Nicoya

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Nicola has more than 40 years of experience in business and marketing and has co-founded and sold several businesses in the past. Carl He told me in this interview that his wealth of experience on Wall Street is helping him to cope with the marketing business of cryptocurrency at KXCO. Can you briefly tell us about yourself? My name is Carl Nicola. I have worked in the financial business for more than forty years. I have founded companies and run them from telecom, healthcare to technology. My partners and I have sold companies to large public companies, and I have done business with Fortune 500 companies I was in. Can You Recall How Your Journey to Crypto Began? I got into the crypto business through someone who introduced me to Dr. Heffernan, the co-founder of KXCO. I met Heffernan, a very intelligent who had a clear plan of what he wanted to do. He did accomplish that, and I find him one of the people who keeps me abreast of the latest developments in the world of crypto, and we have put together a great platform. At least, I think so. What I appreciate about him is that he took his time; he didn’t rush into things, and every part of his platform is working like clockwork right now. He has attracted people from all over the world who want to use his platform. He also has the respect of investors and business people because of his background of over forty years trading equity, trading currencies and what have you. The company he founded, Knightsbridge KXCO, is not a typical crypto company. We just like to pick and choose the things that we want to be involved in. I also respect him for realizing where the marketplace is going, and that marketplace is in South East Asia, China, and India, where the next bull market in everything, not just crypto, is going to be in those countries. They seem to be looking at the biggest growth over the next period of bull market. Controversy erupted last year when the SEC fined Kim Kardashian the of sum $1.26 million for 'unlawful touting'. How has SeC intervention changed crypto marketing in the US? One thing that hurts is the fact that the crypto industry has been brought to its knees by a lot of bad actors and they have given the crypto business a bad reputation. I think it is going to take people like the Dr. Heffernans of this world to be able to bring this innovation to business people around the world. If you look at our website and who we are doing business with, you will see that we are dealing with top-notch people. We are trading crypto, of course, but that is not necessarily our main target. Our main purpose is of course to develop a platform and a Goldman Sachs type of business with blockchain which is going to be a game-changer in the future in the way it will make life a lot easier for the crypto world. Just a mere fact of the tokenization and green credit and what-have-you that we are offering. We don’t want to necessarily sell crypto; we want to build a platform like NASDAQ and the NYSE where there is regulation. What is your experience as a sales specialist? My experience as a sales specialist is relatively new owing to the fact that I just started in the crypto part of it. But it is coming easily for me owing to my more than forty years of experience on Wall Street. I have been in the bond business and the equity business. I have also been in the commodity business and I know how to work with people and take care of my clients. What do you especially do at KnightsbridgeDAO? At Knightsbridge, I am on the board, and I'm helping with making decisions with Dr. Heffernan and a group of extremely knowledgeable people. So it makes my life easy; we are not reconstructing the system. We are just making it better so everybody can use it. Is the crypto finance revolution coming to a halt? I think the crypto business will have its fair share of hurdles. But if the regulation comes in that will help this industry to grow. I don’t think crypto is not coming to a halt. If anything, I think it going to reach stratospheric height. It will be the major players that will be in this; you will also have the major banks globally, and as you are well aware they are starting already to deal with crypto. As we have recently seen with Blackrock filling the Bitcoin ETF something which is currently making headlines, I think this example is what we want to see. How much regulation is needed to ensure the growth of the industry? I do believe that regulation will help the industry and assure people that they won't have FTXs anymore. Just take a look at what has been happening this week alone with Binance. This is ag doing what they are not supposed to do. Until they take care of that, this business will be on hold because we deal with people who want to use the platform to raise money for their businesses and to make sure they are getting the best possible information and the fact that they are working with professionals. What in your view is the biggest challenge facing the crypto industry? The crypto business with the use of blockchain platforms will be a part of the financial business, but it has to act like a financial business and be regulated that way. They can't do it haphazardly and then every other month you have someone else blowing up because they did something up. The sooner they regulate and it right, I think it will be a much easier place to do business, and it will go to where it is supposed to go. Any parting words? My parting words are to take a good look at what Knightsbridge has put together. It is a very sophisticated platform. We have got some very smart people working for us. Dr. Heffernan has picked some of the best technology people who understand this a great deal and more important than anything else he stays on top of everything he does leaving decision-making just to anybody. He is on top of everything, and he has a great business background.

''Regulation Will Help The Crypto Industry To Grow'' - KXCO Sales Specialist Carl Nicola

I’m Nicolas Fränkel, Head of Developer Advocacy working on the project. Apache APISIX Before this, I worked on (mainly Java) projects for 17 years in different positions: developer, team leader, software architect, and solution architect. During these years, I accumulated a lot of frustration regarding my work. Most, if not all, projects are aimed at solving organizational issues with technical solutions, which is indeed not the most efficient way. I decided to move to Developer Relations; fortunately, I was already an experienced content creator through and , so the switch was not that hard. my blog conference speaking Interesting! What was your latest Hackernoon Top story about? I wrote two related stories: and . How to Move Away From Twitter Having an Immutable Mastodon Handle The current situation got many Twitter users about Mastodon. Do you usually write on similar topics? If not, what do you usually write about? I opened my Twitter account in 2009 and have accrued around 13k followers. I’m a bit “invested” in Twitter; thus, I’m pretty worried about the current situation. I usually have more “technical” interests, such as programming languages, DevOps, and software architecture, but I wanted to find an alternative to Twitter. Great! What is your usual writing routine like (if you have one?) When I have a blog post idea, I write it on a GitLab board, along with a couple of details. When I’m not busy traveling around, here’s how I write a blog post: I get the idea that seems the most attractive to me from the board Most of my content requires code. In general, I write the demo first I then write the content I aim to publish a blog post a week. Hence, I may write more than exactly one post per week. When it happens, I “store” the post until I need it - everything is in Git on my side. It allows me to review the post before publishing. Sometimes, I notice that it’s not adequately structured or that I miss an additional explanation. If I wrote the article as part of my job, I ask my colleagues to review it Finally, I use Grammarly to help me write correct English, as it’s not my native language Being a writer in tech can be a challenge. It’s not often our main role, but an addition to another one. What is the biggest challenge you have when it comes to writing? The main issue when writing a new blog post is to find idea. Thus, I read a lot of other blog posts and watch a couple of videos to help me get them. the In general, I’m trying to highlight how to solve a problem. What is the next thing you hope to achieve in your career? To be honest, I’m delighted with my current position. I write posts, speak at conferences, meet wonderful people, etc.
When (if?) the time comes when I’m bored with it, I’ll probably think about the next step, but I don’t think it will happen anytime soon. Wow, that’s admirable. Now, something more casual: What is your guilty pleasure of choice? None that I can tell in public 😉 Do you have a non-tech-related hobby? If yes, what is it? My work is relatively sedentary; I compensate by practicing sports. At the moment, it includes running (which I can do nearly anywhere), biking (when I’m at home and it’s neither too hot nor too cold), and playing squash (when my friends are available).
I also enjoy taking pictures of the places I visit and recently started to play board games regularly. What can the Hacker Noon community expect to read from you next? My next two blog posts will be: A review of the book API Design Patterns Some pain points of the REST architectural style What’s your opinion on HackerNoon as a platform for writers? It has improved a lot! I especially like the new v3 editor. Thanks for taking time to join our “ ” series. It was a pleasure. Do you have any closing words? Meet the writer Thanks for having me!

