nebu

NEBULÆ—APPARENT AND REAL

THE BEGINNING OF THE NEBULA

The Earth's Beginning by Robert S. Ball is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . OBJECTIONS TO THE NEBULAR THEORY CHAPTER XVII. OBJECTIONS TO THE NEBULAR THEORY There are Difficulties in the Nebular Theory—The General Conformity of the Movements—Details of the Uranian Movements—The Anomaly in the Satellite of Neptune—Where the Difficulty Lies—The Fundamental Principle which Dynamics Offers for our Guidance—The Immense Contrast between the Nebula in its Original Form and its Final Form—Energy that could be Obtained by a rearrangement of our System—Probable Nature of the Present Change in the Plane of the Orbits of the Satellites of Uranus—The Similar Explanation in the Case of Neptune. No one will deny that there are points in connection with the nebular theory which present difficulties which to some seem important. We shall endeavour to estimate the significance of these difficulties in this chapter. They are certain anomalous phenomena presented by the planets Uranus and Neptune. The satellites which attend upon the planets exhibit a general conformity with those movements of the planets themselves on which we have dwelt in Chapters , , The planes in which the orbits of the satellites are contained are usually not much inclined to the plane of the ecliptic, and the directions in which the satellites revolve also agree with the general direction of the planetary movement. We find these conditions in the one satellite of the earth, in the two satellites of Mars, in the five satellites of Jupiter, in the eight or nine satellites of Saturn; but, when we come to Uranus and Neptune, the two outermost planets, we observe a striking but most instructive violation of the laws which we have found so consistently prevailing in the other parts of the solar system. XIV. XV. XVI. Let me first mention the special circumstances of Uranus. It is now known that this planet has four satellites. Of these, Titania and Oberon were both discovered by Sir William Herschel on January 11th, 1787. The two remaining satellites, named Ariel and Umbriel, were not discovered for more than half a century later by Mr. Lassell, on October 24th, 1851. It is, however, just possible that they were previously seen by Sir William Herschel. The innermost of the four satellites, Ariel, accomplishes a revolution in a day and a half, Umbriel goes round in four days and three hours, Titania in eight days and seventeen hours, and Oberon in thirteen days and eleven hours. We have already mentioned how the investigations of Newcomb show that these four satellites of Uranus revolve in the same direction and in the same plane; but this plane, instead of lying in or near the ecliptic, is very nearly perpendicular thereto, the actual angle being eighty-three degrees. This is one of the features in which the satellites of Uranus are in startling disobedience to the laws which have been so rigidly observed in most other parts of the system. But there is also a second anomaly. The direction in which the satellites move, when projected on the plane of the ecliptic, is found to be opposite to the universal direction in which all the other movements in the solar system are performed. Of course the fact that the plane of the orbits of the satellites lies so nearly at right angles to the plane of the ecliptic detracts somewhat from the significance of this circumstance. If the two planes were absolutely at right angles, there would be, of course, no projection at all, and, in the actual circumstances, the moment of momentum, when projected, loses nineteen-twentieths of its amount. It follows that in the actual position of the plane the abnormal direction in which the satellites are moving is not very material. It must be admitted that, in the position of the plane of their orbits and the direction of their movements, the satellites of Uranus are in contrast to what a hasty consideration of the nebular theory might have led us to expect. If the orbits of those satellites had all lain close to the plane of the ecliptic, and if the direction in which the satellites revolved had also conspired with that of the revolution of Uranus round the sun, and with all the other hundreds of movements which are in the same direction, there can be no doubt that we should in this place have been appealing to the satellites of Uranus as confirmatory evidence of the truth of the nebular theory. The fact that they move in a manner so totally at variance with what might have been expected cannot therefore be overlooked. Neptune, the outermost planet of our system, presents us also with difficulties of an analogous character. So far as the orbit of Neptune itself is concerned, it agrees entirely with the general planetary convention; the inclination of that orbit to the plane of the ecliptic is no more than six degrees, and the direction in which the outermost planet revolves round the frontier of our system is not different from the directions in which all the other planets revolve. We know nothing about the axis of rotation of Neptune except that it may be reasonably presumed to be in the same plane as the movement of its satellite. On October 10th, 1846, Lassell, with the help of his great telescope, suspected the existence of a satellite to Neptune, and he announced it definitely on July 7th, 1847. We are indebted to Newcomb for a careful investigation of the orbit of this satellite. It moves in a track which is practically circular, and it requires about five days and twenty-one hours to accomplish each revolution. Its inclination to the ecliptic is not so anomalous as in the case of Uranus, the inclination being in this case not more than thirty-five degrees. This is not much greater than the inclinations of the orbits of some of the asteroids, and it might have passed without much comment had it not been for the circumstance that the direction of motion of the satellite in this track is antagonistic to all the other movements in the solar system. This is indeed a more startling fact in some respects than the movements of the satellites of Uranus, for, as we pointed out, the plane of the orbits of the satellites of Uranus is so nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic that the direction of the movement could not be held to be of much significance. The satellite of Neptune, having an orbital inclination barely more than a third of a right angle, exhibits a retrograde movement which is in some respects the most anomalous feature in the solar system. These circumstances connected with the satellites of Uranus and Neptune have been sometimes brought forward as arguments against the nebular theory. What Laplace would have said to them we can only conjecture, for, at the time he brought out his theory, Neptune was entirely unknown, and none of the satellites of Uranus had been observed. But it has sometimes been urged that the movements of these two systems are inconsistent with the principles of the nebular theory, and that, therefore, the nebular theory must be abandoned. I have no desire to minimise the difficulties, but I think the considerations to which I now invite attention may help to lessen them even if they do not altogether remove them. I trust, at least, we may be able to show that even those anomalous movements are not incompatible with the acceptance of the account of the origin of our solar system given by the nebular theory. The primæval nebula may be regarded as chaotic in its earliest stages; perhaps it was like the nebulous wisps in Fig. . It was chaotic in the arrangement of the material of which it is formed, and in the movements of that material. Before a disorganised nebula can become evolved into a nebula with any definite form like that in Fig. , or into anything resembling a solar system, an immense period of time must elapse, and during that time the operation of the laws of dynamics gradually impresses certain well-marked features on the nebula, and disposes it to assume an orderly form. We have explained that no matter how the nebula originated, or no matter what may have been the irregularities in its extent or distribution, and no matter how diverse may have been the agitations of its various parts, the principles of dynamics assure us that each such nebula must, for all time, stand in some special relation to a certain particular plane. The moment of momentum which the nebula has with respect to this plane, exceeds the moment of momentum that it has with respect to any other plane. We have pointed out how, notwithstanding the vicissitudes and transformations to which, in the course of illimitable ages, the nebula must submit, its moment of momentum relatively to this plane will remain absolutely unaltered. We have shown how the energy of the nebula becomes gradually exhausted. The collisions between various particles, the frictions that will necessarily arise, and the actions which we may sufficiently describe by saying that they are of a tidal character, will all result in the transformation of energy into heat. This heat is radiated away and lost, and there is a corresponding decline in the energy of the system. To preserve its moment of momentum unaltered in the course of ages, notwithstanding the continuous reduction of energy, the materials of the nebula will ever find themselves more and more approximating to the plane, and will ever find themselves more and more compelled to revolve in the same direction. If the original size of the nebula be compared with the area of the Atlantic Ocean, the condensed form which the nebula may ultimately assume may be no larger than a coral island. If the nett moment of momentum, diffused over the space as large as the ocean, has still to be preserved in the space as large as the island, we need not be surprised that the spin of the system in its condensed form is its dominating characteristic. 51 52 In the evolution of our solar system from the primæval nebula, this operation of reducing the movements to the same plane and of requiring that all the movements shall take place in the same direction, having had play for unmeasured ages, has in the main accomplished its end. All the important bodies of the system do go round in the same direction; that much, at least, has been attained. All of them also go round in planes which are nearly coincident, but, as we have already noted, they are not yet absolutely coincident. The greatest planets have, however, very nearly become reconciled, so far as the planes of their orbits are concerned, to the condition which dynamics imposes. The same is true of the rotation of the sun on its axis. That axis is inclined at an angle of eighty-three degrees to the plane of the ecliptic, so that the sun’s equator would have to be shifted only through an angle no greater than seven degrees, if it were to be placed in the plane in which it should be situated, if the condition of the smallest quantity of energy for a given amount of moment of momentum was to be realised. We find a greater discrepancy in the plane of the earth’s equator. This is inclined by about twenty-three degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. Here there is some energy which might yet be expended without a diminution of the amount of moment of momentum in the system; for if the earth’s axis were to be made perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, then the velocity of rotation of the earth about its axis might undergo a corresponding abatement, and yet keep up the requisite moment of momentum. We thus see that even with the older planets the conditions which would be enforced, if the moment of momentum was to be sustained with the least quantity of energy, are not absolutely complied with; which simply means that there has not yet been time enough for our system to arrive at the perfect state, to which it must be approximating. If we have found that in the rotations of the earth and of the sun, and in the revolutions of the planets round the sun, the conditions ultimately aimed at have not yet been reached, why should we feel surprised that in the outer planets of our system, Uranus and Neptune, the conditions which evolution tends to produce have not yet been fully attained? That the operation of the conservation of moment of momentum is in progress in the internal economy of the Uranian system, we have already had occasion to explain in Chapter XI. The fact which Newcomb demonstrated, that the four satellites revolve in the same plane, can only be accounted for by the supposition that in that system the conservation of moment of momentum, with declining energy, has gradually imposed this condition on the system belonging to Uranus. With reference to the position of the plane of the satellites, in the case of Uranus and Neptune, we would say, that though at present their arrangement appears anomalous, it will probably not always remain so. The fact that the satellites of Uranus are in a plane nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic really implies that there is a certain amount of energy still disposable in our system, if by readjustment of the plane of the Uranian satellites the necessary moment of momentum in the system is still preserved. Fig. 52.—Two-branched Spiral (n.g.c. 7479; in Pegasus). (Lick Observatory.) The laws of dynamics tell us that the orbits of planets must be gradually, if with excessive slowness, tending still further to the same plane. In this process energy can be expended by the system, while the moment of momentum is unabated. We can at least suggest what seems to be at this moment in progress in the system belonging to Uranus. It will readily be admitted that there may be a difficulty in seeing how the movement of a planet, which is going in the wrong direction, could be stopped and turned into the right direction. But we need not suppose that so violent a change as this would imply is to be expected in our system. We are quite accustomed to find the planes of the orbits of all planets in gradual movement. The plane containing the orbits of the four satellites of Uranus is at this moment probably moving gradually upwards. It will in due course become actually at right 346angles to the ecliptic, and we may then reasonably assume that it will advance further in the same direction. At the moment the right angle is passed, this continuous movement will have the effect of changing the directions of the satellites’ movement from retrograde to direct. The present anomaly will then tend to become evanescent, for, as the exhaustion of the energy continues, the planes of the satellites of Uranus will gradually come into conformity with the plane of the ecliptic. We make no doubt that there may be a similar explanation of the movements of the satellite of Neptune. The inclination of the plane of the orbit of the satellite to the ecliptic is probably now increasing. It will ultimately come to be at right angles thereto, and then the next advance of the plane will convert, by a continuous action, the retrograde motion of the satellite, at present so disconcerting, into a direct motion. The change of the plane will still continue until it, too, may ultimately coalesce with the ecliptic. The fact appears to be, that though an enormous quantity of energy must have been lost by radiation from our system during the illimitable ages through which the evolution has been running its course, the disposable energy is not yet quite exhausted. There are certain adjustments in our system which may still be made and which will allow of yet further radiation of energy, while still preserving sufficient to keep up the necessary moment of momentum. It seems obvious that the system is tending towards a condition in which the planes of all the orbits shall be coincident, and in which all the directions shall be absolutely unanimous. If we were at once to alter the system by moving all the orbits into the plane of the ecliptic, but making no change in the dimensions of those orbits, or the velocities concerned; if we were also to adjust the rotations of the earth, as well as of the other planets, so that all the axes of rotation should be perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic; if we were to turn the plane of the satellites of Uranus through that angle of 97°, which would suffice at the same time to bring it into coincidence with the ecliptic, and lay the movements of the satellites in the right direction; if we were also to turn the orbit of the satellite of Neptune through 145°, thus bringing that orbit to coincide with the plane of the ecliptic, in such a manner that the direction of the movement of the satellite of Neptune conspired with all the other movements of the system, then this rearrangement of the system would increase the moment of momentum, while the quantity of energy was not altered. But this is the same thing as saying that some energy yet remains to be disposed of, while the system still preserves the requisite moment of momentum. The conclusion we come to may be thus expressed: the movements of the satellites of Uranus and Neptune do not disprove the nebular hypothesis. They rather illustrate the fact that the great evolution which has wrought the solar system into form has not yet finished its work; it is still in progress. The work is very nearly done, and when that work shall have been completed, the satellites of Uranus and Neptune will no longer be dissociated from the general concord. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Robert S. Ball (2019). The Earth's Beginning. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/59080/pg59080-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

