Newrope

newrope

TOKYO, JAPAN - HackerNoon, the technology publishing company, is pleased to announce the nominees for its annual “ ” award, featuring the most promising and innovative companies in the Tokyo startup ecosystem. Startups of the Year The list, compiled by the HackerNoon team, showcases over 38 startups that are making significant contributions to the Tokyo economy and driving innovation in their respective industries. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqIW54yMsNc&t=2s&embedable=true People around the world can  nominating their favorite startups in Tokyo by visiting Startups of the Year 2023: Tokyo, Japan Among the nominees in Tokyo for Startups of the Year 2023 are: FingerVision Yaraku Visual Alpha ZenGengo SHINRA Diver-X Newrope All of these startups have demonstrated remarkable growth and innovation in their fields. “We are thrilled to recognize the top startups in Tokyo and celebrate their achievements,” said David Smooke, HackerNoon Founder & CEO. “These startups are redefining what it means to be innovative, and we are honored to showcase their work and impact.” is a community-driven voting platform that recognizes startups that are changing technology and the world for the better. Starting May 8th, 2023, the internet can nominate and vote for the best ventures in their city. The voting period will remain open until December 31, 2023, and winners will be announced in January 2024 after a comprehensive evaluation by the HackerNoon team. Startups of the Year 2023 In its , a total of 44,427 startups were nominated in 16 different regions, and the community cast 234,344 votes during a 6-month long campaign in favor of budding companies that were growing and trending across every major city in the world. The received perks from sponsors, like , and a from HackerNoon. previous iteration 1,382 winners 3,000 Brex Points tech company news page As a proponent of the open data movement, HackerNoon releases the unique social data gathered from Startups of the Year on GitHub as “ ” for valuable insights. /where-startups-trend Apart from validation from the world's greenest tech publication, all nominees relevant to their domain, region, and funding. They will also receive an and a free version of their very own on HackerNoon. get free interviews amazing discount package designed for their startup Tech Company News Page These pages include business overviews (such as head count, founding year, bio, social links, and domain ranking) coupled with dynamic updates every time the company is mentioned in HackerNoon stories or relevant headlines around the web. People can nominate their favorite startups until June 8th, and vote once per day per award for who they think should be Startup of the Year starting all the way up to December 31st. In addition to the award itself, winners receive exclusive interviews, an exclusive NFT from HackerNoon, and a . for life. Tech Domain About HackerNoon HackerNoon is a technology publication that aims to empower developers, entrepreneurs, and tech enthusiasts to share their knowledge and expertise with a global audience. With a readership of over 4M+ monthly visitors, HackerNoon provides a platform for startups and innovators to showcase their work and connect with a vibrant community of like-minded individuals. About Tokyo Startups Tokyo is one of the largest metropolises in the world. Home to companies like Sony, Toyota, and Nintendo, the global image of Tokyo screams technology. With that reputation, the startup scene in the city is growing like it never has before. The Government of Japan has also placed their bets in startups to help strengthen the national economy, and even offer get off the ground. programs to help startups in Tokyo In a country with a declining birth rate, startups can not only strengthen the Japanese economy, but also attract a foreign workforce and bring new life to the country. HackerNoon is proud to honor these Japanese startups helping to make a positive impact. People around the world can start voting for and nominating their favorite startups in Tokyo by visiting Startups of the Year 2023: Tokyo, Japan To learn more about HackerNoon Startups of the Year 2023, visit Startups of the Year page today. FAQ Companies that blog get 67% more leads - Jumpstart your company’s blogging journey by purchasing our ‘ ’. Startups Package The 2023 Startups Of The Year is . sponsored by .Tech Domains

Startups of The Year 2023: 38+ Startups Nominated in Tokyo

2023 সালের স্টার্টআপ: টোকিওতে 38+ স্টার্টআপ মনোনীত

Startups des Jahres 2023: 38+ Startups in Tokio nominiert

Startups del año 2023: 38+ Startups nominadas en Tokio

Startups de l'année 2023 : 38+ startups nominées à Tokyo

वर्ष 2023 का स्टार्टअप: टोक्यो में 38+ स्टार्टअप नामांकित

Startups of The Year 2023: 東京で 38 社以上のスタートアップがノミネート

2023년 올해의 스타트업: 38개 이상의 스타트업이 도쿄에서 후보로 선정됨

Startups do ano de 2023: mais de 38 startups indicadas em Tóquio

2023 Yılının Startup'ları: Tokyo'da 38'den Fazla Startup Aday Gösterildi

Công ty khởi nghiệp của năm 2023: Hơn 38 công ty khởi nghiệp được đề cử tại Tokyo

2023 年度初创公司：38 多家初创公司在东京获得提名

Tarzan and the Black Boy

Ozempic: How Useful Is AlphaFold - AlphaProteo to Easing Medication Side-Effects?

