Neev

Google search engine is great. But if you’re the type that wants straight answers to every query without going through several blog posts, then you should consider AI-chat search engines. Ever since Chat GPT , many companies have increased research and funding to harness . AI search engines have a chat feature, which means you’ll get a straight answer for every search as if you’re chatting with a smart person. became a sensation AI chatbots Of all the companies with this feature, here are the three you should consider if you want to ditch Google. 1. Microsoft Bing Google has dominated the search engine world for decades, but Microsoft Bing, with Chat-GPT's AI, now . According to , Bing AI now has a chat feature for better query response. This means it’ll give , and you can chat with it for follow-up questions. poses a real challenge Microsoft detailed answers to every query Here's what it looks like: As a follow-up question, I asked, “what do people think about his point on happiness.” It says this: This shows its power, although I feel it can do better. You.com did better. There are other interesting features in Bing, though. You can use Bing to track flights, predict the weather, predict travel prices, get live stock quotes and more with about a 75%-80% accuracy rate. You can also narrow your search to a particular location with Bing. This makes getting replies specific to your location easy, especially if they're as sensitive as "pharmacists near me" or "hotels nearby.” 2. You.com You.com is an exciting search engine that has AI chat capability. It answers queries like Chat GPT with relevant and straight-to-the-point answers. Answers to queries look something like this: Here’s a follow-up question that seems to be much better than what Bing did: LOL. It's apparent the chatbot took an easy way out there. Because when I typed LOL, it told me what it means. However, the unique thing about you.com is you can customize your user experience with the search engine. First, you can tailor the responses you get. For instance, you can select preferred sources for responses. You.com will provide responses from other sources but will prioritize your preferences where they're relevant to the query. Plus, who doesn't like the idea of organized searches? With you.com, each search result pulls up multiple rows with tiles. These tiles contain essential quotes from different blog posts, so you can select whichever best matches your query. What's more, you can switch to private mode. In private mode, searches, preferences and locations aren't stored, and the queries you search for will come from You.com's IP address, not yours. NeevaAI Neeva is quite similar to You.com. Here’s what came up from a similar query to You.com’s: The strength of NeevaAI is that it provides links to relevant sources which it pulled information from. For example, it linked to the National Post and The Guardian in the example above. Aside from that, its personalized search results let you prioritize sources you want your information from. The only major difference is that it requires a monthly subscription after a generous free trial. The good news is, Neeva offers ad-free browsing. NeevaAI is also available as an app, which makes it easy if you want to ditch Google. Conclusion You can set any of these search engine alternatives as your default browser by following simple steps. You can also create accounts with each of them to get full access. The beautiful thing about these alternatives is that you have several options. If one AI search engine doesn't give you satisfactory answers, you can try alternatives until you get what you want.

Ditching Google: the 3 Search Engines That Use AI to Give Results That are Meaningful