Meet the Writer: Contributor Nicolas Fränkel, Head of Developer Advocacy on Apache APISIX

This Slack discussion by Limarc Ambalina, Amy Tom and David Smooke occurred in , and has been edited for readability. slogging's official #unpopular-opinion channel Nicolas Cage is a good actor. Limarc Ambalina Feb 1, 2021, 4:47 PM Hands down. He’s gotta be the only actor who has been in a movie with Cher, Meg Ryan, AND Emma Stone hahhahahha Amy Tom Feb 1, 2021, 6:47 PM Statistically speaking, he must be the best. He’s been in 110 films and counting Amy Tom Feb 1, 2021, 6:47 PM Including Faceoff! David Smooke Feb 1, 2021, 9:12 PM Adaption was amazing David Smooke Feb 1, 2021, 9:24 PM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6woPWN7X5U He's been in movies that range from 0% to 97% on Rotten Tomatoes David Smooke Feb 1, 2021, 9:28 PM https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/nicolas_cage You know what's better than one Nic Cage? Two Nic Cages David Smooke Feb 1, 2021, 10:10 PM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdA9_mtXYME And of course, critically acclaimed National Treasure IS a national treasure Amy Tom Feb 1, 2021, 11:23 PM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jApIcfIHe1E Honest Trailers! David Smooke Feb 2, 2021, 12:07 AM Did you know National Treasure the DVD came with a treasure hunt? David Smooke Feb 2, 2021, 12:07 AM https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2020-04-11/10-dvd-easter-egg-hunts-worth-your-time Wow DVD games were the shit Amy Tom Feb 2, 2021, 12:09 AM Amy Tom Feb 2, 2021, 2:54 AM I'm about to get a boyfriend on hinge #bringalltheboystotheyard Amy Tom Feb 2, 2021, 2:54 AM Let's test it. How does Benjamin Gates get access to Abigail's safe? Limarc Ambalina Feb 2, 2021, 2:57 AM I mean Abigail doesn't own the safe 😅 he got into her office with the coin and he got into the safe where the delectation of independence is by using special laser pointers to disarm the system while it went into cleaning 😂 Amy Tom Feb 2, 2021, 2:59 AM Look at the range of his facial expressions here: anger to confusion to fear to realization to empathy to epiphany to remorse to empowerment to catlike to scared to relief, How can you not think he's the greatest - and dare I say strongest and most athletic -  actor of all time? David Smooke Feb 3, 2021, 9:47 PM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jTQpfspEdk&t Cage is so animated in his normal roles, he's just the perfect choice as a voice actor for kids films Limarc Ambalina Feb 3, 2021, 11:15 PM But I do have to say that I can watch National Treasure every year and never get sick of it. Also Gone in 60 Seconds in underrated and still might be my favorite Nicolas Cage film of all time. Limarc Ambalina Feb 3, 2021, 11:18 PM Animated? The other characters may be animated, but  I'm fairly certain that is Nicolas Cage acting as Grug Crood. David Smooke Feb 3, 2021, 11:53 PM