OBJECTIONS TO THE NEBULAR THEORY

SPIRAL AND PLANETARY NEBULÆ

The Nebular Theory: Many Applications of the Theory

STAR CLUSTERS AND NEBULÆ

The Second Deluge by Garrett Putman Serviss is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . STRANGE FREAKS OF THE NEBULA XIII. STRANGE FREAKS OF THE NEBULA We return to follow the fortunes of Cosmo Versál's Ark. After he had so providentially picked up the crazed billionaire, Amos Blank, and his three companions, Cosmo ordered Captain Arms to bear away southeastward, bidding farewell to the drowned shores of America, and sailing directly over the lower part of Manhattan, and western Long Island. The navigation was not easy, and if the Ark had not been a marvelously buoyant vessel it would not long have survived. At the beginning the heavy and continuous rain kept down the waves, and the surface of the sea was comparatively smooth, but after a while a curious phenomenon began to be noticed; immense billows would suddenly appear, rushing upon the Ark now from one direction and now from another, canting it over at a dangerous angle, and washing almost to the top of the huge ellipsoid of the dome. At such times it was difficult for anybody to maintain a footing, and there was great terror among the passengers. But Cosmo, and stout Captain Arms, remained at their post, relieving one another at frequent intervals, and never entrusting the sole charge of the vessel to any of their lieutenants. Cosmo Versál himself was puzzled to account for the origin of the mighty billows, for it seemed impossible that they could be raised by the wind notwithstanding the fact that it blew at times with hurricane force. But at last the explanation came of itself. Both Cosmo and the captain happened to be on the bridge together when they saw ahead something that looked like an enormous column as black as ink, standing upright on the surface of the water. A glance showed that it was in swift motion, and, more than that, was approaching in a direct line toward the Ark. In less than two minutes it was upon them. The instant that it met the Ark a terrific roaring deafened them, and the rounded front of the dome beneath their eyes disappeared under a deluge of descending water so dense that the vision could not penetrate it. In another half minute the great vessel seemed to have been driven to the bottom of the sea. But for the peculiar construction of the shelter of the bridge its occupants would have been drowned at their posts. As it was they were soaked as if they had been plunged overboard. Impenetrable darkness surrounded them. But the buoyant vessel shook itself, rolled from side to side, and rose with a staggering motion until it seemed to be poised on the summit of a watery mountain. Immediately the complete darkness passed, the awful downpour ceased, although the rain still fell in torrents, and the Ark began to glide downward with sickening velocity, as if it were sliding down a liquid slope. It was a considerable time before the two men, clinging to the supports of the bridge, were able to maintain their equilibrium sufficiently to render it possible to utter a few connected words. As soon as he could speak with reasonable comfort Cosmo exclaimed: "Now I see what it is that causes the billows, but it is a phenomenon that I should never have anticipated. It is all due to the nebula. Evidently there are irregularities of some kind in its constitution which cause the formation of almost solid masses of water in the atmosphere—suspended lakes, as it were—which then plunge down in a body as if a hundred thousand Niagaras were pouring together from the sky. "These sudden accessions of water raise stupendous waves which sweep off in every direction, and that explains the billows that we have encountered." "Well, this nebular navigation beats all my experience," said Captain Arms, wiping the water out of his eyes. "I was struck by a waterspout once in the Indian Ocean, and I thought that that capped the climax, but it was only a catspaw to this. Give me a clear offing and I don't care how much wind blows, but blow me if I want to get under any more lakes in the sky." "We'll have to take whatever comes," returned Cosmo, "but I don't think there is much danger of running directly into many of these downpours as we did into this one. Now that we know what they are, we can, perhaps, detect them long enough in advance to steer out of their way. Anyhow, we've got a good vessel under our feet. Anything but an ark of levium would have gone under for good, and if I had not covered the vessel with the dome there would have been no chance for a soul in her." As a matter of fact, the Ark did not encounter any more of the columns of descending water, but the frequent billows that were met showed that they were careering over the face of the swollen sea in every direction. But there was another trouble of a different nature. The absence of sun and stars deprived them of the ordinary means of discovering their place. They could only make a rough guess as to the direction in which they were going. The gyrostatic compasses gave them considerable assistance, and they had perfect chronometers, but these latter could be of no use without celestial observations of some kind. At length Cosmo devised a means of obtaining observations that were of sufficient value to partially serve their purpose. He found that while the disk of the sun was completely hidden in the watery sky, yet it was possible to determine its location by means of the varying intensity of the light. Where the sun was a concentrated glow appeared, shading gradually off on all sides. With infinite pains Cosmo, assisted by the experience of the captain, succeeded in determining the center of the maximum illumination, and, assuming that to represent the true place of the sun, they got something in the nature of observations for altitude and azimuth, and Captain Arms even drew on his chart "Sumner lines" to determine the position of the Ark, although he smiled at the thought of their absurd inaccuracy. Still, it was the best they could do, and was better than nothing at all. They kept a log going also, although, as the captain pointed out, it was not of much use to know how fast they were traveling, since they could not know the precise direction, within a whole point of the compass, or perhaps several points. "Besides," he remarked, "what do we know of the currents? This is not the old Atlantic. If I could feel the Gulf Stream I'd know whereabouts I was, but these currents come from all directions, and a man might as well try to navigate in a tub of boiling water." "But we can, at least, keep working eastward," said Cosmo. "My idea is first to make enough southing to get into the latitude of the Sahara Desert, and then run directly east, so as to cross Africa where there are no mountains, and where we shall be certain of having plenty of water under our keel. "Then, having got somewhere in the neighborhood of Suez, we can steer down into the region of the Indian Ocean, and circle round south of the Himalayas. I want to keep an eye on those mountains, and stay around the place where they disappear, because that will be the first part of the earth to emerge from the flood and it is there that we shall ultimately make land." "Well, we're averaging eight knots," said the captain, "and at that rate we ought to be in the longitude of the African coast in about twenty days. How high will the water stand then?" "My gages show," replied Cosmo, "that the regular fall amounts to exactly the same thing as at the beginning—two inches a minute. Of course the spouts increase the amount locally, but I don't think that they add materially to the general rise of the flood. Two inches per minute means 4,800 feet in twenty days. That'll be sufficient to make safe navigation for us all the way across northern Africa. We'll have to be careful in getting out into the Indian Ocean area, for there are mountains on both sides that might give us trouble, but the higher ones will still be in sight, and they will serve to indicate the location of the lower ranges already submerged, but not covered deeply enough to afford safe going over them." "All right," said Captain Arms, "you're the commodore, but if we don't hang our timbers on the Mountains of the Moon, or the Alps, or old Ararat, I'm a porpoise. Why can't you keep circling round at a safe distance, in the middle of the Atlantic, until all these reefs get a good depth of water on 'em?" "Because," Cosmo replied, "even if we keep right on now it will probably take two months, allowing for delays in getting round dangerous places, to come within sight of the Himalayas, and in two months the flood will have risen nearly 15,000 feet, thus hiding many of the landmarks. If we should hold off here a couple of months before starting eastward nothing but the one highest peak on the globe would be left in sight by the time we arrived there, and that wouldn't be anything more than a rock, so that with the uncertainty of our navigation we might not be able to find it at all. I must know the spot where Tibet sinks, and then manage to keep in its neighborhood." That ended the argument. "Give me a safe port, with lights and bearings, and I'll undertake to hit it anywhere in the two hemispheres, but blow me if I fancy steering for the top of the world by dead reckoning, or no reckoning at all," grumbled the captain. At night, of course, they had not even the slight advantage that their observations of the probable place of the sun gave them when it was above the horizon. Then they had to go solely by the indications of the compass. Still, they forged steadily ahead, and when they got into what they deemed the proper latitude, they ran for the site of the drowned Sahara. After about a week the billowing motion caused by the descent of the "lakes in the sky" ceased entirely, to their great delight, but the lawless nebula was now preparing another surprise for them. On the ninth night after their departure from their lodgment on the Palisades Cosmo Versál was sleeping in his bunk close by the bridge, where he could be called in an instant, dreaming perhaps of the glories of the new world that was to emerge out of the deluge, when he was abruptly awakened by the voice of Captain Arms, who appeared to be laboring under uncontrollable excitement. "Tumble up quicker'n you ever did in your life!" he exclaimed, his big brown beard wagging almost in Cosmo's face. "The flood's over!" Cosmo sprang out of bed and pulled on his coat in a second. "What do you mean?" he demanded. "Look for yourself," said the captain, pointing overhead. Cosmo Versál glanced up and saw the sky ablaze with stars! The rain had entirely ceased. The surface of the sea was almost as smooth as glass, though rising and falling slowly, with a long, rolling motion. The Ark rode steadily, shivering, like an ocean liner, under the impulse of its engines, and the sudden silence, succeeding the ceaseless roar of the downpour, which had never been out of their ears from the start of the voyage, seemed supernatural. "When did this happen?" he demanded. "It began not more than five minutes ago. I was just saying to myself that we ought to be somewhere near the center of the old Atlantic as it used to be, and wondering whether we had got our course laid right to go fairly between the Canaries and the Cape de Verdes, for I didn't want to be harpooned by Gogo or the Peak of Teneriffe, when all of a sudden there came a lightening in the nor'east and the stars broke out there. "I was so set aback that I didn't do anything for two or three minutes but stare at the stars. Then the rain stopped and a curtain seemed to roll off the sky, and in a minute more it was clear down to the horizon all around. Then I got my wits together and ran to call you." Cosmo glanced around and above, seeming to be as much astonished as the captain had been. He rubbed his huge bald dome and looked all round again before speaking. At last he said: "It's the nebula again. There must be a hole in it." "Its whole bottom's knocked out, I reckon," said the captain. "Maybe it's run out of water—sort o' squeezed itself dry." Cosmo shook his head. "We are not yet in the heart of it," he said. "It is evident to me now that what I took for the nucleus was only a close-coiled spiral, and we're run out of that, but the worst is yet to come. When we strike the center, then we'll catch it, and there'll be no more intermissions." "How long will that be?" inquired Captain Arms. "It may be a week, and it may be a month, though I hardly think it will be so long as that. The earth is going about twelve miles a second—that's more than a million miles a day—directly toward the center of the nebula. It has taken ten days to go through the spiral that we have encountered, making that about ten million miles thick. It's not likely that the gap between this spiral and the nucleus of the nebula is more than thirty million miles across, at the most; so you see we'll probably be in the nucleus within a month, and possibly much less than a month." Captain Arms took a chew of tobacco. "We can get our bearings now," he remarked. "Look, there's the moon just rising, and on my word, she is going to occult Aldebaran within an hour. I'll get an observation for longitude, and another on Polaris for latitude. No running on submerged mountains for us now." The captain was as good as his word, and when his observations had been made and the calculations completed he announced that the position of the Ark was: Latitude, 16 degrees 10 minutes north; longitude, 42 degrees 28 minutes west. "Lucky for us," he exclaimed, "that the sky cleared. If we'd kept on as we were going we'd have struck the Cape de Verdes, and if that had happened at night we'd probably have left our bones on a drowning volcano. We ought to have been ten or twelve degrees farther north to make a safe passage over the Sahara. What's the course now? Are you still for running down the Himalaya mountains?" "I'll decide later what to do," said Cosmo Versál. "Make your northing, and then we'll cruise around a little and see what's best to be done." When day came on, brilliant with sunshine, and the astonished passengers, hurrying out of their bunks, crowded about the now opened gangways and the portholes, which Cosmo had also ordered to be opened, and gazed with delight upon the smooth blue sea, the utmost enthusiasm took possession of them. The flood was over! They were sure of it, and they shook hands with one another and congratulated themselves and hurrahed, and gave cheers for the Ark and cheers for Cosmo Versál. Then they began to think of their drowned homes and of their lost friends, and sadness followed joy. Cosmo was mobbed by eager inquiries wherever he made his appearance. Was it all over for good? Would the flood dry up in a few days? How long would it be before New York would be free of water? Were they going right back there? Did he think there was a chance that many had escaped in boats and ships? Couldn't they pick up the survivors if they hurried back? Cosmo tried to check the enthusiasm. "It's too early for rejoicing," he assured them. "It's only a break in the nebula. We've got a respite for a short time, but there's worse coming. The drowning of the world will proceed. We are the only survivors, except perhaps some of those who inhabited the highlands. Everything less than 2,400 feet above the former level of the sea is now under water. When the flood begins again it will keep on until it is six miles deep over the old sea margins." "Why not go back and try to rescue those who you say may have found safety on the highlands?" asked one. "I have chosen my company," he said, "and I had good reasons for the choice I made. I have already added to the number, because simple humanity compelled me, but I can take no more. The quantity of provisions aboard the Ark is not greater than will be needed by ourselves. If the rest of the world is drowned it is not my fault. I did my best to warn them. Besides, we could do nothing in the way of rescue even if we should go back for that purpose. We could not approach the submerged plateaus. We would be aground before we got within sight of them." These words went far to change the current of feeling among the passengers. When they learned that there would be danger for themselves in the course that had been proposed their humanity proved to be less strong than their desire for self-preservation. Nevertheless, as we shall see, the Ark ultimately went back to America, though not for any reason that had yet been suggested. Meanwhile the unexpected respite furnished by the sudden cessation of the downpour from the sky had other important results, to which we now turn. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Garrett Putman Serviss (2005). The Second Deluge. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/9194/pg9194.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

