Nephra

nephra

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Muzhaffar Hazman, University of Galway, Ireland; (2) Susan McKeever, Technological University Dublin, Ireland; (3) Josephine Griffith, University of Galway, Ireland. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Related Works Methodology Results Limitations and Future Works Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References A Hyperparameters and Settings B Metric: Weighted F1-Score C Architectural Details D Performance Benchmarking E Contingency Table: Baseline vs. Text-STILT 6 Conclusion In this work, we addressed the challenge of training multimodal meme sentiment classifiers on a limited number of labelled memes by incorporating unimodal sentiment analysis data. We did so by proposing the first instance of STILT that applies unimodal intermediate tasks to a multimodal target task. Specifically, we tested image-only and text-only sentiment classification as intermediate tasks in training a meme sentiment classifier. We showed that this approach worked – unimodal text improved meme classification performance to a statistically significant degree. This novel approach allowed us to train a meme classifier that outperforms meme-only finetuning with only 60% as many labelled meme samples. As possible explanations for our observations, we discuss apparent similarities and differences in the roles of image and text modalities between unimodal and multimodal sentiment analysis tasks. Acknowledgments This work was conducted with the financial support of the Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Research Training in Digitally-Enhanced Reality (d-real) under Grant No. 18/CRT/6224; and the provision of computational facilities and support from the Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC). References Christian Bauckhage. 2011. Insights into internet memes. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 5(1):42–49. Efrat Blaier, Itzik Malkiel, and Lior Wolf. 2021. Caption enriched samples for improving hateful memes detection. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 9350–9358, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. Ana-Maria Bucur, Adrian Cosma, and Ioana Iordache. 2022. BLUE at memotion 2.0 2022: You have my image, my text and my transformer. In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal FactChecking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Ming-Wei Chang, Tom Kwiatkowski, Michael Collins, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BoolQ: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pages 2924–2936, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Association for Computational Linguistics. CrowdFlower. 2016. Image sentiment polarity - dataset. Available at https://data.world/ crowdflower/image-sentiment-polarity. Accessed: 2023-01-15. Baishan Duan and Yuesheng Zhu. 2022. Browallia at memotion 2.0 2022 : Multimodal memotion analysis with modified ogb strategies (short paper). In DeFactify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Noam Gal, Limor Shifman, and Zohar Kampf. 2016. “it gets better”: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity. New Media & Society, 18(8):1698–1714. Yue Gu, Kangning Yang, Shiyu Fu, Shuhong Chen, Xinyu Li, and Ivan Marsic. 2018. Hybrid Attention based Multimodal Network for Spoken Language Classification. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 2379–2390, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics. Muzhaffar Hazman, Susan McKeever, and Josephine Griffith. 2023. Meme sentiment analysis enhanced with multimodal spatial encoding and face embedding. In Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, pages 318–331, Cham. Springer Nature Switzerland. Junguang Jiang, Yang Shu, Jianmin Wang, and Mingsheng Long. 2022. Transferability in deep learning: A survey. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2201.05867. Vishal Keswani, Sakshi Singh, Suryansh Agarwal, and Ashutosh Modi. 2020. IITK at SemEval-2020 task 8: Unimodal and bimodal sentiment analysis of Internet memes. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pages 1135–1140, Barcelona (online). International Committee for Computational Linguistics. Douwe Kiela, Hamed Firooz, Aravind Mohan, Vedanuj Goswami, Amanpreet Singh, Pratik Ringshia, et al. 2020. The hateful memes challenge: Detecting hate speech in multimodal memes. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 33:2611–2624. Liisi Laineste and Piret Voolaid. 2017. Laughing across borders: Intertextuality of internet memes. 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Nguyen, and YongGuk Kim. 2022. Hcilab at memotion 2.0 2022: Analysis of sentiment, emotion and intensity of emotion classes from meme images using single and multi modalities (short paper). In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Asaf Nissenbaum and Limor Shifman. 2017. Internet memes as contested cultural capital: The case of 4chan’s /b/ board. New Media & Society, 19(4):483– 501. Parth Patwa, Sathyanarayanan Ramamoorthy, Nethra Gunti, Shreyash Mishra, S Suryavardan, Aishwarya Reganti, et al. 2022. Findings of memotion 2: Sentiment and emotion analysis of memes. In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal FactChecking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Kim Ngan Phan, Gueesang Lee, Hyung-Jeong Yang, and Soo-Hyung Kim. 2022. Little flower at memotion 2.0 2022 : Ensemble of multi-modal model using attention mechanism in memotion analysis (short paper). In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Jason Phang, Thibault Fevry, and Samuel R. Bowman. ´ 2019. Sentence encoders on stilts: Supplementary training on intermediate labeled-data tasks. arXiv preprint, arXiv:1811.01088. Mohammad Taher Pilehvar and Jose Camacho-Collados. 2019. WiC: the word-in-context dataset for evaluating context-sensitive meaning representations. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), pages 1267–1273, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Association for Computational Linguistics. Clifton Poth, Jonas Pfeiffer, Andreas Ruckl ¨ e, and Iryna ´ Gurevych. 2021. What to pre-train on? Efficient intermediate task selection. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 10585–10605, Online and Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. Christopher Potts, Zhengxuan Wu, Atticus Geiger, and Douwe Kiela. 2021. DynaSent: A dynamic benchmark for sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 2388–2404, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. Shraman Pramanick, Md Shad Akhtar, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. 2021a. Exercise? i thought you said ’extra fries’: Leveraging sentence demarcations and multi-hop attention for meme affect analysis. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 15(1):513–524. Shraman Pramanick, Shivam Sharma, Dimitar Dimitrov, Md. Shad Akhtar, Preslav Nakov, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. 2021b. MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021, pages 4439–4455, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. Association for Computational Linguistics. Yada Pruksachatkun, Jason Phang, Haokun Liu, Phu Mon Htut, Xiaoyi Zhang, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Clara Vania, Katharina Kann, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2020. Intermediate-task transfer learning with pretrained language models: When and why does it work? In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 5231–5247, Online. Association for Computational Linguistics. Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, et al. 2021. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In International Conference on Machine Learning, pages 8748–8763. PMLR. Sathyanarayanan Ramamoorthy, Nethra Gunti, Shreyash Mishra1, S Suryavardan, Aishwarya Reganti, Parth Patwa, Amitava Das, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Amit Sheth, Asif Ekbal, and Chaitanya Ahuja. 2022. Memotion 2: Dataset on sentiment and emotion analysis of memes. In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI. Elad Segev, Asaf Nissenbaum, Nathan Stolero, and Limor Shifman. 2015. Families and Networks of Internet Memes: The Relationship Between Cohesiveness, Uniqueness, and Quiddity Concreteness. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4):417–433. Lanyu Shang, Yang Zhang, Yuheng Zha, Yingxi Chen, Christina Youn, and Dong Wang. 2021. AOMD: An Analogy-Aware Approach to Offensive Meme Detection on Social Media. Inf. Process. Manage., 58(5). Chhavi Sharma, Deepesh Bhageria, William Scott, Srinivas PYKL, Amitava Das, Tanmoy Chakraborty, et al. 2020. SemEval-2020 task 8: Memotion analysisthe visuo-lingual metaphor! In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pages 759–773, Barcelona (online). International Committee for Computational Linguistics. Shivam Sharma, Mohd Khizir Siddiqui, Md. Shad Akhtar, and Tanmoy Chakraborty. 2022. Domainaware self-supervised pre-training for label-efficient meme analysis. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 792–805, Online only. Association for Computational Linguistics. Limor Shifman. 2014. The cultural logic of photo-based meme genres. Journal of Visual Culture, 13(3):340–358. Pranaydeep Singh, Aaron Maladry, and Els Lefever. 2022. Combining language models and linguistic information to label entities in memes. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Combating Online Hostile Posts in Regional Languages during Emergency Situations, pages 35–42, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics. Shardul Suryawanshi, Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi, Pranav Verma, Mihael Arcan, John Philip McCrae, and Paul Buitelaar. 2020. A dataset for troll classification of TamilMemes. In Proceedings of the WILDRE5– 5th Workshop on Indian Language Data: Resources and Evaluation, pages 7–13, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Cagri Toraman, Furkan S¸ahinuc¸, and Eyup Yilmaz. 2022. Large-scale hate speech detection with crossdomain transfer. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 2215–2225, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association. Alex Wang, Jan Hula, Patrick Xia, Raghavendra Pappagari, R. Thomas McCoy, Roma Patel, Najoung Kim, Ian Tenney, Yinghui Huang, Katherin Yu, Shuning Jin, Berlin Chen, Benjamin Van Durme, Edouard Grave, Ellie Pavlick, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2019. Can you tell me how to get past sesame street? sentence-level pretraining beyond language modeling. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 4465–4476, Florence, Italy. Association for Computational Linguistics. Ron Zhu. 2020. Enhance multimodal transformer with external label and in-domain pretrain: Hateful meme challenge winning solution. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2012.08290. Yan Zhuang and Yanru Zhang. 2022. Yet at memotion 2.0 2022 : Hate speech detection combining bilstm and fully connected layers (short paper). In De-Factify @ AAAI 2022. First Workshop on Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, CEUR Workshop Proceedings. AAAI.

Innovative Strategies in Meme Sentiment Analysis: The Impact of Unimodal Training