Unpopular Opinions: Nicolas Cage is a Good Actor

The agenda of Swiss-based investor Nicolas Durr is scheduled by the minute. His life consists of a string of cars, aeroplanes, and trains that take him to the most different corners of the world with the mission to solve the essential issues faced by novice and experienced investors. The interview is scheduled for a Friday afternoon in a typical swiss-style restaurant; a lovely centrepiece of Zürich old town. We are met by an elegant, calm gentleman, which seems unusual since we know this mobile businessman already had three meetings prior to this interview. "You must be very tired." – involuntarily escapes from one of us. "I won't give you that pleasure!" Nicolas replies with a laugh of amusement. Even such a ridiculous question didn't seem to distract a person who was focused on much more important matters. Nicolas Durr gives the impression of a very cool-headed and private person. Still, behind this lies a dedicated and selfless enthusiast, who's current mission is to bring together modern solutions for high profit and low-risk automated investing trading. Hello Nicolas, and thank you for taking the time! We've already heard and read a lot of exciting things about the company you founded, yet so little has been written about you. That's not fair, in our opinion. Please, tell us about your professional background and how you came to create the reason we're here today – . Praem Capital "Well, since you started our meeting by asking if I'm tired, I must object, says Nicolas, pleasantly smiling. I'm only 57, which is considered young by modern standards, but I'm not really socially active, as they call it. It's just not my thing. I have worked in Europe and Australia, leading large-scale projects and holding senior positions in the BMS industry. Currently, I'm based here, in wonderful Switzerland. Each year, I aim to expand my geographical presence and explore new markets. If you keep learning, you'll know that life is a series of new starts that make you wiser and stronger, so after receiving a PhD degree in Relational Database Management, I sought to discover more ways to increase the framework of my skills. I believe I gained invaluable experience working with Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and implemented new inimitable technological solutions for some blockchain projects. Later, me and my team came up with the idea of creating an innovative investment method. And I guess that's the main reason why we're here doing this interview." That's an impressive background, indeed! And you are entirely right! Please tell us more about your unique investment method. It already sounds intriguing! "This method aims at solving some of the most significant issues facing any investor from the fresh beginner to the savviest. This idea is about intelligent investment, realized through technology that uses Artificial Intelligence. Hedging risks and reducing or eliminating human error in trading by using complex algorithms and quite exciting solutions lead to noticeably higher investor profits. Praem Capital follows these principles and can solve the hardest problems faced by modern investors, such as asset unification, lack of experience and knowledge, excessive emotionality, ineffective strategic decisions, small start-up capital, and the fear of losing money, among others". Now it's evident that technology plays an imperative role in your life and Praem Capital. Not all investors can understand the complexity and need for technology for trading purposes. How exactly can innovation and Artificial Intelligence help you achieve your goals? How did you come up with a seemingly risk-free investment formula? "It's really all about how different technologies can, and must, complement each other! It is necessary to indicate the exact tasks of certain technologies and how they can be useful for your goals. I understand your question, however, because, by far, not everything can be solved by technology. Sometimes tools work separately; sometimes together. Either way, one can solve many problems, but "risk-free"? Risks, unfortunately, are impossible to eliminate completely. In 2019 we had a turning point,  since we understood that our technologies would minimize risks, but our goal was and remains to provide the most secure and wise investment solutions. We had to create a system, which we now call the “Secure investment concept”. The idea is that when people trade with leverage, sometimes there are situations that are called “Trading dips”. Very often, these dips result in capital loss. This means we had to find a financing partner, who would be interested in joining Praem to help protect investors’ trading balances with liquidity. As you can guess, potential financing partners needed guarantees, so at first we had a hard time. Then, Praem Capital entered into a partnership with the Luxembourg Hedge Fund. Our agreement provides a balance of insurance in risky situations that do not have universal technical solutions, which excludes the possibility of capital loss and allows to solve the problem with benefits for all parties involved. This way, we get to combine advanced technologies with trading dip insurance, which quasi eliminates investment risks. It’s really all transparent, so I invite all those interested to read about the details on our official website praem.capital, and, especially, our whitepaper". From various respectful resources, we learned that Praem Capital is about to enter a Crowd sale. This includes tokens, blockchain technology, and all that jazz. Is this true and, if so, we'd like to know more, of course! "Correct, Praem Capital will soon participate in a public token sale, or crowd sale, call it as you wish. Our next step is integrating a private blockchain – a distributed data storage registry – which will automate processes by synchronizing AI and trading bots. This will make it possible to create complex tasks for multi-level transactions, therefore, implementing cross-niche trading's revolutionary idea. We will also introduce our utility ERC-20 standard PRM token! It will allow investors to access several services until the complete ecosystem is launched. Each user will be able to choose one of six investment plans that include a percentage of interest from income generated by financial instruments, trading dip insurance, and PRM tokens, as an investment guarantee. During the two months of Crowdfunding, investors can update their plans using their increased capital. All investing plans will be valid indefinitely when investors switch to the ready-made ecosystem. Those who will not be able to join Praem Capital during the token sale stage will have an opportunity to purchase a subscription in the future. Also, I must emphasise that Praem Capital's partnership with the hedge fund marks the beginning of the company's B2B technology integration”. AI technology is a trend of our time, and many corporations are mastering this technology, and probably many people want to know how it works. Can you tell us more about using Artificial Intelligence for investment and trading purposes? “Praem Capital combines Artificial Intelligence and Big Data. We started to build various machine learning bots, a shortcut for artificial intelligence algorithms, using a specific type of data sets like social, economic, financial and political data. In our jargon, we say that we “train” data sets. We trained them concurrently and used them to start building an ecosystem, for which we are allocating funds at the moment. Identifying patterns with AI helps us make predictions and then comparing these predictions with what happened in various markets. The accuracy of these predictions allowed us to make valuable recommendations for trading. This is the core of our technology. It’s understandable that even with the best of what technology has to offer, risk zero does not exist, it is like perfection, one can only tend towards it. In 2019 we came closer. I found a solution with which we could ensure uninterrupted performance for our trading tools. Investor’s profit has a double trigger, the PRM token growth and the interest in the financial instrument-generated income. The PRM token price depends on our total capitalization that is composed of transaction excess profit and AI market value. The more transactions the bots execute, the more data the AI acquires for further learning, improving its intelligence, IQ so to speak, therefore gaining market value. This way, we increase capitalization, which benefits our investors, through the increase of our token value”. Sounds logical. Could you tell us what Praem Capital investors, or partners will gain from joining this interesting journey? “As I mentioned in my answer to one of the previous questions, after lots of negotiations, we were able to find a partner in 2019. One of my partners had a connection with some officials from a Luxemburger hedge fund. We presented our existing technologies and shared our plans (NDA). We agreed to create a unique, balanced project financing system, with little to no risks for our partners. We provide our partners with 30% of PRM tokens and 50% from the excess profit generated by our financial instruments. Investor funding immediately goes into operation of financial instruments. Alongside this, the fund gives us a budget equivalent to these investments. With an allocated budget, it becomes possible to implement other instruments for development, marketing & partner program, etc”. Ok, fair enough. And what do you get in return? Are there any affiliate programmes? “First and foremost, capital security for our investors.  In the fortuitous occurrence of a trading dip hitting -50%, we are able to provide our investors with a 100% balance top-up, in order to cut the dip in half, allowing our financial mechanisms to continue its profitable order execution. It is also important to note the imperative to attract associates for our affiliate business programme. Such partners will be able to attract new players who, in turn, will receive motivating rewards through our ranked and referral programmes. Attracting new investors is valuable from our side because each new person brings their own contribution to the development of AI and each new investment helps honing our technology towards its full potential. We came to the conclusion that introducing affiliates was a great way to increase the will of our existing partners to attract new participants by creating an opportunity to earn not just from the project but also from the partner program”. "Praem Capital's partnership with the Luxembourg Hedge Fund marks the beginning of the company's B2B technology integration. After the launch of our ecosystem, the next important milestone aimed at the company's growth will be obtaining a FINMA license (Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority). The company's globalization will allow it to go public (IPO) and realize its next goal – creating the Praem Exchange. I truly believe Praem Capital has an excellent potential for growth and development. We observe how modern technology is changing traditional trading formats and automating all related processes at a high rate. I already explained how the currently available trading instruments aren't protected against operational risks. Praem Capital not only can change lives but also has the potential resources to transform the fundamental approach to the investment market and offers non-trivial digital solutions to the main issues of this industry." Nicolas, thank you for being so open about Praem Capital and your distinctive technologies. For our last question, please tell us what you think the future entails for Praem Capital? What will your next steps be?