STRANGE FREAKS OF THE NEBULA

Explosive and Whirling Nebulæ

Nebullvm 0.3.0 features more deep learning compilers and now supports additional optimization techniques, including quantization and half precision. Nebuly is very excited to announce the new major release nebullvm 0.3.0, where nebullvm’s AI inference accelerator becomes more powerful, stable and covers more use cases. Nebullvm is an open-source library that generates an optimized version of your deep learning model that runs 2 to 10 times faster in inference without performance loss by leveraging multiple deep learning compilers (OpenVINO, TensorRT, ONNX Runtime, TVM, etc.). With the new release 0.3.0, nebullvm can now accelerate inference up to 30x if you specify that you are willing to trade off a self-defined amount of accuracy/precision to get an even lower response time and a lighter model. This additional acceleration is achieved by exploiting optimization techniques that slightly modify the model graph to make it lighter, such as quantization, half precision, distillation, sparsity, etc. Find tutorials and examples on how to use nebullvm, as well as installation instructions in the main . readme of nebullvm library And check below if you want to learn more about: Overview of Nebullvm 0.3.0 Benchmarks How the new Nebullvm0.3.0 API Works Tutorials Overview of Nebullvm With this new version, nebullvm continues in its mission to be: ☘️ Easy-to-use. It takes a few lines of code to install the library and optimize your models. 🔥 Framework agnostic. nebullvm supports the most widely used frameworks (PyTorch, TensorFlow, 🆕ONNX🆕 and Hugging Face, etc.) and provides as output an optimized version of your model with the same interface (PyTorch, TensorFlow, etc.). 💻 Deep learning model agnostic. nebullvm supports all the most popular deep learning architectures such as transformers, LSTM, CNN and FCN. 🤖 Hardware agnostic. The library now works on most CPU and GPU and will soon support TPU and other deep learning-specific ASIC. 🔑 Secure. Everything runs locally on your hardware. ✨ Leveraging the best optimization techniques. There are many inference techniques such as deep learning compilers, 🆕quantization or half precision🆕, and soon sparsity and distillation, which are all meant to optimize the way your AI models run on your hardware. Benchmarks We have tested nebullvm on popular AI models and hardware from leading vendors. The table below shows the inference speedup provided by nebullvm. The speedup is calculated as the response time of the unoptimized model divided by the response time of the accelerated model, as an average over 100 experiments. As an example, if the response time of an unoptimized model was on average 600 milliseconds and after nebullvm optimization only 240 milliseconds, the resulting speedup is 2.5x times, meaning 150% faster inference. A complete overview of the experiment and findings can be found on . this page Overall, the library provides great results, with more than 2x acceleration in most cases and around 20x in a few applications. We can also observe that acceleration varies greatly across different hardware-model couplings, so we suggest you test nebullvm on your model and hardware to assess its full potential. You can find the instructions below. Besides, across all scenarios, nebullvm is very helpful for its ease of use, allowing you to take advantage of inference optimization techniques without having to spend hours studying, testing and debugging these technologies. How the New Nebullvm API Works With the latest release, nebullvm has a new API and can be deployed in two ways. 2–10x acceleration, NO performance loss Option A: If you choose this option, nebullvm will test multiple deep learning compilers (TensorRT, OpenVINO, ONNX Runtime, etc.) and identify the optimal way to compile your model on your hardware, increasing inference speed by 2–10 times without affecting the performance of your model. 2–30x acceleration, supervised performance loss Option B: Nebullvm is capable of speeding up inference by much more than 10 times in case you are willing to sacrifice a fraction of your model’s performance. If you specify how much performance loss you are willing to sustain, nebullvm will push your model’s response time to its limits by identifying the best possible blend of state-of-the-art inference optimization techniques, such as deep learning compilers, distillation, quantization, half precision, sparsity, etc. Performance monitoring is accomplished using the perf_loss_ths (performance loss threshold), and the perf_metric for performance estimation. When a predefined metric (e.g. “accuracy”) or a custom metric is passed as the perf_metric argument, the value of perf_loss_ths will be used as the maximum acceptable loss for the given metric evaluated on your datasets (Option B.1). When no perf_metric is provided as input, nebullvm calculates the performance loss using the default precision function. If the dataset is provided, the precision will be calculated on 100 sampled data (option B.2). Otherwise, the data will be randomly generated from the metadata provided as input, i.e. input_sizes and batch_size (option B.3). Tutorials We suggest testing the library on your AI models right away by following the installation instructions below. If you want to get a first feel of the library’s capabilities or take a look at how nebullvm can be readily implemented in an AI workflow, we have built 3 tutorials and notebooks where the library can be tested on the most popular AI frameworks TensorFlow, PyTorch and Hugging Face. : Accelerate Resnet34 Notebook fast.ai : Accelerate PyTorch YOLO Notebook : Accelerate Hugging Face’s GPT2 and BERT Notebook Explore more Check out the if you want to take a look at nebullvm’s performance and benchmarks, tutorials and notebooks on how to implement nebullvm with ease. And please leave a ⭐ if you enjoy the project and where we chat about nebullvm and AI optimization. GitHub readme join the Discord community Also published here .