“ ” Nephrologist: Hello. We've got a set of failing kidneys. Please, how soon can we get a new set created and ready to implant? “ . Biotechician: We’ll come for the patient's biomaterials and have them ready in the next two months” That could have saved the life of a family friend after her kidneys failed 5 years ago—worst, she had a rare blood type. After being on the waiting list for 3 years undergoing excruciatingly painful dialysis, she caved into the verdict she dreaded the most. However, this article is not just a sob story of a friend. This is a revelation of how regenerative medicine, which you might have thought belonged to the fictitious world of Sci-fi, could be the savior of many lives like hers now and in the future. I’m talking about “3D Bioprinting”. The Back Story The number of humans with failing organs on the waiting list for organ transplants is overwhelming for the medical field. Organdonor.gov states that in the U.S. alone, over 103 thousand men, women, and children are on the national transplant waiting list. Every 10 minutes, one person is added to the list and 17 people die each day waiting for an organ transplant. In 2023, out of 88,551 awaiting kidney donors, only about 24% received transplants. That is in the U.S. alone, we can only try to imagine what the numbers could be in other parts of the world.. Or can we even imagine the reality in third-world countries with no structured organ donation system? Dr. Jennifer Lewis, a professor at Harvard University's Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, in an interview with CNN, has an insight into the problem. In her statement, she mentioned that on a yearly average, there are only around 6,000 living donors open to offering their organs and about 8,000 deceased donors who could each provide approximately 3.5 organs. Dead donors are people who die from catastrophic health events or accidents, making some of their organs salvageable before they completely stop living. However, because of such events, their organs may not be of high quality for a donation or they may not even be on the organ donor list or it may be hard to find a good match. For living donors, there is a scare as to what their life is worth, if it is the right choice to make if they are willing to let go and embrace the possible complications that may arise from donating their organs and the surgery involved - especially if the patient is not related to them. There is a two-step delirium that raises the most fear for a patient clinging onto the last thread of hope. First, finding a donor match, then hoping the patient's body doesn't reject the donated organ. And from all the premises stated above, this is a tough call. A wait list could just as well be a death row. What if it could be different? What if organs could be printed from biodata, materials, and cells of a patient instead of waiting for months to years to find a donor that would match? What if regenerative medicine is the solution staring into our eyes? A handful of medical conditions would meet their end if this could happen. Ordering a newly generated body part from the cells of the patient to replace the old one could easily be more effective and faster than organ donations. This brings us to the 3D organ bioprinting. What is 3D Bioprinting? The idea of 3D bioprinting is like that of conventional 3D printing. However, it is premised on the use of organ regenerative actions which involve the manufacturing and development of organs, tissues, and body parts such as the liver, skin, heart, eyes, bones, etc. While conventional 3D printers use computer files to extrude and create objects with complex structures, 3D bioprinters make use of bioinks containing living viable cells, biomaterials, and biomolecules to create bioartificial organs of a human. This works by assembling layer-by-layer multiple cell types, biomaterials and molecules, and other growth factors that would be a replica of the natural prototypes. In this case, it is beyond just mere perception that creating a new component for a body by using its cells is much more reliable than taking a component with a completely different cell structure from another body to replace a component in a body. This way, a patient, on-demand, can have personalized replacement body parts with a very low possibility of their body rejecting the new parts. This technology is driven by the need to find the accurate organ and tissue types that would be a match for patients who need organ replacement and is opening new avenues for future organ transplantation programs. How Does 3D Bioprinting Work? For bioprinting, every procedure starts with the biological cells of the person involved and applies the concepts of biomimetics and biomimicry. This simply means using a patient's cells to grow the needed organ. Biotechicians choose cells based on their physiology and functions. They consider the cells’ differentiation and proliferation by paying attention to features such as the cell type, size, and shape These different types of cells are rendered into a printable bioink, which involves mixing them up in materials like alginate or gelatin; before they are loaded into a nozzle. To continue, each cell is placed, layer by layer, in precise locations to form a cellular attachment and build a complex tissue that would develop the organ. For the cell's culture to grow, it is transferred to a scaffold where blood vessels are integrated into the tissue and the setup is connected to a pump that would deliver the right amount of oxygen and nutrients to keep it alive. With time, the tissue will begin to develop on its own, forming an organ that will increase both in maturity and function. This is a phase of 3D tissue engineering and although this is dramatically simplified, the process requires more technicalities only applicable to experts in the biotech field and could evolve with time. From the looks of things, 3D bioprinting is already here for good. Cases of 3D Bioprinting It is no longer a myth or a fictional idea; this regenerative medicine technology has become a reality. In this decade, research institutes, researchers, and doctors have dedicated time and resources, working actively on experimenting with organ bioprinting—some are already recording success. The First Ear Bioprint In 2022, the U.S. witnessed the implantation of a new ear on a 20-year-old lady born without her right ear. Of course, a new ear could have been artificially constructed and placed, but this time, Dr. Arturo Bonilla, a pediatric microtia surgeon, changed the rule of the game by developed out of the cartilage cells of the lady's left ear. implanting a 3D bioprinted ear Imagine multi-layered skin, cartilage, and muscle structures born out of laboratory-grown cells to form an ear. Amazing! This was a worthwhile revelation that bioprinting could change the way new body parts and organs were sourced. Ongoing Research on Bioprinting The race to find more potentially relieving 3D bioprinted tissues and organs surged even more. Still in 2022, and Dr. Michal Wszola, creator of Bionic Pancreas, revealed that some researchers in Poland were able to achieve the within a two-week window period, enabling stable blood flow in these pigs. this abstract 3D bioprint of pancreas in pigs Hope is alive as the National Institute of Health’s Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H), in September 2023, awarded some Stanford researchers about to bioprint a human heart and transplant it into a pig in the next five years. $26 million in contract However, the with 4,000 kilometers of capillaries and 200 million alveoli, capable of carrying out oxygen exchange in animal models, which is a critical step towards the development of tolerable, transplantable lungs has been achieved by United Therapeutics Corporation. The goal is to have the lungs cleared for human trials within five years. 3D bioprinting of human lungs Another research institute with impressive strides is the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Researchers in this institute have been able to develop the following: A skin bioprinting system for patients suffering from skin cancers, burns, and other non-healing or deprecated kin conditions. A 3D bioprinting skeletal muscle system was shown to effectively contract in rodents and enable an 80% regain of lost muscular function in an anterior leg muscle within a space of 8 weeks. Printing of tubular structures like blood vessels or hollow, non-tubular organs like a bladder. 3D biocreation of a mini-kidney and a mini-liver. The challenge for Wake Forest scientists is the creation of larger and more solid organs that can fully mimic the functions of their prototypes. This is because these large organs, like the brain and heart, have so many cells per centimeter, and there is the challenge of vascularity and nutrition. The brain is a very complex tissue that is difficult to repair or replace when damaged. However, some Oxford researchers believe that the bioprinting of stem cells can reverse brain damage and injuries. These researchers have gone on to prove this verdict by creating 3D bioprinted stem cells which developed a biomimicry of the complex structure of the human cerebral cortex, having six layers (two “deep” layers and four “upper” layers), each with its type of neuron. When the tissues were implanted into slices of mouse brains, they successfully integrated into the mouse tissue, structurally and functionally. The Problems and Ethical Considerations Surrounding the Creation of Bioprinted Body Parts and Organs As much as this concept looks like a lifesaver for many hopeless medical cases in the world today, there are still some problems this could pose. The bioprinting of organs is based on individual medical care rather than a basic universal treatment plan like that of organ donation. There is an assumption that due to its personalized medicine status, the cost of this service may just be more expensive than a public treatment plan would be, and this could prevent financially unstable people from getting access to this service. Is it safe? We can't say for sure. The 3D printing of organs and parts of the body using bioink is not considered neutrally ethical and even if it is generated from the patient's cell, there are still problematic aspects in terms of cell reprogramming, differentiation, proliferation, and of course mutation which may usher in the much-dreaded apocalypse. There is the risk of tumorigenicity, which is the property of a cell to form tumors when inoculated. While bioprinting is considered an incoming savior of the sick and deprived, this technology cannot be rushed. The efficacy of its procedures has to be tried and tested severally before it can be rolled out as clinically applicable. If this is not done, it can lead to several deaths that may be beyond control. There are also additional ethical and legal concerns related to patients' genetic information collection, which also include the storage and use of these cells. Advantages of Bioprinting and Designer Bodies Every technology has a downside, but it so happens that compared to the downsides of this technology, if it is put through all processes of long years of research and experiment with a high success rate, 3D organ bioprinting could nearly nullify the cause of concern. There are issues the bioprinting of organs and body parts would solve: The endless waiting list that could spell ‘doomsday is awaiting’. The torture that comes with getting a transplant; only for the patient's antigens to reject the organ. The need for immunosuppression to prevent organ rejection, which leaves patients at higher risk of infection. The risk of a living donor (even though willing) experiencing some possible complications that could arise during surgery. Body parts manufactured through bioprinting can be enhanced to improve performance. Bones can be made stronger and more flexible, the brain can be made smart and alert, the lungs can be made to increase oxygen efficiency in the blood, etc. In terms of cost, while critics claim that the price of bioprinted parts would be expensive, the fact remains that compared to waiting years for an organ to finally get to a patient who is at risk of losing their life any moment, this is fair. Most times these donated organs come at a very high cost (although sometimes illegal) because of the demand. However, the price of a bioprinted organ could reduce considerably when they clinically pass trials and patients wouldn't have to wait for several months, to a couple of years to get them. How close are we to the future? Brain, kidneys, muscles, skins, livers, pancreas, and so much more are in the laboratory phase of 3D experimentation. In the next 5 to 10 years, there is a high expectation of breakthroughs in these experiments, some passing clinical trials and being fully implementable. Needless to say, a few decades from now, people like Cynthia  (my late friend whose story I narrated at the beginning of this article) won't have to accept the cruel death verdict while waiting for the right organ match.

Bioprinting Organs on Demand: From Sci-fi to Reality and the Ethical Dilemma of Designer Bodies

THE CIGALE LEAVES ITS BURROW

THE AUROCHS

PART III

Opticks by Isaac Newton, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . PROP. XI. Prob. VI. PROP. XI. Prob. VI. By mixing colour'd Lights to compound a beam of Light of the same Colour and Nature with a beam of the Sun's direct Light, and therein to experience the Truth of the foregoing Propositions. Fig. 16. Let ABC abc [in Fig. 16.] represent a Prism, by which the Sun's Light let into a dark Chamber through the Hole F, may be refracted towards the Lens MN, and paint upon it at p, q, r, s, and t, the usual Colours violet, blue, green, yellow, and red, and let the diverging Rays by the Refraction of this Lens converge again towards X, and there, by the mixture of all those their Colours, compound a white according to what was shewn above. Then let another Prism DEG deg, parallel to the former, be placed at X, to refract that white Light upwards towards Y. Let the refracting Angles of the Prisms, and their distances from the Lens be equal, so that the Rays which converged from the Lens towards X, and without Refraction, would there have crossed and diverged again, may by the Refraction of the second Prism be reduced into Parallelism and diverge no more. For then those Rays will recompose a beam of white Light XY. If the refracting Angle of either Prism be the bigger, that Prism must be so much the nearer to the Lens. You will know when the Prisms and the Lens are well set together, by observing if the beam of Light XY, which comes out of the second Prism be perfectly white to the very edges of the Light, and at all distances from the Prism continue perfectly and totally white like a beam of the Sun's Light. For till this happens, the Position of the Prisms and Lens to one another must be corrected; and then if by the help of a long beam of Wood, as is represented in the Figure, or by a Tube, or some other such Instrument, made for that Purpose, they be made fast in that Situation, you may try all the same Experiments in this compounded beam of Light XY, which have been made in the Sun's direct Light. For this compounded beam of Light has the same appearance, and is endow'd with all the same Properties with a direct beam of the Sun's Light, so far as my Observation reaches. And in trying Experiments in this beam you may by stopping any of the Colours, p, q, r, s, and t, at the Lens, see how the Colours produced in the Experiments are no other than those which the Rays had at the Lens before they entered the Composition of this Beam: And by consequence, that they arise not from any new Modifications of the Light by Refractions and Reflexions, but from the various Separations and Mixtures of the Rays originally endow'd with their colour-making Qualities. So, for instance, having with a Lens 4-1/4 Inches broad, and two Prisms on either hand 6-1/4 Feet distant from the Lens, made such a beam of compounded Light; to examine the reason of the Colours made by Prisms, I refracted this compounded beam of Light XY with another Prism HIK kh, and thereby cast the usual Prismatick Colours PQRST upon the Paper LV placed behind. And then by stopping any of the Colours p, q, r, s, t, at the Lens, I found that the same Colour would vanish at the Paper. So if the Purple p was stopp'd at the Lens, the Purple P upon the Paper would vanish, and the rest of the Colours would remain unalter'd, unless perhaps the blue, so far as some purple latent in it at the Lens might be separated from it by the following Refractions. And so by intercepting the green upon the Lens, the green R upon the Paper would vanish, and so of the rest; which plainly shews, that as the white beam of Light XY was compounded of several Lights variously colour'd at the Lens, so the Colours which afterwards emerge out of it by new Refractions are no other than those of which its Whiteness was compounded. The Refraction of the Prism HIK kh generates the Colours PQRST upon the Paper, not by changing the colorific Qualities of the Rays, but by separating the Rays which had the very same colorific Qualities before they enter'd the Composition of the refracted beam of white Light XY. For otherwise the Rays which were of one Colour at the Lens might be of another upon the Paper, contrary to what we find. So again, to examine the reason of the Colours of natural Bodies, I placed such Bodies in the Beam of Light XY, and found that they all appeared there of those their own Colours which they have in Day-light, and that those Colours depend upon the Rays which had the same Colours at the Lens before they enter'd the Composition of that beam. Thus, for instance, Cinnaber illuminated by this beam appears of the same red Colour as in Day-light; and if at the Lens you intercept the green-making and blue-making Rays, its redness will become more full and lively: But if you there intercept the red-making Rays, it will not any longer appear red, but become yellow or green, or of some other Colour, according to the sorts of Rays which you do not intercept. So Gold in this Light XY appears of the same yellow Colour as in Day-light, but by intercepting at the Lens a due Quantity of the yellow-making Rays it will appear white like Silver (as I have tried) which shews that its yellowness arises from the Excess of the intercepted Rays tinging that Whiteness with their Colour when they are let pass. So the Infusion of Lignum Nephriticum (as I have also tried) when held in this beam of Light XY, looks blue by the reflected Part of the Light, and red by the transmitted Part of it, as when 'tis view'd in Day-light; but if you intercept the blue at the Lens the Infusion will lose its reflected blue Colour, whilst its transmitted red remains perfect, and by the loss of some blue-making Rays, wherewith it was allay'd, becomes more intense and full. And, on the contrary, if the red and orange-making Rays be intercepted at the Lens, the Infusion will lose its transmitted red, whilst its blue will remain and become more full and perfect. Which shews, that the Infusion does not tinge the Rays with blue and red, but only transmits those most copiously which were red-making before, and reflects those most copiously which were blue-making before. And after the same manner may the Reasons of other Phænomena be examined, by trying them in this artificial beam of Light XY. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Isaac Newton (2010). Opticks . Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33504/pg33504-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.

