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“ONPASSIVE” Technologies, a prominent global IT company, proudly announces its inaugural participation in GITEX Global (https://www.GITEX.com/), the world's ...

ONPASSIVE reveals AI-powered products at “GITEX” Global, Dubai: Setting new record by participating in the largest tech event

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ONPASSIVE” Technologies, a prominent global IT company, proudly announces its inaugural participation in GITEX Global ( ), the world's larg

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Authors:
(1) Vinod S. Khandkar and Manjesh K. Hanawal, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India and {vinod.khandkar, mhanawal}@iitb.ac.in. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Related Work and Background Challenges in TD Detection Measurement Setup Development Case Study : Wehe - TD Detection Tool for Mobile Environment Shortcoming of Wehe on HTTPS Traffic TD Detection of HTTPS Traffic Conclusion & References Abstract We consider the problem of detecting deliberate traffic discrimination on the Internet. Given the complex nature of the Internet, detection of deliberate discrimination is not easy to detect, and tools developed so far suffer from various limitations. We study challenges in detecting the violations (focusing on the HTTPS traffic) and discuss possible mitigation approaches. We focus on ‘Wehe,’ the most recent tool developed to detect net-neutrality violations. Wehe hosts traffic from all services of interest in a common server and replays them to mimic the behavior of the traffic from original servers. Despite Wehe’s vast utility and possible influences over policy decisions, its mechanisms are not yet validated by others. In this work, we highlight critical weaknesses in Wehe where its replay traffic is not being correctly classified as intended services by the network middleboxes. We validate this observation using a commercial traffic shaper. We propose a new method in which the SNI parameter is set appropriately in the initial TLS handshake to overcome this weakness. Using commercial traffic shapers, we validate that SNI makes the replay traffic gets correctly classified as the intended traffic by the middleboxes. Our new approach thus provides a more realistic method for detecting neutrality violations of HTTPS traffic. Index Terms—Net neutrality, traffic differentiation, detection tools I. INTRODUCTION Net neutrality is a guiding principle promoting the “equal” treatment of all packets over the Internet. However, for economic benefits, ISPs may apply traffic differentiation to a specific service, user, content provider, or any other traffic group on the Internet without making any public declaration. It gives rise to a need to have tools that can detect such malicious activities over the Internet. Traffic differentiation (TD) detection involves the coalescence of many elements such as end-systems (user-client and server), probing traffic generation, expected network responses, and TD detection algorithms. These are interdependent components or operations. Hence, in developing TD detection tools, one faces challenges such as crafting internet traffic and conditioning measured network response that suits their detection algorithm. Moreover, as HTTPS traffic becomes prevalent, it is unclear what policies the middle-boxes apply for discrimination as payload provides no signatures. Our first goal is to study various challenges in designing a reliable TD detection mechanism for HTTPS traffic Several methods have been proposed in the literature to detect Network neutrality violations as documented in recent surveys [1], [2]. The literature is rich with various forms of discrimination and its detection, like discrimination of content providers [3], end-users [4], specific services like BitTorrent [5]. Our interest in this work is discrimination of services, specifically on streaming services (both audio and video) which are potential candidates from description due to their commercial values and high bandwidth requirements. Recently several tools are developed to detect discrimination of services like, NANO [6] ChkDiff [7], Netpolice [8], Shaperprobe [9], Packsen [10], Glasnost [11], Bonafide [12], and Wehe [13]. NANO is based on passive measurements, and all others are based on either active or differential probes. Wehe is the latest tool that overcomes many of the drawbacks of the other tools. However, due to the Internet’s complexity, many issues persist that prevent its use as a reliable tool. Wehe [13] follows a client-service architecture in which content of service of interests (Youtube, Netflix, etc.) are copied (or sniffed) from their respective original servers and hosted on a common server (referred to as replay server). To check if a particular service is discriminated, the client accesses the content of that service from the replay server. The server transfers the requested data with timing relations that mimic the original service’s data transfer characteristics over the Internet. The client accesses content from the replay server with and without VPN and compares them to ascertain if there was any difference in the quality. The basic idea of Wehe is that connection over VPN is encapsulated and will not be subjected to any discrimination as the middleboxes cannot classify the traffic correctly. Whereas content accessed without VPN can be classified correctly due to the signatures induced by the timing relations and can be subjected to discrimination policies. Despite the Wehe tool’s vast utility and possible influences over policy decisions, its mechanisms are not yet fully validated by other researchers. We investigate Wehe’s differentiation detection’s performance on traffic using HTTPS protocol, which is predominantly used by all services for security reasons and to avoid detection. We noticed that Wehe uses port 80 (HTTP) for all communications. Middleboxes process all the traffic on this port as non-encrypted traffic and may not classify them correctly as they will not see any signatures (recall that replayed traffic is HTTPS). On the other hand, when Wehe access traffic over port 443 (HTTP), traffic is not classified as intended traffic as we demonstrate it using a commercial traffic shaper. As middleboxes do not see traffic from the Wehe’s replay server as that coming from the original server, they may not apply intended traffic discrimination policies. Thus Wehe may not detect any deliberate discrimination resulting in false negatives. in false negatives. To overcome the limitations of Wehe for HTTPS traffic, we propose a new method in which traffic is accessed on port 443, but with a modification in the TLS handshake. In the TLS handshake, we explicitly send the Server Name Indication (SNI) corresponding to the actual service. We demonstrate that the HTTPS traffic get correctly classified by the middleboxes with these modifications. Our method ensures the middleboxes classify traffic from replay servers in the same way they do from the original servers for each service and apply the same discriminate policies (if any) on traffic from both replay and original servers. Thus, our method makes it possible to detect discrimination of HTTPS traffic in a realistic setting. Our contributions can be summarized as: We study various challenges associated with detection of discrimination of HTTPS traffic. We present the categorization of these challenges based on their source, e.g., as protocol and operational environment.


We demonstrate limitations of Wehe in detection of discrimination of HTTPS traffic. Specifically, we demonstrate that HTTPS traffic will not be correctly classified in the Wehe setup using a commercial traffic shaper.


We propose a mechanism in which traffic of services accessed from the replay server is treated as if it originated from the actual servers. Thus traffic from the replay server also gets subjected to the same discriminated policies applied on the actual service. We