Note : Research for this article was made using PreSearch search engine, from Brave Browser, and the links in all hyperlinked texts have been turned into 2key SmartLinks. These active blockchain-enabled products are described below. They were selected as they share two characteristics:  (a)they are fully or partially decentralized, and (b) they enable users to earn a residual income by using them. In today’s world, every time you use a browser, every search you run on major search engines, and every time you share a link, some mega-corporation is capitalizing on your online activity, using your data in complex and mostly opaque ways. The recent draws attention to some of the personalized user data that companies gather online through third-party tracking, but that is only one of the multiple issues born out of the hyper-centralization that characterizes today’s tech mega-platforms, from the GAFAM (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft) to the emerging sharing economy spearheaded by Airbnb, Uber, and others. Apple-Facebook privacy war The power concentrated in the hands of a few players outside of the democratic process has even prompted Nevada to plan to launch .  In these so-called Innovation Zones, companies owning large land areas will be allowed to form governments carrying the same authority as counties, including the ability to impose taxes, form school districts, and courts, and provide government services. Nevada planned legislation is opening the door to a new political system based on corporations' economic power, opening the door to creating effective dictatorships unbridled by the burdensome (to power-hungry wannabe rulers) dictates of democracy. Innovation Zones This hyper-centralization is the direct result of the time gap between adopting new technologies such as at the turn of the century and the adoption of new legislation curtailing potential abuse, spearheaded by GDPR in 2018. Web 2.0 The emergence of technologies such as distributed ledgers and storage on blockchain paves the way for data decentralization and might create a more transparent and secure environment, overtaking Web 2.0's centralization, surveillance, and exploitative advertising. In time, decentralized infrastructure and application platforms should displace centralized tech giants and allow individuals to own their data rightfully. To better understand the differences between the Internet and the decentralized net and address common misconceptions concerning cryptocurrencies, let's first compare them on accessibility aspects and practical aspects such as cybercrimes and investment soundness. Internet vs Decentralized Net Latency: One of the most annoying aspects of using decentralized applications is their often slow execution or upload speed. At this early stage, the decentralized net is still in infancy, and latency is the price to pay for pushing its development forward. Despite its apparent slowness compared to today’s Internet, it is still much faster than the Internet of the early days. Internet In its early days, , yet users put up with the waiting time in order to benefit from the Internet's immense advantages.- accessing content on the Internet was a slow process Decentralized Web As blockchain-based solutions are still in their infancy, latency is endemic to new products, reminiscent of the slow access to the content of the early Internet days. As the Internet grew and spread, latency gradually diminished to reach today's speed. The upcoming 5G is likely to speed it up even more. As the decentralized network grows, latency is likely also to diminish. Criminal Activities: Now that Bitcoin value is soaring and both Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are increasingly included in reputable asset management funds, less ink is flowing about crypto’s early fame for facilitating a slew of criminal activities. Yet, even then, this focus on the purported dangers of crypto conveniently ignored the criminal activity on the regular Internet. Internet The Internet we all use today still facilitates a number of crimes, from pedophilia and terrorist propaganda to the dissemination of fake news, not to mention the growing business of cybercrimes enabling identity theft, fraudulent use of credit card, and more, not to mention the abusive use of personal data done by mega-corporation, with which the legal system is slowly, slowly catching up. Yet, the Internet is now an integral part of most of our lives. Decentralized Web Bitcoin was the first iteration of a decentralized network. In 2020, the criminal share of all cryptocurrency activity fell to . To put things in context, the UN estimates that between 2% and 5% of global GDP ($1.6 to $4 trillion) annually is connected with money laundering and illicit activity. just 0.34% of $10 billion in transaction volume Investments: Investing is always fraught with risks, and investing in the digital world is no exception. However, though cryptocurrency investment is highly risky, one should not forget the fortunes made and lost in the Internet's early days. Internet The early 2000s saw a flurry of investments in myriads of .com startups, as investors all wanted in this newfangled source of fast high returns. When the , investors’ losses reached an estimated $5 trillion. Yet, the Internet survived, and fortunes were made. As investments in dot.com were typically reserved to VCs and accredited investors, the general public only suffered minor shockwaves. dot.com bubble burst in 2002 Decentralized Web The explosion of valueless crypto-currencies dubbed that characterized 2018 gave cryptocurrencies, in general, a bad name. Crypto-speculation is still a domain reserved to a select few, as people with little knowledge of the ins-and-outs of what makes a cryptocurrency a sound investment are likely to fall prey to scams and pump-and-dump schemes. Crypto-speculation carries risks similar to , famously popularized in the Wolf of Wall Street movie. The main difference is that investing in crypto is open to everyone, not only to accredited investors. shitcoins penny-stocks investments Yet, unlike the Internet, the Decentralized Web offers opportunities for everyone to invest by doing, without risking a cent. The three working applications listed in this article enable users to earn cryptocurrencies by doing what they usually do, using a browser, searching, and sharing links. The rewards earned are in the applications' native token. These tokens' value might "moon," or crash, meaning the cash value earnings from using the solutions reviewed below can either rise dramatically, fall to zero, or remain stable based on the fluctuation of their native token. Let’s have a closer look at the active decentralized solutions meeting the criteria and used to write this article. The criteria are: fully or partially decentralized and redistributing wealth. Brave Browser Mainstream browsers all collect data. Though it is usually possible to limit the amount of data collected, doing so might require adding extensions or other light or heavy tech-savvy manipulations. This data is typically used to generate revenue for the company owning the browser. These revenues are not shared with the user. In an by Pr. Douglas