FINALLY, A SOLUTION FOR LOW-RISK INVESTING? CEO NICOLAS DURR EXPLAINS IT ALL

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The Startups of The Year 2024 showcases exceptional companies across 100 industries. Nominations are based on regional and industrial excellence, not just location. This series will detail our key industries and demonstrate how HackerNoon can help you explore them further. Our society needs every industry to continue functioning, but there is one industry that deserves a special shoutout: Programming. Technology and the internet have become central to daily life, which, in turn, has transformed programmers into essential members of not just the workforce, but of all of society. They’re the ones making sure everything runs smoothly. They’re the architects of the digital age, ensuring everything from our bank apps to traffic lights continues working. Startups of The Year 2024 & Programming Just as programmers are the driving force of making sure our society runs smoothly, programming startups are the driving force behind innovation. Without their creativity, our tech-dependent society would lag behind modern demands. They have pushed boundaries in the past and continue to do so to create new tech and software to benefit us all. However, the term programming is very broad and covers a wide range of disciplines and specializations. Within programming, there are sub-industries like web development, mobile app creation, cybersecurity, and data science. Here are a couple more sub-industries to check out: Developer Tools
Software Development
Mobile-app-development
Opensource
Operating System
IT Services
Devops
Web development
Software Monetization
SaaS A WORD FROM OUR SPONSORS:
At Bright Data, we understand the technical challenges of scaling web data collection for startups. Our solutions provide real-time, scalable access to public web data, enabling businesses to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the competition. We’re thrilled to partner with HackerNoon’s 2024 Startups of The Year initiative to celebrate the innovation driving today’s tech ecosystem.”
— Or Lenchner, CEO of Bright Data Nominate and vote for your favorite Programming companies here! If you're a nominee, share more by completing the Programming Startup Interview Template. Programming on HackerNoon HackerNoon is a go-to spot for programmers. Not only do many of our contributors come from the programming world, but we also have an incredible team of developers who keep HackerNoon running smoothly. In fact, they're the brains behind the HackerNoon mobile app, which lets you read, listen to, and even write articles on the go! Whether you're cleaning, working out, or commuting, you can listen to article voiceovers or write down that flash of inspiration wherever you are. But if you really want to know how deep HackerNoon is in the programming weeds, all you have to do is check out our GitHub. There, you’ll find all our open-source projects and data. Take a peak at the Startups of the Year data which includes the winners and number of votes categorized by city, continent, and industry. You can also explore our Pixel Icon Library, Emoji Credibility Indicators, Rich Markdown Editor, and Free Internet Plugin projects - all are open-source and free to use. Plus, don’t forget to explore the Programming Tech Category where you can find all programming stories in one place, covering topics from Frontend and DevOps to JavaScript and Python. Also, check out our top Programming writers, a weekly ranking of our most prolific tech category writers! Start Writing About Programming Today! Click here or use this writing template! Meet Our Current Top Programming Writers Vaibhav: A rising star, Vaibhav only began publishing on HackerNoon in October 2024 but has quickly climbed to the top spot in Programming, thanks to his detailed guides. Read his work: Navigation Bar Tutorial in iOS 18 - #30DaysOfSwift.
Maximiliano Contieri: Guess we can call Maximiliano a veteran since he’s been writing on HackerNoon since 2017! No wonder his expertise has been noticed with bangers like 40+ Thought-Provoking Software Engineering Quotes, NULL: The Billion Dollar Mistake, and The Fermi Paradox Explained in 5 Levels of Difficulty.
Alex Merced: A Developer Advocate making waves with content on Python and JavaScript. Read his guide: Want to Master Javascript Design Patterns? Here's Everything You Need to Know! Programming Stories to Kickstart Your Journey OpenTelemetry Tracing in Spring Boot: Choosing Between Java Agent and Micrometer Tracing by Nicolas Fränkel This post compares OpenTelemetry tracing solutions in a Spring Boot application using Java Agent v1, Java Agent v2, and Micrometer Tracing. It highlights differences in configuration, functionality, and tracing capabilities, offering insights into the effectiveness and application of each approach for observability. https://hackernoon.com/opentelemetry-tracing-in-spring-boot-choosing-between-java-agent-and-micrometer-for?embedable=true Why Is MEV Protection Crucial for RPC nodes? by Crypto Bro MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) is extracting value from a blockchain network by adding, removing, or reordering transactions included in a block. https://hackernoon.com/why-is-mev-protection-crucial-for-rpc-nodes?embedable=true Hidden Gems of C and C++ That You Probably Don't Know by Ilia C++ is a great language with too many features. I have experienced multiple "WTF" moments throughout my career as a C++ developer. In this story, you will find the most entertaining aspects of C and C++ programming condensed in the form of tests. No way you can get more than a couple of questions right. https://hackernoon.com/hidden-gems-of-c-and-c-that-you-probably-dont-know?embedable=true That’s all for today! PS: Remember to nominate and vote for your favorite Programming companies - do it here! About HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year Startups of The Year 2024 is HackerNoon’s flagship community-driven event celebrating startups, technology, and the spirit of innovation. Currently in its third iteration, the prestigious Internet award recognizes and celebrates tech startups of all shapes and sizes. This year, over 150,000 entities across 4200+ cities, 6 continents, and 100+ industries will participate in a bid to be crowned the best startup of the year! Millions of votes have been