Get the most recent info and news about Muvr on HackerNoon, where 10k+ technologists publish stories for 4M+ monthly readers.

Muvr

muvr

MUVR is a technology company providing an online freight platform enabled by a strong interplay of technology, data and operation excellence making logistics

MUVR

Muvr simplifies diagnostics and big data for orthopedic practices.

Muvr - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding

Muvr is an on-demand application for Light-Duty Vehicles (LDV) which includes pickup trucks, medium-duty and heavy-duty trucks. This application is designed to connect pickup owners and users that need to move house &amp; collect deliveries at hardware&#x27;s

Muvr Pty Ltd - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding

MUVR can help you with local moves, long-distance moves, temporary storage, receiving, and delivery. Learn more about our moving services.

MUVR, Tampa's Most Trusted Moving Company

MUVR TECHNOLOGY PRIVATE LIMITED - company information, business information and directors/partners details

MUVR TECHNOLOGY PRIVATE LIMITED - Company, directors and contact ...

Muvr | 24 followers on LinkedIn. PERSONAL MOVING NEEDS MUVR can help you relocate within the local Tampa Bay area. Our movers are professional and courteous. Customer care is our first priority.

Muvr | LinkedIn

Information on acquisition, funding, investors, and executives for Müvr. Use the PitchBook Platform to explore the full profile.

Müvr Company Profile: Acquisition & Investors | PitchBook

1 billion members | Manage your professional identity. Build and engage with your professional network. Access knowledge, insights and opportunities.

MUVR Technology Private Limited | LinkedIn

Local moves, interstate moves, short term storage, furniture receiving and delivery. We can manage any move from a single piece of furniture to a 30,000 square foot house.

Moving Company Services | MUVR - Tampa Bay

Several companies are introducing innovative advancements into the orthopedic industry to improve patient care, such as Exactech&#x27;s acquisition of Muvr Labs, which provides remote patient monitoring through mobile apps, wearables, and chatbot texting to enable surgeons to track the progress ...

Muvr Labs - Products, Competitors, Financials, Employees, ...

Muvr is Tampa Bay&#x27;s professional furniture moving and receiving company. Learn more about our team.

About MUVR | Tampa Moving Company

Find out if Muvr is the right fit for your future career! Explore jobs, salary, equity, and funding information. Read about work-life balance, perks, benefits, and the company culture!

Muvr Careers | AngelList Talent

Founded by Pablo Abad, Saj Shetty in the year 2015 · A wearable sensor for orthopedic rehabilitation