J. Leith,  Dublin Trinity College School of Computer Sciences and Statistics, Brave Browser was by far the most private of the six browsers studied -  Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Brave Browser, Microsoft Edge, and Yandex. independent study of browser privacy : In that study, Brave Browser default settings showed no use of identifiers allowing tracking of IP address overtime and no sharing of the details of web pages visited with backend servers. For users, the only manipulation needed to ensure privacy is to leave the default privacy shields up. Privacy Customizing privacy settings is user-friendly and intuitive from the settings interface and is future-proof to a certain extent as it includes specific settings for Ethereum blockchain compatibility. These settings can be ignored by general users who do not interact with Ethereum. Modifying the settings for specific sites is easily done from the Brave icon displayed in the search bar. : Brave Browser revenue model is partially based on selling advertising space. However, 70% of the advertising revenue is redistributed to the users who have opted in to view ads from the Brave Rewards options. Revenue Sharing These revenues are distributed monthly to opted-in users in BAT tokens, the Brave Browser native crypto-currency. When connecting their Brave account to Uphold wallet, users can opt to have their earnings distributed in another cryptocurrency. : Pros Currently, the best browser to ensure privacy Effective at blocking ads Slick customizable interface Runs extremely well Enables marginal earnings Fully integrates IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) protocol Partially decentralized Cons : Some websites are broken when Brave shields are up, requiring taking all or some of the shields down to access the website’s full content. Payment of ad revenue to users is still buggy, often delayed, and sometimes lost or partial. Connecting to the Uphold wallet is still complex for the non-crypto crowd. Transferring earnings from the Uphold wallet is still complex for the non-crypto crowd. No Maximum Token supply. Still partially centralized. Competing Web 3.0 browsers: Opera Status Competing wealth-redistribution ad-serving browser None found Recent Developments: - India Times Brave just acquired the open search engine Tailcat. - The Verge Brave fully Integrates IPFS Protocol Native token: BAT Pre-Search Mainstream search engines collect users' data and use them in opaque ways. Though improvements in reducing user data collection, such as the recent , are steps in the right direction. Yet, it still fails to provide users with transparency about the use made of their data directly collected by Google itself. Google announcement to remove third-party tracking cookies from Google Chrome Pre Search is an open, decentralized search engine that ensures search privacy and rewards users with PRE tokens. These PRE tokens can be traded on major exchanges or used for Keyword Staking to purchase ad space displayed on top of the search results. The PreSearch interface looks like this, reminiscent of Google's early interface, but with the option to switch to other leading search engines by clicking on their icon in the left vertical menu bar. Currently, search engine options are Google and DuckDuckgo, Crypto-related queries can be redirected to Etherscan and CoinMarketCap, and search on social media platforms are Facebook and Twitter. Clicking on the three dots redirects you to more options: PreSearch top menu bar displays your current earnings and a user icon that redirects you to your account. From your account page, you can access more general information, actions, and data. To better understand how privacy and keywords staking on Pre Search work, (also hyperlinked with a 2key SmartLink described below.) watch this video Pros: Redistributes wealth Privacy Partially decentralized Cons: Still a bit clunky Payment of eligible PRE token earned through searching can only be withdrawn after you earned over 1000 tokens Competing privacy-protecting search engine: Duck Duck G Qwant StartPage Swisscow searX Peekier MetaGer Ecosia Tailcat - Just acquired by Brave Browser Neeva - Just raised $40M Competing wealth-redistribution search engine: None found Recent Developments: Launches ‘keyword staking’ for advertising transparency - SiliconAngle - Launched Presearch Node Rewards Medium PreSearch Native token: PRE 2key SmartLinks A blockchain solution for content distribution and viral marketing, to share links in every SmartLink. When a SmartLink is opened, all the people in the referral chain receive a fraction of the reward upon conversion (the conversion typically is a click, but it can also be, depending on the type of SmartLink used, current options are purchase or donation, with more options in the pipeline.) 2key SmartLinks integrates incentives For default SmartLinks, the entire process is fully automated and is barely more complex than shortening a link with . From the website, copy-paste any URL, click SmartLink, and follow instructions. Once you have an account, creating a SmartLink is done in three clicks. bit.ly There are two kinds of SmartLinks, free and paid. Both are automatically entered into the program that rewards referrers with for sharing links considerately and penalizes spammers. Every week, the epoch reward is divided between referrers in proportion to their reputation points. Reputation Mining Qi Points Advertisers or anyone wanting to boost its content reach can add an extra reward to further incentivize sharing. Both link creators and links sharer earn Qi points yielding 2key tokens as follows: Users can check their earnings at any time from their dashboard. Users can visualize the referral path of the link they shared or created and access detailed statistics. 90% of revenues generated by sponsored SmartLinks is redistributed to 2key.network users. A full description of 2key tokenomics is available . here When sharing a SmartLink, a is displayed to the recipient: preview window Clicking “Open Link” opens the original URL and earns the person who clicks 1 QI point. Clicking Refer & Earn adds the user code to the SmartLink. Downstream clicks benefit the entire referral chain as explained in the QI points table above. Additional rewards added by SmartLink sponsors are also distributed to the entire referral chain in direct proportion to each user’s activity. Creating a 2key SmartLink takes 3 clicks https://youtu.be/tS8K62PhdTc Pros: Privacy Transparency Wealth redistribution Built-in anti-spam Cons: Preview window leads to a small percentage of lost clicks Latency Competing Blockchain content-distribution or blockchain marketing active solutions: None Found Competing Blockchain content-distribution or blockchain marketing redistributing wealth: None found - Recent Developments: First blockchain app listed on Zoom Marketplace Yahoo Finance Native token: 2KEY So, now you know what to do to protect your privacy, be an active part of building a decentralized web-promoting wealth-redistribution, and earn a residual income that might sharply increase in value during the coming decade. Start using decentralized apps that let you earn like the three described above.