New Major Release for Nebullvm Speeds Up AI Inference by 2-30x

Let’s say for example you started a new job as a DevOps/Dev/SRE/etc at a company that created a new smart speaker (think Amazon Echo or Google home), said device gained a lot of success and you quickly find yourself with a million clients, each with a single device at his\hers home, Sounds great right? Now the only problem you have is how do you handle deployments to a million of devices located all across the world? You could go the way most old school vendors do it by releasing a package for the end user to download and install himself on the company website but at this day and age this will quickly lose you customers to the competition who doesn’t have such high maintenance needs. You could create a self updating system built into your codebase but that will require a lot of maintenance and man hours from the development team & even then will likely lead to problems and failures down the road. You could containerize the codebase, create on each smart speaker a single server Kubernetes cluster and create a huge federated cluster out of all of them (as Kubernetes doesn’t support this scale nor latency tolerant workers this is required) but that will lead to huge costs on all the resources wasted only to run all said clusters. You could use — which was designed to solve exactly this kind of distributed orchestration needs. Nebula Container Orchestrator As you may have guessed from the title I want to discuss about the last option from the list. aims to help devs and ops treat IoT devices just like distributed Dockerized apps. It aim is to act as Docker orchestrator for IoT devices as well as for distributed services such as CDN or edge computing that can span thousands (or even millions) of devices worldwide and it does it all while being open-source and completely free. Nebula Container Orchestrator Different requirements leads to different orchestrators When you think about it a distributed orchestrator has the following requirements: It needs to be latency tolerant — if the IoT devices are distributed then each will connect to the orchestrator through the Internet at a connection that might not always be stable or fast. It needs to scale out to handle thousands (and even hundreds of thousands) of IoT devices — massive scale deployments are quickly becoming more and more common. It needs to run on multiple architectures — a lot of IoT devices uses ARM boards. It needs to be self healing — you don’t want to have to run across town to reset a device every time there is a little glitch do you? Code needs to be coupled to the hardware — if your company manufacture the smart speaker in the example mentioned above & a smart fridge you will need to ensure coupling of the code to the device it’s intended to run on (no packing different apps into the same devices in the IoT use case). This is quite different from the big Three orchestrators (Kubernetes, Mesos & Swarm) which are designed to pack as many different apps\microservices onto the same servers in a single (or relatively few) data centers and as a result non of them provide truly latency tolerant connection and the scalability of Swarm & Kubernetes is limited to a few thousands workers. Nebula architecture was designed with stateless RESTful Manger microservice to provide a single point to manage the clusters as well as providing a single point which all containers check for updates with a Kafka inspired Monotonic ID configuration updates in a pull based methodology, this ensure that changes to any of the applications managed by Nebula are pulled to all managed devices at the same time and also ensures that all devices will always have the latest version of the configuration(thanks to the monotonic ID), all data is stored in MongoDB which is the single point of truth for the system, on the workers side it’s based around a worker container on each devices that is in charge of starting\stopping\changing the other containers running on that device, due to the design each component can be scaled out & as such Nebula can grow as much as you require it. Nebula you can read more about Nebula architecture at https://nebula.readthedocs.io/en/latest/architecture/ Nebula features As it was designed from the ground up to support distributed systems Nebula has a few neat features that allows it to control distributed IoT systems: Designed to scale out on all of it’s components (IoT devices, API layer, & Mongo all scale out) Able to manage millions of IoT devices Latency tolerant — even if a device goes offline it will be re-synced when he gets back online Dynamically add/remove managed devices Fast & easy code deployments, single API call with the new container image tag (or other configuration changes) and it will be pushed to all devices of that app. Simple install —MongoDB & a stateless API is all it takes for the management layer & a single container with some envvars on each IoT device you want to manage takes care of the worker layer Single API endpoint to manage all devices Allows control of multiple devices with the same Nebula orchestrator (multiple apps & device_groups) Not limited to IoT, also useful for other types of distributed systems API, Python SDK & CLI control available A little example The following command will install an cluster for you to play on and will create an example app as well, requires Docker, curl & docker-compose installed: Nebula curl -L "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nebula-orchestrator/docs/master/examples/hello-world/start_example_nebula_cluster.sh" -o start_example_nebula_cluster.sh && sudo sh start_example_nebula_cluster.sh But let’s go over what this command does to better understand the process: The scripts downloads and runs a docker-compose.yml file which creates: a) A MongoDB container — the backend DB where Nebula apps current state is saved. b) A manager container — A RESTful API endpoint, this is where the admin manages Nebula from & where devices pulls the latest configuration state from to match against their current state c) A worker container — this normally runs on the IoT devices, only one is needed on each device but as this is just an example it runs on the same server as the management layer components runs on. It’s worth mentioning the “DEVICE_GROUP=example” environment variable set on the worker container, this DEVICE_GROUP variable controls what nebula apps will be connected to the device (similar to a pod concept in other orchestrators). 2. The script then waits for the API to become available. 3. Once the API is available the scripts sends the following 2 commands: curl -X POST \http://127.0.0.1/api/v2/apps/example \-H 'authorization: Basic bmVidWxhOm5lYnVsYQ=='  \                            -H 'cache-control: no-cache'    \-H 'content-type: application/json'    \                            -d '{"starting_ports": [{"81":"80"}],"containers_per": {"server": 1},"env_vars": {},"docker_image" : "nginx","running": true,"volumes": [],"networks": ["nebula"],"privileged": false,"devices": [],"rolling_restart": false}' This command creates an app named “example” and configures it to run an nginx container to listen on port 81 , as you can see it can also control other parameters usually passed to the docker run command such as envvars or networks or volume mounts. curl -X POST \http://127.0.0.1/api/v2/device_groups/example \                                 -H 'authorization: Basic bmVidWxhOm5lYnVsYQ==' \                                 -H 'cache-control: no-cache' \-H 'content-type: application/json' \                                 -d '{"apps": ["example"]}' This command creates a device_group that is also named “example” & attaches the app named “example” to it, 4. After the app & device_groups arecreated on the nebula API the worker container will pick it up the changes to the device_group which is been confiugred to be part of (“example” in this case) and will start an Nginx container on the server, you can run “docker logs worker” to see the Nginx container being downloaded before it starts (this might take a bit if your on a slow connection). and after it’s completed you can access on your browser to see it running http://<server_exterior_fqdn>:81/ Now that we have a working Nebula system running we can start playing around with it to see it’s true strengths: We can add more remote workers by running a worker container on them: sudo docker run -d --restart unless-stopped -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock --env DEVICE_GROUP=example --env REGISTRY_HOST=https://index.docker.io/v1/ --env MAX_RESTART_WAIT_IN_SECONDS=0 --env NEBULA_MANAGER_AUTH_USER=nebula --env NEBULA_MANAGER_AUTH_PASSWORD=nebula --env NEBULA_MANAGER_HOST=<your_manager_server_ip_or_fqdn> --env NEBULA_MANAGER_PORT=80 --env nebula_manager_protocol=http --env NEBULA_MANAGER_CHECK_IN_TIME=5 --name nebula-worker nebulaorchestrator/worker It’s worth mentioning that a lot of the envvars passed through the command above are optional (with sane defaults) & that there is no limit on how many devices we can run this command on, at some point you might have to scale out the managers and\or backend DB but those are not limited as well. We can change the container image on all devices with a single API call, let’s for example replace the container image to Apache to simulate that curl -X PUT \ v2/ \ http://127.0.0.1/api/ apps/example/update -H ‘authorization: Basic bmVidWxhOm5lYnVsYQ==’ \ -H ‘cache-control: no-cache’ \ -H ‘content-type: application/json’ \ -d ‘{ “docker_image”: “httpd:alpine” }’ Similarly we can also update any parameter of the app such as env_vars, privileged permissions, volume mounts, etc, — the full list of API endpoints as well as the Python SDK & the CLI is available at documentation page at https://nebula.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ Hopefully this little guide allowed you to see the need of an IoT docker orchestrator and it’s use case & should you find yourself interested in reading more about it you can visit site at or skip right ahead to the documentation at Nebula Container Orchestrator https://nebula-orchestrator.github.io/ https://nebula.readthedocs.io

Nebula container orchestrator — container orchestration for IoT devices & distributed systems