Muvr | Tracxn

Phineas Redux by Anthony Trollope, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . MRS. BONTEEN. here MRS. BONTEEN. At the time of the murder, Lady Eustace, whom we must regard as the wife of Mr. Emilius till it be proved that he had another wife when he married her, was living as the guest of Mr. Bonteen. Mr. Bonteen had pledged himself to prove the bigamy, and Mrs. Bonteen had opened her house and her heart to the injured lady. Lizzie Eustace, as she had always been called, was clever, rich, and pretty, and knew well how to ingratiate herself with the friend of the hour. She was a greedy, grasping little woman, but, when she had before her a sufficient object, she could appear to pour all that she had into her friend's lap with all the prodigality of a child. Perhaps Mrs. Bonteen had liked to have things poured into her lap. Perhaps Mr. Bonteen had enjoyed the confidential tears of a pretty woman. It may be that the wrongs of a woman doomed to live with Mr. Emilius as his wife had touched their hearts. Be that as it might, they had become the acknowledged friends and supporters of Lady Eustace, and she was living with them in their little house in St. James's Place on that fatal night. Lizzie behaved herself very well when the terrible tidings were brought home. Mr. Bonteen was so often late at the House or at his club that his wife rarely sat up for him; and when the servants were disturbed between six and seven o'clock in the morning, no surprise had as yet been felt at his absence. The sergeant of police who had brought the news sent for the maid of the unfortunate lady, and the maid, in her panic, told her story to Lady Eustace before daring to communicate it to her mistress. Lizzie Eustace, who in former days had known something of policemen, saw the man, and learned from him all that there was to learn. Then, while the sergeant remained on the landing place, outside, to support her, if necessary, with the maid by her side to help her, kneeling by the bed, she told the wretched woman what had happened. We need not witness the paroxysms of the widow's misery, but we may understand that Lizzie Eustace was from that moment more strongly fixed than ever in her friendship with Mrs. Bonteen. When the first three or four days of agony and despair had passed by, and the mind of the bereaved woman was able to turn itself from the loss to the cause of the loss, Mrs. Bonteen became fixed in her certainty that Phineas Finn had murdered her husband, and seemed to think that it was the first and paramount duty of the present Government to have the murderer hung,—almost without a trial. When she found that, at the best, the execution of the man she so vehemently hated could not take place for two months after the doing of the deed, even if then, she became almost frantic in her anger. Surely they would not let him escape! What more proof could be needed? Had not the miscreant quarrelled with her husband, and behaved abominably to him but a few minutes before the murder? Had he not been on the spot with the murderous instrument in his pocket? Had he not been seen by Lord Fawn hastening on the steps of her dear and doomed husband? Mrs. Bonteen, as she sat enveloped in her new weeds, thirsting for blood, could not understand that further evidence should be needed, or that a rational doubt should remain in the mind of any one who knew the circumstances. It was to her as though she had seen the dastard blow struck, and with such conviction as this on her mind did she insist on talking of the coming trial to her inmate, Lady Eustace. But Lizzie had her own opinion, though she was forced to leave it unexpressed in the presence of Mrs. Bonteen. She knew the man who claimed her as his wife, and did not think that Phineas Finn was guilty of the murder. Her Emilius,—her Yosef Mealyus, as she had delighted to call him, since she had separated herself from him,—was, as she thought, the very man to commit a murder. He was by no means degraded in her opinion by the feeling. To commit great crimes is the line of life that comes naturally to some men, and was, as she thought, a line less objectionable than that which confines itself to small crimes. She almost felt that the audacity of her husband in doing such a deed redeemed her from some of the ignominy to which she had subjected herself by her marriage with a runaway who had another wife living. There was a dash of adventure about it which was almost gratifying. But these feelings she was obliged, at any rate for the present, to keep to herself. Not only must she acknowledge the undoubted guilt of Phineas Finn for the sake of her friend, Mrs. Bonteen; but she must consider carefully whether she would gain or lose more by having a murderer for her husband. She did not relish the idea of being made a widow by the gallows. She was still urgent as to the charge of bigamy, and should she succeed in proving that the man had never been her husband, then she did not care how soon they might hang him. But for the present it was better for all reasons that she should cling to the Phineas Finn theory,—feeling certain that it was the bold hand of her own Emilius who had struck the blow. She was by no means free from the solicitations of her husband, who knew well where she was, and who still adhered to his purpose of reclaiming his wife and his wife's property. When he was released by the magistrate's order, and had recovered his goods from Mr. Meager's house, and was once more established in lodgings, humbler, indeed, than those in Northumberland Street, he wrote the following letter to her who had been for one blessed year the partner of his joys, and his bosom's mistress:— 3, Jellybag Street, Edgware Road, May 26, 18—. Dearest Wife,— You will have heard to what additional sorrow and disgrace I have been subjected through the malice of my enemies. But all in vain! Though princes