We validate that replay traffic of our mechanism is treated in the same way originating from actual servers using a commercial traffic shaper. The paper is organizaed as follows. Sec. II provides the necessary background and related work. Sec. III describes all identified challenges in measurement setup for TD detection. Sec. IV describes the Wehe tool and its mechanisms in the context of identified challenges, Sec. V provides the validation results. Our proposed method is described in Sec. VI and Sec. VII gives the conclusions. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Vinod S. Khandkar and Manjesh K. Hanawal, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India and {vinod.khandkar, mhanawal}@iitb.ac.in. Authors: Authors: (1) Vinod S. Khandkar and Manjesh K. Hanawal, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India and {vinod.khandkar, mhanawal}@iitb.ac.in. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Abstract & Introduction Related Work and Background Related Work and Background Challenges in TD Detection Measurement Setup Development Challenges in TD Detection Measurement Setup Development Case Study : Wehe - TD Detection Tool for Mobile Environment Case Study : Wehe - TD Detection Tool for Mobile Environment Shortcoming of Wehe on HTTPS Traffic Shortcoming of Wehe on HTTPS Traffic TD Detection of HTTPS Traffic TD Detection of HTTPS Traffic Conclusion & References Conclusion & References Abstract We consider the problem of detecting deliberate traffic discrimination on the Internet. Given the complex nature of the Internet, detection of deliberate discrimination is not easy to detect, and tools developed so far suffer from various limitations. We study challenges in detecting the violations (focusing on the HTTPS traffic) and discuss possible mitigation approaches. We focus on ‘Wehe,’ the most recent tool developed to detect net-neutrality violations. Wehe hosts traffic from all services of interest in a common server and replays them to mimic the behavior of the traffic from original servers. Despite Wehe’s vast utility and possible influences over policy decisions, its mechanisms are not yet validated by others. In this work, we highlight critical weaknesses in Wehe where its replay traffic is not being correctly classified as intended services by the network middleboxes. We validate this observation using a commercial traffic shaper. We propose a new method in which the SNI parameter is set appropriately in the initial TLS handshake to overcome this weakness. Using commercial traffic shapers, we validate that SNI makes the replay traffic gets correctly classified as the intended traffic by the middleboxes. Our new approach thus provides a more realistic method for detecting neutrality violations of HTTPS traffic. Index Terms —Net neutrality, traffic differentiation, detection tools Index Terms I. INTRODUCTION Net neutrality is a guiding principle promoting the “equal” treatment of all packets over the Internet. However, for economic benefits, ISPs may apply traffic differentiation to a specific service, user, content provider, or any other traffic group on the Internet without making any public declaration. It gives rise to a need to have tools that can detect such malicious activities over the Internet. Traffic differentiation (TD) detection involves the coalescence of many elements such as end-systems (user-client and server), probing traffic generation, expected network responses, and TD detection algorithms. These are interdependent components or operations. Hence, in developing TD detection tools, one faces challenges such as crafting internet traffic and conditioning measured network response that suits their detection algorithm. Moreover, as HTTPS traffic becomes prevalent, it is unclear what policies the middle-boxes apply for discrimination as payload provides no signatures. Our first goal is to study various challenges in designing a reliable TD detection mechanism for HTTPS traffic Several methods have been proposed in the literature to detect Network neutrality violations as documented in recent surveys [1], [2]. The literature is rich with various forms of discrimination and its detection, like discrimination of content providers [3], end-users [4], specific services like BitTorrent [5]. Our interest in this work is discrimination of services, specifically on streaming services (both audio and video) which are potential candidates from description due to their commercial values and high bandwidth requirements. Recently several tools are developed to detect discrimination of services like, NANO [6] ChkDiff [7], Netpolice [8], Shaperprobe [9], Packsen [10], Glasnost [11], Bonafide [12], and Wehe [13]. NANO is based on passive measurements, and all others are based on either active or differential probes. Wehe is the latest tool that overcomes many of the drawbacks of the other tools. However, due to the Internet’s complexity, many issues persist that prevent its use as a reliable tool. Wehe [13] follows a client-service architecture in which content of service of interests (Youtube, Netflix, etc.) are copied (or sniffed) from their respective original servers and hosted on a common server (referred to as replay server). To check if a particular service is discriminated, the client accesses the content of that service from the replay server. The server transfers the requested data with timing relations that mimic the original service’s data transfer characteristics over the Internet. The client accesses content from the replay server with and without VPN and compares them to ascertain if there was any difference in the quality. The basic idea of Wehe is that connection over VPN is encapsulated and will not be subjected to any discrimination as the middleboxes cannot classify the traffic correctly. Whereas content accessed without VPN can be classified correctly due to the signatures induced by the timing relations and can be subjected to discrimination policies. Despite the Wehe tool’s vast utility and possible influences over policy decisions, its mechanisms are not yet fully validated by other researchers. We investigate Wehe’s differentiation detection’s performance on traffic using HTTPS protocol, which is predominantly used by all services for security reasons and to avoid detection. We noticed that Wehe uses port 80 (HTTP) for all communications. Middleboxes process all the traffic on this port as non-encrypted traffic and may not classify them correctly as they will not see any signatures (recall that replayed traffic is HTTPS). On the other hand, when Wehe access traffic over port 443 (HTTP), traffic is not classified as intended traffic as we demonstrate it using a commercial traffic shaper. As middleboxes do not see traffic from the Wehe’s replay server as that coming from the original server, they may not apply intended traffic discrimination policies. Thus Wehe may not detect any deliberate discrimination resulting in false negatives. in false negatives. To overcome the limitations of Wehe for HTTPS traffic, we propose a new method in which traffic is accessed on port 443, but with a modification in the TLS handshake. In the TLS handshake, we explicitly send the Server Name Indication (SNI) corresponding to the actual service. We demonstrate that the HTTPS traffic get correctly classified by the middleboxes with these modifications. Our method ensures the middleboxes classify traffic from replay servers in the same way they do from the original servers for each service and apply the same discriminate policies (if any) on traffic from both replay and original servers. Thus, our method makes it possible to detect discrimination of HTTPS traffic in a realistic setting. Our contributions can be summarized as: We study various challenges associated with detection of discrimination of HTTPS traffic. We present the categorization of these challenges based on their source, e.g., as protocol and operational environment. We demonstrate limitations of Wehe in detection of discrimination of HTTPS traffic. Specifically, we demonstrate that HTTPS traffic will not be correctly classified in the Wehe setup using a commercial traffic shaper. We propose a mechanism in which traffic of services accessed from the replay server is treated as if it originated from the actual servers. Thus traffic from the replay server also gets subjected to the same discriminated policies applied on the actual service. We We validate that replay traffic of our mechanism is treated in the same way originating from actual servers using a commercial traffic shaper. We study various challenges associated with detection of discrimination of HTTPS traffic. We present the categorization of these challenges based on their source, e.g., as protocol and operational environment. We study various challenges associated with detection of discrimination of HTTPS traffic. We present the categorization of these challenges based on their source, e.g., as protocol and operational environment. We demonstrate limitations of Wehe in detection of discrimination of HTTPS traffic. Specifically, we demonstrate that HTTPS traffic will not be correctly classified in the Wehe setup using a commercial traffic shaper. We demonstrate limitations of Wehe in detection of discrimination of HTTPS traffic. Specifically, we demonstrate that HTTPS traffic will not be correctly classified in the Wehe setup using a commercial traffic shaper. We propose a mechanism in which traffic of services accessed from the replay server is treated as if it originated from the actual servers. Thus traffic from the replay server also gets subjected to the same discriminated policies applied on the actual service. We We propose a mechanism in which traffic of services accessed from the replay server is treated as if it originated from the actual servers. Thus traffic from the replay server also gets subjected to the same discriminated policies applied on the actual service. We We validate that replay traffic of our mechanism is treated in the same way originating from actual servers using a commercial traffic shaper. We validate that replay traffic of our mechanism is treated in the same way originating from actual servers using a commercial traffic shaper. The paper is organizaed as follows. Sec. II provides the necessary background and related work. Sec. III describes all identified challenges in measurement setup for TD detection. Sec. IV describes the Wehe tool and its mechanisms in the context of identified challenges, Sec. V provides the validation results. Our proposed method is described in Sec. VI and Sec. VII gives the conclusions. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Challenges in Net Neutrality Violation Detection: A Case Study of Wehe Tool and Improvements