PROP. XI. Prob. VI.

Opticks by Isaac Newton, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . PROP. X. Prob. V. PROP. X. Prob. V. By the discovered Properties of Light to explain the permanent Colours of Natural Bodies. These Colours arise from hence, that some natural Bodies reflect some sorts of Rays, others other sorts more copiously than the rest. Minium reflects the least refrangible or red-making Rays most copiously, and thence appears red. Violets reflect the most refrangible most copiously, and thence have their Colour, and so of other Bodies. Every Body reflects the Rays of its own Colour more copiously than the rest, and from their excess and predominance in the reflected Light has its Colour. Exper. 17. For if in the homogeneal Lights obtained by the solution of the Problem proposed in the fourth Proposition of the first Part of this Book, you place Bodies of several Colours, you will find, as I have done, that every Body looks most splendid and luminous in the Light of its own Colour. Cinnaber in the homogeneal red Light is most resplendent, in the green Light it is manifestly less resplendent, and in the blue Light still less. Indigo in the violet blue Light is most resplendent, and its splendor is gradually diminish'd, as it is removed thence by degrees through the green and yellow Light to the red. By a Leek the green Light, and next that the blue and yellow which compound green, are more strongly reflected than the other Colours red and violet, and so of the rest. But to make these Experiments the more manifest, such Bodies ought to be chosen as have the fullest and most vivid Colours, and two of those Bodies are to be compared together. Thus, for instance, if Cinnaber and ultra-marine blue, or some other full blue be held together in the red homogeneal Light, they will both appear red, but the Cinnaber will appear of a strongly luminous and resplendent red, and the ultra-marine blue of a faint obscure and dark red; and if they be held together in the blue homogeneal Light, they will both appear blue, but the ultra-marine will appear of a strongly luminous and resplendent blue, and the Cinnaber of a faint and dark blue. Which puts it out of dispute that the Cinnaber reflects the red Light much more copiously than the ultra-marine doth, and the ultra-marine reflects the blue Light much more copiously than the Cinnaber doth. The same Experiment may be tried successfully with red Lead and Indigo, or with any other two colour'd Bodies, if due allowance be made for the different strength or weakness of their Colour and Light. And as the reason of the Colours of natural Bodies is evident by these Experiments, so it is farther confirmed and put past dispute by the two first Experiments of the first Part, whereby 'twas proved in such Bodies that the reflected Lights which differ in Colours do differ also in degrees of Refrangibility. For thence it's certain, that some Bodies reflect the more refrangible, others the less refrangible Rays more copiously. And that this is not only a true reason of these Colours, but even the only reason, may appear farther from this Consideration, that the Colour of homogeneal Light cannot be changed by the Reflexion of natural Bodies. For if Bodies by Reflexion cannot in the least change the Colour of any one sort of Rays, they cannot appear colour'd by any other means than by reflecting those which either are of their own Colour, or which by mixture must produce it. But in trying Experiments of this kind care must be had that the Light be sufficiently homogeneal. For if Bodies be illuminated by the ordinary prismatick Colours, they will appear neither of their own Day-light Colours, nor of the Colour of the Light cast on them, but of some middle Colour between both, as I have found by Experience. Thus red Lead (for instance) illuminated with the ordinary prismatick green will not appear either red or green, but orange or yellow, or between yellow and green, accordingly as the green Light by which 'tis illuminated is more or less compounded. For because red Lead appears red when illuminated with white Light, wherein all sorts of Rays are equally mix'd, and in the green Light all sorts of Rays are not equally mix'd, the Excess of the yellow-making, green-making and blue-making Rays in the incident green Light, will cause those Rays to abound so much in the reflected Light, as to draw the Colour from red towards their Colour. And because the red Lead reflects the red-making Rays most copiously in proportion to their number, and next after them the orange-making and yellow-making Rays; these Rays in the reflected Light will be more in proportion to the Light than they were in the incident green Light, and thereby will draw the reflected Light from green towards their Colour. And therefore the red Lead will appear neither red nor green, but of a Colour between both. In transparently colour'd Liquors 'tis observable, that their Colour uses to vary with their thickness. Thus, for instance, a red Liquor in a conical Glass held between the Light and the Eye, looks of a pale and dilute yellow at the bottom where 'tis thin, and a little higher where 'tis thicker grows orange, and where 'tis still thicker becomes red, and where 'tis thickest the red is deepest and darkest. For it is to be conceiv'd that such a Liquor stops the indigo-making and violet-making Rays most easily, the blue-making Rays more difficultly, the green-making Rays still more difficultly, and the red-making most difficultly: And that if the thickness of the Liquor be only so much as suffices to stop a competent number of the violet-making and indigo-making Rays, without diminishing much the number of the rest, the rest must (by Prop. 6. Part 2.) compound a pale yellow. But if the Liquor be so much thicker as to stop also a great number of the blue-making Rays, and some of the green-making, the rest must compound an orange; and where it is so thick as to stop also a great number of the green-making and a considerable number of the yellow-making, the rest must begin to compound a red, and this red must grow deeper and darker as the yellow-making and orange-making Rays are more and more stopp'd by increasing the thickness of the Liquor, so that few Rays besides the red-making can get through. Of this kind is an Experiment lately related to me by Mr. Halley, who, in diving deep into the Sea in a diving Vessel, found in a clear Sun-shine Day, that when he was sunk many Fathoms deep into the Water the upper part of his Hand on which the Sun shone directly through the Water and through a small Glass Window in the Vessel appeared of a red Colour, like that of a Damask Rose, and the Water below and the under part of his Hand illuminated by Light reflected from the Water below look'd green. For thence it may be gather'd, that the Sea-Water reflects back the violet and blue-making Rays most easily, and lets the red-making Rays pass most freely and copiously to great Depths. For thereby the Sun's direct Light at all great Depths, by reason of the predominating red-making Rays, must appear red; and the greater the Depth is, the fuller and intenser must that red be. And at such Depths as the violet-making Rays scarce penetrate unto, the blue-making, green-making, and yellow-making Rays being reflected from below more copiously than the red-making ones, must compound a green. Now, if there be two Liquors of full Colours, suppose a red and blue, and both of them so thick as suffices to make their Colours sufficiently full; though either Liquor be sufficiently transparent apart, yet will you not be able to see through both together. For, if only the red-making Rays pass through one Liquor, and only the blue-making through the other, no Rays can pass through both. This Mr. Hook tried casually with Glass Wedges filled with red and blue Liquors, and was surprized at the unexpected Event, the reason of it being then unknown; which makes me trust the more to his Experiment, though I have not tried it my self. But he that would repeat it, must take care the Liquors be of very good and full Colours. Now, whilst Bodies become coloured by reflecting or transmitting this or that sort of Rays more copiously than the rest, it is to be conceived that they stop and stifle in themselves the Rays which they do not reflect or transmit. For, if Gold be foliated and held between your Eye and the Light, the Light looks of a greenish blue, and therefore massy Gold lets into its Body the blue-making Rays to be reflected to and fro within it till they be stopp'd and stifled, whilst it reflects the yellow-making outwards, and thereby looks yellow. And much after the same manner that Leaf Gold is yellow by reflected, and blue by transmitted Light, and massy Gold is yellow in all Positions of the Eye; there are some Liquors, as the Tincture of Lignum Nephriticum, and some sorts of Glass which transmit one sort of Light most copiously, and reflect another sort, and thereby look of several Colours, according to the Position of the Eye to the Light. But, if these Liquors or Glasses were so thick and massy that no Light could get through them, I question not but they would like all other opake Bodies appear of one and the same Colour in all Positions of the Eye, though this I cannot yet affirm by Experience. For all colour'd Bodies, so far as my Observation reaches, may be seen through if made sufficiently thin, and therefore are in some measure transparent, and differ only in degrees of Transparency from tinged transparent Liquors; these Liquors, as well as those Bodies, by a sufficient Thickness becoming opake. A transparent Body which looks of any Colour by transmitted Light, may also look of the same Colour by reflected Light, the Light of that Colour being reflected by the farther Surface of the Body, or by the Air beyond it. And then the reflected Colour will be diminished, and perhaps cease, by making the Body very thick, and pitching it on the backside to diminish the Reflexion of its farther Surface, so that the Light reflected from the tinging Particles may predominate. In such Cases, the Colour of the reflected Light will be apt to vary from that of the Light transmitted. But whence it is that tinged Bodies and Liquors reflect some sort of Rays, and intromit or transmit other sorts, shall be said in the next Book. In this Proposition I content my self to have put it past dispute, that Bodies have such Properties, and thence appear colour'd. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Isaac Newton (2010). Opticks . Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33504/pg33504-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.

PROP. X. Prob. V.