and potentates have been arrayed against me [the princes and potentates had no doubt been Lord Chiltern and Mr. Low], innocence has prevailed, and I have come out from the ordeal white as bleached linen or unsullied snow. The murderer is in the hands of justice, and though he be the friend of kings and princes [Mr. Emilius had probably heard that the Prince had been at the club with Phineas], yet shall justice be done upon him, and the truth of the Lord shall be made to prevail. Mr. Bonteen has been very hostile to me, believing evil things of me, and instigating you, my beloved, to believe evil of me. Nevertheless, I grieve for his death. I lament bitterly that he should have been cut off in his sins, and hurried before the judgment seat of the great Judge without an hour given to him for repentance. Let us pray that the mercy of the Lord may be extended even to him. I beg that you will express my deepest commiseration to his widow, and assure her that she has my prayers. And now, my dearest wife, let me approach my own affairs. As I have come out unscorched from the last fiery furnace which has been heated for me by my enemies seven times hot, so shall I escape from that other fire with which the poor man who has gone from us endeavoured to envelop me. If they have made you believe that I have any wife but yourself they have made you believe a falsehood. You, and you only, have my hand. You, and you only, have my heart. I know well what attempts are being made to suborn false evidence in my old country, and how the follies of my youth are being pressed against me,—how anxious are proud Englishmen that the poor Bohemian should be robbed of the beauty and wit and wealth which he had won for himself. But the Lord fights on my side, and I shall certainly prevail. If you will come back to me all shall be forgiven. My heart is as it ever was. Come, and let us leave this cold and ungenial country and go to the sunny south; to the islands of the blest,— Mr. Emilius during his married life had not quite fathomed the depths of his wife's character, though, no doubt, he had caught some points of it with sufficient accuracy. —where we may forget these blood-stained sorrows, and mutually forgive each other. What happiness, what joys can you expect in your present mode of life? Even your income,—which in truth is my income,—you cannot obtain, because the tenants will not dare to pay it in opposition to my legal claims. But of what use is gold? What can purple do for us, and fine linen, and rich jewels, without love and a contented heart? Come, dearest, once more to your own one, who will never remember aught of the sad rupture which enemies have made, and we will hurry to the setting sun, and recline on mossy banks, and give up our souls to Elysium. As Lizzie read this she uttered an exclamation of disgust. Did the man after all know so little of her as to suppose that she, with all her experiences, did not know how to keep her own life and her own pocket separate from her romance? She despised him for this, almost as much as she respected him for the murder. If you will only say that you will see me, I will be at your feet in a moment. Till the solemnity with which the late tragical event must have filled you shall have left you leisure to think of all this, I will not force myself into your presence, or seek to secure by law rights which will be much dearer to me if they are accorded by your own sweet goodwill. And in the meantime, I will agree that the income shall be drawn, provided that it be equally divided between us. I have been sorely straitened in my circumstances by these last events. My congregation is of course dispersed. Though my innocence has been triumphantly displayed, my name has been tarnished. It is with difficulty that I find a spot where to lay my weary head. I am ahungered and athirst;—and my very garments are parting from me in my need. Can it be that you willingly doom me to such misery because of my love for you? Had I been less true to you, it might have been otherwise. Let me have an answer at once, and I will instantly take steps about the money if you will agree. Your truly most loving husband, Joseph Emilius. To Lady Eustace, wife of the Rev. Joseph Emilius. When Lizzie had read the letter twice through she resolved that she would show it to her friend. "I know it will reopen the floodgates of your grief," she said; "but unless you see it, how can I ask from you the advice which is so necessary to me?" But Mrs. Bonteen was a woman sincere at any rate in this,—that the loss of her husband had been to her so crushing a calamity that there could be no reopening of the floodgates. The grief that cannot bear allusion to its causes has generally something of affectation in its composition. The floodgates with this widowed one had never yet been for a moment closed. It was not that her tears were ever flowing, but that her heart had never yet for a moment ceased to feel that its misery was incapable of alleviation. No utterances concerning her husband could make her more wretched than she was. She took the letter and read it through. "I daresay he is a bad man," said Mrs. Bonteen. "Indeed he is," said the bad man's wife. "But he was not guilty of this crime." "Oh, no;—I am sure of that," said Lady Eustace, feeling certain at the same time that Mr. Bonteen had fallen by her husband's hands. "And therefore I am glad they have given him up. There can be no doubt now about it." "Everybody knows who did it now," said Lady Eustace. "Infamous ruffian! My poor dear lost one always knew what he was. Oh that such a creature should have been allowed to come among us." "Of course he'll be hung, Mrs. Bonteen." "Hung! I should think so! What other end would be fit for him? Oh, yes; they must hang him. But it makes one think that the world is too hard a place to live in, when such a one as he can cause so great a