Let's learn about via these 89 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Decentralized Exchange /Learn Repo 1. Generating Passive Income Through Filecoin Staking In this post, we'll explore the concept of staking and how will you benefit from Filecoin staking. 2. A Complete Look at Unizen & Its Hybrid CeDeFi Ecosystem Unizen’s smart exchange aims to address these flaws by merging a centralized (CEX) and decentralized (DEX) architecture, dubbed 'CeDeFi' by the crypto community 3. How Decentralized Science (DeSci) lowers the Cost of Innovation and Implementation Despite the recent market shocks, blockchain is bet upon by many to bring innovation to finance, tech, and science. 4. What Makes TradFi Different From DeFi? You may have seen numerous articles about decentralized finance (DeFi) and its claims that it will radically change the traditional finance (TradFi) sector. 5. Understanding Inflationary Bias in DeFi Cognitive bias is a well-known pattern of deviation from a rational judgment or conclusion. This is also happening every day in DeFi. 6. What Is Looping in DeFi and How Does It Work There is a method known as "looping" that allows investors to profit from borrowed funds. 7. Polkadex Review: The Polkadot Based Decentralized Exchange Polkadex is a decentralized exchange that combines features from centralized exchanges (CEXs) and decentralized exchanges (DEXs). 8. Top 5 FAQs on Smart Contract Auditing A smart contract needs an auditing solution to enhance code correctness for optimized performance. 9. DEX's And AMM's Fuel DeFi Growth Further advancements in blockchain technology drive the rise of decentralized financial technology (DFT). 10. Binance Chain's BEP3 atomic pegs [Explained] Binance Chain, like any other decentralized exchange, faces the eternal problem that has been plaguing DEXs for ages: 11. Hamlet Loves Decentralized Exchanges “What a piece of work is a man!” cries Hamlet as he laments Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s savage double-cross. They morph from Hamlet’s childhood friends into sleazy middlemen, spying on behalf of King Claudius. The divide between man’s potential for trust and life’s double-dealing, rotten reality lays Hamlet low in depression. 12. Here’s a Quick Guide to Easily Retrieve Crypto Sent to a Wrong Network on Binance The notable crypto network or standards are BEP-20, ERC-20, TRC-20, and BEP-2. Users can easily mistake BEP-20 for BEP-2 and ERC-20 for TRC-20 and vice-versa. 13. "Only the Code Can Be Trusted," Says Atomex Co-Founder, Igor We're working on algorithms for automatic market-matching to allow users to provide liquidity to atomic swap exchange; without transaction confirmation. 14. 3 Music NFT Initiatives That Are Aiding Market Recovery When the market is volatile, investors seek dependability. These solutions have a chance to reduce speculation and boost confidence in NFTs. 15. Deciding What Kind of Exchange Is Best for Your Token Where is it better to list tokens on a centralized or decentralized exchange? In the new Hackernoon story, I answer what is better for the project — CEX or DEX 16. Crypto Trading on Centralized vs. Decentralized Exchanges On a centralized exchange, users do not have control over their funds, as they are stored on the exchange's servers. 17. True Meaning Of DAOs — Understanding A New, Emerging Phenomenon DAOs set out to replace organizations as we know them today with an approach of openness and decentralization. But what are DAOs really? 18. WingRiders DEX Aims to Address Scalability Issues Faced by Ethereum Dapps Scalability is currently one of the largest concerns for the Ethereum network. The network still suffers from slow transactions and high gas costs. 19. What is Directional Liquidity Pooling? The New AMM Explained An explantation of directional liquidity pooling and how it works helps liquidity providers get a share of the trading fees on the decentralized exchange. 20. The Emergence of Crypto Visa in 2023 In this era of a radical transformation of traditional finance, it seems to be natural development that credit and debit cards are the next set of products 21. How to Identify and Avoid Scams on Uniswap Learn how to protect yourself when using Uniswap. 22. Launching a New CeDeFi Investment Product: Key Aspects, Metrics, and Security Risks You have likely heard about decentralized finance (DeFi), but what about decentralized-centralized finance, a bridge between the new system and the old. 23. TiDefi CEO on Improving the Trading Experience on DEXs Discussion on the trading experiences for users on DEXs and how it may evolve in the future. 24. The Problem With CeFi Exchanges & Why We Need DeFi Now More Than Ever Too many are taking the collapse of FTX (a CeFi exchange) as a shake up their belief in DeFi. Simplifying the meltdown and why we need DeFi now more than ever. 25. Everything you Need to Know About Project Serum ($SRM) Project Serum is a brand new decentralized exchange (DEX) for the decentralized finance (DeFi) sphere from the same team that created FTX Exchange. It is said to test the boundaries of DEXs using a non-Ethereum blockchain. 26. The True Value of Emeris in DeFi Blockchain agnostic, Emeris will expand far beyond the Cosmos network and eventually be a one-stop portal for all crypto apps. 27. Digital Assets Exchanges and Their Benefits in 2022 A look at digital assets exchanges and their benefits in 2022 28. The Current State and Future of Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) have undergone a significant evolution since the debut of NXT Asset Exchange, one of the pioneer DEXs to launch in 2014. 29. Mint your NFTs for Nothin' - Get your Crypto for Free A newbie tale of navigating the world of cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets to get to the holy grail of no-money-down NFTs. 30. Automated Market Making With Equal and Self-Adjusting Governance Token Distribution Uniswap describes a vision of a fair decentralized trading protocol: on the one hand, anyone can exchange two paired tokens anytime and anywhere; and on the other hand, it uses fair incentives to encourage everyone to provide liquidity for trading. 31. Big Brother Sets Eyes on Crypto Will Big Brother shut down the DeFi movement just as it's gaining ground? 32. How Decentralized Systems Are Reshaping the Financial Market Many centralized organizations operate in an old-fashioned way, although they have long lost their credibility. But is there a solution? 33. Decentralized Exchanges Must Put An End To DeFi Token Rug Pulls In the cryptocurrency industry, there are currently two hot trends. On the one hand, there is DeFi, or decentralized finance. On the other, there are decentralized exchanges. Both segments intertwine for many different reasons, yet they are also very different from one another, 34. A Look at Some of the Latest Developments in Decentralized Finance in 2022 A look at the latest developments in decentralized finance 35. Build to Rent DAO: Pioneering the Concept of 'Rent-to-Earn' Real estate tokenization system allows users to rent objects from a decentralized autonomous organization or DAO instead of buying it. 36. Maximizing Capital Efficiency on DEXs Will Improve Global Adoption Capital preservation whilst engaging in DeFi is important for crypto investors, however high slippage on DEX's can cause users to pay more than they should. 37. The Idea of “Safe Cex” Should Stay in 2022 While a questionable play on words might have temporarily licked the wounds of crypto Twitter last year, its time in the spotlight is over. 38. DeFi, DEXs, and the Growth of Cryptocurrency Trading Platforms Story is about the future of decentralized finance (DeFi) and the growth of cryptocurrency trading platforms, also known as decentralized exchanges (DEXs). 39. How to Buy Bitcoin Anonymously: The Most Secure Ways This article will tell you how to buy Bitcoin anonymously and at the same time legally, and most importantly, how to keep your data safe. 40. 2021 and the Rise of Layer-2 Blockchain Solutions Discover which layer 2 projects are offering solutions to scaling issues stunting the growth of DeFi 41. 6 Key Reasons Why Everyone Is Buying NFTs NFTs have been the talk online for a while, but not everyone understands why anyone would want to purchase digital arts for millions! Learn more from our guide. 42. Examining Decentralized Exchange Token Sales Decentralized exchanges are truly having their year in crypto. We are starting to see more decentralization for capital raises facilitated by trustless, non-custodial platforms. 43. Could xDEXs Do To UniSwap What UniSwap Did To DEXs and CEXs? On September 22, 2020 a new cross-chain decentralized exchange (xDEX) launched called mimo 8 - a fully decentralized protocol with automated liquidity. 44. The Importance Of Liquidity In Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Liquidity is one of the most improtant aspects in every market and asset. The main reason liquidity is so important is that it greatly affects asset prices. In 45. A Look into the DeFi Deflationary Yield Farming Boom It’s not often that you see a technological boom inside of another breakout, but that’s precisely what is happening in the crypto markets currently. The DeFi (decentralized finance) sector, which seeks to revolutionize the current centralized financial system by introducing various decentralized replacements, is also experiencing a deflationary yield farming boom. 46. The Rise of Crypto Predictions on Decentralized Prediction Markets The prediction markets depend on crowdsourcing information from the general public to form beliefs and forecasts about the occurrence of future events. 47. Forget Shark Tank, The Killer Whale Pod is Here to Support Your Blockchain Projects On October 30th, the Killer Whale Pod Cast launches with an exclusive live airdrop event and everyone is welcome! 48. "On-chain DEX activity has Exploded Since January 2019 to a $45.2 Billion TVL" - Vladimir Gorbunov The worldwide crypto wallet app Crypterium has recently been granted FCA registration and knows for sure that DEXs hold the key to mass crypto adoption. 49. Decentralization Will Force Institutions to Conform or Die: Brandon Burgason, CEO of Mobie Labs Brandon Burgason is the CEO and Founder of Mobie Labs. He explains the barriers that are keeping blockchain from realizing its full potential. 50. Inside Crypto’s Most Elaborate Scams: Fake Frontrunning Bots These are highly sophisticated scams targeting advanced crypto users and boy, does this rabbit hole run deep. Here’s what I found. 51. The ETH Merge Is (Almost) Upon Us – Here’s What To Actually Expect With all of the excitement around the upcoming Ethereum Merge, it can be hard to know what is hype and what is real alpha. 52. Klein Finance Mainnet Official Launch On July 29, 2022, Klein Finance announced mainnet official launch based on KCC ecology. 53. Perp v2 Goes Open Source: Including Codebase, frontend SDK, and Subgraph After months of hard work, we are pleased to announce that our Curie contract codebase, the frontend SDK and subgraph are now all open source. 54. How Brave Browser Gained the Favor of Crypto Enthusiasts By leveraging early adopters across verticals, Brave is compounding network effects. Users like a holistic interface. Investors look at the Sum of the Parts. 55. Is There Still Hope for the Future of Blockchain A list of challenging technical issues of blockchain adoption is briefly discussed here. 56. How Social Trading Paves the Way for a Decentralized Future The lack of full ownership and open access threatens the sustainability of wealth preservation and growth for traders. Social trading could be the solution. 57. A Step-By-Step Guide to Creating an NFT Real Estate Marketplace The market for non-exchangeable tokens, more known as NFT, has grown significantly - and it’s about time that NFT is about to change industries! 58. DEX on Polkadot? Here are 4 projects to Consider As the Polkadot blockchain ecosystem continues to grow, we take a look at four promising DEX platforms and protocols that are offering innovative solutions. 59. Normie Series: What Is a DEX and How Does It Work? DEX Decentralized Exchange 60. WingRiders is Using Cardano to Build a DEX Based on DAG-Based Technology. In this story we’ll look at the evolution of decentralized exchanges as well as the EUTXO protocol and the WingRiders platform. 61. The Risk and Reward of Yield Farming Yield farming tends to have much higher returns due to a protocol's high need for liquidity. However, the higher returns come with increased risk. 62. 5 Leading DeFi Aggregators in 2021 The overview of popular DeFi aggregators which are a single simple interface to improve the customer journey in the world of DeFi. 63. 3 Promising Cryptocurrencies to Invest In For 2021 & 2022 3 Promising Cryptocurrencies to Look Out For 2021 - 2022 64. The Role of Decentralized Crypto Exchanges and Why Community Power Matters The key differences between centralized (CEX) and decentralized (DEX) crypto exchanges (DEX) and the power of community voting. 65. In This Market, Crypto Buyers Can’t Risk Centralized Exchanges In today’s vicious bear market, crypto investors should exercise caution and turn to what made blockchain so great in the first place: decentralization. 66. Here Are the Top Crypto Audit Companies that Secure the DeFi Space Even if a project has been tested for full-functionality, it is important to work with a smart contract audit company to ensure they have been reviewed. 67. The Danger In the Stable Coins (Thought Experiments and the Real Price of Bitcoin Introduction 68. Why Pangolin is One of the Best Stories in Crypto Pangolin is one of the best stories in Crypto. A community controlled decentralized exchange. 69. Discussing Perpetuals in DeFi and Making Them Accessible to the Masses A conversation with Bernd Stöckl, the CPO and co-founder of Palmswap, on making DeFi more accessible for retail investors, perpetual trading, and DeFi 2.0. 70. 3 Ways to Earn Crypto Passive Income: A Quick Guide Do you want to earn some side income but have no experience in trading?
Learn how to maximize your cryptocurrency funds instead of simply HODLing! 71. Interchain Transaction Bridge - The Missing Key to Creating Seamless UX in a Multi-chain Universe We dive into the problems that users face when using a dapp on another chain, how Interchain Transaction Bridge solves the problem, followed by a case study. 72. 3 Best DEXs For Liquidity Mining and Swapping in 2021 Decentralized exchanges are a safe way to trade without having to trust any third parties. In this article, we look at the top 3 decentraliced exchanges. 73. The Legal Guide to Asset Tokenization on the Blockchain Tokenization turns low-liquidity assets into highly-liquid digital tokens enabling fractionalization, trading and compliance by design powered by the functional 74. 5 Crypto Compounding Projects to Look at in 2022 Compounding is a sure way to bolster your earnings in the long run, especially if you are invested in long-term income-earning pathways. 75. DeFi Decentralized Exchanges: An Overview We continue our journey in the areas of decentralized finance (DeFi) and today we talk about the sector with the greatest weight of all DeFi up to now, especially dollars locked in the various platforms and blockchains, i.e. decentralized exchanges (DEX). 76. The KingSwap Project - An Introduction 🛡⚔️A new 🤴🏼King’s in town to claim his right to the DEX throne⚔️🛡. 77. How DEXs Fuel the Development of the Decentralized Internet he operation is concentrated in the hands of corporations which creates room for censorship imposed by national governments, company management and even application stores. 78. Faster, Cheaper, and More Secure Real Estate Ownership with NFTs The 21st Century has certainly been a time of incredible technological advancement. In just a few years, we’ve seen the rise of the internet, social media, and mobile devices. These technologies have transformed the way we live, work, and play. 79. Safeguarding Customers on CEXs: What's Being Done and What Can Be Done [An Analysis] Due to the many risks associated with using  centralized cryptocurrency exchanges (CEX) one would wonder what steps have been done by CEX operators to mitigate them. Truth be told many CEX operators have been seeking ways to ensure that the funds that have been entrusted to them are safe. 80. The 'UNKNOWN' Bug On Uniswap Continues to Plague The Platform Uniswap is probably one of the most popular decentralized exchanges for listing projects but a severe bug could cause Uniswap and its users significant issues. 81. Let Us Demystify DeFi Today there exists a DeFi alternative for almost every traditional finance (TradFi) service, and more are launching every day. 82. DeFi Explained: The Guide to Decentralized Finance Built upon the blockchains of cryptocurrencies, the range of DeFi applications cover a financial services, including insurance, loans, savings, and trading. 83. Sub-Markets on Crypto-Exchanges and Their Volumes [An Analysis] The article lists the crypto sub-markets of a number of crypto-exchanges, and gives results of a snapshot — a moment in time, of the trading volumes of the most traded items, normalized — in percentages, and arranged from max to min. 84. DeFi & Crypto Passive Income: How to Get Started The decentralised finance industry grows larger and more sophisticated by the day. Now is a great time to become a liquidity provider. 85. Are IDOs the Next Alternative to IEOs and ICOs? There are major players as exchanges that are running in a fully controlled manner. The solution recently presented itself in IDO - Initial DEX Offering. 86. The Beautiful Double Helix of High Responsiveness and Decentralized Storage in the Web3.0 Era However, as Web3 technology evolves and matures, it will support deeper verticals such as manufacturing, engineering and smart cities. 87. Rebuilding the Tower of Babel: A Theory of New National Development Based on DAO But when we stop focusing on dysfunctional, centralized government and talk directly to DAO members, we are already transforming ourselves and society. 88. Speculative AMMs Are the Future of DeFi Since the last two years, a significant upsurge has taken place in the Defi space. Gone are the days where you had limited options for what you can do with your crypto. 89. How To Use RSKSwap Smart Contracts To Automate Trading How to use RSKSwap smart contracts to automate trading. RSKSwap is a decentralized exchange to automatically exchange ERC20 tokens. Thank you for checking out the 89 most read stories about Decentralized Exchange on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