The crypto industry has become known for it’s quick boom and bust cycles, and multimillion dollar fundraising rounds raise by companies that have created nothing more than a nice looking website and complex white paper. Yet it appears that not all ICO projects are after a quick cash grab. Last week it was that the founders of Nebulas would be restructuring their token liquidation agreement, opting to wait 10 years before they can sell their tokens and cash out of the project. announced Nebulas is a next generation public blockchain that successfully raised $60 Million and is in the top 100 list of coins by market cap. The team had initially planned to allocate 20% of the NAS token supply over a period of 3 years. For the founders, that timeline has now been extended by another 7 years in an effort to showcase to investors their long-term commitment to the project. Asked why the decision was made, Hitters Xu, the founder Nebulas stated that: “We are conscious that the construction and development of Nebulas still have a long way to go. We need to focus on Nebulas developing, including technology and ecosystem,” The teams marketing director, Becky Lu, echoed the same sentiment: “We just want our team to focus on our technical vision. It’s not an easy decision for everyone because the blockchain industry is a very innovative industry and still has a lot of risk. I think that shows our determination.” Additionally, the team has decided to publish the smart contract addresses holding their NAS tokens and will work with a third-party auditor to verify their finances. In an industry where trust is hard to come by, Nebulas seems to be setting a great example for future ICO projects to follow. Many public companies listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange already follow similar practices, yet in the wild west of crypto, such openness and commitment is a rarity. Whether or not decade long token liquidation timelines will become a new standard amongst ICOs remains to be seen. However, from the perspective of the average investor, there’s no doubt that the move would make a promising blockchain project even more attractive. Originally published at cryptopotato.com on August 14, 2018.

Nebulas Sets New Precedent By Extending Teams Token Distribution To 10 Years

Identifying Axion Conversion in Compact Star Magnetospheres With Radio-Wave Polarization Signatures

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References ABSTRACT Keywords: white dwarfs — stars: winds, outflows — stars: rotation 1. INTRODUCTION Consequences of a merger of massive white dwarfs (WDs) are of great astrophysical importance. It may explode as a Type Ia supernova in particular when the binary constitutes of carbon-oxygen WDs with a total mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit (Webbink 1984; Iben & Tutukov 1984). Instead, if a super-Chandrasekhar oxygen-neon core is synthesized after the merger, it may collapse into a neutron star (NS) (Nomoto & Iben 1985; Saio & Nomoto 2004). Such a merger induced collapse has gotten attention as a scenario for the formation of peculiar type of neutron stars, e.g., sources of fast radio bursts (e.g., Kashiyama & Murase 2017; Kremer et al. 2021; Kirsten et al. 2022; Lu et al. 2022). On the other hand, the expansion velocity of the wind observed in WD J005311 significantly surpasses the escape velocity of a WD with a typical mass. This suggests that the wind is either thermally driven, originating from a superor near-Chandrasekhar mass WD, or magnetically driven due to the rapid rotation and strong magnetic field of the WD. In the former case, the wind velocity will be (Parker 1965): while in the latter case, the maximum wind velocity along the equatorial plane is (Weber & Davis 1967; Michel 1969): The wind is so fast that it catches up and clashes into the surrounding supernova ejecta, forming a wind termination shock, which is observed as an inner X-ray nebula (Oskinova et al. 2020; Ko et al. 2023). The X-ray nebula is still in its infancy; given the observed angular size, it is only a few tens of years old (Ko et al. 2023). Subsequent observations may reveal the time variability and anisotropy of the wind, which is generally expected for a rotating magnetic wind but has not been explored in this context. These properties of the wind can also be linked to the mass-loss and spindown rates of the central WD, which are important in determining the fate of the central WD: whether it eventually collapses into a neutron star, and if so, how rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized the neutron star would be. Here we model a system like WD J005311 by numerically constructing a 2D axisymmetric wind solution driven by rotating dipole, with implementing a wind launching region that mimics the near-surface carbon burning region. We investigate the wind structure together with its time evolution (i.e., how the mass, energy and angular momentum loss rate from the system evolves with time), and the scaling of the spin-down torque with respect to system parameters such as surface magnetic field, rotation frequency and mass loss rate. This paper is organized as follows. We introduce our setup in Sec. 2, including numerical details. In Sec. 3, we show our results on wind structure, time evolution and scaling of spin-down torque. Finally, we discuss several implications and applications on observational results in Sec. 4. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References ABSTRACT Keywords : white dwarfs — stars: winds, outflows — stars: rotation Keywords 1. INTRODUCTION Consequences of a merger of massive white dwarfs (WDs) are of great astrophysical importance. It may explode as a Type Ia supernova in particular when the binary constitutes of carbon-oxygen WDs with a total mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit (Webbink 1984; Iben & Tutukov 1984). Instead, if a super-Chandrasekhar oxygen-neon core is synthesized after the merger, it may collapse into a neutron star (NS) (Nomoto & Iben 1985; Saio & Nomoto 2004). Such a merger induced collapse has gotten attention as a scenario for the formation of peculiar type of neutron stars, e.g., sources of fast radio bursts (e.g., Kashiyama & Murase 2017; Kremer et al. 2021; Kirsten et al. 2022; Lu et al. 2022). On the other hand, the expansion velocity of the wind observed in WD J005311 significantly surpasses the escape velocity of a WD with a typical mass. This suggests that the wind is either thermally driven, originating from a superor near-Chandrasekhar mass WD, or magnetically driven due to the rapid rotation and strong magnetic field of the WD. In the former case, the wind velocity will be (Parker 1965): while in the latter case, the maximum wind velocity along the equatorial plane is (Weber & Davis 1967; Michel 1969): The wind is so fast that it catches up and clashes into the surrounding supernova ejecta, forming a wind termination shock, which is observed as an inner X-ray nebula (Oskinova et al. 2020; Ko et al. 2023). The X-ray nebula is still in its infancy; given the observed angular size, it is only a few tens of years old (Ko et al. 2023). Subsequent observations may reveal the time variability and anisotropy of the wind, which is generally expected for a rotating magnetic wind but has not been explored in this context. These properties of the wind can also be linked to the mass-loss and spindown rates of the central WD, which are important in determining the fate of the central WD: whether it eventually collapses into a neutron star, and if so, how rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized the neutron star would be. Here we model a system like WD J005311 by numerically constructing a 2D axisymmetric wind solution driven by rotating dipole, with implementing a wind launching region that mimics the near-surface carbon burning region. We investigate the wind structure together with its time evolution (i.e., how the mass, energy and angular momentum loss rate from the system evolves with time), and the scaling of the spin-down torque with respect to system parameters such as surface magnetic field, rotation frequency and mass loss rate. This paper is organized as follows. We introduce our setup in Sec. 2, including numerical details. In Sec. 3, we show our results on wind structure, time evolution and scaling of spin-down torque. Finally, we discuss several implications and applications on observational results in Sec. 4.

Magnetic Wind From a Massive White Dwarf Merger: Abstract and Intro

Colliding Magnetospheres in The Young High-Eccentricity Binary DQ Tau: Flare Analyses