ruin." "It has been very terrible." "Think what the country has lost! They tell me that the Duke of Omnium is to take my husband's place; but the Duke cannot do what he did. Every one knows that for real work there was no one like him. Nothing was more certain than that he would have been Prime Minister,—oh, very soon. They ought to pinch him to death with red-hot tweezers." But Lady Eustace was anxious at the present moment to talk about her own troubles. "Of course, Mr. Emilius did not commit the murder." "Phineas Finn committed it," said the half-maddened woman, rising from her chair. "And Phineas Finn shall hang by his neck till he is dead." "But Emilius has certainly got another wife in Prague." "I suppose you know. He said it was so, and he was always right." "I am sure of it,—just as you are sure of this horrid Mr. Finn." "The two things can't be named together, Lady Eustace." "Certainly not. I wouldn't think of being so unfeeling. But he has written me this letter, and what must I do? It is very dreadful about the money, you know." "He cannot touch your money. My dear one always said that he could not touch it." "But he prevents me from touching it. What they give me only comes by a sort of favour from the lawyer. I almost wish that I had compromised." "You would not be rid of him that way." "No;—not quite rid of him. You see I never had to take that horrid name because of the title. I suppose I'd better send the letter to the lawyer." "Send it to the lawyer, of course. That is what he would have done. They tell me that the trial is to be on the 24th of June. Why should they postpone it so long? They know all about it. They always postpone everything. If he had lived, there would be an end of that before long." Lady Eustace was tired of the virtues of her friend's martyred lord, and was very anxious to talk of her own affairs. She was still holding her husband's letter open in her hand, and was thinking how she could force her friend's dead lion to give place for a while to her own live dog, when a servant announced that Mr. Camperdown, the attorney, was below. In former days there had been an old Mr. Camperdown, who was vehemently hostile to poor Lizzie Eustace; but now, in her new troubles, the firm that had ever been true to her first husband had taken up her case for the sake of the family and her property—and for the sake of the heir, Lizzie Eustace's little boy; and Mr. Camperdown's firm had, next to Mr. Bonteen, been the depository of her trust. He had sent clerks out to Prague,—one who had returned ill,—as some had said poisoned, though the poison had probably been nothing more than the diet natural to Bohemians. And then another had been sent. This, of course, had all been previous to Madame Goesler's self-imposed mission,—which, though it was occasioned altogether by the suspected wickednesses of Mr. Emilius, had no special reference to his matrimonial escapades. And now Mr. Camperdown was down stairs. "Shall I go down to him, dear Mrs. Bonteen?" "He may come here if you please." "Perhaps I had better go down. He will disturb you." "My darling lost one always thought that there should be two present to hear such matters. He said it was safer." Mr. Camperdown, junior, was therefore shown upstairs to Mrs. Bonteen's drawing-room. "We have found it all out, Lady Eustace," said Mr. Camperdown. "Found out what?" "We've got Madame Mealyus over here." "No!" said Mrs. Bonteen, with her hands raised. Lady Eustace sat silent, with her mouth open. "Yes, indeed;—and photographs of the registry of the marriage from the books of the synagogue at Cracow. His signature was Yosef Mealyus, and his handwriting isn't a bit altered. I think we could have proved it without the lady; but of course it was better to bring her if possible." "Where is she?" asked Lizzie, thinking that she would like to see her own predecessor. "We have her safe, Lady Eustace. She's not in custody; but as she can't speak a word of English or French, she finds it more comfortable to be kept in private. We're afraid it will cost a little money." "Will she swear that she is his wife?" asked Mrs. Bonteen. "Oh, yes; there'll be no difficulty about that. But her swearing alone mightn't be enough." "Surely that settles it all," said Lady Eustace. "For the money that we shall have to pay," said Mr. Camperdown, "we might probably have got a dozen Bohemian ladies to come and swear that they were married to Yosef Mealyus at Cracow. The difficulty has been to bring over documentary evidence which will satisfy a jury that this is the woman she says she is. But I think we've got it." "And I shall be free!" said Lady Eustace, clasping her hands together. "It will cost a good deal, I fear," said Mr. Camperdown. "But I shall be free! Oh, Mr. Camperdown, there is not a woman in all the world who cares so little for money as I do. But I shall be free from the power of that horrid man who has entangled me in the meshes of his sinful life." Mr. Camperdown told her that he thought that she would be free, and went on to say that Yosef Mealyus had already been arrested, and was again in prison. The unfortunate man had not therefore long enjoyed that humbler apartment which he had found for himself in Jellybag Street. When Mr. Camperdown went, Mrs. Bonteen followed him out to the top of the stairs. "You have heard about the trial, Mr. Camperdown?" He said that he knew that it was to take place at the Central Criminal Court in June. "Yes; I don't know why they have put it off so long. People know that he did it—eh?" Mr. Camperdown, with funereal sadness, declared that he had never looked into the matter. "I cannot understand that everybody should not know it," said Mrs. Bonteen. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2006). Phineas Redux. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18640/pg18640-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