89 Stories To Learn About Decentralized Exchange

Hong Kong, August 02, 2023, / The world of decentralized finance (DeFi) is abuzz with excitement as Vibranium, a hard fork of the innovative Lybra Finance project, emerges on the scene. ZEX PR WIRE Boasting a groundbreaking LSDfi (Liquid Staking Derivatives Finance) model, Vibranium aims to revolutionize the DeFi industry by introducing a new paradigm that offers passive income stability and a host of upgraded features from the Lybra Protocol. At the core of Vibranium's innovation lies its multichain feature, making it the first LSDfi project to apply cross-chain technology for its interest-bearing stablecoin, powered by the LayerZero network. This strategic move enhances user experiences and security by optimizing the platform's functionalities across multiple blockchain networks. Vibranium's multichain approach is a game-changer, addressing one of the most significant challenges faced by DeFi users - the limited compatibility and interoperability among various blockchain networks. By leveraging cross-chain technology, Vibranium enables seamless transactions, making it easier for users to interact with assets from different blockchains without friction. This level of flexibility and efficiency positions Vibranium as a forerunner in the rapidly evolving DeFi landscape. A standout feature of Vibranium's offering is its proprietary stablecoin, $vUSD, which sets itself apart from its competitors in several ways. As an interest-bearing stablecoin, $vUSD provides users with an attractive high APY (Annual Percentage Yield), allowing them to earn passive income on their holdings. The platform's cross-chain interoperability further enhances the utility of $vUSD, enabling users to move their stablecoins seamlessly across different blockchain networks with ease. The introduction of a lending-borrowing protocol sets Vibranium even further ahead of its competitors. While other stablecoin projects lack this vital feature, Vibranium empowers its users with the ability to lend and borrow funds using $vUSD. This added functionality unlocks a plethora of opportunities for users to grow their assets and diversify their investment strategies. To ensure a secure and robust platform, Vibranium has launched an ongoing incentivized testnet, encouraging developers to actively participate and identify potential vulnerabilities. A substantial $5000 Bug Bounty reward has been put in place, providing an added incentive for the community to contribute to the platform's security. Additionally, as a gesture of gratitude to early supporters, Vibranium has introduced a $VIB token airdrop, fueling excitement and community engagement. The Vibranium team is composed of leading experts in blockchain technology and DeFi, with a shared vision of driving innovation within the industry. Their commitment to pushing boundaries and exploring new possibilities has resulted in the creation of a platform poised to disrupt the DeFi space significantly. As Vibranium moves closer to its full-scale launch, investors, developers, and DeFi enthusiasts eagerly anticipate the platform's potential to redefine the DeFi landscape. The emphasis on passive income stability, cross-chain functionality, and the integration of LayerZero-powered multichain capabilities demonstrate Vibranium's commitment to advancing the DeFi sector. As the DeFi space continues to evolve and become the future of finance Vibranium stands at the forefront, setting a new standard for innovation, security, and user experience. With its visionary approach to LSDfi and the incentivized testnet, Vibranium's journey is only just beginning, and the crypto community watches with bated breath for further updates from the team behind this game-changing project. Twitter : https://twitter.com/vibraniumlsd Website: https://vibranium.finance/ Medium: https://medium.com/@vibraniumlsd Discord: https://discord.gg/BeJ6zX55dx

Meet Vibranium Finance: The First Multi-chain Interest-Bearing Stablecoin LSDfi Project