Privacy, Decentralization & Investments: What Do They Have in Common?

Generics were introduced in version J2SE 5.0 of Java in 2004. It is a pure compile-time concept. Before the Generics were not introduced, we had to downcast the and specify it. There were no compile time safety and runtime exceptions like comes into play. To remove these problems Java developers introduced generics.  Simply put, by using the Generics concept, a developer can sort an array of objects and then simply invoke integer, double, and sting arrays to sort the elements. <object type> classCastException Why do we need Generics? Let’s find out why we need Generics with practical examples. Consider a class Java that has a private member of Type Object (Object class is the mother of all classes as every class is a child class of Object Class). class Java{ private Object obj1; public Object getObj1() { return obj1; } public void setObj1(Object obj) { this.obj1 = obj; } } Let’s assume, a developer Adam creates an instance of the Java class and stores a Date object in its variable. The object of Date is taken from Java.sql.Date Adam: Java temporary = new Java(); temporary.setObj1(new Date(someTime)); // java.sql.Date And another developer David sets a Date instance in the same project from instance. Java.util.Date David: ** ** temporary.Obj1(new Date()); // java.uitil.Date Now, if Adam tries to fetch date from the same temporary instance and tries to assign it to the Date variable of (since he used it earlier), he will get a at run time. java.sql.Date classCastException Adam: Date date = (Date)temp.get(); // java.sql.Date We had to face these problem before Generics were introduced. Developers had to use an explicit downcast of objects and runtime exceptions like came into play. classCastExceptions To tackle these sorts of problems Java language designers were looking for a solution that can help them to deal with such exceptions at compile time. They eventually found the solution and added the Generics concept into Java version5. Consider the same class Java defined in terms of Generics. class Java<T>{ private T obj1; public T getObj1() { return obj1; } public void setObj1(T obj) { this.obj1 = obj; } ** ** } Here is a parameterized type.** ** <T> Now when Adam creates an instance of class Java and stores an object of Date from java.sql.Date. Adam: Java<Date> temporary = new Java<Date>();  // java.sql.Date temporary.setObj1(new Date(someTime)); And later David tries to set the same instance (temporary) with a new Object of Date from java.util.Date David: temporary.setObj1(new Date()); // java.util.Date If David tries to do so he will get a compile-time error. As temporary can store only objects of Date from In this way, Generics offer us compile-time safety, much cleaner, less generic code, no downcast of objects, and no runtime exceptions. This is why Generics is called a pure compile-time concept. java.sql.Date Generic Type and parameterized Type Class Java<T> { …. } is a generic type where T in Java is a Type parameter of this Generic type and it is a formal type parameter. <T> Now if we create an instance of the Temp class. Java<Date> temporary = new Java<Date>(); // java.sql.Date Here in this statement is parameterized and Date is an actual parameter that ensures that temporary (instance of Java) can hold only Date-type objects which come from If anyone tries to store any other object in temp, they will get a compilation error. Java<Date> java.sql.Date Diamond notation We can also create an instance of the Java class as follows: Java<Date> temporary = new Java<>(); In this line of code, we do not have to specify the actual type parameter on the right side of creation. The compiler does that implicitly for us and this is known as diamond notation. How the compiler treats Generics As we learned, Generics are tackled by the compiler at compile time. When we compile our code, the compiler does two things for us: and . Let's look at the same example to understand what they are: 1- Type erasure 2- implicit cast public class main { public static void main(String[] args) { Java<String> temporary = new Java<>(); // Diamond notation temporary.setObj1("java version 5"); System.out.println(temporary.getObj1()); } } class Java<T>{ private T obj1; public T getObj1() { return obj1; } public void setObj1(T obj) { this.obj1 = obj; } } When we compile this code, the compiler uses a term called . Type Erasure As the name suggests type erasure basically removes all the generic notation and replaces all class-level type parameters with Object Type. Like in our case when we compile the code, all generic notation will be removed and class-level type parameters will be replaced with Object. Here is what the code looks like after the Type erasure: public class main { public static void main(String[] args) { Java temporary = new Java(); temporary.setObj1("java version 5"); System.out.println((String)temporary.getObj1()); } } class Temp{ private Object obj1; public Object getObj1() { return obj1; } public void setObj1(Object obj) { this.obj1 = obj; } ** ** } As we can see, the compiler does implicit cast in the print statement and uses a type eraser to remove and replace generics notation. Restrictions in Generics There are some restrictions in generics as well and we have to be familiar with them. The first restriction is we can not use primitive types as Type arguments in Generics. For example, we can not do Java<int> temporary = new Java<int>(); Second restriction is that we can not use a class-level type parameter in a static context. For example, we can not do the following: class Java<T>{ private static T obj1; public T getObj1() { return obj1; } public void setObj1(T obj) { this.obj1 = obj; } } This will give a compile time error.** ** Third restriction is that methods can not be overloaded and have the same reference type after Type erasure. For example, we can not do the following: void menu(LinkedList<String> l1){} void menu(LinkedList<Integer> l1){} This is not method overloading as after Type erasure comes into play this piece of code will look like this: void menu(LinkedList l1){} void menu(LinkedList l1){} Type erasure removes all generic notation. Now as you can see both functions are the same and hence no overloading concept is required here. There are a few more restrictions but these are the most important ones. How Generics in java is useful for developers? We developed a strong understanding of generics. We know we can deal with runtime exceptions at compile time itself as generics provide us strong type-checking, and compile-time safety, and also we do not need to use explicit cast as the compiler knows what type is to be stored. So, with this, we have much cleaner, readable, and more generic code. Generics provide the ability for developers to develop generic algorithms. In Java, today use of many features would not be possible without generics.