At the time of the murder

WHAT THE LORDS AND COMMONS SAID ABOUT THE MURDER.

Can You Forgive Her? by Anthony Trollope is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Bold Speculations on Murder here Bold Speculations on Murder. George Vavasor was not in a very happy mood when he left Queen Anne Street, after having flung his gift ring under the grate. Indeed there was much in his condition, as connected with the house which he was leaving, which could not but make him unhappy. Alice was engaged to be his wife, and had as yet said nothing to show that she meditated any breach of that engagement, but she had treated him in a way which made him long to throw her promise in her teeth. He was a man to whom any personal slight from a woman was unendurable. To slights from men, unless they were of a nature to provoke offence, he was indifferent. There was no man living for whose liking or disliking George Vavasor cared anything. But he did care much for the good opinion, or rather for the personal favour, of any woman to whom he had endeavoured to make himself agreeable. "I will marry you," Alice had said to him,—not in words, but in acts and looks, which were plainer than words,—"I will marry you for certain reasons of my own, which in my present condition make it seem that that arrangement will be more convenient to me than any other that I can make; but pray understand that there is no love mixed up with this. There is another man whom I love;—only, for those reasons above hinted, I do not care to marry him." It was thus that he read Alice's present treatment of him, and he was a man who could not endure this treatment with ease. But though he could throw his ring under the grate in his passion, he could not so dispose of her. That he would have done so had his hands been free, we need not doubt. And he would have been clever enough to do so in some manner that would have been exquisitely painful to Alice, willing as she might be to be released from her engagement. But he could not do this to a woman whose money he had borrowed, and whose money he could not repay;—to a woman, more of whose money he intended to borrow immediately. As to that latter part of it, he did say to himself over and over again, that he would have no more of it. As he left the house in Queen Anne Street, on that occasion, he swore, that under no circumstances would he be indebted to her for another shilling. But before he had reached Great Marlborough Street, to which his steps took him, he had reminded himself that everything depended on a further advance. He was in Parliament, but Parliament would be dissolved within three months. Having sacrificed so much for his position, should he let it all fall from him now,—now, when success seemed to be within his reach? That wretched old man in Westmoreland, who seemed gifted almost with immortality,—why could he not die and surrender his paltry acres to one who could use them? He turned away from Regent Street into Hanover Square before he crossed to Great Marlborough Street, giving vent to his passion rather than arranging his thoughts. As he walked the four sides of the square he considered how good it would be if some accident should befall the old man. How he would rejoice were he to hear to-morrow that one of the trees of the "accursed place," had fallen on the "obstinate old idiot," and put an end to him! I will not say that he meditated the murder of his grandfather. There was a firm conviction on his mind, as he thought of all this, that such a deed as that would never come in his way. But he told himself, that if he chose to make the attempt, he would certainly be able to carry it through without detection. Then he remembered Rush and Palmer—the openly bold murderer and the secret poisoner. Both of them, in Vavasor's estimation, were great men. He had often said so in company. He had declared that the courage of Rush had never been surpassed. "Think of him," he would say with admiration, "walking into a man's house, with pistols sufficient to shoot every one there, and doing it as though he were killing rats! What was Nelson at Trafalgar to that? Nelson had nothing to fear!" And of Palmer he declared that he was a man of genius as well as courage. He had "looked the whole thing in the face," Vavasor would say, "and told himself that all scruples and squeamishness are bosh,—child's tales. And so they are. Who lives as though they fear either heaven or hell? And if we do live without such fear or respect, what is the use of telling lies to ourselves? To throw it all to the dogs, as Palmer did, is more manly." "And be hanged," some hearer of George's doctrine replied. "Yes, and be hanged,—if such is your destiny. But you hear of the one who is hanged, but hear nothing of the twenty who are not." Vavasor walked round Hanover Square, nursing his hatred against the old Squire. He did not tell himself that he would like to murder his grandfather. But he suggested to himself, that if he desired to do so, he would have courage enough to make his way into the