Authors: (1) Renato P. dos Santos, CIAGE – Centre for Generative Artificial Intelligence in Cognition and Education. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Materials And Methods Results and Analyses Prompts and generated texts Conceptualizing chemical reactions Deepening on understanding of chemical reactions Question about combustion Question about a graph of gases turning into water over time Question about the difference between atoms, molecules, and moles Deepening on the concept of mole Question about changing of state Question about an animated representation of water molecules undergoing phase changes Question about plasma, a state of matter Question about chemical bondings Question about illustration of chemical bonds Question about the essence of the type of chemical bonding Further analysis Conclusions Limitations of the study and possible future studies Author Contributions, Conflicts of interest, Acknowledgements, and References Question about plasma, a state of matter *: my teacher said that plasma is the fourth state of matter. but isn't plasma that thing they inject into a vein in the hospital?* P1 *: Your teacher is correct, and I understand the confusion. The term "plasma" is used in both physics and medicine, but they refer to entirely different concepts. Let's break them down:* ChatGPT ***1. Plasma (State of Matter): *** • In physics, plasma is often referred to as the "fourth state of matter" after solids, liquids, and gases. • Plasma is like a gas but with some key differences. In plasma, a significant number of atoms are ionized, meaning they have lost or gained electrons. This gives plasma unique properties, like the ability to conduct electricity and respond strongly to electromagnetic fields. • Examples of plasmas include the sun, lightning, and neon signs. The sun is essentially a giant ball of plasma, with hydrogen atoms undergoing fusion to form helium, releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the process. ***2. Plasma (Biological): *** • In a biological or medical context, plasma refers to the clear, yellowish fluid component of blood. It's what's left after you remove the red and white blood cells and platelets from blood. • Plasma makes up about 55% of total blood volume and contains water, salts, enzymes, hormones, and waste products. It serves as a transport medium for delivering nutrients to the cells and carrying waste products away. • When people donate "plasma" at a donation center, they're donating this component of their blood. So, while the terms are the same, the contexts are quite different. It's essential to know which "plasma" is being referred to based on the topic of discussion. Does this distinction between the two concepts of plasma clear things up for you? *: That’s a very good question. Plasma is indeed the fourth state of matter, but it is also a term used in medicine to describe the liquid part of blood. Let me explain the difference between these two types of plasma.* BingChat Plasma as a state of matter is a gas that has been heated or electrified to the point where some or all of its atoms lose their electrons. This creates a mixture of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons that can conduct electricity and respond to magnetic fields. Plasma is very common in the universe, as it makes up most of the stars, including the sun. Plasma is also found in lightning, neon lights, and plasma displays[ ]. 123 Plasma as a part of blood is a yellowish fluid that carries water, salts, enzymes, proteins, hormones, and other substances throughout the body. It also helps with immunity, blood clotting, blood pressure, and pH balance. Plasma can be donated to help people who have lost blood due to injury, surgery, or disease. Plasma can also be used to make medicines for people who have certain conditions that affect their blood[ ] 456 So, as you can see, plasma can mean different things depending on the context. Both types of plasma are important for life and science, but they are not the same thing. I hope this helps you understand the difference between plasma as a state of matter and plasma as a part of blood. *: Yes, plasma is the fourth state of matter. It is a highly energized state of matter in which some or all of the atoms have been stripped of one or more of their electrons. This results in a gas of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.* Bard Plasma is the most abundant form of matter in the universe, accounting for over 99% of the visible universe. It is found in stars, nebulae, and other celestial objects. Plasma is also found on Earth, in lightning bolts, auroras, and other natural phenomena. Plasma is also used in a variety of industrial applications, such as welding, plasma cutting, and semiconductor manufacturing. The plasma that is injected into veins in the hospital is a type of blood plasma. Blood plasma is the liquid portion of blood that remains after the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets have been removed. It is a yellowish liquid that contains proteins, antibodies, and other nutrients. Blood plasma is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including dehydration, malnutrition, and shock. It is also used to make plasma products, such as albumin and immunoglobulin. So, to summarize, plasma is both the fourth state of matter and a type of blood plasma. The two are not related, but they both have important roles. I hope this helps to clarify things. Please let me know if you have any other questions. *: Great observation! Plasma does indeed have two different meanings in science:* Claude 1. In chemistry and physics, plasma is considered the fourth state of matter, distinct from solids, liquids and gases. Plasma consists of highly ionized gas containing a mix of free electrons, positive ions, and neutral atoms. It can be created by heating a gas to very high temperatures. Natural examples include lightning and the Sun. 2. In medicine, plasma refers to the liquid portion of blood that contains proteins, nutrients, and ions like sodium and chloride. This plasma carries blood cells and helps regulate bodily processes. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume. So in summary: • Scientific plasma is a distinct state of ionized gas, created at extremely high temps. • Medical plasma is the liquid part of blood that suspends blood cells and transports useful substances. While both are important in their respective fields, they have very different definitions and properties. The medical usage of the term is probably more familiar to most people. But the concept of plasma as a state of matter is critical in physics and chemistry when studying things like nuclear fusion reactions. Let me know if this explanation helps differentiate the two meanings! It's an important distinction to understand. ChatGPT starts reassuringly with “Your teacher is correct” and "I understand the confusion," providing . It then proceeds to , addressing the need to differentiate the two meanings systematically with "Let's break them down" and expounding extensively a clear distinction between plasma as the fourth state of matter and blood plasma in the medical context with , as well as with the , recurring to real-world examples to explain the concept, like the “sun, lightning, and neon signs” as well as of people donating “‘plasma’ at a donation center”. It ends the explanation with Engagement & Interactivity by asking "Does this distinction ... clear things up for you?", inviting a response. also starts by giving positive feedback and personal recognition of the user's query with “That’s a very good question," providing . It then proceeds to with "Let me explain the difference," setting the tone for a structured explanation with strategy that contextualizes the significance of both plasmas in the universe and medical science, the referencing the sun, “lightning, neon lights, and plasma displays”, and links to external resources, offering It ends with , emphasizing the significance of the dual meaning of the word, by affirming that "Both types of plasma are important for life and science" and “I hope this helps you understand the difference” followed by an emoticon for a friendly touch of Engagement & Interactivity. Bard begins its Instructional Strategies with the straightforward “Yes” affirmation followed by a detailed distinction of both concepts with Detail Depth & Content Recommendation, progressing from the Use of Analogy & Comparative Illustrations with examples of “lightning bolts, auroras, and other natural phenomena” to a discussing the broader applications “in a variety of industrial applications, such as welding, plasma cutting, and semiconductor manufacturing”, as well “to treat a variety of medical conditions, including dehydration, malnutrition, and shock” to make products, “such as albumin and immunoglobulin”. It ends with in "Please let me know if you have any other questions" and with "I hope this helps to clarify things." initiates its response with a straightforward affirmation, "Yes", demonstrating its Instructional Strategies. It then elaborates in depth about the concepts, highlighting Detail Depth & Content Recommendation. Utilizing the , it gives examples like “lightning bolts, auroras, and other natural phenomena”. Venturing into , it underlines the broader applications in sectors such as “welding, plasma cutting, and semiconductor manufacturing”, and the medical utility “to treat a variety of medical conditions, including dehydration, malnutrition, and shock” and the creation of products like “albumin and immunoglobulin”. Wrapping up, it imparts a with "I hope this helps to clarify things” and fosters with "Please let me know if you have any other questions." also appreciates the user's observation with "Great observation!" demonstrating . It then turns to Instructional Strategies to make a clear distinction between the concepts, utilizing the by giving the examples of “lightning” and the “Sun”. Expanding into , it underlines the concept “is critical in physics and chemistry” with applications to “nuclear fusion reactions”. It ends with a with “Let me know if this explanation helps” and provides , by affirming that “It's an important distinction to understand.” Personalization & Personable Touch Instructional Strategies Detail Depth & Content Recommendation Use of Analogy & Comparative Illustrations BingChat Personalization & Personable Touch Instructional Strategies Meta-discussion & Perspective Framing Use of Analogy & Comparative Illustrations, Detail Depth & Content Recommendation. Reinforcement & Feedback Meta-discussion & Perspective Framing Engagement & Interactivity Personalization & Personable Touch Bard Use of Analogy & Comparative Illustrations Meta-discussion & Perspective Framing Personalization & Personable Touch Engagement & Interactivity Claude Personalization & Personable Touch Use of Analogy & Comparative Illustrations Meta-discussion & Perspective Framing Personalization & Personable Touch Meta-discussion & Perspective Framing This paper is under CC BY-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

GenAIbots Answer Questions About Plasma, a State of Matter

GenAIbots প্লাজমা সম্পর্কে প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয়, একটি পদার্থের অবস্থা

GenAIbots beantworten Fragen zu Plasma, einem Materiezustand

GenAIbots responde preguntas sobre el plasma, un estado de la materia

Les GenAIbots répondent aux questions sur le plasma, un état de la matière

GenAIbots पदार्थ की एक अवस्था, प्लाज्मा के बारे में सवालों के जवाब देते हैं

GenAIbotsがプラズマという物質の状態に関する疑問に答える

GenAIbots는 물질의 상태인 플라즈마에 관한 질문에 답변합니다.