cast over the past few years, and many stories have been written about these daring and rising startups. The winners will get a free interview on HackerNoon and an Evergreen Tech Company News page. Visit our FAQ page to learn more. Download our design assets here. Check out the Startups of the Year Merch Shophere. HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year is a branding opportunity unlike any other. Whether your goal is brand awareness or lead generation, HackerNoon has curated startup-friendly packages to solve your marketing challenges. Meet our sponsors: Wellfound: Join the #1 global, startup-focused community. At Wellfound, we're not just a job board—we're the place where top startup talent and the world's most exciting companies connect to build the future. Notion: Notion is trusted and loved by thousands of startups as their connected workspace—from building product roadmaps to tracking fundraising. Try Notion with unlimited AI, FREE for up to 6 months, to build and scale your company with one powerful tool. Get your offer now! Hubspot: If you’re looking for a smart CRM platform that meets the needs of small businesses, look no further than HubSpot. Seamlessly connect your data, teams and customers in one easy-to-use scalable platform that grows with your business. Bright Data: Startups that leverage public web data can make faster, data-driven decisions, giving them a competitive edge. With Bright Data’s scalable web data collection, businesses can grow from a small operation to an enterprise by harnessing insights at every stage. The Startups of The Year 2024 showcases exceptional companies across 100 industries. Nominations are based on regional and industrial excellence, not just location. This series will detail our key industries and demonstrate how HackerNoon can help you explore them further. The Startups of The Year 2024 showcases exceptional companies across 100 industries . Nominations are based on regional and industrial excellence, not just location. This series will detail our key industries and demonstrate how HackerNoon can help you explore them further. The Startups of The Year 2024 100 industries Our society needs every industry to continue functioning, but there is one industry that deserves a special shoutout: Programming . Programming Technology and the internet have become central to daily life, which, in turn, has transformed programmers into essential members of not just the workforce, but of all of society. They’re the ones making sure everything runs smoothly. They’re the architects of the digital age, ensuring everything from our bank apps to traffic lights continues working. Startups of The Year 2024 & Programming Just as programmers are the driving force of making sure our society runs smoothly, programming startups are the driving force behind innovation. Without their creativity, our tech-dependent society would lag behind modern demands. They have pushed boundaries in the past and continue to do so to create new tech and software to benefit us all. However, the term programming is very broad and covers a wide range of disciplines and specializations. Within programming, there are sub-industries like web development, mobile app creation, cybersecurity, and data science. Here are a couple more sub-industries to check out: programming Developer Tools Software Development Mobile-app-development Opensource Operating System IT Services Devops Web development Software Monetization SaaS Developer Tools Developer Tools Software Development Software Development Mobile-app-development Mobile-app-development Opensource Opensource Operating System Operating System IT Services IT Services Devops Devops Web development Web development Software Monetization Software Monetization SaaS SaaS A WORD FROM OUR SPONSORS: At Bright Data, we understand the technical challenges of scaling web data collection for startups. Our solutions provide real-time, scalable access to public web data, enabling businesses to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the competition. We’re thrilled to partner with HackerNoon’s 2024 Startups of The Year initiative to celebrate the innovation driving today’s tech ecosystem.” — Or Lenchner, CEO of Bright Data A WORD FROM OUR SPONSORS: At Bright Data, we understand the technical challenges of scaling web data collection for startups. Our solutions provide real-time, scalable access to public web data, enabling businesses to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the competition. We’re thrilled to partner with HackerNoon’s 2024 Startups of The Year initiative to celebrate the innovation driving today’s tech ecosystem.” — Or Lenchner, CEO of Bright Data Bright Data Nominate and vote for your favorite Programming companies here! If you're a nominee, share more by completing the Programming Startup Interview Template. Nominate and vote for your favorite Programming companies here ! If you're a nominee, share more by completing the Programming Startup Interview Template . here Programming Startup Interview Template Programming on HackerNoon HackerNoon is a go-to spot for programmers. Not only do many of our contributors come from the programming world, but we also have an incredible team of developers who keep HackerNoon running smoothly. In fact, they're the brains behind the HackerNoon mobile app , which lets you read, listen to, and even write articles on the go! Whether you're cleaning, working out, or commuting, you can listen to article voiceovers or write down that flash of inspiration wherever you are. HackerNoon mobile app write But if you really want to know how deep HackerNoon is in the programming weeds, all you have to do is check out our GitHub . There, you’ll find all our open-source projects and data. Take a peak at the Startups of the Year data which includes the winners and number of votes categorized by city, continent, and industry. You can also explore our Pixel Icon Library , Emoji Credibility Indicators , Rich Markdown Editor , and Free Internet Plugin projects - all are open-source and free to use. GitHub Startups of the Year data Pixel Icon Library Emoji Credibility Indicators Rich Markdown Editor Free Internet Plugin Plus, don’t forget to explore the Programming Tech Category where you can find all programming stories in one place, covering topics from Frontend and DevOps to JavaScript and Python . Also, check out our