What are Generics in Java and How do they work? Explained with Examples

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Hyerin Cho (조혜린), Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
(2) Ben S. Prather, CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
(3) Ramesh Narayan, enter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
(4) Priyamvada Natarajan, Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Department of Astronomy, Yale University, Kline Tower, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA and Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208121, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
(5) Kung-Yi Su, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
(6) Angelo Ricarte, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
(7) Koushik Chatterjee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Numerical Methods Hydrodynamic Bondi Accretion Magnetized Bondi Accretion Feedback Via Reconnection-Driven Convection Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements Appendix A. GRMHD Primer and Definitions B. Numerical Set-up C. Resolution and Initial Condition Study References A. GRMHD PRIMER AND DEFINITIONS This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Hyerin Cho (조혜린), Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (2) Ben S. Prather, CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (3) Ramesh Narayan, enter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (4) Priyamvada Natarajan, Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Department of Astronomy, Yale University, Kline Tower, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA and Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208121, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (5) Kung-Yi Su, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (6) Angelo Ricarte, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (7) Koushik Chatterjee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors : Authors (1) Hyerin Cho (조혜린), Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (2) Ben S. Prather, CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (3) Ramesh Narayan, enter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (4) Priyamvada Natarajan, Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA, Department of Astronomy, Yale University, Kline Tower, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA and Department of Physics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208121, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (5) Kung-Yi Su, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (6) Angelo Ricarte, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (7) Koushik Chatterjee, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA and Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Numerical Methods Numerical Methods Hydrodynamic Bondi Accretion Hydrodynamic Bondi Accretion Magnetized Bondi Accretion Magnetized Bondi Accretion Feedback Via Reconnection-Driven Convection Feedback Via Reconnection-Driven Convection Summary and Conclusions Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Appendix Appendix A. GRMHD Primer and Definitions A. GRMHD Primer and Definitions B. Numerical Set-up B. Numerical Set-up C. Resolution and Initial Condition Study C. Resolution and Initial Condition Study References References A. GRMHD PRIMER AND DEFINITIONS This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Arxiv