GenAIbots respondem a perguntas sobre o plasma, um estado da matéria

GenAIbots отвечают на вопросы о плазме — состоянии материи

GenAIbot'lar Maddenin Bir Hali Olan Plazma Hakkında Soruları Yanıtlıyor

GenAIbots trả lời các câu hỏi về Plasma, một trạng thái của vật chất

GenAIbots 回答有关等离子体（物质的一种状态）的问题

After an April full of exciting game releases like The Crew Motorfest, Stellar Blade, and No Rest for the Wicked, May isn’t staying even a bit behind. In this story, we are going to check out the 10 best games to be released this month. Personally, I can’t wait to play them, and you shouldn’t miss out too. Endless Ocean Luminous - May 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKXjoA_Gai4&embedable=true Release Date: May 2
Platforms: Switch
Publisher: Arika Following the steps of his predecessors, Endless Ocean Luminous puts you in control of a scuba diver to explore the fictional Velled Sea, with over 500 species for you to discover. Team up with folks all over the world, because now, the matches allow groups of up to 30 people to explore sunk temples and shipwrecks. Crow Country - May 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy1cICMVSTk&embedable=true Release Date: May 9
Platforms: PC, PS5
Studio: SFB Games With a retro style, Cow Country tries to bring to life the golden era of horror games; using a tank camera, its art style and mechanics resemble a lot of the classic Resident Evil games in all its glory. In this game, you’re gonna explore an abandoned park to understand why Edward has closed it while solving many puzzles and mysteries. A demo for Crow Country is available here. Little Kitty, Big City - May 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWUdu2q88K4&embedable=true Release Date: May 9
Platforms: PC, Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Studio: Double Dagger Studio With a cutesy art style, Little Kitty, Big City lets you take control of a cat who is trying to go back home; you can mainly focus on finding your way back, or explore as a true cat would. Climb on people’s furniture, break their glasses, steal their objects, find collectibles, and interact with other animals before going home. Homeworld 3 - May 13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVCUI70kF7o&embedable=true Release Date: May 13
Platforms: PC
Studio: Blackbird Interactive Homeworld 3 is a galactic real-time strategy game where you can play solo, PvP, and Coop. It continues the award-winning story of Homeworld 2, with massive battles among the stars and nebulas. Now, the game also includes a coop mode for up to 3 players, in a battle on the molds of roguelike. Team up with your friends in random fleet battles while obtaining artifacts to improve your ships. The Rogue Prince of Persia - May 14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZzOxEK7hXo&embedable=true Release Date: May 14
Platforms: PC
Studio: Evil Empire The Rogue Prince of Persia is a new take on the franchise. This time, in the hands of Evil Empire, the creators of Dead Cells, this new entry will get a different art style from its predecessor and will have a roguelike gameplay, which the team at Evil Empire are professionals doing. The game will also feature a procedurally generated map, set place around the city of Ctesiphon. You will battle the Hun army that was sent to destroy the city, and it is your job to prevent it. Ghost of Tsushima: Directors Cut - May 16 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzWBNwhb870&embedable=true Release Date: May 16
Platforms: PC
Studio: Sucker Punch Productions The once-Playstation exclusive is making its way to PC this month. This version includes everything from the original version and some extra functionalities due to the power of the PC. Enjoy the Tsushima island with unlocked FPS and multiple graphic customizations, support to super ultra-wide monitors, increase the performance using the functionalities of your GPU, like DLSS, FSR, and XeSS, and enjoy high-quality sync with Japanese, due to real-time cutscene rendering. Senua’s Saga: Hellblade 2 - May 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VYGOkMnGCE&embedable=true Release Date: May 21
Platforms: PC, Xbox Series X/S
Studio: Ninja Theory In the sequel Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice, we follow again the story of Senua while she battles for survival on the Viking Island. There, you will fight to save the victims of the tyranny while dealing with her own darkness. System Shock: Remake - May 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNDdQ6_pYgk&embedable=true Release Date: May 21
Platforms: PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
Studio: Nightdive Studio The complete remake of the 1994 cult System Shock that was released for PC in 2023 is now making its way to consoles. In this game, you live in Cidadela Station, but everything gets out of hand when the most advanced AI takes control of everything, turning its people into cyborgs and mutants looking for blood. Fight for survival and destroy SHODAN before it destroys you. Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door - May 23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCV-uTRULn8&embedable=true Release Date: May 23
Platforms: Switch
Studio: Intelligent Systems Initially released for the GameCube in 2004, Super Paper Mario The Thousand-Year Door is an RPG praised by critics and won the RPG of the Year award in 2005. In this entry, you will take the role of Mario, while he tries to save Princess Peach from the hands of Grodus, collecting all the Crystal Stars and making new friends along the way. F1 24 - May 31 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnyCWsA6KSI&embedable=true Release Date: May 31
Platforms: PC, PS4, PS5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S
Studio: Codemasters That is the newest entry in the F1 yearly franchise; it includes more refined graphics, a revamped campaign, a new physics system that impacts the performance of your car, crossplay, and a VR mode. Those were the games I’m keeping an eye on this month; let me know what games you are interested in this month or if I missed an important game in the comments below. After an April full of exciting game releases like The Crew Motorfest, Stellar Blade, and No Rest for the Wicked, May isn’t staying even a bit behind. In this story, we are going to check out the 10 best games to be released this month. Personally, I can’t wait to play them, and you shouldn’t miss out too. Endless Ocean Luminous - May 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKXjoA_Gai4&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKXjoA_Gai4&embedable=true Release Date: May 2 Platforms: Switch Publisher: Arika Release Date: May 2 Release Date: Platforms: Switch Platforms: Publisher: Arika Publisher: Following the steps of his predecessors, Endless Ocean Luminous puts you in control of a scuba diver to explore the fictional Velled Sea, with over 500 species for you to discover. Team up with folks all over the world, because now, the matches allow groups of up to 30 people to explore sunk temples and shipwrecks. Crow Country - May 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy1cICMVSTk&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy1cICMVSTk&embedable=true Release Date: May 9 Platforms: PC, PS5 Studio: SFB Games Release Date: May 9 Release Date: Platforms: PC, PS5 Platforms: Studio: SFB Games Studio: With a retro style, Cow Country tries to bring to life the golden era of horror games; using a tank camera, its art style and mechanics resemble a lot of the classic Resident Evil games in all its glory. In this game, you’re gonna explore an abandoned park to understand why Edward has closed it while solving many puzzles and mysteries. A demo for Crow Country is available here . here Little Kitty, Big City - May 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWUdu2q88K4&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWUdu2q88K4&embedable=true Release Date: May 9 Platforms: PC, Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Studio: Double Dagger Studio Release Date: May 9 Release Date: Platforms: PC, Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Platforms: Studio: Double Dagger Studio Studio: With a cutesy art style, Little Kitty, Big City lets you take control of a cat who is trying to go back home; you can mainly focus on finding your way back, or explore as a true cat would. Climb on people’s furniture, break their glasses, steal their objects, find collectibles, and interact with other animals before going home. Homeworld 3 - May 13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVCUI70kF7o&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVCUI70kF7o&embedable=true Release Date: May 13 Platforms: PC Studio: Blackbird Interactive Release Date: May 13 Release Date: Platforms: PC Platforms: Studio: Blackbird Interactive Studio: Homeworld 3 is a galactic real-time strategy game where you can play solo, PvP, and Coop. It continues the award-winning story of Homeworld 2, with massive battles among the stars and nebulas. Now, the game also includes a coop mode for up to 3 players, in a battle on the molds of roguelike. Team up with your friends in random fleet battles while obtaining artifacts to improve your ships. The Rogue Prince of Persia - May 14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZzOxEK7hXo&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZzOxEK7hXo&embedable=true Release Date: May 14 Platforms: PC Studio: Evil Empire Release Date: May 14 Release Date: Platforms: PC Platforms: Studio: Evil Empire Studio: The Rogue Prince of Persia is a new take on the franchise. This time, in the hands of Evil Empire, the creators of Dead Cells, this new entry will get a different art style from its predecessor and will have a roguelike gameplay, which the team at Evil Empire are professionals doing. The game will also feature a procedurally generated map, set place around the city of Ctesiphon. You will battle the Hun army that was sent to destroy the city, and it is your job to prevent it. Ghost of Tsushima: Directors Cut - May 16 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzWBNwhb870&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzWBNwhb870&embedable=true Release Date: May 16 Platforms: PC Studio: Sucker Punch Productions Release Date: May 16 Release Date: Platforms: PC Platforms: Studio: Sucker Punch Productions Studio: The once-Playstation exclusive is making its way to PC this month. This version includes everything from the original version and some extra functionalities due to the power of the PC. Enjoy the Tsushima island with unlocked FPS and multiple graphic customizations, support to super ultra-wide monitors, increase the performance using the functionalities of your GPU, like DLSS, FSR, and XeSS, and enjoy high-quality sync with Japanese, due to real-time cutscene rendering. Senua’s Saga: Hellblade 2 - May 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VYGOkMnGCE&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VYGOkMnGCE&embedable=true Release Date: May 21 Platforms: PC, Xbox Series X/S Studio: Ninja Theory Release Date: May 21 Release Date: Platforms: PC, Xbox Series X/S Platforms: Studio: Ninja Theory Studio: In the sequel Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice, we follow again the story of Senua while she battles for survival on the Viking Island. There, you will fight to save the victims of the tyranny while dealing with her own darkness. System Shock: Remake - May 21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNDdQ6_pYgk&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mNDdQ6_pYgk&embedable=true Release Date: May 21 Platforms: PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Studio: Nightdive Studio Release Date: May 21 Release Date: Platforms: PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Platforms: Studio: Nightdive Studio Studio: The complete remake of the 1994 cult System Shock that was released for PC in 2023 is now making its way to consoles. In this game, you live in Cidadela Station, but everything gets out of hand when the most advanced AI takes control of everything, turning its people into cyborgs and mutants looking for blood. Fight for survival and destroy SHODAN before it destroys you. Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door - May 23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCV-uTRULn8&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCV-uTRULn8&embedable=true Release Date: May 23 Platforms: Switch Studio: Intelligent Systems Release Date: May 23 Release Date: Platforms: Switch Platforms: Studio: Intelligent Systems Studio: Initially released for the GameCube in 2004, Super Paper Mario The Thousand-Year Door is an RPG praised by critics and won the RPG of the Year award in 2005. In this entry, you will take the role of Mario, while he tries to save Princess Peach from the hands of Grodus, collecting all the Crystal Stars and making new friends along the way. F1 24 - May 31 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnyCWsA6KSI&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnyCWsA6KSI&embedable=true Release Date: May 31 Platforms: PC, PS4, PS5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S Studio: Codemasters Release Date: May 31 Release Date: Platforms: PC, PS4, PS5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S Platforms: Studio: Codemasters Studio: That is the newest entry in the F1 yearly franchise; it includes more refined graphics, a revamped campaign, a new physics system that impacts the performance of your car, crossplay, and a VR mode. Those were the games I’m keeping an eye on this month; let me know what games you are interested in this month or if I missed an important game in the comments below.