There is a recent news feature in , , stating that: Nature Europe spent €600 million to recreate the human brain in a computer. How did it go? “It took 10 years, around 500 scientists and some €600 million, and now the Human Brain Project — one of the biggest research endeavours ever funded by the European Union — is coming to an end. Its audacious goal was to understand the human brain by modelling it in a computer. During its run, scientists under the umbrella of the Human Brain Project (HBP) have published thousands of papers and made significant strides in neuroscience, such as creating detailed 3D maps of at least 200 brain regions, developing brain implants to treat blindness and using supercomputers to model functions such as memory and consciousness and to advance treatments for various brain conditions.” “The HBP was promised €1 billion (US$1.1 billion) in funds. In the end, it received €607 million, including €406 million from the EU, released over four phases and trickled out to labs that competed for grants at each phase. Meanwhile, large brain projects launched or kicked into high gear elsewhere. The United States and Japan both launched brain projects around the same time as the HBP — the former will continue until 2026 and the latter is hoping to run for a total of 15 years. China’s brain project started in 2021, and Australia’s and South Korea’s projects have both entered their seventh year.” The feature quoted a neurophysicist who said, “A project that lasts over ten years, I would expect it to produce a conceptual breakthrough.” It didn’t. The other ongoing large brain projects don’t seem to have produced any conceptual breakthroughs either; so what might the problem be? Breaking Down the Human Brain The brain is a whole, and it is also in parts. The parts have intricacies that have been studied, but characteristics of parts, forming a whole, hold answers to some of the most confounding problems of modern science, most especially mental illnesses. It was “In each hemisphere of our brain, humans have a primary visual cortex, also known as V1, containing 140 million neurons, with tens of billions of connections between them. And yet human vision involves not just V1, but an entire series of visual cortices — V2, V3, V4, and V5 — doing progressively more complex image processing.” stated that There are different parts of the brain involved in different functions, with millions of neurons and billions of connections. So, how can the brain be understood for its processes across circuits? The two most important elements in any brain center are the electrical and chemical impulses of neurons. It is postulated that these impulses with their features and interactions are the human mind. In the V1, as well as in other circuits, all the electrical and chemical impulses form a loop. There are the features of impulses in these loops and how they interact that can be used to explain observations about the brain conceptually. No loop is isolated; they have inter and intra pathways. Can the Brain Predict? A common description of what the brain is said to do predictive coding, processing, and correcting prediction errors. Some have said the brain is a prediction machine, does controlled hallucination, or gives a best guess. There is no evidence anywhere in neuroscience that the brain has a distinct feature to predict anything. Also, there is no standalone function for prediction. If there isn’t, the brain cannot be said to predict or generate predictions, refuting all the assumptions of predictions. What is observed as predictions can be explained as early-splits or go-before of electrical impulses in a loop, where some proceed earlier than others to interact with chemical impulses in that loop like they had done before, such that if the interaction matches with the input, other behind do nothing different, but if it does not, the others go in the right direction. These splits feature also use old sequences as relay paths as well as prioritization or what sets attention. There is no evidence anywhere in neuroscience that the brain has a distinct feature to predict anything. Also, there is no standalone function for prediction. If there isn’t, the brain cannot be said to predict or generate predictions, refuting all the assumptions of predictions. that some electrical impulses in the same loop leap concurrently, to go first before others follow. This explains what is observed as predictions. It also explains how some things are held in mind, in a moment or what is termed working memory or short-term memory. It is postulated It explains things held in mind when speaking, typing, writing, or signing, since they are held in mind or some go first, then others follow as outputs. In a major depressive disorder, with an intense heaviness resulting in the inability to do anything, it is theorized to be a result of a feature of chemical impulses called a principal spot. There is just one principal spot on the mind, with the most domination, for any loop of chemical impulses that moves there. What represents this is the pull-then-clip of some of the stairs or drifts of chemical impulses, exceeding others across the mind. Stairs or drifts of chemical impulses are the decision points of interactions of impulses in loops. When electrical impulses strike chemical impulses in a loop, they shape how chemical impulses in that loop are rationed or filled to produce experiences, learn something new, or for neuroplasticity. The rationing also separates an emotion from a feeling, a taste from a smell, or the degree of touch. In a sharp pain, for example, the rationing or fills are reversed in a direction that results in the intensity. Something close happens with the principal spot where pull, then clip some of the neighboring loops, drawing as many pre-prioritized interactions and dominating, with outcomes such as being unable to do other things or creating effects that slow down other processes. The stairs or drifts are available at the synaptic clefts. some of the stairs or drifts In the visual cortices — V1, V2, V3, and V4, representations of the sight form of objects are encoded and then retrieved, useful to the interpretation of incoming signals. These cortices, as their own loops, use the features and interactions of impulses, with some differences in stairs or drifts — for chemical and electrical impulses. The loops are also able to connect to others, say for the color red, or the spelling, as well as the hearing of the word at the auditory cortex, or some odor say for a red flower at the olfactory cortex. The drifts in these cortices also allow emotions or feelings possible, per instance. What Makes Smell Different From Sight, or What Makes Touch Different From Taste? It is theorized that some brain centers or circuits have multiple loops of electrical and chemical impulses, whose architecture is different due to the differences in how the brain parts of the brain are packed, contributing to how the drifts or stairs are also different. There are nuclei within brain centers that are responsible for different functions; they can be said to be their own loops, where differences in their structures shape the drifts or stairs, for electrical and chemical impulses. The gyri and sulci of the cerebral cortex are hypothesized to play a significant role in how some of the loops of impulses shape functions. Though the cerebellum has more neurons than the cerebral cortex, it has fewer gyri and sulci, which is proposed to lower the amount of loops. Mammals with a smooth brain have loops of impulses for functions, but fewer than in humans. Animals with larger brains than humans have fewer loops of impulses in certain parts [including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus], even though they have more neurons, gyri, and sulci. Stairs or drifts often break out, to form new loops to prepare then determine growth stages from birth, then at puberty, pregnancy, and certain aging outcomes. Differences in humans with preferences, voices, behaviors, and so forth could also be a result of the intensity [or extensiveness of drifts] of certain loops of impulses. There are a few stairs or drifts that may fade or lose their contribution to the loop, as some synapses become weaker. There are also stairs or drifts that may influence how long some genes, within neurons, stay turned on or off. Lissencephaly could also be referred to as a problem that does not provide states for the required loops for neurons. Polymicrogyria can be said to distort loops or break them, making some incomplete, such that the drift or stairs of impulses, are unable to do what they should. All drifts or stairs of impulses have the sense of self, or subjective experience. Some of them are shaped in a way that allows for control, intentionality, or free will. For example, it is possible to open and close the eyes, but not possible to open the eyes, focus [or prioritization], and decide not to see what is there. The access to control of the eyes is possible, but the sight, even though subjective, is out of control. This applies to several other processes in the body. Some loops may contribute to this free will outcome. This is a conceptual option to understand what happens in the brain, aside, from seeking intricacies that help but do not tell the full story for answers against mental disorders. Dopamine or serotonin are never final; they are rationed in loops whose measures — in the right proportions — with other neurochemicals result in experiences. It is why medications have side effects as receptors are induced or inhibited, then the rations become affected in other circuits. The HBP and several other ongoing large projects would learn more from neuropeptides, genes, and so forth, but the human brain is operationally loop-driven, with a basis in impulses, their features, and interactions. Feature image source