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I recently sat down with Harris Bricken Attorney and web3 legal expert, , for a discussion about the controversial . (This interview has been abridged for the ease of the readers) .Read on! Jonathan Bench SEC V Ripple case It's good to once again sit down with you for a discussion about cryptocurrency and other related matters affecting the industry. I would like you to tell us about the background story of the SEC V Ripple case. I have been in the crypto space for a couple of years now. I came as an international transactions lawyer kind of understanding where things are coming from. So my my perspective is pretty broad. This decision on Ripple is what everyone had been waiting for a long time. Ever since I have been paying attention to the industry very closely, I've been waiting to see, you know, how the kind of attack the SEC would take against Ripple and what the court would agree to. And you got to keep in mind that this is a low-level court decision. There's still a Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, and this covers all of the financial headquarters, but what we think in the US so very significant in terms of the geography of the decision. And there's also a lot a long way to go from here. So the background is simple. For those of you that don't know a lot about it or at least have been following it kind of tangentially like I was from the early days, it's a pretty typical scenario where we have founders who took the Bitcoin code, wanted to improve it and kind of replace Bitcoin and make it more functional. So they developed, they developed the token, they have a smart contract Ledger and they kept about 20% of the minted tokens for themselves and then contributed that 80% of the remaining tokens to Ripple Labs entity to develop software to help manage the international payment transactions. It's pretty typical from what I'm seeing in the crypto space. A lot of companies have been issuing tokens that compete with Bitcoin in some way and there's really not a lot of functionality. You know that's kind of where we're sitting in terms of understanding where this case sits in the precedent and this is a very early project, right? They started doing this around 2012. So in terms of the US legal system, ten years is a long time for a project to be out running before getting any kind of legal action against, and of course it's taking a couple of years for the court to really come down with this decision. We have a free-floating token competing with Bitcoin and a lot of adoption. The market cap for XRP's is fairly insane in terms of overall value. So that's kind of where I'm seeing this in terms of where it fits in the industry. https://youtu.be/Q-nNSG8zNT8?embedable=true Do you consider the SEC’s action to be grandstanding or scapegoating? I have a little bit of background on this. I have worked for a summer during law school for FINRA and FINRA is kind of the principal's office for the securities industry. So anybody with a trading license, all the firms you'll get regulated by FINRA, and FINRA has the same kind of mandate to you know their mandate is investor protection, market integrity. And so I feel like that's the mantra that we're talking about here is how close, how close to these cases hue to that ethos of making sure the market is as clear and open as possible, that investors are protected, know what they're getting into. And I feel like there is some overreaching by the SEC in terms of not being willing to engage very deeply and looking at tokens beyond those tokens that are trying to act as pure currencies. So like I said here with XRP, it seems to be very much focused on cryptocurrency. So from my perspective, the way that the SEC came down, the way the court decided this, I felt like it was fairly consistent with my understanding of how I thought it would come down where we are just dealing with something that looks like a traditional currency. You know, a lot of projects between then and now have tried to add a lot more functionality. We have a lot more utility tokens. We have things that could be classified as security tokens, but there are a lot more complicated than traditional security tokens we have. We have this 4th prong of the Howie test where it's really interesting. You know this case is fairly consistent with the way I've been advising my clients and others who I have  been talking to along the way. This looks and feels like security to a large degree to me. And of course, the court didn't get to all of the nuances that we want. The court’s holding is limited to the actual facts of the case and so if you read the footnotes you'll see kind of read them as I did and feel a little unsatisfied because we want the court to give us opinions on them. How Has XRP as a cryptocurrency failed the Howey Test? The Howie test is an old Supreme Court case that looks at what an investment contract is. That's kind of standard in the US parlance when we're talking about securities. When we're talking about investment contracts traditionally,  they kind of get pushed together. And so we have 4 prongs. It has to be an investment of money or other consideration in a common enterprise with the expectation of profits derived solely from the efforts of others. So typically I look at the fourth prong. What is being done in terms of the effort? If I give you a pile of money or crypto and you have a project that seems pretty clear I'm relying on you to do all of the work. The difference in the decentralized world is we have protocols that allow input in all kinds of different ways and so we don't have that guidance yet in terms of where the lines were and how much effort.  You know is it a 50-50 effort. If I'm doing less than 5% of the overall effort for the organization or the project, does that mean that I'm primarily relying on someone else's efforts or how much do I have to contribute? So I think about this in the context of DAO, especially because DAOs have 1000 members but everyone votes on every decision through the smart contract protocol. To me, that looks like everyone's participating. You know there are a lot of traditional companies where people will just have passive investor seed or a board observer seat, maybe they won't even vote or they will have a voting interest on the board and it's a shareholder going to have a vote anyway. So there are a lot of different nuances for this and so I think. Is it a great illustration for when this digital world that we're in and we're building an intersection of in a very bad way, very unsatisfying way with legal precedent that's been around for decades. Utah has done a great job and Rob Lam is a close friend of mine and mentor in this space. Yeah, and he was instrumental. I could see his hands in in the Utah DAO legislation that was passed earlier this year and will go into effect on January 1, 2024. So I see that as some of the most forward-looking legislation that I've read across the world. A lot of the current virtual asset service provider regimes for instance in the Caymans. They provide the framework and kind of general guidance. But I see the Utah DAO Act is really diving deep into the issues that matter. You can tell that the group that was put together by the Utah Blockchain Coalition helped advise the legislators on this Utah DAO Act. You can tell that they put a lot of thought into not just what the lawyers thought was important, but what the industry thinks is important. And practitioners of DAOs who have these issues are addressing a lot of issues wrapped around a DAO manager. And I feel like if the SEC and courts are looking for a model to address this new 4th prom, how does this new technology enable interaction with the 4th prong of the Howie test? Absolutely,it's a great model. I don't think it's going to be a cure-all because I'm sure there are things that were missed in Utah DAO  Act but I think it's much more forward-looking than any of the other legislation that I've seen in terms of addressing how much do the efforts of others matter and how big is the group of people that can be involved from a foundational stage of an enterprise. Because typically that's where the line is. You have a big difference between a founding team and then those who are added later as investors. So if you have a situation in doubt where you can marry those and have the founding team expanded to include 1000 to 2000 or 5000 people, what does that mean in terms of the capital they're putting at risk in the venture and putting it to the war chest of the DAO or whatever the project is going to be. So it may have to do with the timing. You know how early people get involved and maybe does will have to cut off after a certain period of time and say this DAO is now closed because everyone who is in at the early stage is considered a founder and everyone who comes in later is not. They're going to be considered investors and they're going to blow the project apart in terms of what a security is. So it doesn't mean the secondary trading could be limited significantly in those kinds of projects, but those that are planned from the beginning. I think could really have some legs to stand on. We're projecting out years now in terms of where the SEC and how the SEC would look at this and whether the courts would agree. But I think that it's more the creative way of looking at this and trying to decide how much capital can people put at risk safely. What, in your view, do you think is the right approach when it comes to in terms of regulating the crypto industry in the United States? Do you think that revelation by enforcement action is the way to go? It has done a lot of harm to the US industry. I don't think the SEC cares at this point about the crypto industry. You know it does not see it as a viable industry. I don't think that they've shown that it is a priority. I think they see it as a kind of stepchild of the greater securities industry. I have been in the industry for a couple of years now focused very heavily on the blockchain space and I've seen a lot of inquiries move from well maybe Wyoming DAO or a Delaware DAO using Delaware LLC code. We really need to look more seriously at offshore projects. And I say that it's accelerated over the last 12-18 months. Initially, you know a couple of years ago, everyone wanted to be in the US: they were looking at perhaps Colorado,UH Collective or Wyoming DAO and I'm getting those increased less frequently where even US-based projects are looking at saying we know that we will be subject to US jurisdiction in some degree want as much as possible to be outside of the US. That's been challenging for me in a good way I think because I've had to digest Singapore, Switzerland came in BI you know offshore jurisdictions that are that and I like to look at jurisdictions that are very forward thinking; those that are very technology-friendly and not those that are just kind of agnostic. Take Panama, for instance, where they don't apparently care about what's going on in the space and there are projects that flock to those kinds of jurisdictions. But I'm of the mind that projects that set up in jurisdictions that have a clear vast regime where they can point to and say we've we followed the regulations as far as we can and a lot of those vast regulatory guide, you know those guidelines are very clear or, at least, very well thought out And so I think the projects that are based in those jurisdictions will have a much better time interacting with the SEC than those that tried to go to jurisdictions where there is literally no governance at all. And they're just probably projecting up based on what they think will fly under the radar in those areas.

SEC v Ripple: Exclusive Interview With Web 3 Attorney, Jonathan Bench

A device fingerprint - or device fingerprinting - is a method used to identify a device with a combination of attributes provided by the device itself, via its browser and device configuration. The attributes collected as data to build the device fingerprint depend on the solution used to build it, but typically the most common are: operating system screen size and resolution user-agent system language and system country device orientation battery level installed fonts and installed plugins system uptime IP address HTTP request headers Since most of these parameters are read from the browser settings, we can also use the term “browser fingerprinting” with the same connotation. If you want to test which machine features are leaked from your browser just by browsing a web page, , simply with a Javascript executed on the server. you can use this online test to check with your eyes Consider also that most of the common anti-bot solutions use this basic information and enrich them with more complex test results, like Canvas and WebGL fingerprinting, to add even more details to these fingerprints. : the more pieces I add to the fingerprint, the more granular it becomes (because it’s less likely for two users to have the exact same device configuration). In this way, I can abstract a small niche of users with one fingerprint and track their behavior, without using cookies. The point is And this is key in these times when cookies are under the scrutiny of GDPR, CCPA, and other internet regulations and users are getting more aware of them, deciding to opt out or wipe them from their machines. But it’s not only a matter of marketing, but also anti-fraud and anti-bot in general are involved in developing this kind of technologies. In fact, detecting fingerprints that contain some incompatible data or outliers in configurations, can raise some red flags in the traffic. How a device fingerprint is collected? As we have seen, a fingerprint is a collection of single pieces of information collected when a device connects to a server. Depending on the method used for collecting this information, we can divide them by and fingerprinting techniques. active passive is when a server interacts with the device, using a challenge that the browser needs to solve. An example can be the Canvas fingerprinting or WebGL fingerprinting technique. In both cases, an image with a text overlay is rendered off-screen. On different hardware, this image and its result hash string are rendered differently, so we have different fingerprints for different hardware. Active fingerprinting is when the server simply gathers the information passed by the browser and the different HTTP connection layers: IP address, request headers, user agent, screen resolution, operating system, and so on. Passive fingerprinting Modern anti-bot software combines both these families of techniques and integrates them with behavioral analysis and AI to detect incongruences in the settings of the device and the scraper. If you’re curious about the number and the type of information that can be gathered via your web browser, you can have a look at deviceinfo.me, an online test where you can discover all these details. As you can see from the following images, the description of your device is quite accurate. Fingerprinting and privacy concerns As we mentioned before, fingerprinting techniques are gaining traction not only in the anti-bot industry but also in the marketing one, since more and more people are concerned about cookie usage by websites. Since it’s possible to accept or decline the cookie usage of websites and, since they are stored in the user's device, they can also be deleted, their efficacy for marketing purposes is declining. But if you’re using a fingerprinting tool in your online marketing solution, maybe you have a less granular detail than the single users’ cookie collection but there’s no way to opt out for them. So you can create very granular clusters of customers, like “people from city X using the latest Mac laptop model, with a second screen, browsing via Chrome v. 113 with Y extension installed, and connecting with ISP Z”. It is such a detailed description that the European think tank about online privacy called , expressed its opinion about fingerprinting and European data protection laws. Article 29 Data Protection working party To make a long story short: collecting all these pieces of information from the browser to create a unique fingerprint makes the ePrivacy directive applicable to this technology. This implies that visitors of a website, just like what happens for cookies, should be informed if there are any fingerprinting techniques used on the website, unless they are meant only to make the website work correctly. How to mask your fingerprint Having a look at the website, we can notice the several layers of information gathered to create a fingerprint. Connection layer A TLS fingerprint is created using the handshake packets that the client and server exchange before establishing an HTTP connection. It’s quite a common technique used by major anti-bot providers, . as we can see from this Cloudflare article To avoid raising red flags when scraping, you can use real browsers with Playwright or Selenium, which will use ciphers not in the blacklist, or change ciphers in your Scrapy project’s settings. Of course, the server knows also the IP address of the device that is connecting and can derive from it several additional info, like your country, state, ISP, and so on. We can change all these details by using a proxy provider and depending on your needs, you can use datacenter, residential or mobile IPs. Browser layer fingerprint Most of the other information used to fingerprint you are coming from your browser settings and how the browser reacts to Canvas and WebGL active fingerprinting. Typically, if you’re trying to scrape a website protected by a modern anti-bot solution, you cannot use solutions like Scrapy but you’ll need to use a webdriver or a real browser to bypass the protection. In these cases, providing a plausible machine setup with no discrepancies in the settings is key to creating a fingerprint that seems as legit as possible. As an example, using Playwright and Chrome in headless mode should trigger some red flags, since it’s easy to detect, as we can see from screenshots below. Another example is connections from a server machine won’t show any microphone and camera. But if you use anti-detect browsers, which allow you to create custom profiles that mimic different hardware and OS setups, you can send more plausible information to the server, creating a more legit fingerprint. Final remarks We have seen how much information is transmitted together with a simple browser connection to a website and how they can be used to both track users’ behavior and detect bots. While all these fingerprinting techniques can raise some concerns about privacy, especially in countries where this information can be used to limit private freedom, we luckily have several tools in our toolbelt to use to mask our real online traces, and some of them can be used also for our web scraping projects. Also published here.