May 2024's Must-Play List: The Top 10 Game Releases You Can't Miss

The data silos problem is like arthritis for online businesses because almost everyone gets it as they grow old. Businesses interact with customers via websites, mobile apps, H5 pages, and end devices. For one reason or another, it is tricky to integrate the data from all these sources. Data stays where it is and cannot be interrelated for further analysis. That's how data silos come to form. The bigger your business grows, the more diversified customer data sources you will have and the more likely you will be trapped by data silos. This is exactly what happens to the insurance company I'm going to talk about in this post. By 2023, they have already served over 500 million customers and signed 57 billion insurance contracts. When they started to build a customer data platform (CDP) to accommodate such a data size, they used multiple components. Data silos in CDP Like most data platforms, their CDP 1.0 had a batch processing pipeline and a real-time streaming pipeline. Offline data was loaded via Spark jobs to Impala, where it was tagged and divided into groups. Meanwhile, Spark also sent it to NebulaGraph for OneID computation (elaborated later in this post). On the other hand, real-time data was tagged by Flink and then stored in HBase, ready to be queried. That led to a component-heavy computation layer in the CDP: Impala, Spark, NebulaGraph, and HBase. As a result, offline tags, real-time tags, and graph data were scattered across multiple components. Integrating them for further data services was costly due to redundant storage and bulky data transfer. What's more, due to discrepancies in storage, they had to expand the size of the CDH cluster and NebulaGraph cluster, adding to the resource and maintenance costs. Apache Doris-based CDP For CDP 2.0, they decide to introduce a unified solution to clean up the mess. At the computation layer of CDP 2.0, undertakes both real-time and offline data storage and computation. Apache Doris To ingest , they utilize the method. Their 30-thread ingestion test shows that it can perform over 300,000 upserts per second. To load , they use a combination of and Stream Load. In addition, in real-time reporting, where they need to extract data from multiple external data sources, they leverage the feature for . offline data Stream Load real-time data Flink-Doris-Connector Multi-Catalog federated queries The customer analytic workflows on this CDP go like this. First, they sort out customer information; then they attach tags to each customer. Based on the tags, they divide customers into groups for more targeted analysis and operation. Next, I'll delve into these workloads and show you how Apache Doris accelerates them. OneID Has this ever happened to you when you have different user registration systems for your products and services? You might collect the email of UserID A from one product webpage and later the social security number of UserID B from another. Then you find out that UserID A and UserID B actually belong to the same person because they go by the same phone number. That's why OneID arises as an idea. It is to pool the user registration information of all business lines into one large table in Apache Doris, sort it out, and make sure that one user has a unique OneID. This is how they figure out which registration information belongs to the same user, leveraging the functions in Apache Doris. Tagging services This CDP accommodates information of , which come from over and are attached to over in total. 500 million customers 500 source tables 2000 tags By timeliness, the tags can be divided into real-time tags and offline tags. The real-time tags are computed by Apache Flink and written into the flat table in Apache Doris, while the offline tags are computed by Apache Doris as they are derived from the user attribute table, business table, and user behavior table in Doris. Here is the company's best practice in data tagging: 1. Offline tags: During the peaks of data writing, a full update might easily cause an OOM error, given their huge data scale. To avoid that, they utilize the function of Apache Doris and enable . This will cut down memory consumption significantly and maintain system stability during data loading. INSERT INTO SELECT partial column update set enable_unique_key_partial_update=true;
insert into tb_label_result(one_id, labelxx) 
select one_id, label_value as labelxx
from ..... 2. Real-time tags: Partial column updates are also available for real-time tags since real-time tags are updated at different paces. All that is needed is to set to . partial_columns true curl --location-trusted -u root: -H "partial_columns:true" -H "column_separator:," -H "columns:id,balance,last_access_time" -T /tmp/test.csv http://127.0.0.1:48037/api/db1/user_profile/_stream_load 3. High-concurrency point queries: With its current business size, the company is receiving query requests for tags at a concurrency level of over 5000 QPS. They use a combination of strategies to guarantee high performance. Firstly, they adopt a for pre-compilation and pre-execution of SQL. Secondly, they fine-tune the parameters for Doris Backend and the tables to optimize storage and execution. Lastly, they enable as a complement to the column-oriented Apache Doris. Prepared Statement row cache Fine-tune Doris Backend parameters in : be.conf disable_storage_row_cache = false                      
storage_page_cache_limit=40% Fine-tune table parameters upon table creation: enable_unique_key_merge_on_write = true
store_row_column = true
light_schema_change = true 4. Tag computation (join): In practice, many tagging services are implemented by multi-table joins in the database. That often involves more than ten tables. For optimal computation performance, they adopt the strategy in Doris. colocation group Customer Grouping The customer grouping pipeline in CDP 2.0 goes like this: Apache Doris receives SQL from customer service, executes the computation, and sends the result set to S3 object storage via SELECT INTO OUTFILE. The company has divided its customers into 1 million groups. The customer grouping task that used to take to finish now only needs . 50 seconds in Impala 10 seconds in Doris Apart from grouping the customers for more fine-grained analysis, sometimes they do analysis in a reverse direction. That is, to target a certain customer and find out to which groups he/she belongs. This helps analysts understand the characteristics of customers as well as how different customer groups overlap. In Apache Doris, this is implemented by the BITMAP functions: is a fast way to check if a customer is part of a certain group, and , , and are the choices for cross-analysis. BITMAP_CONTAINS BITMAP_OR BITMAP_INTERSECT BITMAP_XOR Conclusion From CDP 1.0 to CDP 2.0, the insurance company adopts Apache Doris, a unified data warehouse, to replace Spark+Impala+HBase+NebulaGraph. That increases their data processing efficiency by breaking down the data silos and streamlining data processing pipelines. In CDP 3.0 to come, they want to group their customer by combining real-time tags and offline tags for more diversified and flexible analysis. The and the team will continue to be a supporting partner during this upgrade. Apache Doris community VeloDB Also published . here

Breaking Down Data Silos: How Apache Doris Streamlines Customer Data Integration

ডাটা সিলোস ব্রেকিং ডাউন: অ্যাপাচি ডরিস কীভাবে গ্রাহক ডেটা ইন্টিগ্রেশনকে স্ট্রীমলাইন করে

Datensilos aufbrechen: Wie Apache Doris die Integration von Kundendaten optimiert

Rompiendo silos de datos: cómo Apache Doris agiliza la integración de datos de clientes

Briser les silos de données : comment Apache Doris rationalise l'intégration des données client

डेटा साइलो को तोड़ना: कैसे अपाचे डोरिस ग्राहक डेटा एकीकरण को सुव्यवस्थित करता है

データサイロの打破: Apache Doris が顧客データ統合を効率化する方法

데이터 사일로 해소: Apache Doris가 고객 데이터 통합을 간소화하는 방법

Quebrando Silos de Dados: Como o Apache Doris Simplifica a Integração de Dados do Cliente

Разрушение хранилищ данных: как Apache Doris оптимизирует интеграцию данных клиентов

Veri Silolarını Parçalamak: Apache Doris Müşteri Veri Entegrasyonunu Nasıl Kolaylaştırır?

Phá vỡ các kho dữ liệu: Cách Apache Doris hợp lý hóa việc tích hợp dữ liệu khách hàng

打破数据孤岛：Apache Doris 如何简化客户数据集成

Since 2008, the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has been a Hollywood juggernaut. And even 15 years later, it still has millions of fans around the world. But many would agree that the peak of the MCU’s popularity is already in the past, particularly, it seemed to peak in the third phase. The MCU’s phase 3 was a time of extreme hype. There really was nothing quite like it, and it’s something that could most likely never be successfully replicated again. If you missed out on it, don’t worry. Here are all the MCU Phase 3 movies in chronological order. The MCU Phase 3 Movies in Order 1. Captain America: Civil War 2. Doctor Strange 3. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 4. Spider-Man: Homecoming 5. Thor: Ragnarok 6. Avengers: Infinity War 7. Ant-Man and the Wasp 8. Captain Marvel 9. Avengers: Endgame 10. Spider-Man: Far From Home 1. Captain America: Civil War (2016) The beginning of the phase started off with a bang because in Captain America: Civil War, trouble was brewing, and not just because of the supervillains. There was trouble brewing within the Avengers. The government and the public were fed up with the mistakes of the Avengers, and they wanted to hold them accountable by forcing them to work for the United Nations. Captain America and a few other heroes were extremely against this while Iron Man and his side were in favor. The two sides can’t see eye-to-eye and clash in epic fashion. 2. Doctor Strange (2016) After an accident leaves him with shaky hands, Doctor Stephen Strange’s days as a surgeon are over forever. However, what happens next no one could expect as Strange then begins his journey to be a sorcerer. First, he only does so for selfish reasons. But the more time he spends training, the more he realizes that he wasn’t meant to be a rich and selfish surgeon; he was meant to be the Sorcerer Supreme. In simpler terms, he was destined to be a superhero. 3. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) Jumping from the mystical side of the MCU to the cosmic one, everyone’s favorite rag-tag team of mischiefs returns for a second adventure. In the first movie, it’s heavily implied that Peter’s father is an important figure and somebody we’ll one day get to see. Well, in Vol. 2, we finally meet the mysterious man. And nothing is ever the same for the Guardians of the Galaxy. But beyond that, we get to meet the interesting Mantis, flesh out more of Gamora and Nebula’s relationship, and get to know another side of Rocket. 4. Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) It was a long time coming, but it finally happened. One of the most popular superhero characters of all time finally got his own movie in the MCU. After making his debut in Captain America: Civil War, Spider-Man goes back to living a “regular” life as a teenager in Brooklyn. As regular as can be when you’re a superhero that is. But he quickly realizes that he won’t just be nabbing purse snatchers and petty thieves. He’ll have to deal with his own supervillain in the form of the Vulture. Even though he’s already gone toe-to-toe with some of the Avengers, this may be his biggest challenge yet. 5. Thor: Ragnarok (2017) Although this was the third movie for Thor, it felt like a fresh beginning. This version of Thor was more silly and comedic, and although future installments played too much into this, he was perfect in Thor: Ragnarok. In fact, everything about this movie is amazing. After their sister returns, Thor and his brother Loki find themselves in a strange new world that they can’t seem to escape of. That doesn’t matter though because they need to figure out a plan quickly before their sister destroys all of Asgard. Luck is on their side, however, as two allies are also stranded on the strange planet. Together, the 4 of them do everything they can to stop Hela. 6. Avengers: Infinity War (2018) Since his small teaser at the end of the first Avengers movie, Thanos had been built up as the final boss of the Avengers. A bigger threat than they could ever dream of. And in Infinity War, we find out if they’re up to the task. Still reeling from the prior events of Civil War, the Avengers (alongside the Guardians of the Galaxy) fight the Mad Titan before he can reclaim all of the Infinity Stones. Because it’s just not Earth that is being threatened but the entire universe. 7. Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018) While the Avengers are fighting for their lives, Ant-Man and the Wasp have their own mini (ha) adventure in San Francisco. The Wasp’s mom, Janet van Dyne, is stuck in the Quantum Realm after she shrunk too small. Decades later, Ant-Man and the Wasp believe they have the power and know-how to bring her back. Unfortunately, it won’t be an easy journey. Along the way, they’ll have to deal with both Sonny Burch and Ghost, 2 opponents who have their own agendas. 8. Captain Marvel (2019) Captain Marvel was released toward the tail-end of Phase 3, but it actually takes place before most of the other movies in the MCU. It follows a mysterious Kree soldier who suffers from memory loss. As more of her memories get uncovered, she has to ask herself, “Who can she trust?”  This question itself opens up doors and reveals secrets she never thought possible and allows her to become Captain Marvel. 9. Avengers: Endgame (2019) This was it. The culmination of the 21 movies that came before it. The Avengers once again have to come together and join forces to fight Thanos for a second and hopefully final time. But a lot has changed since they last encountered him, and many of the Avengers have changed (some for better and some for worse). None of that matters, however, because the stakes are higher than ever, and only the Avengers can make everything right. Although there was one more movie in Phase 3, Avengers: Endgame seemed to be a fitting conclusion to the saga. 10. Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019) Even though Peter Parker isn’t finished with high school, he’s had enough adventure and excitement for a lifetime. But the hits keep on coming for Spidey. On a school trip to Europe, he’ll come across other superpowered beings such as the Elementals and Mysterio who will turn his life upside down. And if that wasn’t enough, he still has to deal with being a teenager: getting bullied, having girl problems, and having a love-sick best friend. Conclusion Phase 3 of the MCU was one of its best, and this article should help you get on track to relive the journey or start it for the first time. 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The MCU Phase 3 Movies in Order

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