Neuroscience: The Conceptual Failure of EU’s Human Brain Project and the US BRAIN Initiative

The world is a quantum entity where codes and languages are created to build technologies that solve complex problems, while data and communication are simultaneously secured with difficult-to-crack encryptions. Through innovations that have occurred over the past few years, and the future anticipated strides in this field, it is believed that quantum computing will revolutionize various fields and domains, such as artificial intelligence, chemistry, physics, and cryptography. In light of this, quantum computing is a topic you need to be aware of as a programmer, blockchain enthusiast, techie, or even a layman. What Is Quantum Computing? Quantum Computing is the next frontier of technological innovation that promises to revolutionize many fields and industries. By harnessing the power of quantum physics, quantum computers can perform calculations that are beyond the reach of classical computers, opening new possibilities for scientific discovery, optimization, and artificial intelligence. Quantum computing could solve problems that are too hard or too slow for normal computers, such as finding new drugs, aircraft modeling, creating room-temperature superconductors, optimizing traffic routes, or simulating complex systems. However, quantum computing could also affect the security of digital and blockchain networks that use cryptography to protect their data and transactions. Cryptography Explained Cryptography is the science of encoding and decoding information using mathematical techniques and algorithms. It is the technique of securing information and communications through the use of codes so that only those persons for whom the information is intended can understand it and process it, therefore preventing unauthorized access to information. A few of the numerous uses and benefits of cryptography include: Protection of users' privacy over electronic communication. Preservation and security of the integrity and authenticity of online transactions. Prevention of fraud and forgery when contracts or documents are signed electronically. Enablement of new technologies and innovations such as cryptocurrency and blockchain. Playing vital roles in cybersecurity and information technology. Blockchain Technology and Its Relationship With Cryptography and Quantum Computing Blockchain is a technology that uses cryptography to create a distributed ledger of records of transactions in a chain of blocks that are linked by cryptographic hashes. These transactions are transparent, immutable, decentralized, and thus, verified by many computers instead of one central authority. Since its inception, blockchain has been adopted for various applications beyond cryptocurrencies and digital money, such as smart contracts, supply chain management, digital identity, and more. How Quantum Computing Impacts Cryptography and Blockchain Security Quantum computing is a double-edged sword for cryptography and blockchain. On one hand, it can tamper with some of the existing cryptographic schemes by decoding complex cryptographic codes. On the other hand, it can also provide new cryptographic schemes based on quantum physics that offer higher levels of security than classical computers. Therefore, it is important to understand both the risks and opportunities of quantum computing for cryptography and blockchain and develop strategies to mitigate the former and leverage the latter. Positive Impacts Quantum computing plays a positive role in cryptography and blockchain by enabling new methods of secure communication based on quantum physics. For example, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which is a quantum cryptography method, is used to securely generate and distribute secret keys using the laws of quantum mechanics. It uses a series of photons to transmit a secret, random sequence, known as the key. By comparing measurements taken at either end of the transmission, users will know if the key has been compromised. QKD exploits two properties of quantum physics: Superposition and Entanglement Superposition means that a qubit can be in a combination of two states until measured. Entanglement means that two or more qubits can be linked together in a way that their states depend on each other, even if they are far apart. QKD works by sending qubits encoded with random bits over a quantum channel, such as an optical fiber or a free-space link. The sender and receiver use a public channel, such as a phone line or the internet, to compare some of their bits and check for errors or eavesdropping. If there are no errors or eavesdropping, they can use the remaining bits as a secret key to encrypt and decrypt their messages. If there are errors or eavesdropping, they can discard the bits and try again. QKD provides unconditional security for digital and blockchain transactions. Negative Impacts Cryptography uses one-way functions to create encryption keys, digital signatures, and hashes that secure digital and blockchain transactions. Quantum computers can potentially break some of the one-way functions that underpin cryptography by using special algorithms that can solve them faster than classical computers. For example, Shor's