GRMHD Primer and Definitions: Everything You Need to Know

Introduction JavaScript is a single-threaded, popular, and commonly used programming language. So, besides coding in JavaScript, we should know how the code runs internally. In this article, we will be looking through the steps and understand the internal code execution in JavaScript. So, let's dive into it!! What is Execution Context? Execution context is a fundamental topic in JavaScript which refers to the scope or environment in which the JavaScript code is evaluated and executed. Whenever any code runs in JavaScript, it runs inside the execution context. Its Importance Understanding the execution context is important as it helps us to understand the variable accessibility(i.e., the scope of the variables in the code), the value of 'this' keyword which is often misunderstood, and the concept of Hoisting. Types of Execution Context There are three types of execution context: Global Execution Context
Function Execution Context
Eval Function Execution Context Now, let's dive into the main content and look into the creation of execution context. Creation of Execution Context When a code is run in JavaScript, at first, a global execution context is created. The global execution context is allocated to 'this' variable. After that, the creation of the execution context consists of two phases: The Creation phase and the Code Execution Phase. The JS code runs in two phases Not clear enough? Let's understand these phases and the whole process of code execution through an example and diagrams. Let's have a look at a simple code let num1 = 50;
let num2 = 100;
function product(val1 , val2){
    let ans= val1*val2;
    return ans;
}
let result= product(num1 , num2); While running the code, at first, a global execution context is created which is referred to this variable. In the browser, the value of this is the "window" object. All the further execution contexts are created inside this Global execution context. As JavaScript is a single-threaded language, everything inside it works in a definite process. Now, after the creation of the Global execution context, the code execution takes place. In JS, the code execution takes place in two steps, the first is the memory creation phase in which the variables are declared and allocated memory. The second one is the code execution phase in which the variables are assigned their value and the code is run line by line. Memory Creation Phase In this phase, declaration and memory allocation of variables take place within the execution context but are not initialized or assigned any value. In the above example, in the memory creation phase, at first, variables num1 and then num2 are declared which is initialized with the value undefined. After that, the function product is declared which contains the function definition, and lastly, the variable result is declared which contains the value undefined. Here comes the concept of "Hoisting." Hoisting is a JS mechanism where variables and function declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope in the compilation phase even before the execution of the code. Thus, these variables are hoisted to the top of their scopes. Now, let's look into the next phase, i.e., the Execution phase. Execution Phase After the variables are declared, the first half of execution is completed. Now, here starts the code execution phase. In the execution phase, all the declared variables are initialized with the values, and the code is executed line by line. In the above example, during the execution phase at first num1 is initialized with the value, i.e., 50, and similarly, num2 is initialized with 100. Following that the function product is called and for that function, a new function execution context is created consisting of a new variable environment and execution thread. (Refer to the following image for better understanding). The function is also executed similarly in two phases inside the function execution context until it returns the value to the Global execution context. Function Execution Context: In the memory creation phase val1, val2and ans are declared consecutively and are initialized with undefined. After that, the execution phase val1 is initialized with the value 50 as val1= num1. Similarly, val2= 100 as val2=num2. In the next step, ans is evaluated as ans= val1*val2 and assigned with the value 5000. After it returns the value to the global execution context, the function execution context is deleted. In the next step, the returned value by the function is assigned to the result variable, and the output is given. Now, the execution of the code is completed. After completion, the whole execution context is destroyed. There is also a concept called Call Stack. It is a mechanism that keeps track of the functions being called, which are being executed, and which are in queue to be executed one after another. It follows the LIFO principle (i.e., Last In First Out principle). The function called at the last is added to the top of the list and after its execution, it is popped out. Conclusion That was all about how code is executed in JavaScript. I hope I was able to clear the process of code execution more simply. If you found this blog useful and insightful, share it and comment down your views on it. Do follow for more such content. Here's how you can connect with me. Email - olibhiag@gmail.com Socials: Twitter - LinkedIn - GitHub Thanks for giving it a read!! Introduction JavaScript is a single-threaded, popular, and commonly used programming language. So, besides coding in JavaScript, we should know how the code runs internally. In this article, we will be looking through the steps and understand the internal code execution in JavaScript. So, let's dive into it!! What is Execution Context? Execution context is a fundamental topic in JavaScript which refers to the scope or environment in which the JavaScript code is evaluated and executed. Whenever any code runs in JavaScript, it runs inside the execution context. Its Importance Understanding the execution context is important as it helps us to understand the variable accessibility(i.e., the scope of the variables in the code), the value of 'this' keyword which is often misunderstood, and the concept of Hoisting. 