Opticks by Isaac Newton, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . PROP. II. Theor. II. PROP. II. Theor. II. All homogeneal Light has its proper Colour answering to its Degree of Refrangibility, and that Colour cannot be changed by Reflexions and Refractions. In the Experiments of the fourth Proposition of the first Part of this first Book, when I had separated the heterogeneous Rays from one another, the Spectrum pt formed by the separated Rays, did in the Progress from its End p, on which the most refrangible Rays fell, unto its other End t, on which the least refrangible Rays fell, appear tinged with this Series of Colours, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, together with all their intermediate Degrees in a continual Succession perpetually varying. So that there appeared as many Degrees of Colours, as there were sorts of Rays differing in Refrangibility. Exper. 5. Now, that these Colours could not be changed by Refraction, I knew by refracting with a Prism sometimes one very little Part of this Light, sometimes another very little Part, as is described in the twelfth Experiment of the first Part of this Book. For by this Refraction the Colour of the Light was never changed in the least. If any Part of the red Light was refracted, it remained totally of the same red Colour as before. No orange, no yellow, no green or blue, no other new Colour was produced by that Refraction. Neither did the Colour any ways change by repeated Refractions, but continued always the same red entirely as at first. The like Constancy and Immutability I found also in the blue, green, and other Colours. So also, if I looked through a Prism upon any Body illuminated with any part of this homogeneal Light, as in the fourteenth Experiment of the first Part of this Book is described; I could not perceive any new Colour generated this way. All Bodies illuminated with compound Light appear through Prisms confused, (as was said above) and tinged with various new Colours, but those illuminated with homogeneal Light appeared through Prisms neither less distinct, nor otherwise colour'd, than when viewed with the naked Eyes. Their Colours were not in the least changed by the Refraction of the interposed Prism. I speak here of a sensible Change of Colour: For the Light which I here call homogeneal, being not absolutely homogeneal, there ought to arise some little Change of Colour from its Heterogeneity. But, if that Heterogeneity was so little as it might be made by the said Experiments of the fourth Proposition, that Change was not sensible, and therefore in Experiments, where Sense is Judge, ought to be accounted none at all. Exper. 6. And as these Colours were not changeable by Refractions, so neither were they by Reflexions. For all white, grey, red, yellow, green, blue, violet Bodies, as Paper, Ashes, red Lead, Orpiment, Indico Bise, Gold, Silver, Copper, Grass, blue Flowers, Violets, Bubbles of Water tinged with various Colours, Peacock's Feathers, the Tincture of Lignum Nephriticum, and such-like, in red homogeneal Light appeared totally red, in blue Light totally blue, in green Light totally green, and so of other Colours. In the homogeneal Light of any Colour they all appeared totally of that same Colour, with this only Difference, that some of them reflected that Light more strongly, others more faintly. I never yet found any Body, which by reflecting homogeneal Light could sensibly change its Colour. From all which it is manifest, that if the Sun's Light consisted of but one sort of Rays, there would be but one Colour in the whole World, nor would it be possible to produce any new Colour by Reflexions and Refractions, and by consequence that the variety of Colours depends upon the Composition of Light. DEFINITION. The homogeneal Light and Rays which appear red, or rather make Objects appear so, I call Rubrifick or Red-making; those which make Objects appear yellow, green, blue, and violet, I call Yellow-making, Green-making, Blue-making, Violet-making, and so of the rest. And if at any time I speak of Light and Rays as coloured or endued with Colours, I would be understood to speak not philosophically and properly, but grossly, and accordingly to such Conceptions as vulgar People in seeing all these Experiments would be apt to frame. For the Rays to speak properly are not coloured. In them there is nothing else than a certain Power and Disposition to stir up a Sensation of this or that Colour. For as Sound in a Bell or musical String, or other sounding Body, is nothing but a trembling Motion, and in the Air nothing but that Motion propagated from the Object, and in the Sensorium 'tis a Sense of that Motion under the Form of Sound; so Colours in the Object are nothing but a Disposition to reflect this or that sort of Rays more copiously than the rest; in the Rays they are nothing but their Dispositions to propagate this or that Motion into the Sensorium, and in the Sensorium they are Sensations of those Motions under the Forms of Colours. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Isaac Newton (2010). Opticks . Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33504/pg33504-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.

PROP. II. Theor. II.

First of all, Elon Musk is once again making promises that he probably can't keep. The billionaire has now made what is likely his most ambitious commercial promise to date. In the past, he has predicted that Tesla's Cybertruck would go into production this year (spoiler alert: it didn't) and that he would create his own smartphone if necessary (spoiler alert: he probably won't). It is said that research on human volunteers will soon begin at Musk's biotech firm Neuralink, which develops brain chips to restore function to crippled bodies. In this Slogging thread, our community discussed Elon Musk's plan to test and implant neural-link chips in the Human Brain. This Slogging thread by Valentine Enedah, Mahipal Nehra, Sara Pinto, and Mónica Freitas occurred in slogging's official #technology channel and has been edited for readability. Valentine Enedah Dec 3, 2022, 6:42 PM 😲 Neuralink will test chips in human brains soon! https://mashable.com/article/neuralink-human-tests-six-months-elon-musk Valentine Enedah Dec 3, 2022, 7:29 PM Bloomberg claims that Musk made the statement during a nearly three-hour-long hiring event for Neuralink on Wednesday. You can watch the full event in its entirety on YouTube. Musk suggested during the event that human trials may begin within the next six months, assuming the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approves the device, which is about the size of a small stack of pennies and would be inserted into the brain by a robot performing surgery. Valentine Enedah Dec 3, 2022, 7:29 PM According to Musk, the company is also developing devices to give the blind their sight back and paralyzed individuals their ability to move. The implanted device would supposedly enable wireless communication between the brain and a computer. Even Elon Musk hinted that he might eventually get one implanted. Valentine Enedah Dec 3, 2022, 7:31 PM He also responded to a tweet: Valentine Enedah Dec 3, 2022, 7:35 PM To be very honest, This is a big deal and I will just ask, Is this ethically acceptable? Are people meant to try this? What do you think? Mahipal Nehra Dec 5, 2022, 12:03 PM Elon musk is going to change the world on the basis of workforce and talent pool. Valentine Enedah Dec 5, 2022, 1:53 PM @Mahipal Nehra Indeed! But I'm just worried about the approach in which he is taking. Sara Pinto Dec 6, 2022, 11:11 AM @Valentine Enedah, his words don't mean much by now. I'll give him this: the thought behind it, it's pretty amazing. If this chip actually helps disabled people, it would be groundbreaking. However, sounds too good to be true, and coming from him, we don't expect much. Are there really volunteers already? I'm not sure if I would try it, at least for now. I think I would need to see some studies about this or results 💚 1 Mónica Freitas Dec 6, 2022, 2:16 PM @Valentine Enedah, if Musk believes in his product so much, he should be the first to implant it. You can't expect people to try it out and chance such a tricky operation just because Elon thinks brain chips are IT. As for the product itself, if it's capable of helping people with disabilities move again, sure, but where does the connection with computers come into play here? Do we need to insert codes to have people move an arm? Or is it a control issue? 💚 1 Valentine Enedah Dec 6, 2022, 10:37 PM @Sara Pinto I totally agree with you on this.  I doubt there are volunteers. It's a risky one.  I'm still looking at its possibilities but do you think its use cases are necessary or useful to society? Valentine Enedah Dec 6, 2022, 10:40 PM @Sara Pinto @Mónica Freitas is not Elon's biggest fan currently.😂 I think there would be already pre-existing codes written for movement and other intricacies but I resonate with your perspective, it is not medically advisable to do that. Let Elon go first. Sara Pinto Dec 7, 2022, 11:29 AM I agree with Mónica Freitas too though. If he believes in the product and says that he would use it himself, then he should do it, and share the results and experience. If the product proves to really be useful and fulfills its' purpose, then sure, I think it would be a great asset! Valentine Enedah Dec 7, 2022, 4:17 PM Sara Pinto Mónica Freitas This is true. He should be the first person to demo this right. There was a video that came up with regard to the chip. A monkey playing Mind pong. It was mind-blowing. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsCul1sp4hQ Mónica Freitas Dec 7, 2022, 5:37 PM @Valentine Enedah I think with these types of inventors, there's a reluctance to put their money where their mouth is. They claim their product to be great but wouldn't put themselves through it, especially in a trial phase. And ethically, that makes no sense to me. If you think something is that good, earn the public's trust by going through the procedure yourself. Otherwise, you're just saying you don't really trust your product and the professionals you chose to support it Valentine Enedah Dec 8, 2022, 2:18 AM @Mónica Freitas You have a great point. This is ideally the right step to follow for any founder that would want people to trust their product. I also came across a paper that talks about some patients with Parkinson's disease having a device implanted in their brain to send electrical pulses that control tremors and improve motor control. Medical researchers and device developers aim to use brain chip implants to help people with paralysis. Link: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2022/03/17/public-cautious-about-enhancing-cognitive-function-using-computer-chip-implants-in-the-brain/ Mónica Freitas Dec 8, 2022, 12:39 PM @Valentine Enedah I'm all up for medical advances. My concerns when it comes to brain chips are: How can you make sure that the procedure won't be worse than the disease? AKA how can we make sure the operation will be successful? Do we know that our body won't reject the chip? Can't this be achieved with a different strategy? A different piece of technology? How we can make a chip card work, and be read by the human brain is beyond my understanding. I suppose it'd work on electrical impulses but still... Valentine Enedah Dec 9, 2022, 7:11 AM @Mónica Freitas These are really good questions right. I did some research about these questions, and I couldn't get concrete answers but this is what I found. How can you make sure that the procedure won't be worse than the disease? AKA how can we make sure the operation will be successful? This will depend a lot on the medical practitioners to research effective processes to improve Brain Implant Surgeries. Do we know that our body won't reject the chip? It has to do with the material's composition. The majority of materials used in microchips are refined metals, which our bodies have not evolved to detect as foreign. There is only a slight immunologic reaction and possibly some scar tissue. In essence, it is inert. When compared to a similar-sized foreign tissue, the body detects the latter as foreign and initiates a series of immunologic responses to combat and reject it. Can't this be achieved with a different strategy? A different piece of technology? I haven't seen an alternative yet to this technology, and it is still in the process cause there are so many dangers to this technology. Unfortunately, the effects of the implant burn out a human's system after six months to a year and kill them. Nearly all implants require open brain surgery, but, in 2019, a company called Synchron was able to successfully implant a brain–computer interface via the blood vessels. 🔥 1 Mónica Freitas Dec 9, 2022, 8:40 PM @Valentine Enedah so we kinda have the technology for it but still no actual way of guaranteeing longevity or safe implantation procedures. For now, it's still a great concept with a long way to go. Thank you for doing that awesome research work 💚 1 Valentine Enedah Dec 10, 2022, 7:04 AM @Mónica Freitas Sure, no problem. We actually look forward to seeing improved changes and also, Elon implanting his chip!

Neuralink: Elon Pledges to Get a Brain Implant

Neuralink: Elon se compromete a obtener un implante cerebral.

Neuralink: Elon s'engage à obtenir un implant cérébral.

न्यूरालिंक: एलोन ने ब्रेन इम्प्लांट प्राप्त करने का संकल्प लिया।

Neuralink: Elon は脳インプラントを取得することを約束します。

Neuralink: Elon promete obter um implante cerebral.

Neuralink: Elon cam kết cấy ghép não.