algorithm can factor large numbers in polynomial time using a quantum computer, effectively breaking the security of RSA and other cryptosystems based on similar mathematical problems. This could have serious implications for the security of digital and blockchain networks, as it could compromise the privacy, integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation of data and transactions. Hackers can decrypt encrypted messages, forge digital signatures, or tamper with hashes and use quantum computers to: Eavesdrop on confidential communications or steal sensitive information by breaking the encryption keys that protect them. Impersonate legitimate users or entities by forging their digital signatures or certificates that prove their identity. Alter or erase records or transactions by tampering with their hashes or timestamps that verify their integrity. Double-spend or counterfeit digital currencies by breaking the cryptographic keys or hashes that secure their transactions. These attacks could undermine the trust and reliability of digital and blockchain networks, as well as cause financial losses, legal disputes, or reputational damage for their users and participants. Hence, it is important to anticipate and prevent these threats by developing and implementing new methods of cryptography that are resistant to quantum attacks. To prevent this scenario, researchers and developers are working on new methods of cryptography that are resistant to quantum attacks. New Methods of Cryptography Being Worked on to Prevent Quantum Attacks for Better Digital & Blockchain Security The new methods of cryptography currently in the research phase to prevent quantum attacks are collectively known as post-quantum cryptography or quantum-resistant cryptography. Post-quantum cryptography aims to create and provide the same or similar functions and protocols as current cryptography, such as encryption, digital signatures, and hashing. But this is based on mathematical problems that are hard for both classical and quantum computers to solve. This can resist quantum attacks and ensure the long-term security of blockchain networks. Some of the main families of post-quantum cryptographic schemes are: This is a type of cryptography that uses mathematical structures called lattices to create and secure cryptographic schemes. Lattices are sets of points in a high-dimensional space that are arranged in a regular pattern. Lattice-based Cryptography: You can think of a lattice as a grid of dots that extends infinitely in all directions. Lattice-based cryptography can provide encryption, digital signatures, and hashing, as well as advanced features such as fully homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proofs. Examples of lattice-based schemes are Learning with Errors (LWE), Ring-LWE, Module-LWE, NTRU, and BLISS. This uses mathematical structures called codes to create and secure cryptographic schemes. Code-based cryptography can provide encryption and digital signatures, but not hashing. Examples of code-based schemes are McEliece, Niederreiter, and BIKE. Code-based Cryptography: This uses a different type of mathematical structure called multivariate polynomials to create and secure cryptographic schemes. Multivariate polynomials are expressions that involve multiple variables and coefficients over a finite field. Multivariate Cryptography: Multivariate cryptography can provide encryption and digital signatures, but not hashing. Examples of multivariate schemes are Rainbow, Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar (UOV), and GeMSS. This employs hash functions that are resistant to quantum attacks based on Grover's algorithm, which can speed up brute-force search by a quadratic factor and create and secure cryptographic schemes. Hash-based Cryptography: Hash-based cryptography can provide digital signatures and hashing, but not encryption. Examples of hash-based schemes are Lamport signatures, Merkle signatures, and SPHINCS. This type of cryptography uses mathematical maps called isogenies to create and secure cryptographic schemes. Isogenies are functions that preserve the structure of elliptic curves, which are geometric shapes that have special properties. Isogeny-based Cryptography: For example, you can think of an isogeny as a way of transforming one elliptic curve into another without changing its essential features. Isogeny-based cryptography can provide encryption and key exchange, but not digital signatures or hashing. An example of an isogeny-based scheme is Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman (SIDH). The Current State of the Art and Future Directions of Post-Quantum Cryptography The current state of the art of post-quantum cryptography is characterized by several aspects which include: The post-quantum cryptographic schemes are currently being evaluated and standardized by the which launched a post-quantum cryptography standardization project in 2016. Standardization: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), NIST has recently announced the first four quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms that will become part of its post-quantum cryptographic standard. These are: Kyber: A lattice-based encryption scheme based on Module-LWE. 