top Programming writers , a weekly ranking of our most prolific tech category writers! programming Frontend DevOps JavaScript Python top Programming writers Start Writing About Programming Today! Click here or use this writing template! Start Writing About Programming Today! Click here or use this writing template ! here this writing template Meet Our Current Top Programming Writers Meet Our Current Top Programming Writers Vaibhav: A rising star, Vaibhav only began publishing on HackerNoon in October 2024 but has quickly climbed to the top spot in Programming, thanks to his detailed guides. Read his work: Navigation Bar Tutorial in iOS 18 - #30DaysOfSwift. Maximiliano Contieri: Guess we can call Maximiliano a veteran since he’s been writing on HackerNoon since 2017! No wonder his expertise has been noticed with bangers like 40+ Thought-Provoking Software Engineering Quotes, NULL: The Billion Dollar Mistake, and The Fermi Paradox Explained in 5 Levels of Difficulty. Alex Merced: A Developer Advocate making waves with content on Python and JavaScript. Read his guide: Want to Master Javascript Design Patterns? Here's Everything You Need to Know! Vaibhav: A rising star, Vaibhav only began publishing on HackerNoon in October 2024 but has quickly climbed to the top spot in Programming, thanks to his detailed guides. Read his work: Navigation Bar Tutorial in iOS 18 - #30DaysOfSwift . Vaibhav : Vaibhav Navigation Bar Tutorial in iOS 18 - #30DaysOfSwift Maximiliano Contieri: Guess we can call Maximiliano a veteran since he’s been writing on HackerNoon since 2017! No wonder his expertise has been noticed with bangers like 40+ Thought-Provoking Software Engineering Quotes , NULL: The Billion Dollar Mistake , and The Fermi Paradox Explained in 5 Levels of Difficulty . Maximiliano Contieri : Maximiliano Contieri 40+ Thought-Provoking Software Engineering Quotes NULL: The Billion Dollar Mistake The Fermi Paradox Explained in 5 Levels of Difficulty Alex Merced: A Developer Advocate making waves with content on Python and JavaScript. Read his guide: Want to Master Javascript Design Patterns? Here's Everything You Need to Know! Alex Merced : Alex Merced Want to Master Javascript Design Patterns? Here's Everything You Need to Know! Programming Stories to Kickstart Your Journey Programming Stories to Kickstart Your Journey OpenTelemetry Tracing in Spring Boot: Choosing Between Java Agent and Micrometer Tracing by Nicolas Fränkel OpenTelemetry Tracing in Spring Boot: Choosing Between Java Agent and Micrometer Tracing by Nicolas Fränkel OpenTelemetry Tracing in Spring Boot: Choosing Between Java Agent and Micrometer Tracing by Nicolas Fränkel OpenTelemetry Tracing in Spring Boot: Choosing Between Java Agent and Micrometer Tracing Nicolas Fränkel This post compares OpenTelemetry tracing solutions in a Spring Boot application using Java Agent v1, Java Agent v2, and Micrometer Tracing. It highlights differences in configuration, functionality, and tracing capabilities, offering insights into the effectiveness and application of each approach for observability. https://hackernoon.com/opentelemetry-tracing-in-spring-boot-choosing-between-java-agent-and-micrometer-for?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/opentelemetry-tracing-in-spring-boot-choosing-between-java-agent-and-micrometer-for?embedable=true Why Is MEV Protection Crucial for RPC nodes? by Crypto Bro Why Is MEV Protection Crucial for RPC nodes? by Crypto Bro Why Is MEV Protection Crucial for RPC nodes? by Crypto Bro Why Is MEV Protection Crucial for RPC nodes? Crypto Bro MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) is extracting value from a blockchain network by adding, removing, or reordering transactions included in a block. https://hackernoon.com/why-is-mev-protection-crucial-for-rpc-nodes?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/why-is-mev-protection-crucial-for-rpc-nodes?embedable=true Hidden Gems of C and C++ That You Probably Don't Know by Ilia Hidden Gems of C and C++ That You Probably Don't Know by Ilia Hidden Gems of C and C++ That You Probably Don't Know by Ilia Hidden Gems of C and C++ That You Probably Don't Know Ilia C++ is a great language with too many features. I have experienced multiple "WTF" moments throughout my career as a C++ developer. In this story, you will find the most entertaining aspects of C and C++ programming condensed in the form of tests. No way you can get more than a couple of questions right. https://hackernoon.com/hidden-gems-of-c-and-c-that-you-probably-dont-know?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/hidden-gems-of-c-and-c-that-you-probably-dont-know?embedable=true That’s all for today! PS: Remember to nominate and vote for your favorite Programming companies - do it here! PS: Remember to nominate and vote for your favorite Programming companies - do it here ! here About HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year Startups of The Year 2024 is HackerNoon’s flagship community-driven event celebrating startups, technology, and the spirit of innovation. Currently in its third iteration, the prestigious Internet award recognizes and celebrates tech startups of all shapes and sizes. This year, over 150,000 entities across 4200+ cities, 6 continents, and 100+ industries will participate in a bid to be crowned the best startup of the year! Millions of votes have been cast over the past few years, and many stories have been written about these daring and rising startups. Startups of The Year 2024 many stories The winners will get a free interview on HackerNoon and an Evergreen Tech Company News page. free interview Evergreen Tech Company News Visit our FAQ page to learn more. FAQ page Download our design assets here . here Check out the Startups of the Year Merch Shop here . here HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year is a branding opportunity unlike any other. Whether your goal is brand awareness or lead generation, HackerNoon has curated startup-friendly packages to solve your marketing challenges. startup-friendly packages Meet our sponsors: Meet our sponsors: Wellfound: Join the #1 global, startup-focused community . At Wellfound, we're not just a job board—we're the place where top startup talent and the world's most exciting companies connect to build the future. 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Startups of The Year: Meet the Programming Industry