'this' 'this' Types of Execution Context There are three types of execution context: Global Execution Context Function Execution Context Eval Function Execution Context Global Execution Context Function Execution Context Eval Function Execution Context Now, let's dive into the main content and look into the creation of execution context. Creation of Execution Context When a code is run in JavaScript, at first, a global execution context is created. The global execution context is allocated to 'this' variable. After that, the creation of the execution context consists of two phases: The Creation phase and the Code Execution Phase. The JS code runs in two phases The Creation phase Code Execution Phase. Not clear enough? Let's understand these phases and the whole process of code execution through an example and diagrams. Let's have a look at a simple code let num1 = 50;
let num2 = 100;
function product(val1 , val2){
    let ans= val1*val2;
    return ans;
}
let result= product(num1 , num2); let num1 = 50;
let num2 = 100;
function product(val1 , val2){
    let ans= val1*val2;
    return ans;
}
let result= product(num1 , num2); While running the code, at first, a global execution context is created which is referred to this variable. this In the browser, the value of this is the "window" object. All the further execution contexts are created inside this Global execution context. As JavaScript is a single-threaded language , everything inside it works in a definite process. In the browser, the value of this is the "window" object. single-threaded language Now, after the creation of the Global execution context, the code execution takes place. In JS, the code execution takes place in two steps, the first is the memory creation phase in which the variables are declared and allocated memory. The second one is the code execution phase in which the variables are assigned their value and the code is run line by line. Memory Creation Phase In this phase, declaration and memory allocation of variables take place within the execution context but are not initialized or assigned any value. In the above example, in the memory creation phase, at first, variables num1 and then num2 are declared which is initialized with the value undefined . After that, the function product is declared which contains the function definition, and lastly, the variable result is declared which contains the value undefined . num1 num2 undefined product result undefined Here comes the concept of "Hoisting." "Hoisting." Hoisting is a JS mechanism where variables and function declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope in the compilation phase even before the execution of the code. Thus, these variables are hoisted to the top of their scopes. Now, let's look into the next phase, i.e., the Execution phase. Execution Phase After the variables are declared, the first half of execution is completed. Now, here starts the code execution phase. In the execution phase, all the declared variables are initialized with the values, and the code is executed line by line. In the above example, during the execution phase at first num1 is initialized with the value, i.e., 50 , and similarly, num2 is initialized with 100 . num1 50 num2 100 Following that the function product is called and for that function, a new function execution context is created consisting of a new variable environment and execution thread. product (Refer to the following image for better understanding). The function is also executed similarly in two phases inside the function execution context until it returns the value to the Global execution context. Function Execution Context : In the memory creation phase val1 , val2 and ans are declared consecutively and are initialized with undefined . After that, the execution phase val1 is initialized with the value 50 as val1= num1 . Similarly, val2= 100 as val2=num2 . In the next step, ans is evaluated as ans= val1*val2 and assigned with the value 5000 . Function Execution Context Function Execution Context val1 val2 ans undefined val1 50 val1= num1 val2= 100 val2=num2 ans= val1*val2 5000 After it returns the value to the global execution context, the function execution context is deleted. In the next step, the returned value by the function is assigned to the result variable, and the output is given. Now, the execution of the code is completed. After completion, the whole execution context is destroyed. result There is also a concept called Call Stack. It is a mechanism that keeps track of the functions being called, which are being executed, and which are in queue to be executed one after another. Call Stack. It follows the LIFO principle (i.e., Last In First Out principle). The function called at the last is added to the top of the list and after its execution, it is popped out. Conclusion That was all about how code is executed in JavaScript. I hope I was able to clear the process of code execution more simply. If you found this blog useful and insightful, share it and comment down your views on it. Do follow for more such content. Here's how you can connect with me. Email - olibhiag@gmail.com olibhiag@gmail.com Socials: Twitter - LinkedIn - GitHub Twitter LinkedIn GitHub Thanks for giving it a read!!