Understanding the Fundamentals of Device Fingerprinting 

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Although in practice arbitraging is not entirely risk free, it is one of the most sustainable sources of yield in the crypto market. However, arbitrage requires a trader to somehow automate this strategy. This means you’d need some coding skills, a way to monitor opportunities as well as enough capital to make arbitraging worthwhile. Some crypto users, especially those new to the market, may not have the capital, technical knowledge, or time to do this on their own. But this is where Hot Tub comes in, which automates arbitrage profits to make alpha accessible to all! By turning a sophisticated arbitrage strategy into a simplified vault that’s both easy-to-use and non-custodial, anyone can enjoy a steady return without needing any coding or trading knowledge! How Hot Tub Works The Hot Tub vaults will offer depositors a return on their assets by executing an arbitrage strategy for ETH-USD on , capitalizing on price differences between the perpetual swap market on Perp and spot markets on decentralized exchanges (such as Uniswap and 1inch). Optimism Funds put into either vault by depositors will be pooled together, generating a return whenever there are profitable opportunities. For instance, if the price of ETH on Uniswap is lower than it is on Perp, then the USDC vault will buy some spot ETH. Simultaneously, the same amount of ETH is shorted using perpetual swap contracts to maintain delta neutrality. As the prices of ETH on Uniswap and on Perp converge, then the short ETH perpetual position can be closed and the spot ETH can be sold for USDC on Uniswap. After these trades have been executed, the USDC vault realizes a risk-free profit for depositors. In practice, arbitrage trades will be conducted across different spot DEXes on Optimism. A similar strategy is utilized for the ETH vault. It’s your call which vault you deposit to and whether you earn a yield denominated in ETH or USDC. Our Hot Tub release provides a new opportunity for yield seekers following the collapse of trust in the ‘CeDeFi’ sector. Built entirely on-chain for full transparency, jump into the Hot Tub to experience the convenience and efficiency of automated smart contracts while retaining custody of your funds. Turning Up The Heat on Your Crypto Game Here’s how Hot Tub turns up the heat on your crypto game: Earn a steady yield (5%+), with relatively low risk compared to other vaults, in either ETH or USDC No fees for a limited time only. Depositors will be charged any fees, so sign up today for access to our whitelist not Unlike most vaults in the market that run in epochs or rounds, Hot Tub allows users to deposit or withdraw at any time Fully on-chain, secure and non-custodial These vaults (and planned future releases) directly contribute to making Optimism’s DeFi markets more efficient Access to the Hot Tub will be opened up exclusively to whitelisted users. for updates and the chance to become an early adopter! Subscribe ​​https://perp.com/hottub-signup The strategy shares profits between depositors, who receive an amount proportional to the amount of capital they add to the vault. The performance of the USDC vault over the past month shows that it has delivered a 6.61% APR. The ETH vault also performed well in a live trading environment, realizing a 10.97% APR. In an upcoming article, we’ll dive deeper into the Hot Tub strategy and illustrate the resilient performance of these vaults under different market conditions. No matter whether the market is in a bubble or not, Hot Tub delivers a stable yield that you can rely on. Still have more questions? Learn more about the specifics of Hot Tub . here The Future of Hot Tub The vision for Hot Tub extends much further than the launch of ETH and USDC vaults, which just scratch the surface of the potential for trustless, on-chain trading strategies. More vaults are being explored for future releases that will enable you to grow your crypto holdings other than ETH and USDC by capitalizing on a wider range of arbitrage opportunities. Another avenue of research is extending the strategy to become ‘cross-chain’ to earn risk-free profits from price differences on Optimism and other ecosystems. The opportunities are limitless and this is just Perp’s first step in providing a suite of products focusing on passive trading strategies. You don’t need to be a gigabrain to seek out and earn yield in crypto! Hot Tub vaults do all of the hard work for you, while there’s also absolutely no reliance on a custodian or third party. How to Join to receive updates about Hot Tub and be one of the first to soak in the profits with a ‘set and forget’ strategy that is entirely on-chain. Join our subscriber list Links Website Twitter Discord Youtube

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Passive income is receiving a regular stream of income from a source other than a contractor or employer. Nowadays, people are generating passive income in multiple ways, from e-commerce, affiliate marketing, investing in stocks or crypto to buying local businesses, renting household items, or even becoming an influencer. Most people are always looking for ways to earn passive income to make extra cash flow for their budgets. With the global economy suffering a recession and job spots being slashed, passive income can help you meet ends every month if done right, even if you become unemployed. Here are the top passive income opportunities for 2023. Buy & Sell Web3 TLDs and Domains One of the best ways to start generating extra cash flow is by buying and selling Web3 domains. This new form of domain names is currently becoming more and more popular – in fact, more than 2.5 million web3 domains have been registered in 2022. One of the main features of Web3 domains (also called NFT, crypto, and blockchain domains) is their decentralization thanks to blockchain technology. The leading Web3 TLDs and Domain Registrar is Freename, a platform that offers customized Web3 Top Level Domains (TLDs) and domains that users can mint without paying renewal fees or hidden costs. A TLD is the extension of the domain after the dot: in Freename.io, for example, the TLD is “io”. They provide users with complete control and ownership of their Web3 TLDs once acquired. By creating your new TLD and activating Royalties, when other users register a domain on it you will receive 50% of the transaction, making it an alternative to generating passive income. You can also sell them in secondary marketplaces. Freename domains and TLDs can be used to send emails and messages through blockchain technology, access metaverses, and other dApps, and even show traditional sites and build Web3 pages. In addition, the Freename ecosystem will offer useful tools for managing Web3 domains within wallets, with the ability to customize them to build your own Web3 identity. Their concrete utilities make them more and more appealing and used in the market. Affiliate Marketing Affiliate marketing means when you refer a product or service from a company to people by sharing it through social media, podcasts, websites, etc. This selling technique has been around for several years, and social media has made it even more lucrative and accessible to everyone, benefiting both the affiliate and the company or person promoting the product. If you have seen influencers reviewing products, recommending places, and talking about certain apps and how good they are, most likely, they are doing affiliate marketing. The affiliate might earn a commission for each product sold, or they’re paid upfront to promote it on social media.. Every time you bring new customers on the platform, you can get a some on each purchase made by them using your referral link. You can also earn cryptocurrencies with affiliate schemes. There are thousands of referral programs online offered by crypto companies, including exchanges like Binance and Coinbase, for example. These programs are free to use and will pay you for referring the website or app to people. You only need to sign up and get a referral link or code and invite new users by sending them the code. Not only could you earn cryptocurrency as a reward, but you also enjoy certain discounts on products and services. Own Dividend Stocks Companies with dividend stocks pay out shareholders quarterly using their own profits. You only need to own the stock to receive the dividends into your broker account. But there’s a risk: companies with high yields will not always be able to sustain it, and you should always research to know how the company acquires the money to pay such high dividends. A simpler way to go into dividend stocks is investing in exchange-traded funds (ETFs), investing funds that track multiple types of assets, including stocks, commodities, and bonds. Yield Farming Yield farming can be similar to dividend-yield stocks but instead of owning a stock, we will deposit cryptocurrency into a platform that will pay out monthly or weekly rewards to your wallet. Some yield farming platforms like Balancer and Curve will pay up to 10% to 20% in APY, depending on current market conditions and the types of assets. In short, yield farming refers to depositing cryptocurrencies into a liquidity pool, which is a type of smart contract within the platform. All you have to do is connect your wallet to the platform, choose the liquidity pool with the assets you have in your wallet, and deposit the cryptocurrencies. These assets will be used for trading, and the platform will pay the pool a portion of the fees it generates through trading. The main risk of yield farming —besides the inherent volatility of the crypto market, platform bugs, and protocol security— is impermanent loss. In short, it refers to the divergence in price when you deposit your cryptocurrencies into a liquidity pool, and the price changes compared to when you first deposited them. This is called slippage in trading. Like slippage, users can’t get rid of impermanent loss completely, but there are ways to minimize the risk, such as choosing platforms with less volatile assets (like stablecoins). Cloud Mining Cloud mining has become the easiest way to mine cryptocurrency without going through the stress of running complicated software or setting up loud and noisy rigs. The advent of cloud mining has made BTC and crypto mining accessible to a broader audience, considering that mining requires buying and setting up expensive equipment in strategic places. Cloud mining will allow you to rent cloud computing power and mine bitcoin remotely —just register an account and pay a commission fee, and the company will lease their mining equipment, the software, electricity, placement, and maintenance to you. Popular cloud mining companies include Pionex, ECOS, ScryptCube, and Hashnest Using third-party mining equipment, users can mine multiple coins for a fraction of buying mining rigs and paying electricity costs. Play to Earn If you like video games and collecting in-game items, you might want to check games with Play-To-Earn (P2E) models, which will allow you to sell your earned collectibles on secondary marketplaces for real money. Since blockchain was born and we’ve witnessed its potential in almost every realm of human endeavors, game developers have been keen to put blockchain technology into video games, to create a system with fun gameplay mechanics combined with incentivizing tokenomics, helping both the player and the developer to generate profits. These games usually have their own metaverse, in which the player explores a virtual landscape in search of new adventures. A booming P2E title was Axie Infinity in 2021, a game that consisted of buying a set of Axis, which were NFTs, and using them to battle against other players and earn money while doing so. They can sell these NFTs on secondary marketplaces to make an extra profit. Create and Sell Online Courses Selling online courses is a great way to receive the extra cash flow, but it requires more time, editing, and networking than other alternatives. Luckily, multiple online learning platforms can help you establish your course and make it accessible to more users. One of the benefits of selling online courses is that it can catapult your influence. But promoting the course through an online learning platform is not enough. Influencers, business executives, investors, artists, and more people sell online courses through platforms like Instagram, Tik Tok, Facebook, and Twitter by attracting users with short-term videos and promotions.