شركات ناشئة لهذا العام: تعرف على صناعة البرمجة

Startups del año: conozca la industria de la programación

वर्ष के स्टार्टअप: प्रोग्रामिंग उद्योग से मिलिए

Startupi godine: Upoznajte industriju programiranja

Startup Tahun Ini: Temui Industri Pemrograman

今年のスタートアップ: プログラミング業界を知る

Metų startuoliai: susipažinkite su programavimo pramone

Permulaan Tahun Ini: Temui Industri Pengaturcaraan

Dithomelo tša Ngwaga: Kopana le Intasteri ya Mananeo

Стартапҳои сол: Бо саноати барномасозӣ вохӯред

Стартапи року: знайомство з індустрією програмування

年度初创企业：了解编程行业

Table of Links Abstract


Introduction
Background
Reinforcement Learning
Similar Work


Methodology
DRLAgent Design


Training Procedures


Testing Procedures


Results


SABR Experiments


Conclusions


Appendix A


References REFERENCES Assa, H., C. Kenyon, and H. Zhang. 2021. “Assessing Reinforcement Delta Hedging.” SSRN SSRN 3918375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3918375. Black, F., and M. Scholes. 1973. “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities” 81 (3): 637– 54. https://doi.org/10.1086/260062. Cao, Jay, Jacky Chen, Soroush Farghadani, John Hull, Zissis Poulos, Zeyu Wang, and Jun Yuan. 2023. “Gamma and Vega Hedging Using Deep Distributional Reinforcement Learning.” Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 6. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1129370. Cao, Jay, Jacky Chen, John Hull, and Zissis Poulos. 2021. “Deep Hedging of Derivatives Using Reinforcement Learning.” The Journal of Financial Data Science 3 (1): 10–27. https://doi.org/10.3905/jfds.2020.1.052. Chebyshev, P. 1864. “Sur l’interpolation.” Zapiski Akademii Nauk 1 (4): 539–60. Du, Jiayi, Muyang Jin, Petter N. Kolm, Gordon Ritter, Yixuan Wang, and Bofei Zhang. 2020. “Deep Reinforcement Learning for Option Replication and Hedging.” The Journal of Financial Data Science 2 (4): 44–57. https://doi.org/10.3905/jfds.2020.1.045. Fathi, A., and B. Hientzsch. 2023. “A Comparison of Reinforcement Learning and Deep Trajectory Based Stochastic Control Agents for Stepwise Mean-Variance Hedging.” arXiv arXiv:2302.07996. Florescu, Ionuţ, and Cristian Gabriel Pãsãricã. 2009. “A Study about the Existence of the Leverage Effect in Stochastic Volatility Models.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 388 (4): 419–32. Giurca, B., and S. Borovkova. 2021. “Delta Hedging of Derivatives Using Deep Reinforcement Learning.” SSRN SSRN 3847272. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3847272. Glau, Kathrin, Micro Mahlstedt, and Christian Potz. 2018. “A New Approach for American Option Pricing: The Dynamic Chebyshev Method.” arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1806.05579. Hagan, Patrick, Deep Kumar, Andrew Lesniewski, and Diana Woodward. 2002. “Managing Smile Risk.” Wilmott Magazine 1 (January): 84–108. Halperin, Igor. 2017. “QLBS: Q-Learner in the Black-Scholes(-Merton) Worlds.” The Journal of Derivatives 28 (1): 99–122. https://doi.org/10.3905/jod.2020.1.108. Heston, Steven L. 1993. “A Closed-Form Solution for Options with Stochastic Volatility with Applications to Bond and Currency Options.” The Review of Financial Studies 6 (2): 327–43. Hull, John, 1946-. 2012. Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives. Eighth edition. Boston : Prentice Hall, [2012] ©2012. https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9910112878402121. Kolm, Petter N., and Gordon Ritter. 2019. “Dynamic Replication and Hedging: A Reinforcement Learning Approach.” The Journal of Financial Data Science 1 (1): 159–71. https://doi.org/10.3905/jfds.2019.1.1.159. Lillicrap, Timothy, Johnathan J. Hunt, Alexander Pritzel, Nicolas Heess, Tom Erez, Yuval Tassa, David Silver, and Daan Wierstra. 2015. “Continuous Control with Deep Reinforcement Learning.” arXiv arXiv:1509.02971. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1509.02971. Lin, Long-Ji. 1992. “Self-Improving Reactive Agents Based on Reinforcement Learning, Planning and Teaching.” Machine Learning 8 (3): 293–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992699. Liu, Peng. 2023. “A Review on Derivative Hedging Using Reinforcement Learning.” The Journal of Financial Data Science. https://doi.org/10.3905/jfds.2023.1.124. Longstaff, Francis A., and Eduardo S. Schwartz. 2001. “Valuing American Options by Simulation: A Simple Least-Squares Approach.” UCLA: Finance. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43n1k4jb. Mikkilä, Oskari, and Juho Kanniainen. 2023. “Empirical Deep Hedging.” Quantitative Finance 23 (1): 111–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697688.2022.2136037. Mnih, V., K. Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, A. Graves, I. Antonoglou, Daan Wierstra, and M. Riedmiller. 2013. “Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning.” arXiv arXiv:1312.5602. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1312.5602. Murray, Phillip, B. Wood, H. Buehler, Magnus Wiese, and Mikko Pakkanen. 2022. “Deep Hedging: Continuous Reinforcement Learning for Hedging of General Portfolios across Multiple Risk Aversions.” In ICAIF ’22: Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on AI in Finance, 361–68. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3533271.3561731. Pham, Uyen, Quoc Luu, and Hien Tran. 2021. “Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach for Hedging Portfolio Problem.” Soft Computing 25 (12): 7877–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-05801-6. Pickard, Reilly, and Yuri Lawryshyn. 2023. “Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Stock Option Hedging: A Review.” Mathematics 11 (24). https://doi.org/10.3390/math11244943. Silver, David, Aja Huang, Chris J. Maddison, Arthur Guez, Laurent Sifre, George van den Driessche, Julian Schrittwieser, et al. 2016. “Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search.” Nature 529 (7587): 484–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961. Smith, Leslie N. 2018. “A Disciplined Approach to Neural Network Hyper-Parameters: Part 1 -- Learning Rate, Batch Size, Momentum, and Weight Decay.” https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1803.09820. Sutton, Richard S., and Andrew G. Barto. 2018. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. A Bradford Book. Watkins, Christopher John Cornish Hellaby. 1989. “Learning from Delayed Rewards.” King’s College. https://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/~chrisw/new_thesis.pdf. Xiao, B., W. Yao, and X. Zhou. 2021. “Optimal Option Hedging with Policy Gradient.” In 2021 International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), 1112–19. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDMW53433.2021.00145. Xu, Wei, and Bing Dai. 2022. “Delta-Gamma–Like Hedging with Transaction Cost under Reinforcement Learning Technique.” The Journal of Derivatives 29 (5): 60–82. https://doi.org/10.3905/jod.2022.1.156. Zheng, C., J. He, and C. Yang. 2023. “Option Dynamic Hedging Using Reinforcement Learning.” arXiv arXiv:2306.10743. Authors:
(1) Reilly Pickard, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada (reilly.pickard@mail.utoronto.ca);
(2) Finn Wredenhagen, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada;
(3) Julio DeJesus, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada;
(4) Mario Schlener, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada;
(5) Yuri Lawryshyn, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Deed (Attribution-Noncommercial-Sharelike 4.0 International) license. Table of Links Abstract Introduction
Background
Reinforcement Learning
Similar Work Methodology