Everything You Need to Know About JavaScript Execution Context

Password Management and Protection - Part 2: What You Need to Know About Passwordless Logins

Feature Engineering for Machine Learning Models: Everything You Need to Know 

মেশিন লার্নিং এর জন্য ফিচার ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং

Feature Engineering für maschinelles Lernen

Ingeniería de funciones para el aprendizaje automático

Ingénierie des fonctionnalités pour l’apprentissage automatique

मशीन लर्निंग के लिए फ़ीचर इंजीनियरिंग

機械学習のための特徴エンジニアリング

기계 학습을 위한 특성 엔지니어링

Engenharia de recursos para aprendizado de máquina

Разработка функций для машинного обучения

Makine Öğrenimi için Özellik Mühendisliği

Kỹ thuật tính năng cho Machine Learning

机器学习的特征工程

The Linux command line is a powerful tool with a wide range of functions. Users mostly use it to interact with their computers, and it gives them access to a variety of tools that can expedite and streamline their work. To fully utilize this capacity, you must be familiar with a few fundamental commands and shortcuts. Furthermore, grasping the fundamental commands of Linux is essential to making the most of all of its features. I recently posed the question, “What is your favourite Linux command?” on X (previously Twitter), and I received a lot of responses. https://twitter.com/Dhanush_Nehru/status/1789549671385575858?embedable=true After viewing most of the comments, I’ve selected a couple that might be significant and also important to know. rm Command: rm removes all the files from the current directory with a prompt. rm -RF removes all the files and directories recursively without a prompt. Example: rm test.txt touch Command: An empty file is created in the current directory by the touch command. Example: touch test.txt rmdir Command: The rmdir command deletes an empty directory from the current working directory. Example: rmdir example_directory cd Command: It’s used to navigate between directories or folders within a file system. To go directly to the root directory, we use the cd command alone. Example: cd /home/user ls Command: This command is used to list files and directories in a directory. When used with the -lrh options, it provides a detailed list with specific formatting. -l: Produces a long listing format, showing additional information such as permissions, owner, group, size, and modification time.
-r: Lists files and directories in reverse order.
-h: Prints sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes). Example: ls -lrh cat Command: The cat command displays the contents of a text file. Example: cat example.txt pwd Command: The pwd command displays the path of the current working directory. Example: pwd man Command: To access the manual pages for a specific command, use the man command. It offers comprehensive details on the syntax, options, and operation of a command. Example: man ls sudo Command: In Unix-like operating systems, the sudo command represents “superuser do.” As determined by the security policy set up on the system, it permits a permitted user to run a command as the superuser (root) or as any other user. Example: sudo nano /etc/hosts Apart from these commands, there are a few more commands that you might not be aware of, so check out this video for further insights. https://youtu.be/sIG3ForhRRI?si=SNhgY8gchpryKatD&embedable=true Thanks for reading, please give a like as a sort of encouragement, and also share this post on socials which might benefit someone. Connect ⬇️ Twitter / Instagram / Github / Youtube / Newsletter / Discord The Linux command line is a powerful tool with a wide range of functions. Users mostly use it to interact with their computers, and it gives them access to a variety of tools that can expedite and streamline their work. To fully utilize this capacity, you must be familiar with a few fundamental commands and shortcuts. Furthermore, grasping the fundamental commands of Linux is essential to making the most of all of its features. I recently posed the question, “What is your favourite Linux command?” on X (previously Twitter), and I received a lot of responses. https://twitter.com/Dhanush_Nehru/status/1789549671385575858?embedable=true https://twitter.com/Dhanush_Nehru/status/1789549671385575858?embedable=true After viewing most of the comments, I’ve selected a couple that might be significant and also important to know. rm Command: rm removes all the files from the current directory with a prompt. rm -RF removes all the files and directories recursively without a prompt. Example: rm test.txt touch Command: An empty file is created in the current directory by the touch command. Example: touch test.txt rmdir Command: The rmdir command deletes an empty directory from the current working directory. Example: rmdir example_directory cd Command: It’s used to navigate between directories or folders within a file system. To go directly to the root directory, we use the cd command alone. Example: cd /home/user ls Command: This command is used to list files and directories in a directory. When used with the -lrh options, it provides a detailed list with specific formatting. -lrh -l: Produces a long listing format, showing additional information such as permissions, owner, group, size, and modification time. -r: Lists files and directories in reverse order. -h: Prints sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes). -l : Produces a long listing format, showing additional information such as permissions, owner, group, size, and modification time. -l -r : Lists files and directories in reverse order. -r -h : Prints sizes in a human-readable format (e.g., kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes). -h Example: ls -lrh cat Command: The cat command displays the contents of a text file. Example: cat example.txt pwd Command: The pwd command displays the path of the current working directory. Example: pwd man Command: To access the manual pages for a specific command, use the man command. It offers comprehensive details on the syntax, options, and operation of a command. Example: man ls sudo Command: In Unix-like operating systems, the sudo command represents “superuser do.” As determined by the security policy set up on the system, it permits a permitted user to run a command as the superuser (root) or as any other user. Example: sudo nano /etc/hosts Apart from these commands, there are a few more commands that you might not be aware of, so check out this video for further insights. Apart from these commands, there are a few more commands that you might not be aware of, so check out this video for further insights. https://youtu.be/sIG3ForhRRI?si=SNhgY8gchpryKatD&embedable=true https://youtu.be/sIG3ForhRRI?si=SNhgY8gchpryKatD&embedable=true Thanks for reading, please give a like as a sort of encouragement, and also share this post on socials which might benefit someone. Thanks for reading, please give a like as a sort of encouragement, and also share this post on socials which might benefit someone. Connect ⬇️ Connect Twitter / Instagram / Github / Youtube / Newsletter / Discord Twitter Twitter / Instagram Instagram / Github Github / Youtube Youtube / Newsletter Newsletter / Discord Discord

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