Neuralink：Elon 承诺进行大脑植入。

Love and Mr. Lewisham by H. G. Wells, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE GLAMOUR FADES CHAPTER XXVI. — THE GLAMOUR FADES. After all, the rosy love-making and marrying and Epithalamy are no more than the dawn of things, and to follow comes all the spacious interval of white laborious light. Try as we may to stay those delightful moments, they fade and pass remorselessly; there is no returning, no recovering, only—for the foolish—the vilest peep-shows and imitations in dens and darkened rooms. We go on—we grow. At least we age. Our young couple, emerging presently from an atmosphere of dusk and morning stars, found the sky gathering greyly overhead and saw one another for the first time clearly in the light of every-day. It might perhaps witness better to Lewisham’s refinement if one could tell only of a moderated and dignified cooling, of pathetic little concealments of disappointment and a decent maintenance of the sentimental atmosphere. And so at last daylight. But our young couple were too crude for that. The first intimations of their lack of identity have already been described, but it would be tedious and pitiful to tell of all the little intensifications, shade by shade, of the conflict of their individualities. They fell out, dear lady! they came to conflict of words. The stress of perpetual worry was upon them, of dwindling funds and the anxious search for work that would not come. And on Ethel lay long, vacant, lonely hours in dull surroundings. Differences arose from the most indifferent things; one night Lewisham lay awake in unfathomable amazement because she had convinced him she did not care a rap for the Welfare of Humanity, and deemed his Socialism a fancy and an indiscretion. And one Sunday afternoon they started for a walk under the pleasantest auspices, and returned flushed and angry, satire and retort flying free—on the score of the social conventions in Ethel’s novelettes. For some inexplicable reason Lewisham saw fit to hate her novelettes very bitterly. These encounters indeed were mere skirmishes for the most part, and the silences and embarrassments that followed ended sooner or later in a “making up,” tacit or definite, though once or twice this making up only re-opened the healing wound. And always each skirmish left its scar, effaced from yet another line of their lives the lingering tints of romantic colour. There came no work, no added income for either of them, saving two trifles, for five long months. Once Lewisham won twelve shillings in the prize competition of a penny weekly, and three times came infinitesimal portions of typewriting from a poet who had apparently seen the Athenaeum advertisement. His name was Edwin Peak Baynes and his handwriting was sprawling and unformed. He sent her several short lyrics on scraps of paper with instructions that he desired “three copies of each written beautifully in different styles” and “not fastened with metal fasteners but with silk thread of an appropriate colour.” Both of our young people were greatly exercised by these instructions. One fragment was called “Bird Song,” one “Cloud Shadows,” and one “Eryngium,” but Lewisham thought they might be spoken of collectively as Bosh. By way of payment, this poet sent, in contravention of the postal regulations, half a sovereign stuck into a card, asking her to keep the balance against future occasions. In a little while, greatly altered copies of these lyrics were returned by the poet in person, with this enigmatical instruction written across the cover of each: “This style I like, only if possible more so.” Lewisham was out, but Ethel opened the door, so this indorsement was unnecessary, “He’s really only a boy,” said Ethel, describing the interview to Lewisham, who was curious. They both felt that the youthfulness of Edwin Peak Baynes detracted something from the reality of this employment. From his marriage until the final examination in June, Lewisham’s life had an odd amphibious quality. At home were Ethel and the perpetual aching pursuit of employment, the pelting irritations of Madam Gadow’s persistent overcharges, and so forth, and amid such things he felt extraordinarily grown up; but intercalated with these experiences were those intervals at Kensington, scraps of his adolescence, as it were, lying amidst the new matter of his manhood, intervals during which he was simply an insubordinate and disappointing student with an increasing disposition to gossip. At South Kensington he dwelt with theories and ideals as a student should; at the little rooms in Chelsea—they grew very stuffy as the summer came on, and the accumulation of the penny novelettes Ethel favoured made a litter—there was his particular private concrete situation, and ideals gave place to the real. It was a strangely narrow world, he perceived dimly, in which his manhood opened. The only visitors were the Chafferys. Chaffery would come to share their supper, and won upon Lewisham in spite of his roguery by his incessantly entertaining monologue and by his expressed respect for and envy of Lewisham’s scientific attainments. Moreover, as time went on Lewisham found himself more and more in sympathy with Chaffery’s bitterness against those who order the world. It was good to hear him on bishops and that sort of people. He said what Lewisham wanted to say beautifully. Mrs. Chaffery was perpetually flitting—out of the house as Lewisham came home, a dim, black, nervous, untidy little figure. She came because Ethel, in spite of her expressed belief that love was “all in all,” found married life a little dull and lonely while Lewisham was away. And she went hastily when he came, because of a certain irritability that the struggle against the world was developing. He told no one at Kensington about his marriage, at first because it was such a delicious secret, and then for quite other reasons. So there was no overlapping. The two worlds began and ended sharply at the wrought-iron gates. But the day came when Lewisham passed those gates for the last time and his adolescence ended altogether. In the final examination of the biological course, the examination that signalised the end of his income of a weekly guinea, he knew well enough that he had done badly. The evening of the last day’s practical work found him belated, hot-headed, beaten, with ruffled hair and red ears. He sat to the last moment doggedly struggling to keep cool and to mount the ciliated funnel of an earthworm’s nephridium. But ciliated funnels come not to those who have shirked the laboratory practice. He rose, surrendered his paper to the morose elderly young assistant demonstrator who had welcomed him so flatteringly eight months before, and walked down the laboratory to the door where the rest of his fellow-students clustered. Smithers was talking loudly about the “twistiness” of the identification, and the youngster with the big ears was listening attentively. “Here’s Lewisham! How did you get on, Lewisham?” asked Smithers, not concealing his assurance. “Horribly,” said Lewisham shortly, and pushed past. “Did you spot D?” clamoured Smithers. Lewisham pretended not to hear. Miss Heydinger stood with her hat in her hand and looked at Lewisham’s hot eyes. He was for walking past her, but something in her face penetrated even his disturbance. He stopped. “Did you get out the nephridium?” he said as graciously as he could. She shook her head. “Are you going downstairs?” she asked. “Rather,” said Lewisham, with a vague intimation in his manner of the offence Smithers gave him. He opened the glass door from the passage to the staircase. They went down one tier of that square spiral in silence. “Are you coming up again next year?” asked Miss Heydinger. “No,” said Lewisham. “No, I shall not come here again. Ever.” Pause. “What will you do?” she asked. “I don’t know. I have to get a living somehow. It’s been bothering me all the session.” “I thought—” She stopped. “Will you go down to your uncle’s again?” she said. “No. I shall stop in London. It’s no good going out of things into the country. And besides—I’ve quarrelled rather with my uncle.” “What do you think of doing?—teaching?” “I suppose it will be teaching, I’m not sure. Anything that turns up.” “I see,” she said. They went on down in silence for a time. “I suppose you will come up again?” he asked. “I may try the botanical again—if they can find room. And, I was thinking—sometimes one hears of things. What is your address? So that if I heard of anything.” Lewisham stopped on the staircase and thought. “Of course,” he said. He made no effort to give her the address, and she demanded it again at the foot of the stairs. “That confounded nephridium—!” he said. “It has put everything out of my head.” They exchanged addresses on leaflets torn from Miss Heydinger’s little note-book. She waited at the Book in the hall while he signed his name. At the iron gates of the Schools she said: “I am going through Kensington Gardens.” He was now feeling irritated about the addresses, and he would not see the implicit invitation. “I am going towards Chelsea.” She hesitated a moment, looking at him—puzzled. “Good-bye, then,” she said. “Good-bye,” he answered, lifting his hat. He crossed the Exhibition Road slowly with his packed glazed bag, now seamed with cracks, in his hand. He went thoughtfully down to the corner of the Cromwell Road and turned along that to the right so that he could see the red pile of the Science Schools rising fair, and tall across the gardens of the Natural History Museum. He looked back towards it regretfully. He was quite sure that he had failed in this last examination. He knew that any career as a scientific man was now closed to him for ever. And he remembered now how he had come along this very road to that great building for the first time in his life, and all the hopes and resolves that had swelled within him as he had drawn near. That dream of incessant unswerving work! Where might he have reached if only he had had singleness of purpose to realise that purpose?... And in these gardens it was that he and Smithers and Parkson had sat on a seat hard by the fossil tree, and discoursed of Socialism together before the great paper was read.... “Yes,” he said, speaking aloud to himself; “yes—that’s all over too. Everything’s over.” Presently the corner of the Natural History Museum came between him and his receding Alma Mater. He sighed and turned his face towards the stuffy little rooms at Chelsea, and the still unconquered world. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. H. G. Wells (2006). Love and Mr. Lewisham. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022, from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11640/11640-h/11640-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE GLAMOUR FADES