DRLAgent Design Training Procedures Testing Procedures Results SABR Experiments Conclusions Appendix A References Abstract Abstract Abstract Introduction Background Reinforcement Learning Similar Work Introduction Background Background Reinforcement Learning Reinforcement Learning Similar Work Similar Work Methodology DRLAgent Design Methodology Methodology DRLAgent Design DRLAgent Design Training Procedures Training Procedures Training Procedures Testing Procedures Testing Procedures Testing Procedures Results Results Results SABR Experiments SABR Experiments SABR Experiments Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions Appendix A Appendix A Appendix A References References References REFERENCES Assa, H., C. Kenyon, and H. Zhang. 2021. “Assessing Reinforcement Delta Hedging.” SSRN SSRN 3918375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3918375. Black, F., and M. Scholes. 1973. “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities” 81 (3): 637– 54. https://doi.org/10.1086/260062. Cao, Jay, Jacky Chen, Soroush Farghadani, John Hull, Zissis Poulos, Zeyu Wang, and Jun Yuan. 2023. “Gamma and Vega Hedging Using Deep Distributional Reinforcement Learning.” Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 6. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2023.1129370. Cao, Jay, Jacky Chen, John Hull, and Zissis Poulos. 2021. “Deep Hedging of Derivatives Using Reinforcement Learning.” The Journal of Financial Data Science 3 (1): 10–27. https://doi.org/10.3905/jfds.2020.1.052. Chebyshev, P. 1864. “Sur l’interpolation.” Zapiski Akademii Nauk 1 (4): 539–60. Du, Jiayi, Muyang Jin, Petter N. Kolm, Gordon Ritter, Yixuan Wang, and Bofei Zhang. 2020. “Deep Reinforcement Learning for Option Replication and Hedging.” The Journal of Financial Data Science 2 (4): 44–57. https://doi.org/10.3905/jfds.2020.1.045. Fathi, A., and B. Hientzsch. 2023. “A Comparison of Reinforcement Learning and Deep Trajectory Based Stochastic Control Agents for Stepwise Mean-Variance Hedging.” arXiv arXiv:2302.07996. Florescu, Ionuţ, and Cristian Gabriel Pãsãricã. 2009. “A Study about the Existence of the Leverage Effect in Stochastic Volatility Models.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 388 (4): 419–32. Giurca, B., and S. Borovkova. 2021. “Delta Hedging of Derivatives Using Deep Reinforcement Learning.” SSRN SSRN 3847272. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3847272. Glau, Kathrin, Micro Mahlstedt, and Christian Potz. 2018. “A New Approach for American Option Pricing: The Dynamic Chebyshev Method.” arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1806.05579. Hagan, Patrick, Deep Kumar, Andrew Lesniewski, and Diana Woodward. 2002. “Managing Smile Risk.” Wilmott Magazine 1 (January): 84–108. Halperin, Igor. 2017. “QLBS: Q-Learner in the Black-Scholes(-Merton) Worlds.” The Journal of Derivatives 28 (1): 99–122. https://doi.org/10.3905/jod.2020.1.108. Heston, Steven L. 1993. “A Closed-Form Solution for Options with Stochastic Volatility with Applications to Bond and Currency Options.” The Review of Financial Studies 6 (2): 327–43. Hull, John, 1946-. 2012. Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives. Eighth edition. Boston : Prentice Hall, [2012] ©2012. https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9910112878402121. Kolm, Petter N., and Gordon Ritter. 2019. “Dynamic Replication and Hedging: A Reinforcement Learning Approach.” The Journal of Financial Data Science 1 (1): 159–71. https://doi.org/10.3905/jfds.2019.1.1.159. Lillicrap, Timothy, Johnathan J. Hunt, Alexander Pritzel, Nicolas Heess, Tom Erez, Yuval Tassa, David Silver, and Daan Wierstra. 2015. “Continuous Control with Deep Reinforcement Learning.” arXiv arXiv:1509.02971. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1509.02971. Lin, Long-Ji. 1992. “Self-Improving Reactive Agents Based on Reinforcement Learning, Planning and Teaching.” Machine Learning 8 (3): 293–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992699. Liu, Peng. 2023. “A Review on Derivative Hedging Using Reinforcement Learning.” The Journal of Financial Data Science. https://doi.org/10.3905/jfds.2023.1.124. Longstaff, Francis A., and Eduardo S. Schwartz. 2001. “Valuing American Options by Simulation: A Simple Least-Squares Approach.” UCLA: Finance. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43n1k4jb. Mikkilä, Oskari, and Juho Kanniainen. 2023. “Empirical Deep Hedging.” Quantitative Finance 23 (1): 111–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697688.2022.2136037. Mnih, V., K. Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, A. Graves, I. Antonoglou, Daan Wierstra, and M. Riedmiller. 2013. “Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning.” arXiv arXiv:1312.5602. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1312.5602. Murray, Phillip, B. Wood, H. Buehler, Magnus Wiese, and Mikko Pakkanen. 2022. “Deep Hedging: Continuous Reinforcement Learning for Hedging of General Portfolios across Multiple Risk Aversions.” In ICAIF ’22: Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on AI in Finance, 361–68. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3533271.3561731. Pham, Uyen, Quoc Luu, and Hien Tran. 2021. “Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach for Hedging Portfolio Problem.” Soft Computing 25 (12): 7877–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-05801-6. Pickard, Reilly, and Yuri Lawryshyn. 2023. “Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Stock Option Hedging: A Review.” Mathematics 11 (24). https://doi.org/10.3390/math11244943. Silver, David, Aja Huang, Chris J. Maddison, Arthur Guez, Laurent Sifre, George van den Driessche, Julian Schrittwieser, et al. 2016. “Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search.” Nature 529 (7587): 484–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961. Smith, Leslie N. 2018. “A Disciplined Approach to Neural Network Hyper-Parameters: Part 1 -- Learning Rate, Batch Size, Momentum, and Weight Decay.” https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1803.09820. Sutton, Richard S., and Andrew G. Barto. 2018. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. A Bradford Book. Watkins, Christopher John Cornish Hellaby. 1989. “Learning from Delayed Rewards.” King’s College. https://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/~chrisw/new_thesis.pdf. Xiao, B., W. Yao, and X. Zhou. 2021. “Optimal Option Hedging with Policy Gradient.” In 2021 International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), 1112–19. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDMW53433.2021.00145. Xu, Wei, and Bing Dai. 2022. “Delta-Gamma–Like Hedging with Transaction Cost under Reinforcement Learning Technique.” The Journal of Derivatives 29 (5): 60–82. https://doi.org/10.3905/jod.2022.1.156. Zheng, C., J. He, and C. Yang. 2023. “Option Dynamic Hedging Using Reinforcement Learning.” arXiv arXiv:2306.10743. Authors: (1) Reilly Pickard, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada (reilly.pickard@mail.utoronto.ca); (2) Finn Wredenhagen, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada; (3) Julio DeJesus, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada; (4) Mario Schlener, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada; (5) Yuri Lawryshyn, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada. Authors: Authors: (1) Reilly Pickard, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada ( reilly.pickard@mail.utoronto.ca ); reilly.pickard@mail.utoronto.ca (2) Finn Wredenhagen, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada; (3) Julio DeJesus, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada; (4) Mario Schlener, Ernst & Young LLP, Toronto, ON, M5H 0B3, Canada; (5) Yuri Lawryshyn, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Deed (Attribution-Noncommercial-Sharelike 4.0 International) license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Deed (Attribution-Noncommercial-Sharelike 4.0 International) license. available on arxiv available on arxiv

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