Top Passive Income Opportunities to Look Out for in  2023

After 11 years of reigning as one of the biggest MOBA games, Dota 2 has one of the best, most challenging, and state-of-the-art ranking systems. The company prioritizes its ranking system to serve millions of daily gamers searching for equally skilled teammates and opponents, and yearning for a competitive environment. Matchmaking Rank (MMR) in Dota 2 The current ranking system in Dota 2, which was released in 2017 was a huge upgrade from its previous version. While both versions serve the same purpose of reflecting a player's skill level and abilities through MMR (Matchmaking Rank), the latter one is more sophisticated not only because it replaces MMRs for medals but also provides a more accurate reflection of a player's rank. The image above is the ranking system before the big upgrade in 2017. It shows a player’s match history and the MMR changes after each game. Matchmaking Rank or MMR is a numerical score that reflects your rank and basically says how good you are overall. A player receives an average of +25 MMR for every game won and loses -25 MMR for a game lost depending on the quality of that game played. The MMR of 4000+ shown in the image above tells us that the player has won approximately 150 games and probably played way more in total. The 2013 conducted by Valve showed that players with 4000+ MMR ranked in the 99th percentile, meaning that they are better than 99% of the total population playing Dota 2. analysis also analyzed public players’ profiles in 2013 which showed an average MMR of 3000, a relatively high number. However, this average skewed upwards because newer players with lower MMRs were not part of the analysis as they were less likely to display their MMRs in public matches. OpenDota This changed in 2017 when Valve introduced medals next to the player’s profiles. It can be daunting for new Dota players to take on this challenge and move up the tiers. There are now a total of eight tiers a player can climb in the new and upgraded ranking system. Each tier except for the Immortal contains five sub-tiers represented in stars. Here are the Season 4 MMR-Medal rankings by Dota 2 Wiki: The ranking distribution has significantly changed after Valve introduced medals. While the 2013 analysis of players’ profiles projected an average MMR of 3000, a recent analysis done by eSports Tales shows an average player holding Archon 2, an MMR of 2500. This drop in the average MMR might have caused due to medal rankings and the transparency of the player’s profile. Furthermore, players ranked in the 99th percentile have MMRs of 5000 or more, compared to 2013. The recent distribution depicts a more accurate spread of players’ ranks among the Dota 2 community. This allows even better matchmaking and game quality for beginners, intermediates, and professionals. All in all, it goes to show that the game has gotten more competitive and raised its ceiling when it comes to competitive gaming. MMR and Badge Calibration A beginner player must log at least 100 hours of unranked games in order to be eligible for ranked games. This rule is put in place so that total beginners aren’t matched against experienced players with high ranks. Once ranked matches are unlocked for you, you have to play ten games and win at least one in order for the system to calibrate your MMR and receive your first badge. Then, you are ready to play against those within your skill levels and begin the quest to reach the highest rank, Immortal! How Steam Prevents Smurfing Furthermore, Steam requires players to link their phone numbers to their accounts in order to prevent smurfing. There have been tons of cases of experienced players creating new accounts to play in games below their ranks or even to sell them to beginners. It is important to note that ranked players do not receive MMR and higher badges based on their individual performances, but based on their win-to-loss ratio. After being eligible for ranked matches, players simply have to win more games to increase their MMRs and receive higher badges. Similarly, losing games also demotes you to lower ranks and decreases your MMR. As you will learn more about Dota 2 ranking below, it is worth remembering that your rank can recalibrate after each ‘season’. Each rank contains 5 levels and if you don’t reach the last level by the end of the season, your rank will be demoted to the first level of that same rank. For example, if a player fails to reach Herald 5 by the end of a season, then that player’s rank will be reset to Herald 1. You can learn more about Seasons and Recalibration dates . here List of Dota 2 Rankings and What They Mean Rank: Herald & Guardian (0 - 1500 MMR) Herald-ranked players arguably face the steepest part of the learning curve in Dota 2. They focus on passive play with little understanding of when to engage and disengage. Players have little knowledge about what each hero’s abilities do. The jump between Herald and Guardian isn’t that huge, as much is the same in terms of relative skill level. Players in Guardian, however, tend to have a bit more experience and understand the mechanics of the game a little better such as last hitting, laning, and using the hero’s abilities at the right time. It will take them at least 20-30 more ranked games to enhance all aspects of the game. Rank: Crusader (1500 - 2000 MMR) This tier is when things start to come together for beginners. Crusader players tend to have decent in-game knowledge just based on the fact that they have spent enough time playing the game and reading up on heroes, items, abilities, and other concepts in the game. It is fairly easy for beginners to get to crusader if they have experience playing other MOBA games such as World of Warcraft: Frozen Throne or League of Legends. Crusaders are also knowledgeable about the little but important aspects of the game such as map vision, ganking, initiating, and building items. Rank: Archon & Legend (2000 - 4000 MMR) Archon tier represents the last step before hitting the global average. Players in this bracket will likely have more than 100 hours of gameplay under their belts, with the game sense and mechanical skills to match. Winning their respective lanes with the last hitting and gaining experience in the first quarter of the game becomes crucial for Archon players. These players are not semi-professionals just yet, but they are getting there. Communication becomes key, the fate of their game depends on their synergistic lineup, and teamwork is their greatest priority. Legend tier is where most players hit the wall and the learning curve flattens, mostly because of their team dynamics and poor decision-making. In this tier, they have learned everything they need to about the game, hence creating a thin line that separates a win from a loss. Even a slight mishap, whether it's choosing the right heroes pre-game, or losing the mid-lane in the first ten minutes can change the course of the late game. Rank: Ancient ( 4200 - 4920 MMR) Ancient players are known for their role versatility.  They can dominate in all five roles and even spam the most complicated heroes such as Invoker, Meepo, and Chen. Advanced tactics and finger dexterity are their strongest suits. Ancient tier is made-up of Dota All stars veterans with a hefty knowledge of making unique and unorthodox in-game decisions. They stand above most average players solely based on the hours played and experience gained. If ancient rankers can find a way to rise above and go a little further, whether it is through constant training or making adjustments to their regular style, they have the potential of an average professional who competes in Dota tournaments. Rank: Divine & Immortal (5000+ MMR) Immortals are a different breed of players. They have mastered the game in such austerity, that they are not just ‘playing’, they are playing to win. You will find the majority of divine and immortal tier players competing at a professional level. While Divines may be the best there is, Immortals are the best of the bests, the top one percent. They represent the pinnacle of Dota 2 skills, creating highlights and what the rest of the Dota community watches for entertainment. : The ‘Immortal’ players that have reached the top 1000 get their own unique medals. Even the skills gap between the four immortal groups (shown above) is known to be massive as players move in and out of these rankings on a daily basis. As of today, Arteezy from Team EG currently holds the position in the United States, followed by Team BC’s Wisper, who previously reigned at the top. It gets even better Top 1 Final Thoughts on Dota 2’s Ranking System The biggest change seen in the new version of Dota 2’s ranking system is the addition of medals. The medals and their levels provide a more accurate description of one’s skill level. The previous version of their ranking system also allowed players to hide their MMRs which brought uncertainty and ambiguity. Now, the player’s medals are easily seen on their profile, which brings more transparency to the Dota 2 community.

What is the Dota 2 Ranking System and How Does it Work?