NTRU: A lattice-based encryption scheme based on Ring-LWE. 

Dilithium: A lattice-based digital signature scheme based on Module-LWE

Falcon: A lattice-based digital signature scheme based on NTRU. NIST is also considering four additional algorithms for inclusion in the standard. These are: Classic McEliece: A code-based encryption scheme based on McEliece. SIKE: An isogeny-based key exchange scheme based on SIDH. SPHINCS+: A hash-based digital signature scheme based on Merkle signatures. Picnic: A digital signature scheme based on zero-knowledge proofs. Post-quantum cryptographic algorithms have been implemented and tested in various platforms and environments, such as software libraries, hardware devices, cloud services, web browsers, and network protocols. For example: Implementation: [ ] Google has experimented with using NewHope (a lattice-based key exchange scheme) in its Chrome browser to secure TLS connections. [ ] Microsoft has deployed Supersingular Isogeny Key Encapsulation (SIKE) in its Azure cloud service to protect virtual machines. [ ] The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has proposed several drafts for integrating post-quantum cryptographic algorithms into TLS 1.3 and IKEv2 protocols. Post-quantum cryptographic algorithms have been evaluated and compared in terms of security, performance, efficiency, and compatibility. For example: Evaluation: [ ] NIST has established security categories and performance metrics for assessing the candidates of its post-quantum cryptography standardization project. [ ] The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) has published a report on post-quantum cryptography that provides an overview of the main challenges and recommendations for designing and deploying post-quantum systems. [ ] The PQCRYPTO project has published a roadmap for post-quantum cryptography that provides guidelines and best practices for selecting and implementing post-quantum cryptographic algorithms. Looking at the directions of post-quantum cryptography, the future can confidently be predicted to be influenced by several factors such as: The development and availability of quantum computers will affect the urgency and feasibility of transitioning to post-quantum cryptography. The current estimates of when a quantum computer capable of breaking current cryptography will be built vary widely, from a few years to several decades. Quantum Computing: However, it is widely agreed that it is prudent to prepare for this eventuality in advance, as the transition process may take a long time and involve many challenges. Moreover, quantum computing may also offer new opportunities for enhancing cryptography, such as Quantum Key Distribution or Quantum Random Number Generation. The security and confidence of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms will depend on the progress and results of cryptanalysis, both classical and quantum. Cryptanalysis is the science of analyzing and breaking cryptographic schemes. Cryptanalysis: Cryptanalysis will reveal new attacks or weaknesses that could reduce the security or efficiency of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms. Cryptanalysis will also provide new insights or techniques that could improve the security or efficiency of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms. The research and development of post-quantum cryptography will continue to explore new ideas and methods that could provide better solutions for securing data and transactions in the quantum era. Innovation may lead to new families or variants of post-quantum cryptographic schemes that could offer higher levels of security or performance. Innovation: Innovation may also lead to new applications or protocols that could leverage the features or advantages of post-quantum cryptography. NIST expects to finalize its post-quantum cryptographic standard by 2024. However, it recommends that organizations start preparing for the transition now by following its post- , which includes: quantum cryptography roadmap Inventorying their systems for applications that use public-key cryptography. Testing the new post-quantum cryptographic algorithms in a lab environment. Creating a plan for transitioning their systems to the new cryptographic standard. Creating acquisition policies regarding post-quantum cryptography. Alerting their IT departments and vendors about the upcoming transition. Educating their workforce about the upcoming transition and providing any applicable training. Last Words Post-quantum cryptography is an active and evolving research area that aims to provide secure and efficient cryptographic solutions for the future quantum era. By adopting post-quantum cryptography, organizations can protect their data and transactions from quantum attacks and ensure their long-term security and reliability. Quantum computing and post-quantum cryptography are two sides of the same coin that will shape the future of cyber security going forward. Through the exploration and development of new cryptographic schemes that can resist quantum attacks, post-quantum cryptography ensures that data and transactions will remain secure and reliable in the quantum era and beyond.