A survey of liquid rocket engine propulsion and space shot student efforts in the USA In the past few years, liquid propulsion and space-shot rocket clubs have popped up at high schools and colleges worldwide. These clubs give students hands-on experience designing, building, and testing rockets using liquid propellants. The most well-known of these clubs is probably the one at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The MIT Rocket Team has been around for over 50 years and has launched many successful rockets, including a recent one that reached an altitude of over 30 km. Other notable clubs include those at Stanford University, the University of Southern California, and Purdue University. These clubs allow students to learn about a cutting-edge field of engineering. They also provide a path for those interested in careers in aerospace engineering and other related fields. MASA at UMich Michigan’s student rocketry team is MASA. Engineers are brought together to design, build, and launch liquid-fueled rockets using a multidisciplinary approach. MASA is divided into seven subteams, allowing team members to develop their engineering, business, outreach, and leadership skills. As a team, MASA is working to take Michigan to new heights! masa.engin.umich.edu The Clementine rocket was designed by MASA as a single-stage, supersonic sounding rocket. In addition to its pressure-fed kerolox system, Clementine features seam-welded stainless steel propellant tanks, advanced avionics, composite aerostructures, and more. It is the largest student-built rocket in the United States, standing over 20' tall and 10.5" in diameter. https://youtu.be/2v1LnBObIhM?embedable=true University of Southern California Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (USCRPL) Having set out to build a rocket from scratch, USCRPL was the first student organization in the world to successfully launch and recover a rocket (Traveller IV) that was designed and manufactured entirely by students. The Karman line, which is located at 100 kilometres (328,084 feet), is an international boundary of space. The lab is now moving forward with more ambitious goals within and beyond our atmosphere. An 8-inch diameter vehicle, Traveler IV was launched from Spaceport America in the spring of 2019. It reached an apogee of 339,800 ft with an uncertainty of 16,500 ft, setting the record for the highest altitude ever reached by a student-designed vehicle in history; it is also the first fully designed vehicle built by students to cross the Kármán line with 90% confidence. www.uscrpl.com The leading edges of Traveler IV’s fins showed excessive heating, and the paint was completely burned off. Additionally, imperfections in the flight trajectory were observed immediately off the pad, as the rocket appeared to oscillate for the first few seconds of flight. It is unknown what caused this phenomenon; the most likely explanation is that it was caused by damage observed after the flight. Recovery system deployment ensured that the vehicle landed gently, and the avionics unit successfully recorded data on several instruments that would determine apogee altitude. They even have a documentary covering their historic effort. https://youtu.be/72VkAoYt8mk?embedable=true MIT Rocket Team With a mission to push space exploration to its highest potential, the MIT Rocket Team is at the forefront of collegiate sounding rocket development. Around 100 undergraduates make up The team, which builds rockets to reach space, learning as much as possible while doing so, and sharing our rocketry experience. The team launched in 2014 and has climbed to over 30,000 ft since then. Every year, they use fewer off-the-shelf parts and learn more about how to reach space. rocketry.mit.edu Besides designing, manufacturing, and testing liquid rocket engines, their liquid propulsion team also manufactures all necessary test infrastructure and feed systems for testing. Team members manufacture all components on campus. We have recently completed the fabrication of a heat sink 1.6 kN Ethanol/LOX engine ready for hot-fire, and we are now designing a regeneratively cooled Kerosene/LOX engine. They made a video that shows some of the activities of the team. https://youtu.be/nP_4IuiQ1XM?embedable=true SEDS UC San Diego SEDS at UCSD stands for the simple mission of advancing the next generation of space exploration and industry development. These students are some of the brightest and most driven students on the planet. Through innovative engineering advances and business development, SEDS pushes the boundaries of what is deemed possible. While performing research that pushes the space industry forward, they pioneer industry-level rocketry projects and cultivate leaders in both engineering and business fields. SEDS UCSD Propulsion Team focuses on pushing the boundaries of propulsion technology both collegiately and in the industry. The team has a proven history of firsts, such as the first additively manufactured rocket engine to be hot-fired (Tri-D) and the first additively manufactured rocket engine to be flown (Ignus I). Ignus II Hot-fire has been published on YouTube. https://youtu.be/ddH0S3rseSs?embedable=true A next-generation rocket engine, Nephas, is currently being designed and verified by the Propulsion Team. www.sedsucsd.org The Nephas rocket engine is a throttling, thrust vectoring, reusable, restartable, pressure-fed, LOX-LCH4 rocket engine manufactured from copper superalloy additively. Designed to operate as a complete standalone package with minimal integration with its vehicle, Nephas will propel both Odyssey and Halya. San Diego State University Rocket Project Founded by San Diego State University students, the SDSU Rocket Project designs, builds and launches liquid and solid rockets. By providing hands-on engineering experience, they aim to develop members’ technical and professional skills while creating innovative aerospace systems. This mission motivates the SDSU Rocket Project to build complex rockets at the forefront of collegiate engineering.​ As of this year, Kármán San Diego, their ongoing project, is being designed virtually. www.sdsurocketproject.org Kármán San Diego (KSD) is not competing in a traditional rocketry competition. Based on the Base 11 liquid-to-space challenge, Rocket Project set out to achieve a more attainable objective: reach space through two stages, utilizing a liquid booster stage and a solid sustainer second stage. They are currently working on the booster stage of KSD, which is one of three steps that will help us reach space. After validating the first stage, the next two launches will be a mass simulator followed by a real space shot! If Kármán San Diego is successful, it will become the first rocket to reach space using a liquid rocket at the collegiate level. The SDSU Rocket Project has a promotional video on YouTube. https://youtu.be/Si10u2-gs6Q?embedable=true Waterloo Rocketry Founded in 2009, Waterloo Rocketry is an engineering, science, and mathematics student design team at the University of Waterloo. They have around 50 members currently. Each June at Spaceport America, New Mexico, they build, launch, and design rockets to a target altitude of 30,000' for the Intercollegiate Rocket Engineering Competition. The team's primary objective is to provide students with a hands-on learning experience in all aspects of engineering design, including research, design, analysis, fabrication, and testing. www.waterloorocketry.com As a result of a long week at Spaceport America Cup (SAC) 2022, they are proud to have received awards from the SAC judges for some of our technical achievements. As well as winning the Jim Furfaro Award for Technical Excellence for their podium presentation on Reefing Recovery System Design and Characterization, they also won the SDL Payload Challenge for Most Professional Looking Payload! Waterloo Rocketry published their Liquid Engine Static Fire on YouTube. https://youtu.be/zRoR-EW0NYI?embedable=true A new student-designed and researched liquid rocket engine was fired at Waterloo Rocketry’s new test site for the first time. Powered by ethanol and nitrous oxide, this engine is Waterloo Rocketry’s first step into developing liquid engines. Starting in 2022, it will power their rockets. Waterloo Rocketry uses ANSYS simulation software to simulate the complex structural, vibrational, and thermal loads that our rocket components undergo during flight. As a result, we can quickly iterate through designs and develop lighter, more efficient parts. For the engine section of their rocket, they utilized ANSYS thermal simulations and topology optimization features to design their 3D-printed Inconel rocket nozzle, “Ghost Pepper”. Compared with our previous graphite nozzle, it is significantly lighter and can handle exhaust gas at 2326°C. They have  published the Ghost Pepper Static Fire on YouTube. https://youtu.be/pTEnzSuGnm4?embedable=true Society for Advanced Rocket Propulsion (SARP UW) At the University of Washington, the Society for Advanced Rocket Propulsion (SARP), students design and build rockets of the highest power. Their first liquid bi-propellant rocket, Pacific Impulse, is scheduled to be launched, and they plan to compete in the FAR Dollar Per Foot Challenge (DPF) with it. Previously, they had participated in the Intercollegiate Rocket Engineering Competition (IREC) hosted by the Experimental Sounding Rocket Association (ERSA) with 95 other teams. In 2019, they placed first in the 30,000 feet category and won the Spaceport America Cup. As of now, Pacific Impulse measures 8 inches in diameter and 20 feet tall. It weighs 160 pounds dry and 190 pounds wet. An average thrust of around 1200 lbf will be produced by the rocket’s O-class motor, which is fuelled by 75% ethanol/water, oxidized by nitrous oxide, and pressurized by helium. sites.uw.edu/sarpatuw Several components make up the thrust chamber assembly. These include an aluminium combustion chamber, pintle injector, phenolic pre-combuster, rocket candy igniter, and graphite conical nozzle. The payload will consist of an autonomous drone that keeps in touch with and flies close to the descending rocket. The drone will contain a camera for collecting data throughout the flight. They have published their Injector Trade Study on YouTube along with a hype video. https://youtu.be/mzAkiICZiSE?embedable=true https://youtu.be/eL33axvlka0?embedable=true Portland State Aerospace Society (PSAS) In addition to building ultra-low-cost, open-source rockets, liquid-fuel rocket engines, and satellites, the Portland State Aerospace Society maintains all open-source technology development. In the aerospace industry, there are historically significant silos, creating highly protected proprietary technologies. LV4 (Launch Vehicle 4) is their second rocket, which aims to win the Base 11 challenge. Upon reaching the edge of space, it would make history as the first liquid-fueled rocket built by a university. ' www.pdxaerospace.org Based on their purpose, their engines are printed in aluminium, plastic, or steel procedurally using a Python script. The current version, which will produce 2.2kn and is 14,000 scale, has been printed in aluminium and “hot-fire” tests will begin soon. To reach their goals, LV4 will need a 6kn engine. The engine will be 3D printed out of stainless steel. The philosophy of PSAS is that everyone is needed. There are engineers, mathematicians, chemists, and software developers, but they also have project managers, digital artists, and soon-to-be marketing experts on their team. It is a business-like organization, and anyone interested in helping the space industry is welcome to contribute. They have contributors from all over the state, and from every field of study. They have published an orientation video on YouTube. https://youtu.be/Td8eZCaVhgw?embedable=true Purdue Space Program The mission of PSP is to empower students to innovate in space exploration, but their work goes beyond academics. Boomie Zoomie is a student-designed and developed rocket from PSP Liquids. It is the first liquid-liquid rocket entirely designed by Purdue students to reach 45,000 feet and meet the requirements of the 2017–2019 FAR MARS Liquid Rocket Competition. purdueseds.space They have published a paper called in an AIAA journal. Student Development of a Liquid Oxygen, Liquid Methane Sounding Rocket and Launch Infrastructure They also made many videos showcasing their progress over the years. Like the First-Ever Liquid Methane Rocket for Purdue Space Program. https://youtu.be/4hCYp-smbEQ?embedable=true And the Boomie Zoomie Hotfire 1. https://youtu.be/NQEti3GFIXU?embedable=true A methalox rocket with 900 lbf of thrust and 500 psi tank pressure, Boomie Zoomie B was designed and built by students at Purdue University, where SEDS (Students for Exploration and Development of Space) has the largest chapter in the country. In March 2022, they travelled to the Mojave desert and launched Boomie Zoomie B as part of the FAR-Mars competition. They recovered the rocket safely, recycled it, and launched it once again. The Purdue Space Program managed to launch its liquid methane rocket twice in one weekend. https://youtu.be/gIdVV04Bm6Y?embedable=true What an amazing time to be a student. These clubs allow students to learn about a cutting-edge field of engineering. They also provide a path for those interested in careers in aerospace engineering and other related fields. These programs are giving students around the world the chance to get hands-on experience in the field of space exploration. With the help of these programs, we may see the next generation of astronauts, engineers, and scientists who will take us even further into the cosmos. Stay tuned for Part 2, where we will explore other student rocket clubs from around the globe. About The Author I am a Data Scientist, an Amateur Rocket Scientist and an Indie Game Developer. During my free time, I work on — A realistic physics-based game where you can design, build and test liquid propellant rocket engines. Meco Rocket Simulator Also Published here

Student Spaceshot Rocket Clubs — Part 1 (USA)

Student Spaceshot Rocket Clubs — Parte 1 (EE. UU.)

Student Spaceshot Rocket Clubs — Partie 1 (États-Unis)

छात्र स्पेसशॉट रॉकेट क्लब - भाग 1 (यूएसए)

学生スペースショット ロケット クラブ — パート 1 (アメリカ)

Clubes de foguetes de tiro espacial para estudantes — Parte 1 (EUA)

Câu lạc bộ tên lửa Spaceshot dành cho sinh viên - Phần 1 (Hoa Kỳ)

学生 Spaceshot 火箭俱乐部 - 第 1 部分（美国）

Most job titles are inherently clear. You know what they do. You have a good idea of their value. One of the exceptions here is the title of designer. I've previously tried to explain what I do to my parents without any real success. What they have held onto after all these lengthy explanations is that I work with 'computers'. Fundamentally that is correct I do work with computers. But I would argue that my job is a little more specific. But why is the title of designer confusing? Do we as a community propagate this fuzziness? Do we revel in the mystery of the dark arts of design? In near every company I have worked in I’ve had to do a broad seminar in what I do and where my skills are. The common reaction that I get from accountants to CEOs is that I make things pretty. Again this is fundamentally true but not where the focus of the job is in my opinion. The lick of paint on the process I design is the last thing I do and honestly probably the least interesting part of the whole design journey. Why do our job titles keep mutating every so often? Can we really complain when people ask simple questions like what's the difference between a visual designer and a graphic designer? Where did these schisms originate from and who thought it was a good idea to add more diversity to the lexicon of designers. Is there a secret cabal of arch-designers who concoct these hidden pathways of segmentation and obfuscation. Let me offer some examples of the dizzying career monikers currently in use: Creative Director, Associate Creative Director, Design Director, Creative Group Head, Creative Lead, Art Director, Senior Designer, Product DesignerHead of ProductMiddleweight Designer, Graphic Designer, Flash Designer, UI Designer, UX Designer, UX Researcher, UX copywriter, UI/UX Designer, Communication Designer, Visual Designer, Art Production Manager, Brand Identity Developer, Broadcast Designer, Logo Designer, Illustrator, Visual Image Developer, Production Designer, Production Artist,Artworker, Motion Designer, Motion Graphics Designer, Multimedia Developer, Layout Artist, Interface Designer, Web Designer, Packaging Designer, Junior Designer, Associate Designer. I, myself have found it difficult to come to a definitive conclusion on what title I should settle upon. As I always felt a title more blending entrepreneurship and design would better encompass my history of building companies and designing the process of how they were run. Eventually I settled on Creative Director (but I still feel it ill suits my skill set). Since a designers value goes well beyond ‘making things look nice’ it might be invisible to those that do not directly work with them. For years I’ve advocated that designers were problem solvers and entrepreneurs were problem solvers who monetize so the distance between these two should be short but in reality that particular gap is more of a canyon. My experience is that designers tend to be quite rigid in what they should focus on. The attitude that business and money gets in the way of creating good design always irked me. Money is the value the client assigns to your skill set and what is produced. Since a designers value goes well beyond ‘making things look nice’ it might be invisible to those that do not directly work with them. The value in is the chameleon ability to look at problems from the POV of the person that uses, receives or benefits from them. It’s an empathic ability to put yourself in the shoes of the benefactor of the design and build for that perspective. In product companies it’s a vital role that no other department represents. My answer to this troublesome devil of a question is to focus titles around the core function of the designer. Granted sometimes in a small company the sole designer is treated as a renaissance man who fulfills multiple functions this can defy definition but I think those designers get a feel where they would like to hone their skill set eventually so it does work out. The great irony is that designer’s design process and develop output but cannot seem to adequately brand themselves cohesively. We lack the ability to agree upon a commonality to title ourselves simply and clearly. I musings and work is on my website here: https://nephronim.com Previously published at https://nephronim.com/why-cant-designers-brand-themselves/

Why Can’t Designers Promote Themselves?

