontal flows. A child coordinator that you present is a and upon its completion you dismiss it and deallocate the coordinator. An example of a vertical flow would be an authentication flow that is presented modally and only completes when the authentication is cancelled or the user is authenticated by a login or signup. vertical flow A child coordinator that you push to is a and upon its completion (either from an action or the back button) it is popped from the navigation controller stack and deallocated. For this to work, a parent and child coordinator need to share the same navigation controller. This case arose for me when pushing to a profile page. There were many other sub flows on this profile page so I could not simply instantiate a new profile view controller and push to it whenever I wished. I needed a reusable coordinator that I could push to. horizontal flow Implementing this involves passing around a reference to a UINavigationController and a lot of messy code dealing with the navigation controller’s delegate to determine when the back button was pressed so you can deallocate the child coordinator. I began searching for a better way and I came across which included a new component to the architecture: the . You should read that as well because I will not cover all of it for the sake of brevity. Andrey Panov’s coordinator implementation Router The router is a pretty simple concept. It is a class that wraps a UINavigationController and you pass it around between coordinators. It handles the physical navigation whereas the coordinator handles flow logic. There is one router for each horizontal flow and it may be shared by child coordinators for horizontal flows via dependency injection. Every time you have a new vertical flow (usually modally presenting a flow) this will require instantiating a new router. The back button is the biggest pain when using either Khanlou or Andrey Panov’s approach for horizontal flows. Khanlou even had an entire follow up post regarding the use of together. I find these proposed solutions acceptable but still not ideal. Back Buttons and Coordinators The first suggestion invloves creating a Navigation Controller class that is a subclass of UIViewController with the purpose of enclosing the navigationController, conforming to UINavigationControllerDelegate, and maintaining a mapping from view controller to coordinator so the coordinator may be deallocated upon popping the view controller. This seems like subclassing a UITabBarController to avoid putting the setup logic of our app in the AppDelegate. Does it work? Yes, but it doesn’t feel right. He goes on to say “My primary concern is that the NavigationController class, which is a view controller, knows about and has to deal with coordinators”. The second approach involves extending the coordinator to become the navigation controller delegate and then handling deallocation when this delegate method fires. The biggest drawback of this is that there is no way to handoff the responsibility of being the navigation controller delegate to subsequent child coordinators. If you push to a child flow and then push to another flow, the first flow receives the pop events for both of the flows. I’m not sure if this approach is feasible for pushing more than one level deep. I think a combination of these two approaches would work better. What if we extend our Router class to conform to UINavigationControllerDelegate so the router can handle all the events for the navigation controller it wraps and delegate the responsibility fo what to do on the back button event back to the coordinator that pushed this coordinator in the first place? In my opinion, the ideal solution should… 1. allow us to treat the back button of a horizontal flow like we would a cancel button on a vertical flow 2. avoid polluting navigation (router) with flow logic (coordinators) 3. delegate what to do when the back button is pressed (deallocation of child coordinator) back to the parent coordinator 4. provide a common interface for presenting and pushing coordinators and view controllers 5. allow us to push to subsequent horizontal flows with ease In my opinion it should look something like this: let coordinator = ProfileCoordinator(router: router, store: store, profile: profile) addChild(coordinator) router.push(coordinator) { [weak self, weak coordinator] in// This executes when the back button is pressedself?.removeChild(coordinator)}coordinator.start() We should be able to interact with the router the same for both coordinators and view controllers: let viewController = UIViewController()router.push(viewController) {// This executes when the back button is pressed} So our push function needs to take a common type and our router needs to keep track of the callbacks so it can execute them when the back button is pressed. Our common type is the Presentable protocol: public protocol Presentable {func toPresentable() -> UIViewController} // UIViewController is already a presentable typeextension UIViewController: Presentable {public func toPresentable() -> UIViewController {return self}} Now our Router interface and implementation (This is a modified version of Andrey Panov’s implementation to provide back button support): import UIKit public protocol RouterType: class, Presentable {var navigationController: UINavigationController { get }var rootViewController: UIViewController { get }func present(_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool)func push(_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool, completion: (() -> Void)?)func popModule(animated: Bool)func dismissModule(animated: Bool, completion: (() -> Void)?)func setRootModule(_ module: Presentable, hideBar: Bool)func popToRootModule(animated: Bool)} final public class Router: NSObject, RouterType, UINavigationControllerDelegate { private var completions: \[UIViewController : () -> Void\]  
public var rootViewController: UIViewController...  
public unowned let navigationController: UINavigationController

public init(navigationController: UINavigationController) {  
    self.navigationController = navigationController  
    self.completions = \[:\]  
    super.init()  
    self.navigationController.delegate = self  
}

public func toPresentable() -> UIViewController {  
    return navigationController  
}

public func present(\_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool) {  
    guard let controller = module.toPresentable() else {   
        return  
    }

    navigationController.present(controller, animated: animated, completion: nil)  
}

public func dismissModule(animated: Bool, completion: (() -> Void)?) {  
    navigationController.dismiss(animated: animated, completion: completion) } public func push(\_ module: Presentable, animated: Bool = true, completion: (() -> Void)? = nil) {