The Potential Impact of Quantum Computing on Cryptography and the Security of the Blockchain Network

is the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize,  interpret, process, and simulate human affects. Affective computing It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer science, psychology, and cognitive science. While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical inquiries into emotion (“affect” is, basically, a synonym for “emotion.”), the more modern branch of computer science originated with 1995 paper on affective computing. A motivation for the research is the ability to simulate . The machine should interpret the emotional state of humans and adapt its behavior to them, giving an appropriate response for those emotions. Rosalind Picard’s empathy Affective  computing technologies sense the emotional state of a user (via sensors, microphone, cameras and/or software logic) and respond by performing specific, predefined product/service features, such as changing a quiz or recommending a set of videos to fit the mood of the learner. The  more computers we have in our lives the more we’re going to want them to behave politely, and be socially smart. We don’t want it to bother us  with unimportant information. That kind of common-sense reasoning requires an understanding of the person’s . emotional state One way to look at affective computing is in which a device has the ability to detect and appropriately respond to its user’s emotions and other stimuli. A computing device with this capacity could gather cues to user emotion from a variety of sources. Facial expressions, posture, gestures, speech, the force or rhythm of key strokes and the temperature changes of the hand on a mouse can all signify changes in the user’s emotional state, and these can all be detected and interpreted by a computer. A built-in camera captures images of the user and algorithm s are used to process the data to yield meaningful information. Speech recognition and gesture recognition are among the other technologies being explored for affective computing applications. human-computer interaction Recognizing emotional information requires the extraction of meaningful patterns from the gathered data. This is done using techniques that process different modalities, such as speech recognition, natural language processing, or facial expression detection. machine learning Emotion in machines A major area in affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. A more practical approach, based on current technological capabilities, is the simulation of emotions in conversational agents in order to enrich and facilitate interactivity between human and machine. While human emotions are often associated with surges in hormones and other neuropeptides, emotions in machines might be associated with abstract states associated with progress (or lack of progress) in autonomous learning systemsIn this view, affective emotional states correspond to time-derivatives in the learning curve of an arbitrary learning system. Two major categories describing emotions in machines: and . Emotional speech Facial affect detection Emotional speech includes: Algorithms Databases Speech Descriptors Facial affect detection includes: Body gesture Physiological monitoring The Future Affective computing tries to address one of the major drawbacks of versus in-classroom learning _ the teacher’s capability to immediately adapt the pedagogical situation to the emotional state of the student in  the classroom. In applications, affective computing can be used to adjust the presentation style of a computerized tutor when a learner is bored, interested, frustrated, or pleased. , i.e. counseling, benefit from affective computing applications when determining a client’s emotional state. online learning e-learning Psychological health services capable of processing affective information exhibit higher flexibility while one works in uncertain or complex environments. Companion devices, such as digital pets, use affective computing abilities to enhance realism and provide a higher degree of autonomy. Robotic systems Other potential applications are centered around . For example, a car can monitor the emotion of all occupants and engage in additional safety measures, such as alerting other vehicles if it detects the driver to be angry. Affective computing has potential applications in human computer interaction, such as affective mirrors allowing the user to see how he or she performs; emotion monitoring agents sending a warning before one sends an angry email; or even music players selecting tracks based on mood. Companies would then be able to use affective computing to infer whether their products will or will not be well received by the respective market. Social Monitoring There are endless applications for affective computing in all aspects of life. , Author the Books : Ahmed Banafa Secure and Smart Internet of Things (IoT) Using Blockchain and AI Blockchain Technology and Applications Read more articles at Technology Trends by Prof. Ahmed Banafa References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_computing http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/affective-computing http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/affective-computing http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/what-is-affective-computing