has highly transformed the development of dynamic and large-scale applications. And with the innovation in technology and up-gradation in the consumer demands have contributed a lot to the part. Microservices aid with the development of distributed applications using containers, with each function playing the role of an independent service. Microservices architecture microservices We know that microservice simplifies the software development process but it is also essential to know how to manage the data when developing an application with microservices. Data plays an important role, and it is also very essential to know how to manage the data handling capabilities of your application. During the determination of the data handling process, make sure that it does not affect the performance and security of the app. Before moving ahead with the development process, you should put up certain questions regarding the data management in microservices use cases to better understand the workflow. Some of them are as follows: Do you work with continuously flowing data like in social media feeds? Do you need to store data generated in the application for modifications in the future, auditability, traceability, or regular compliance? Will you work with sensitive data like personally identifiable information? To help you out with these questions, we will be resolving and reviewing the few important database management patterns that are used in microservices, which you can take into consideration for your project. Database Management Patterns in Microservices Now talking about managing data in microservices architecture, it is important to maintain consistency and depending upon the app structure, you will have to select the data management , which implies that there can be one or more databases in the microservices architecture. pattern We have listed some of the most important patterns in microservices architecture for data management. Database per Service Pattern Shared Database Pattern Saga Pattern API Composition Pattern CQRS Pattern Event Sourcing Pattern Database per Service Pattern This pattern is what the name suggests, which means database per service i.e. here each microservice manages its own data, and also that no other microservice will have access to the data directly. There is no established communication between two microservices or the database, so the interaction or exchange of data is only possible with the use of well-defined APIs. This pattern is easy to use when working on a new application, but sometimes it may cause problems when implementing the same pattern into an existing system. Additionally, it provides good scalability and also assists the developers to choose a specific database for a specific service. Shared Database Pattern It is considered to be an anti-pattern and debatable database pattern and is also the rarely used database in microservices. Although it is a great choice for transaction management, when developing an application with a shared database, the microservices lose their core functionalities like scalability, resilience, and being independent. The applications might also come across run-time errors while the multiple services try to access the same database resources. Additionally, this database pattern can also be used to preserve existing data, as well as to work with existing data layers where the codebase cannot be altered, and many more. And also the software architects need to be more conscious while working with this database management pattern in microservices. Saga Pattern The saga pattern is a sequence of local transactions . Saga patterns can be used to manage the consistency of data across microservices when the transactions are distributed. It acts as a predominant data management pattern where multiple transactions are possible. (an atomic work effort by participants in the saga) Every local transaction in the saga updates the database and publishes an event or message that triggers the next transaction. However, if somehow the transaction fails, then a compensating transaction is executed by saga to undo the modifications made by earlier local transactions. API Composition Pattern When you want to implement complex queries in a microservices architecture, the API composition pattern is the direct solution, where the API composers call on the other microservices that are already being used or have been used, as per the requirements. Additionally, one drawback of this database pattern is the use of inefficient in-memory on large datasets, and also that it disturbs the other available microservices in order to complete the tasks. Also, note that the development of the application using the API Composition pattern might get complicated, as it uses a joint operation. CQRS Pattern CQRS, short for Command Query Responsibility Segregation, is another well-known database management pattern used in Microservices. It helps in optimizing the performance and scalability of the microservices accordingly, and it also does not invoke the original database whenever a query is fired. An additional benefit of using this microservices architecture pattern is that it logs in a record of the activities in the database. Also, the downside of using this pattern in the Microservices architecture is that it increases the complexity of developing an application, and might also increase the code duplication. Event Sourcing Pattern It is an architectural approach for receiving and distributing data within architecture and is also considered to be the best solution among all the data management patterns in microservices. This database management pattern is capable of replaying events that are already performed in an application, and will also store and keep a list of the events, which the database will make use of during the execution of the activities. It uses API to retrieve and add events to enable services and subscriptions to the events. Additionally, one of the major drawbacks of an event sourcing pattern is that it imposes an unfamiliar programming style and also that the data is consistent, which is inappropriate in some use cases. Now that we are familiar with the common microservices architecture patterns, with a variety of use cases in the industry, you should also know that there are a few more patterns that you might come across during the early stage of the development process of your project, or during the planning of the project. These patterns include Domain event patterns, sharding patterns, static content hosting, index table, and many more. Conclusion In conclusion, one could say that microservice architecture patterns enhance not only the development process, but also the workflow, performance, and reliability of web applications. In addition to the primary benefit, it also speeds up the testing of the microservices and also the development time. To streamline and simplify the development process, as well as take advantage of the benefits that microservices architecture patterns provide, you can also implement them into your software development projects.

Data Management Patterns for Microservices Architecture

Hashmap is an implementation of the Map interface in Java. Hashmaps are based on Hash tables and it is denoted by <K, V> or <Key, Value> If you are wondering what a map in Java is. A map is a collection of key-value pairs. Hence, it maps keys to values, where a key is an object that you use to retrieve values whenever needed. Key Value US United States IND India GR Greece FR France For example, in the above table, it can be seen that GR is the key and its correspondent value is Greece. There are a few points to remember about Hashmaps in Java: A Hashmap in Java allows one null key and multiple null values. Implementation of Hashmap is unsynchronized. Hashmap implementation allows null values, null keys, and all optional map operations Hashmaps cannot contain duplicate keys. It is an unordered list, i.e., does not guarantee certain element order. A key in a hashmap can map to one value. Each key-value pair is called an entry. In Java, Hashmap is a part of the java.util package. Hashmap gives constant-time performance for basic operations, i.e., get and put. How to Create a Hashmap in Java Now that you know what a Hashmap is. Let’s understand how you can create a Hashmap in Java. As Hashmap is part of the java.util package, firstly, we have to import the implementation class, then declare the Hashmap class and initialize the Hashmap using the put method by inserting values into the map. Output How Does A Hashmap Internally Work? Hashmap is a collection of key-value pairs and an array of nodes. It uses an array and LinkedList for storing key-value pairs. Hashmap also uses a method called Hashing that converts an object into integer form through Hashcoding. ** ** Here is the structure of the Hashmap node that is programmatically represented as a class. The Hashmap class has a similar structure to the LinkedList node and the array of these nodes is called Bucket. The working of Hashmap is influenced by two parameters, initial capacity and LoadFactor. Initial capacity refers to the Hashmap object capacity when it is constructed and every time it’s multiplied by 2. The LoadFactor parameter measures an increase in capacity while rehashing. Read: Design Patterns in Java Note that when the capacity is higher than the load factor will be small as no rehashing will be needed. And in the case of lower capacity, the load factor will be high as frequent rehashing will be required. So, to create an efficient hashmap, we should carefully choose these two factors. What are Hashmap Methods and Constructors in Java As we have learned to create the hashmap in Java and how hashmaps work internally, it’s time to see the methods and constructors that can be used to work with Hashmaps. Methods Method Method Prototype Description clear void clear () Removes all mappings from the HashMap isEmpty boolean isEmpty () Checks whether the HashMap is empty. Returns true if it is. clone Object clone () Returns a shallow copy of the hash map without cloning the keys and values. entrySet Set entrySet () Returns a collection of HashMap mappings. keyset Set keySet () The HashMap is returned as a set of keys. put V put ( Object key, Object value) Adds a key-value entry to the HashMap. putAll void putAll ( Map map) Adds defined ‘map’ elements to the HashMap. putIfAbsent V putIfAbsent (K key, V value) If the key-value pair is not present it adds the given entry to the HashMap. remove V remove (Object key) Delete the entry for the given key from the HashMap. remove boolean remove (Object key, Object value) From the HashMap, deletes the specified key-value pair. compute V compute (K key, BiFunction < ? super K,? super V,? extends V > remappingFunction) This method computes a mapping for the given key and its current value or null value using 'remappingfunction'. Method Method Prototype Description computeIfAbsent V computeIfAbsent (K key, Function < ? super K,? extends V > mappingFunction) Computes the mapping for a key-value pair and inserts it if the value is not present or null using 'mappingFunction'. computeIfPresent V computeIfPresent (K key, BiFunction remappingFunction) If the key is already present and not null, the 'remappingFunction' is used to compute a new mapping. containsValue boolean containsValue ( Object value) Returns true if the given value exists in the HashMap. containsKey boolean containsKey (Object key) If there is a key matching the given key in the HashMap, this method returns true. equals boolean equals (Object o) This method matches a given object with the HashMap. forEach void forEach (BiConsumer < ? super K,? super V > action) Performs given ‘action’ for entries in the HashMap. get V get (Object key) It returns the given key in the object with an associated value. getOrDefault V getOrDefault (Object key, V defaultValue) If the given key is mapped, this method returns the value. If not, it returns the default value. isEmpty boolean isEmpty () Detects whether the HashMap is empty or not. merge V merge (K key, V value, BiFunction < ? super V,? super V,? extends V > remappingFunction) merge method determines if the given key is not associated with value or null. It then uses remappingFunction to associate it with a non-null value. replace V replace (K key, V value) The replace method exchanges the given value for the defined key. replace boolean replace (K key, V oldValue, V newValue) It substitutes the previous value of the given key with the new value. replaceAll void replaceAll (BiFunction < ? super K,? super V,? extends V > function) Operates the function given and replaces every value in the HashMap with the resultant function. values Collection < V > values() Returns the present array of values in the HashMap. size int size () This method gives the size of the entries in the HashMap. Constructors Constructor Prototype Description HashMap () Constructor by default. HashMap ( Map < ? extends K,? extends V > m) From the given map object m, create a new HashMap. HashMap ( int capacity) A new HashMap is created with the capacity specified by the argument 'capacity'. HashMap ( int capacity, float loadFactor ) The constructor creates a new HashMap with the capacity and loadFactor values. Conclusion In this article, we have learned that a hashmap is a key-value pair collection that helps in finding the data just based on key and offers an efficient data view. You can easily create a hashmap by importing the Hashmap class from the java.util package. It is also an implementation of the Map interface and no input order is maintained in Hashmap.

What is a HashMap in Java?

Web development is not the same it was in the early internet age. It is a fast-paced and diverse environment. With the continuous advancements in frameworks, programming languages, and tools, it becomes difficult to choose the “right” tech to ensure rapid, accurate, and secured web application development. When you are building an application from the ground up, it is important to engage a constant and standardized software stack. Although, in the current era, the domain of stack is overcrowded with a number of options, like Django, Ruby on Rails, LAMP, etc. There’s no one-size-fits-all stack as each of them has its pros and cons. So, today we will learn more about MEAN stack development. What is MEAN? The word MEAN is an abbreviation for MongoDB, ExpressJS, AngularJS, and Node.js. The foundation of MEAN is full-stack JavaScript. MEAN leads to faster development and deployment of client-side and server-side elements of web applications. Apart from that, it also helps in handling the database of the application. But, what does each segment of MEAN do? Let’s get into it. MongoDB MongoDB is an open-source No-SQL database program that uses JSON documents with optional schemas. MongoDB helps in accelerating the development, address diverse data sets, and adapt instantly to any changes. It naturally supports JSON, and its expressive query language can be easily learned and used by developers. ExpressJS ExpressJS is a free and open-source web application framework designed for Node.js. ExpressJS is the server framework for Node.js.  It provides a simple application programming interface (API) to build web apps, back ends, and websites. Express is highly flexible with numerous npm modules that can be directly plugged into it. de facto standard AngularJS AngularJS is an open-source, structural front-end framework used to develop single-page dynamic web applications. It lets developers use HTML as the template language and extend its syntax to express components of the application precisely. Node.js Just like the other three, Node.js is also an open-source, cross-platform backend JavaScript runtime environment. Node.js runs on the V8 engine. With Node.js, you can create dynamic page content, collect data and modify the database. Node.js allows the building of scalable web applications. It is enriched with an ecosystem of open source libraries and components, including npm. Why Use MEAN Stack? MEAN stack has become one of the widely used stacks of the era. The unique selling point of the MEAN stack is that it only uses one programming language - JavaScript. It is being used by companies like Fiverr, Accenture, Sisense, etc. Isomorphic Coding An isomorphic code is that which runs both on the client and server-side. And using MEAN stack means using one programming language, JavaScript, for the development of a web application. It not only eases the development but also makes MEAN stand out from other stacks. Fast MVP Development MEAN stack allows creating scalable applications with the help of its large number of additional libraries, frameworks, and reusable modules. It also increases the development speed and saves time by making it less laborious. Reusability AngularJS, with its maintainability, testability as well as reusability, and Node.js with its non-blocking architecture, increases the development speed along with the reusability of components in applications. Cloud Compatibility MEAN stack is cloud compatible. It enables developers to use libraries and public repositories in the development process of a web application. Also, MongoDB helps them in deploying cloud functionalities in the web app to reduce the space cost. JSON Everywhere Whether it is MongoDB, AngularJS, or Node.js, they all use JSON to store or use the data in the web app to eliminate the need to reformat data now and then. Open Source Component Every component of the MEAN stack is open source and updates frequently, enabling developers to customize code as per the requirements. The Architecture of MEAN Stack As we know, the MEAN stack includes MongoDB, ExpressJS, AngularJS, and Node.js to allow developers to build and maintain both the front end and back end of the application. It is exceptionally simple to use and helps in developing dynamic cloud-native applications. In a MEAN stack architecture, when a client makes a request, it is processed by AngularJS. Then, Node.js handles the request of the client/server, and ExpressJS requests the database. Next, MongoDB retrieves data and returns the response to ExpressJS. Finally, ExpressJS shares the response with Node.js and Node.js to AngularJS so that the response can be displayed to the user. Security of MEAN Stack MEAN Stack is a secured and stable platform. While MongoDB isn’t vulnerable to SQL Injection as it uses JSON objects to store data and SQL strings to manipulate it, which makes the database secure. And using MongoDB Atlas with MEAN stack, you can gain a firewall, end-to-end encryption, and credentials to secure your database. On the other hand, the core contributor of the MEAN stack, Node.js, maintains numerous channels to address security issues for its projects and users. Takeaway With the knowledge gained from this blog on MEAN stack, you can now decide whether you want to become a or not. And if you are someone who is looking to develop a cloud-native web application for your startup, then you can hire developers who have gained years of experience in the software industry while helping others achieve their goals. MEAN stack developer