old man's room, and strangle him; and he explained to himself how he would be able to get down into Westmoreland without the world knowing that he had been there,—how he would find an entrance into the house by a window with which he was acquainted,—how he could cause the man to die as though, those around him should think, it was apoplexy,—he, George Vavasor, having read something on that subject lately. All this he considered very fully, walking rapidly round Hanover Square more than once or twice. If he were to become an active student in the Rush or Palmer school, he would so study the matter that he would not be the one that should be hung. He thought that he could, so far, trust his own ingenuity. But yet he did not meditate murder. "Beastly old idiot!" he said to himself, "he must have his chance as other men have, I suppose," And then he went across Regent Street to Mr. Scruby's office in Great Marlborough Street, not having, as yet, come to any positive conclusion as to what he would do in reference to Alice's money. But he soon found himself talking to Mr. Scruby as though there were no doubts as to the forthcoming funds for the next elections. And Mr. Scruby talked to him very plainly, as though those funds must be forthcoming before long. "A stitch in time saves nine," said Mr. Scruby, meaning to insinuate that a pound in time might have the same effect. "And I'll tell you what, Mr. Vavasor,—of course I've my outstanding bills for the last affair. That's no fault of yours, for the things came so sharp one on another that my fellows haven't had time to make it out. But if you'll put me in funds for what I must be out of pocket in June—" "Will it be so soon as June?" "They are talking of June. Why, then, I'll lump the two bills together when it's all over." In their discussion respecting money Mr. Scruby injudiciously mentioned the name of Mr. Tombe. No precise caution had been given to him, but he had become aware that the matter was being managed through an agency that was not recognized by his client; and as that agency was simply a vehicle of money which found its way into Mr. Scruby's pocket, he should have held his tongue. But Mr. Tombe's name escaped from him, and Vavasor immediately questioned him. Scruby, who did not often make such blunders, readily excused himself, shaking his head, and declaring that the name had fallen from his lips instead of that of another man. Vavasor accepted the excuse without further notice, and nothing more was said about Mr. Tombe while he was in Mr. Scruby's office. But he had not heard the name in vain, and had unfortunately heard it before. Mr. Tombe was a remarkable man in his way. He wore powder to his hair,—was very polite in his bearing,—was somewhat asthmatic, and wheezed in his talking,—and was, moreover, the most obedient of men, though it was said of him that he managed the whole income of the Ely Chapter just as he pleased. Being in these ways a man of note, John Grey had spoken of him to Alice, and his name had filtered through Alice and her cousin Kate to George Vavasor. George seldom forgot things or names, and when he heard Mr. Tombe's name mentioned in connection with his own money matters, he remembered that Mr. Tombe was John Grey's lawyer. As soon as he could escape out into the street he endeavoured to put all these things together, and after a while resolved that he would go to Mr. Tombe. What if there should be an understanding between John Grey and Alice, and Mr. Tombe should be arranging his money matters for him! Would not anything be better than this,—even that little tragedy down in Westmoreland, for which his ingenuity and courage would be required? He could endure to borrow money from Alice. He might even endure it still,—though that was very difficult after her treatment of him; but he could not endure to be the recipient of John Grey's money. By heavens, no! And as he got into a cab, and had himself driven off to the neighbourhood of Doctors' Commons, he gave himself credit for much fine manly feeling. Mr. Tombe's chambers were found without difficulty, and, as it happened, Mr. Tombe was there. The lawyer rose from his chair as Vavasor entered, and bowed his powdered head very meekly as he asked his visitor to sit down. "Mr. Vavasor;—oh, yes. He had heard the name. Yes; he was in the habit of acting for his very old friend Mr. John Grey. He had acted for Mr. John Grey, and for Mr. John Grey's father,—he or his partner,—he believed he might say, for about half a century. There could not be a nicer gentleman than Mr. John Grey;—and such a pretty child as he used to be!" At every new sentence Mr. Tombe caught his poor asthmatic breath, and bowed his meek old head, and rubbed his hands together as though he hardly dared to keep his seat in Vavasor's presence without the support of some such motion; and wheezed apologetically, and seemed to ask pardon of his visitor for not knowing intuitively what was the nature of that visitor's business. But he was a sly old fox was Mr. Tombe, and was considering all