Last year, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) gained promising momentum in the world of art, music, and even collectibles. But despite the great strides and profits of in 2021, NFTs failed to make a stronger mark. You might have seen someone change their Twitter profile picture to a Bored Ape or read an article about the future of the metaverse, but at the end of the day, that’s probably about it. almost $25 billion While widespread adoption is yet to come, there’s a particular space where progress has been happening in leaps and bounds – gaming. The reason for that is simple: NFTs are the epitomes of digital ownership, and there is a wide array of digital objects to own in games – and extract value from that. With a tech-savvy audience and ripe opportunities for monetization, the adoption of blockchain technologies in gaming could bring many benefits and also be replicated to other industries. The interest is certainly there: A that inspected the level of interest in NFTs across demographics found that eSport fans were the most receptive (58% showed interest). Gamers ranked third, showing interest in NFTs in 37% of cases. Morning Consult survey For now, it’s mostly the indie gaming studios that have led the way, but even the gaming giants aren’t shying away from NFTs. While Ubisoft’s NFT venture , studios across the board are showing signs of grandiose plans in the works. hasn’t exactly struck the right note For example, Microsoft has recently announced plans to acquire Activision Blizzard (the behemoth behind World of Warcraft and Starcraft, among others) for $68.7 billion. The purpose? To help – and it’s only logical to assume NFTs will be a huge part of that. drive the development of the metaverse Similarly, Andrew Wilson, EA’s CEO, highlighted the importance of through NFTs in gaming. new experiences “I think that in the context of the games we create and the live services that we offer, collectible digital content is going to play a meaningful part in our future,” he said, hinting at the immense potential. “So, it's still early to tell, but I think we're in a really good position, and we should expect us to kind of think more innovatively and creatively about that on a go-forward basis." So, why exactly is the future bright for NFTs in the gaming industry, and how will the development help advocate for broader token adoption beyond digital entertainment? Gaming, the perfect ground for experimentation Ironically, art NFTs aren’t exactly visual. You may be able to admire what you see, but not many people understand how to appreciate having ownership of it – making it particularly challenging to convince them to adopt NFTs as just another form of blockchain. Raise your hand if you’ve ever heard, “Why would I buy a JPEG if I can right-click save as an image?” But in gaming, the utility of NFTs – meaning the direct benefits of ownerships – is virtually in front of you everywhere you go. For other industries, inventing utilities for digital goods can be a little more laborious than in gaming, where it comes fairly naturally. Whether it’s dressing up your character, decorating your metaverse property, or getting the tickets to the next metaverse concert, being a direct part of the world inspires gamers to make their experience there even better. And what’s more, gamers are very much used to digital ownership already. From Steam games and skins for League of Legends champions to weapons in Call of Duty, they have been spending money on in-game products for years. So, since we have already seen massive adoption and proliferation of gaming economies, it’s only a question of time when these transactions take place on the blockchain instead. This is exactly where NFTs come into play, establishing themselves as a vital part of the everyday gaming experience. The level of education among gamers (not to mention the sector being traditionally dynamic) makes gaming the perfect breeding ground for adoption via curiosity rather than force. Gaming experiences that leverage the savviness of their audiences towards blockchain and NFTs are most likely to win broader segments over, too. Gaming already enjoys a demographic more inclined to purchase crypto. Added to that, are Gen Z and millennials – and this is similar to NFTs (despite Gen Xs outspending the other segments in high-profile art sales). 94% of today’s crypto buyers This means that when presented with new in-game NFT opportunities, these audiences might be more receptive than any other demographics out there. Where blockchain flows, money goes Traditional gaming formats leverage play-to-win, pay-to-play, or free-to-play models. From the gamers’ perspective, the problem is that all the purchase items and upgrades tend to be limited to the environment of that game only, offering no real economic utility or return. For example, you could have bought all the skins you wanted in League of Legends, but if Riot Games declared bankruptcy, canceled the game, or you simply chose not to play anymore, you lost all the value invested. But considering that in 2020, global gaming audiences spent on additional in-game content, blockchain innovations – and NFTs more specifically – change the game. With digital ownership recorded on the blockchain forever, gamers can suddenly become the real owners of digital assets (rather than merely “buying access” to them within a particular game). some $54 billion This way, gaming becomes an investment, with NFTs providing tangible value to their owners, as well as a promise of financial returns for the resources they invest in those assets. To extract more value from their NFTs in the future, gamers themselves become advocates for the tokens. Basically, it’s in their interest to get others on board. And if they stop playing the game, want to upgrade, or don’t see value in their asset anymore? They can simply sell it in the secondary market – closing the cycle by giving a share of the profits to the gaming producers again, depending on the terms of an underlying smart contract. The redefining of value within gaming is why we have also seen the steep rise of play-to-earn models. By participating in a game, players can earn NFTs – something in countries like the Philippines, Venezuela, or Vietnam, where the earnings can easily surmount the minimum daily income. extremely popular In this respect, Axie Infinity has earned particular attention. It has developed its own native crypto coin as well as NFTs that encourage players to participate to earn more – advancing an entire financial ecosystem that could be easily transferred to other spaces. For example, imagine an NFT-powered media setup where readers can earn tokens for their activities on the platform and trade rare NFT collectibles, such as famous photographs produced by the organization. More utility, more value The widespread skepticism about NFTs comes from their superficiality. But the gaming industry is one that has been going way beyond flexing NFT wallets or PFP (profile picture) value on Twitter – and we can expect more advancements in utility shortly. From exclusive perks, discounts, or early drops to actual access to invite-only digital (or even in-person) events, NFT owners can enjoy emerging utilities in the digital world. Everybody still remembers Travis Scott’s metaverse concert – next time, such an event could be exclusive – with NFTs serving as the tickets. In the collectibles space, this is something that Gary Vaynerchuck has mastered, launching his Vee Friends collection and allowing the holders of those NFTs to attend exclusive events, access mentorship, or even have dinner with Gary Vee himself. For many NFT-based games, utility is the next competitive battleground. Some latest examples include Niftyville, open-world style gameplay where you can explore the town, go shopping, or even start a business that gives you an opportunity to earn passive income. Also, the game is bringing some VIP NFT drops with real-life value, including a whitelist for exotic car NFTs. Guess what? The rarest one minted will receive – in real life. an actual Lamborghini Obviously, the industry still has a long way to go regarding interoperability. The blockchain industry is moving towards where gamers can utilize their items, be it avatars, skins, or wearables, in diverse digital environments – and not necessarily in that one game where they originally purchased them. an ecosystem For progress to happen faster, a few things need to change. For example, the Solana network is pushing the space with its lightning-fast transaction speed and low costs to compete with Ethereum-based NFT projects that are still marked by high gas fees. What may become a trend in gaming will help push for better minting conditions in other areas too. As an industry, gaming is a behemoth with the power to change behaviors and trends that start a shockwave across industries and locations. While the implementation of gaming NFTs is still in its infancy, it won’t be long before retailers, event organizers, and companies start giving out NFT membership to provide exclusive treatment to the holders. And even that will only be the beginning.

NFT Gaming is The Key to Wider Token Adoption in 2022

Why I built 3 “startups” in 4 months. No, I’m not nuts. 4 Weeks to Launch is an ongoing series about building passive income across multiple startups — a new startup every 4 weeks. Read the first post on 4 Weeks to Launch to get started, or subscribe for weekly updates . The latest startup, #3, is Hotel Tonight for weeklong vacation rentals. Tl;dr Apps ready for app store Designed logo Site launched ( ) extremevacationdeals.com Extreme Vacation Deals done! I finished the Extreme Vacation Deals. 5ish weeks ago I didn’t know how to build a mobile app, and now it’s done for Android and iOS. Pretty awesome, even if I still have the database in Dropbox ( ). We hooked up Slack so every time a customer “books” a property we get a notification and can complete the booking via email, PayPal, and manual processes. Most of my time last week went into building , , and tweaking the apps. can read about that here the landing page designing the app logo Tomorrow we submit to the App Store and Play Store! I’ll publish links to the apps once they’re approved, but for now, a little insight into why I am doing 4 Weeks to Launch. *** When I was 5 years old, I went through a phase where I would reply, “why and how?” to just about everything. Yeah, I was a fun kid. What fascinated me was how you can endlessly drill down with these questions, and down, and down. To this day I still get into the “why” mindset every few months and question everything. Why 4 Weeks to Launch? What keeps me going, even when sometimes I feel like I’m failing? Why blog; why publicly? Why care about passive income? As much fun as it is to build multiple products, I know that I could build a higher quality product by focusing on one idea for a longer period of time. I also spend a lot of time updating 4 Weeks to Launch, further taking away from my product quality. And in truth, I don’t even like blogging. So why do all of this? Why: 4 Weeks to Launch Doing something difficult is rewarding. That deep sense of satisfaction from using willpower to accomplish a hard goal is the best feeling I know. The feeling of meaningful action. I build a new product every 4 weeks because it’s hard. It’s hard to build something in a limited amount of time, with limited resources. But by doing so, it forces me to grow and to solve problems in new ways. This growth is crucial to all of us. Struggling, failing, and achieving are powerful experiences, and sometimes even scary. That’s why some leave their dreams on shelves; pretty things to look at but not to touch let alone fulfill. Why: Blog I blog to hold myself accountable. Publicly posting about my failures, progress, or lack of progress keeps me on task. Where I am sometimes weak in follow through, I delegate to a system that forces me to keep going, i.e. blogging. I feel guilty when I don’t work; not the nicest of motivators but it sure as hell works. I’ve made a public promise and despite no monetary progress so far, I want to keep that promise alive. if you want to these weekly updates in your inbox. Promise, no spam, only posts. Sign up for mailing list Why: Passive income Passive income is more than just money to me, it’s a milestone. Money is a means to wealth. Whether wealth is time with your kids or travelling the world, money can (typically) get you there. However why care about passive income since my personal definition of success/wealth is building products? In a hyphenated word, self-mastery. Passive income to me means that I’ve beaten the system. To the world, our society, and to my mind, that means escaping the 9 to 5 rat race. . That is meaningful to me. To have power over time. And it’s meaningful because I chose to give it meaning. Not trading time for money Self-mastery has been a personal goal for 10 years. It’s why I blog, why I build startups, why I focus on passive income. I want to beat the system and to have no master other than myself. Everyone has his/her own purpose in life, but it’s up to you to decide what it’s going to be. Someone else’s purpose isn’t yours, just as much as your experiences aren’t others’. That extends to all the advice from parents and gurus and therapists. It’s what you put meaning into that defines you; what matters to you, is what matters. I chose to work hard to get closer to my ideal self and self-mastery. This means building products. This means 4 Weeks to Launch…at least for now! If you’re looking for inspiration: Watch my favorite (and the world’s fav) TED Talk Read (I’m currently reading) Man’s Search for Meaning Read (I’m currently re-reading) Atlas Shrugged What are you working towards, and why? Let me know by , reply/comment, or . Question: email phone PS. Seriously, . sign up for mailing list

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