Affective computing

Today we’ll be creating a new react app, a calculator. While the operations are very simple, it’s a bit of struggle to fix things in place and maintain a proper state. Featured React JS Courses React 16 — The Complete Guide (incl. React Router 4 & Redux) 4.7/5 Stars 33.5 Hours of Video 61,597 Students || || Learn React or dive deeper into it. Learn the theory, solve assignments, practice in demo projects and build one big application which is improved throughout the course: The Burger Builder! Learn More. React 16 - The Complete Guide (incl. React Router 4 & Redux) Full-Stack Web Development with React Specialization Build Complete Web and Hybrid Mobile Solutions. Master front-end web, hybrid mobile app and server-side development in four comprehensive courses with Coursera Enroll to start your 7-day full access free trial. Full-Stack Web Development with React | Coursera Here’s the demo of the app we’ll be creating. <a href="https://medium.com/media/c6ae29786a7bf9da8c741bb0ac8bda9a/href">https://medium.com/media/c6ae29786a7bf9da8c741bb0ac8bda9a/href</a> create-react-app is where we begin to make sure you have node, npm, create-react-app as usual. If you don’t, install NodeJS (comes with npm) from . here Install create-react-app with npm install create-react-app --global on a terminal. That is all the installation part. Create a new react app with create-react-app react-calculator. Make sure not to have space in your app name, beginners make this mistake frequently. cd react-calculatornpm start This should start a react welcome page, like one below. I’ll break down the calculator app to individual small chunks. To begin with, it has some JSX that looks like HTML but is actually JavaScript. This JSX makes the calculator app to be rendered on the screen. It has a bunch of divs and buttons with class names. The CSS magic is cooked into the classNames to make it look nice. Libraries used to create Calculator in React react, react-dom mathjs immutability-helper How to begin? I started with create-react-app and continued adding components. Now, the app has following components: — main placeholder component App — placeholder for an individual button Buttons — individual button Button — the display bar on top Display Handling calculator components Our calculator performs addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations. We’ll store all the user input in a variable and calculate on entering equal to (=) sign. Since input variable has to be modified at every press of a button, we’ll use the state to handle this. What is the state in React? The state in react refers to the data state in a component. If the same state is used to render multiple parts in the page, all values will be updated when it changes from anywhere in the app. We use this to store the button presses and diplay values in the display bar. We must initialize the state, we do this via a constructor. class App extends Component {
  constructor() {
    super()
    this.state = { operations: [] }
  }
  .....
} The operations variable is the array of button inputs, it may look like [2, *,4, -, 1]. We have the numeric buttons 0–9 and operators +, -, *, /. We also have clear, equals and decimal buttons. Each button has a click handler. render() {
    return (
      <div className="App">
        <Display data={this.state.operations} />
        <Buttons>
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="C" value="clear" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="7" value="7" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="4" value="4" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="1" value="1" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="0" value="0" />

          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="/" value="/" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="8" value="8" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="5" value="5" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="2" value="2" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="." value="." />

          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="x" value="*" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="9" value="9" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="6" value="6" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="3" value="3" />
          <Button label="" value="null" />