    // Avoid pushing UINavigationController onto stack  
    guard let controller = module.toPresentable(),   
        controller is UINavigationController == false else {  
        return  
    }

    if let completion = completion {  
        completions\[controller\] = completion  
    }

    navigationController.pushViewController(controller, animated: animated)  
}

public func popModule(animated: Bool = true)  {  
      
    if let controller = navigationController.popViewController(animated: animated) {  
        runCompletion(for: controller)  
    }  
}

public func setRootModule(\_ module: Presentable, hideBar: Bool){  
    guard let controller = module.toPresentable() else {   
        return  
    }

    navigationController.setViewControllers(\[controller\], animated: false)  
    navigationController.isNavigationBarHidden = hideBar  
}

public func popToRootModule(animated: Bool) {  
    if let controllers = navigationController.popToRootViewController(animated: animated) {  
        controllers.forEach { runCompletion(for: $0) }  
    }  
}

fileprivate func runCompletion(for controller: UIViewController) {  
    guard let completion = completions\[controller\] else {  
        return  
    }

    completion()  
    completions.removeValue(forKey: controller)  
}

// MARK: UINavigationControllerDelegate  
public func navigationController(\_ navigationController: UINavigationController, didShow viewController: UIViewController, animated: Bool) {  
      
    // Ensure the view controller is popping  
    guard let poppedViewController = navigationController.transitionCoordinator?.viewController(forKey: .from), !navigationController.viewControllers.contains(poppedViewController) else {  
         return  
    }

    runCompletion(for: poppedViewController)  
} } Our router should be able to perform all possible navigation actions. It must also act as the delegate of the navigation controller so it can intercept back button presses and run the corresponding completion handler for the view controller that was popped. When a Presentable type is pushed, we gain access to the view controller to be pushed using the and store the completion handler in a dictionary with the key being the view controller. When a view controller is popped, either from the back button, the navigation controller delegate function determines which view controller was popped and executes the corresponding completion handler. module.toPresentable() Now our Coordinator interface and implementation: public protocol Coordinatable: class, Presentable {var router: RouterType { get }var onCompletion: (() -> Void)? { get set }func start()} open class Coordinator: NSObject, Coordinatable { public var childCoordinators: \[Coordinator\] = \[\]  
public var router: Router

public init(router: Router) {  
    self.router = router  
    super.init()  
}

open var onCompletion: (() -> Void)?

open func start() {}

public func addChild(\_ coordinator: Coordinator) {  
    childCoordinators.append(coordinator)  
}

public func removeChild(\_ coordinator: Coordinator) {  
    if let coordinator = coordinator,   
        let index = childCoordinators.index(of: coordinator) {  
        childCoordinators.remove(at: index)  
    }  
}

// Make this function open so we can override it in a different module  
open func toPresentable() -> UIViewController {  
    return router.toPresentable()  
} } Our Coordinator must implement Presentable so the router can present it. This default implementation will return the router’s presentable form which will just return the router’s underlying navigation controller. This works great when presenting a coordinator for a new vertical flow, but we cannot push such a coordinator. So to push child coordinators for horizontal flows we must override to give us a view controller instance that will work when we call . Note: In our Router, we guard to make sure the view controller we are pushing is not a UINavigationController. toPresentable() router.push(coordinator) So a subclass of Coordinator that we want to use for horizontal flows might look something like this: import Foundation open class ProfileCoordinator: Coordinator { fileprivate let store: StoreType  
fileprivate let profile: Profile

lazy var viewController: ProfileViewController = {  
    let viewModel = LocationProfileViewModel(profile: profile)  
    return ProfileViewController(viewModel: viewModel)  
}()

public init(router: RouterType, store: StoreType, profile: Profile) {  
    self.store = store  
    self.profile = profile  
    super.init(router: router)  
}

open override func start() {}

open override func toPresentable() -> UIViewController {  
    return viewController  
} } And voila! We can push this child coordinator from a parent coordinator and deallocate it with ease: let coordinator = ProfileCoordinator(router: router, store: store, profile: profile) addChild(coordinator) router.push(coordinator) { [weak self, weak coordinator] in// This executes when the back button is pressedself?.removeChild(coordinator)}coordinator.start() Hopefully this was helpful. This solution will work best if you use closures for the callbacks of your coordinators rather than delegates. Any feedback, questions, or criticism is welcome. Check out for a demo. CoordinatorKit

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