MEAN Stack Development: All That You Need To Know

Microservices are an architectural approach for developing applications. They are distributed and loosely coupled to support independent deployment, scalability of an application that helps developers to rapidly deliver more functionality and reliability.  Therefore, the increasing need for microservices can be summarized in one word - speed. Unsurprisingly, it has changed undulate effects within software management, including monitoring systems. So, today we will be discussing the radical changes required to monitor microservices efficiently in production environments. We’ll check why we need to monitor systems, what the challenges are in monitoring microservices, and how to overcome them. Why Monitor Microservices? Monitoring is a critical part of every IT system. However, the challenges that are associated with microservices are comparatively new and different. For instance, deployed as a single application, a monolithic system has dependencies and failures that are completely different from what one can find in microservices. Although the microservices is similar to any other type of distributed system, i.e., failure, being a system with multiple services, microservices-based applications require more intensive and different monitoring methods. reason behind monitoring No one wants their system to fail. However, it’s not only one reason why you should be monitoring microservices. Systems are not only about ups and downs - but complex systems can also operate in a degraded state while impacting the performance. These states can often proclaim the upcoming failures in the system. That’s why monitoring the system behavior can alert the developers about the degraded state prior to complete failure. Additionally, system monitoring can produce insightful information that can help in enhancing the performance of services. The data, including performance and failure, can be used to determine certain failure patterns of the system and resolve them. Challenges in Monitoring Microservices The cloud-native architecture that is based on Kubernetes and Containers like Docker has become popular for driving microservices. However, they have also added the complexity layer in the microservice system. In the containerized workloads, you will have to monitor infrastructure metrics ( Host Memory & CPU), the runtime of Kubernetes & Containers (Node Resource Utilization and Running Pods), and application metrics (request rate and duration background). With dozens of microservices where each one is running its database and programming language while being scaled, deployed, and upgraded independently, a lack of monitoring can cause unpredictable issues and poor performance of the system. A Step-By-Step Guide To Monitor Microservices Till now, we have gained a bit of insight into the microservices architecture and the need of monitoring them, but what is the right way to do so? Let’s check! 1. Limit the Things to Measure To focus your idea on limiting, you will have to sharpen one to three of the important metrics (a measure of quantitative assessments for tracking and comparing performance) you want to measure. For example, tools like Retrace, LightStep, or Splunk APM can perform metrics, alerts, error tracking, and centralized logging. And if you haven’t still decided what monitoring tool you should be using for microservice-based applications, reviewing the features can be intimidating. In order to understand the metrics to concentrate on, you will have to acknowledge the need of your business. You should know from where the most customer or operational complaints are coming, is it from downtime of the services or requests are too low, and so on. Simply put, the more deeply you will know your business, the easier it will be to choose tools for required metrics. 2. Include Commission APM & Logging Software With the three metrics you have opted in mind, you can easily choose a monitoring tool. Moreover, if you have a demo instance, you can explore the content to understand the way it works. Regardless of the metrics based on which you have chosen your monitoring system, you may want an easier overview of an entire system, including databases, runtimes, and other back-end components. Other than that you will also need a dashboard to correlate services to acknowledge the relationship between them that can’t be seen easily through code. The monitoring tool should be able to divide different dimensions while pinpointing the potential errors and problems. It must also be a system for centralized logging rather than just a monitoring tool. This tool must also enable you to log multiple services in one place. But in some cases, your monitoring and logging tool can be individual as long as there’s a way to correlate logs with the data in the monitor. 3. Have Instrument Metrics at Extension Points A good tool will tend to automatically instrument your services, that is, all you need to do is add a library and configure properties to connect with the accurate server. Another thing to assure here is that the chosen tool for monitoring also supports the framework and programming language you are opting for. Otherwise, you will have to manually find the suture in the life cycle of the framework’s request and instrument by yourself. Most tools out there with auto-instrumentation also allow customizing your application in places that are evolved from less ideal circumstances. After instrumenting and configuring, you can easily run services locally while pointing them to the server of the monitoring tool. 4. Instrument Tracing Logs With microservices, it can be hard to trace events throughout your system that makes cross-services bugs harder to find. To avoid that, you can use trace IDs in every service of your microservices architecture-based application. Tools like Open Tracking can help in doing so, and multiple frameworks have instrumental libraries to support it as well. It will make query logs across multiple services and identifying problems that may reside in your system easier and efficient. Conclusion Now that you know why monitoring microservices is essential, it’s time for you to adopt these steps for your microservices-based application sooner than later. All you will need to do is get a tool to monitor services side by side, add trace data to every service to understand the way they interact with one another. Besides, it will allow you to make smart decisions on architecture and scaling as well.

Monitoring Microservices: A Step By Step Guide

Memento design pattern is a software design pattern that is used to roll back an object to its previous state. It is a part of the behavioural design pattern which is concerned with algorithms and assignment of responsibilities between objects. Behavioural patterns describe patterns o deal with communication between objects or classes. Memento Design Pattern has much applicability when it comes to restoring the state of an object. Applications that need users to fall back to a previous state make use of the memento design pattern. The intent of this design pattern is to not violate the encapsulation principle by not exposing information outside the desired objects. In this article we will discuss scenarios where we can use the memento design pattern, describe what is the memento design pattern, talk about its benefits and drawbacks as well. Let us get started What is the memento design pattern? The memento design pattern’s intent is to externalize an object’s internal state so that the object can be restored to that state later without violating the encapsulation principle. Game applications need to maintain snapshots of the levels the player has played. As the user progresses to different levels in a game, chances of encountering a game-ending situation increases. Most games allow users to restart the game from the previous level. The ideas of memento design pattern are being used in most of the circumstances when it comes to storing and restoring state in games. Another example can be drawn from a drawing application like paint in Microsoft’s Windows operating system or any other graphical editor that supports connecting objects. We can create two circles and join them using a line. Now, if we move the system of rectangles by either selecting the whole figure or by any other means, the rectangles should stay connected. The graphic editor makes sure that the line stretches appropriately to maintain the connection between the rectangles. If we are trying to create a graphic editor of our own, we can use the memento design pattern to ensure that the desired effect is achieved. Such applications make use of an object that calculates the length, position, and angle using mathematical equations. That object takes the help of the memento design pattern’s toolbox objects to store the previous constraints (length, position, angle). So that, if the user moves the rectangular system next time the previous state can be used to determine the next position. The memento design pattern consists of an object that stores a snapshot of the internal state of another object, which is the memento’s originator. The mechanism for undo requests a memento from the originator when it needs the list of checkpoints from the originator’s state. The originator is the one that initializes the memento with information that characterizes its current state. The restriction is that the originator is the only one that stores and retrieves the information from the memento. Let us look at these participants one by one to get a clear understanding of what all these mean - 1. Memento The memento object stores the internal state of the Originator object. The originator has access to the memento object and any other object does not directly interact with it. 2. Originator The originator itself is responsible for creating a memento that contains the snapshot of its current internal state. Also, it uses the memento to restore the internal state 3. Caretaker The caretaker class is responsible for safekeeping memento’s snapshot of states. It maintains a list of state that is then used by the originator to switch back to. You will understand the usage of this class with the help of an example of the memento design pattern. Memento Design Pattern Example 1. Memento The memento class consists of the state variable, in our case we have used a plain string to represent the state. Memento class has got two methods; one is the constructor and the returns the current state. Fig: memento design pattern example in java Memento keeps a single snapshot that is then maintained as a list by the caretaker object 2. Originator The originator is responsible to set the state of the object and it uses the setState() method to do so. The saveStateToMemento method returns a new Memento object with the current state stored in it which is stored in the CareTaker object’s memento list. And getStateFromMemento returns the current snapshot of the state. Fig: memento design pattern example in java – Originator originates the state 3. CareTaker The caretaker class maintains a list of snapshots of the states in the form of memento objects. It is from the caretaker object that we can jump into different states we stored because it is the one containing the complete list. The get method returns snapshot using the index passed on to it. Fig: memento design pattern example in java – CareTaker maintains a list of state 4. Memento Pattern Demo As you can see, the originator object is setting the state and the snapshots of the memento object are being added to the list maintained by the caretake object. In order to get the current level, we can make use of the getState() method from the originator object directly. However, the caretaker object is the one from which we can get the snapshots of the state and reflect it upon the originator class. The getStateFromMemento() method gets the “level” (state) which we want to jump in and sets it to the state variable of the Originator object. Now, if we use the getState() method directly from it, we can see that we have restored a previously saved state from the list maintained by the caretaker object. Fig: memento design pattern example in java – Memento Pattern In action What are the pros and cons of using the memento design pattern? Pros: Memento preserves the boundaries if encapsulation by avoiding exposing information that only an originator should manage. However, that should be stored outside the originator, as we saw in our code example. We stored that in the caretaker object. The memento design pattern allows us to keep our code simple on the client-side by letting the caretaker maintain the list of states. Keeping the saved state external from the key object helps maintain cohesion. It provides an easy way to implement recovery/ undo features for an application. Cons: Mementos might cause heavy use of memory if the originator has to copy a large amount of information to store in the memento. Using the memento design pattern cannot be straightforward idea in most of the languages such as JavaScript. It will be difficult to ensure that only the originator can access the memento’s state. In summary: The Memento design pattern has two goals: One is to save the important state of a system’s key object. The other is to maintain the key object’s encapsulation. Read: Factory Design Patterns in Java The Memento Design Pattern promotes the single responsibility principle by providing an option to keep the state we are saving separate from the key object. And that separate object as we saw is the Memento Object. However, the list of snapshots of the state is maintained by the caretaker object and not the memento.

Memento Design Pattern Overview

In , Josh shared his expertise on startups scene, startups legal issues and more! Josh Ephraim is startup attorney and associate at Gunderson Dettmer, where he specializes in the representation of emerging growth companies throughout the corporate lifecycle. Ask Me Anything session with Hacker Noon community Here are his top 3 answers gathered for you, all in one place: 1. What is the best state to found a tech startup in? "In the US at least, I think talent is the limiting factor assuming you plan to have the team in person. It's hard to beat SF, Silicon Valley, LA, Boston, NY, Denver etc." 2. How important is Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement ? "My favorite question so far! It's really important to have every service provider assign the IP they work on to the company. Ultimately investors and eventually an acquirer will expect that the company owns all IP that is uses." 3. On the best part of startup attorney job "My favorite part is helping advise clients evaluate risk and make tough decisions where there isn't a black and white answer or just a "correct" way to do something. It's fun being a thought partner with founders and CEOs!" Check the full AMA here. today! Vote for Josh Ephraim as Hacker Noon Contributor of the Year - STARTUP LESSONS

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