          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="-" value="-" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="+" size="2" value="+" />
          <Button onClick={this.handleClick} label="=" size="2" value="equal" />
        </Buttons>
      </div>
    ) It returns a Buttons which holds all the buttons together. class Buttons extends Component {
  render() {
    return <div className="Buttons"> {this.props.children} </div>
  }
} The props.children hold everything that’s passed between the <Buttons> </Buttons>, which are all buttons. I have a post planned that’s coming soon on details about props.children. So it just renders the passed button as it is. I have created a post about props.children . Update: here The button is, well, the individual button. class Button extends Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <div
        onClick={this.props.onClick}
        className="Button"
        data-size={this.props.size}
        data-value={this.props.value}
      >
        {this.props.label}
      </div>
    )
  }
} From the App, it receives a label, value, and onClick function. The Button component makes use of this data to render the button. We haven’t talked about one component is the App, that’s Display. The Display gets the state operations (Array) as a prop from the App. class Display extends Component {
  render() {
    const string = this.props.data.join('')
    return <div className="Display"> {string} </div>
  }
} The received data is operations from the state, it’s converted to the string to display in the Display component on top of the calculator. The operation you see on the display area is a string. These were all the components you see on the screen. The operations in the React Calculator The operations are handled by the handleClick function, which is called upon clicking the button. handleClick = e => {
    const value = e.target.getAttribute('data-value')
    switch (value) {
      case 'clear':
        this.setState({
          operations: [],
        })
        break
      case 'equal':
        this.calculateOperations()
        break
      default:
        const newOperations = update(this.state.operations, {
          $push: [value],
        })
        this.setState({
          operations: newOperations,
        })
        break
    } Upon clicking the button, the event button is passed. If you look in the Button component, the value is stored as data-value. Using e.target.getAttribute('data-value'), we get the value assigned to the attribute data-value, which is same as value passed from the Appcomponent. Using switch and case, we clear if the selected value was clear, that is clear button was pressed. The operations array is set to blank in the state. The calculateOperations function executes on clicking equal, which we’ll talk about next. For all other options, we use an update function. Updating states in the react app Of the button is not clear, or equal it goes to the operations array. Which contains everything to calculate the final output on the display. On the top of the App, we have imported update from immutability-helper, we’re using the same function. Why update instead of directly pushing new value to the array? this.state.comment = 'Hello' will not re-render the component. this.setState({comment: 'Hello'}) will re-render the component. It’s important that the components get re-render when the states are changed, that’s the fundamental concept of the react. You can not take care of all places the state is used and modify it one by one. We use the state instead of doing that. The only place to assign this.state is constructor! You can read more about this in the . official documentation here What we do instead of modifying the operations array is to create a copy of it (newOperations) along with a new value pushed. Then we set the operations state to newOperations. This solves the problem and the functionality is provided by the library immutability-helper. Once we update the state, react knows that the DOM needs update. Calculating the operations The calculator must calculate the answer of the operation! calculateOperations = () => {
    let result = this.state.operations.join('')
    if (result) {
      result = math.eval(result)
      result = math.format(result, { precision: 14 })
      result = String(result)
      this.setState({
        operations: [result],
      })
    }
  } It forms string out of an array. If anything exists in the array, the string is evaluated with math.eval. We do not use the global eval function to evaluate this string, it’ll evaluate any JavaScript expression, not just a mathematical one. It’s a quite a bit of security issue. Instead of tinkering with the potential security issues, we use a package called . mathjs mathjs has it’s own eval function which only parses mathematical expressions. math.eval() takes string and gives a number. Why formatting? There’s a fundamental issue with the arithmetic in JavaScript. There’s only one type of number, unlike other languages. It has very high precision, it doesn’t care how many you’re actually using. If I do not control the precision, here’s what I get… Even with the 14 digit precision, we get the correct result. It’ll show correct result up to 14 decimal characters. That is enough for our case. With the precision set I get this… Then we set the state to the result so that the display gets updated. A quick recap, the Display component on the top takes the state.operations to display input and result. This was the last component talked about above. That is it, now you’ve a working calculator in react! There are a few pitfalls though, the expression has to be valid. Something like 2*/5 will crash the app. Expression 2.4.5 + 1 will also crash the app. This is a logical side (pure JavaScript logic) of the app and has nothing to do with the react. It can be solved by having conditional statements in the handleClick before updating the operations with newOperations to check invalid operators (2*/) or a decimal (.). We’re keeping it simple for today, but if you’re interested to fix it, don’t forget to . send PR at this repository Originally published at React Ninja . Closing Notes: I publish articles on React, React Native, and everything else related to web development on . Be sure and follow me on . React Ninja Twitter Join our to get the latest and greatest content to make you a better developer. Newsletter If this post was helpful, please click the clap 👏 button below a few times to show your support! ⬇⬇

Create a simple calculator app in React

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