this time how much it would be well that he should tell Mr. Vavasor, and how much it would be well that he should conceal. "The fat had got into the fire," as he told his old wife when he got home that evening. He told his old wife everything, and I don't know that any of his clients were the worse for his doing so. But while he was wheezing, and coughing, and apologizing, he made up his mind that if George Vavasor were to ask him certain questions, it would be best that he should answer them truly. If Vavasor did ask those questions, he would probably do so upon certain knowledge, and if so, why, in that case, lying would be of no use. Lying would not put the fat back into the frying pan. And even though such questions might be asked without any absolute knowledge, they would, at any rate, show that the questioner had the means of ascertaining the truth. He would tell as little as he could; but he decided during his last wheeze, that he could not lie in the matter with any chance of benefiting his client. "The prettiest child I ever saw, Mr. Vavasor!" said Mr. Tombe, and then he coughed violently. Some people who knew Mr. Tombe declared that he nursed his cough. "I dare say," said George. "Yes, indeed,—ugh—ugh—ugh." "Can you tell me, Mr. Tombe, whether either you or he have anything to do with the payment of certain sums to my credit at Messrs. Hock and Block's?" "Messrs. Hock and Block's, the bankers,—in Lom—bard Street?" said Mr. Tombe, taking a little more time. "Yes; I bank there," said Vavasor, sharply. "A most respectable house." "Has any money been paid there to my credit, by you, Mr. Tombe?" "May I ask you why you put the question to me, Mr. Vavasor?" "Well, I don't think you may. That is to say, my reason for asking it can have nothing to do with yours for replying to it. If you have had no hand in any such payment, there is an end of it, and I need not take up your time by saying anything more on the subject." "I am not prepared to go that length, Mr. Vavasor,—not altogether to go that length,—ugh—ugh—ugh." "Then, will you tell me what you have done in the matter?" "Well,—upon my word, you've taken me a little by surprise. Let me see. Pinkle,—Pinkle." Pinkle was a clerk who sat in an inner room, and Mr. Tombe's effort to call him seemed to be most ineffectual. But Pinkle understood the sound, and came. "Pinkle, didn't we pay some money into Hock and Block's a few weeks since, to the credit of Mr. George Vavasor?" "Did we, sir?" said Pinkle, who probably knew that his employer was an old fox, and who, perhaps, had caught something of the fox nature himself. "I think we did. Just look Pinkle;—and, Pinkle,—see the date, and let me know all about it. It's fine bright weather for this time of year, Mr. Vavasor; but these easterly winds!—ugh—ugh—ugh!" Vavasor found himself sitting for an apparently interminable number of minutes in Mr. Tombe's dingy chamber, and was coughed at, and wheezed at, till he begun to be tired of his position; moreover, when tired, he showed his impatience. "Perhaps you'll let us write you a line when we have looked into the matter?" suggested Mr. Tombe. "I'd rather know at once," said Vavasor. "I don't suppose it can take you very long to find out whether you have paid money to my account, by order of Mr. Grey. At any rate, I must know before I go away." "Pinkle, Pinkle!" screamed the old man through his coughing; and again Pinkle came. "Well, Pinkle, was anything of the kind done, or is my memory deceiving me?" Mr. Tombe was, no doubt, lying shamefully, for, of course, he remembered all about it; and, indeed, George Vavasor had learned already quite enough for his own purposes. "I was going to look," said Pinkle; and Pinkle again went away. "I'm sorry to give your clerk so much trouble," said Vavasor, in an angry voice; "and I think it must be unnecessary. Surely you know whether Mr. Grey has commissioned you to pay money for me?" "We have so many things to do, Mr. Vavasor; and so many clients. We have, indeed. You see, it isn't only one gentleman's affairs. But I think there was something done. I do, indeed." "What is Mr. John Grey's address?" asked Vavasor, very sharply. "Number 5, Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East," said Mr. Tombe. Herein Mr. Tombe somewhat committed himself. His client, Mr. Grey, was, in fact, in town, but Vavasor had not known or imagined that such was the case. Had Mr. Tombe given the usual address of Nethercoats, nothing further would have been demanded from him on that subject. But he had foolishly presumed that the question had been based on special information as to his client's visit to London, and he had told the plain truth in a very simple way. "Number 5, Suffolk Street," said Vavasor, writing down the address. "Perhaps it will be better that I should go to him, as you do not seem inclined to give me any information." Then he took up his hat, and hardly bowing to Mr. Tombe, left the chambers. Mr. Tombe, as he did so, rose from his chair, and bent his head meekly down upon the table. "Pinkle, Pinkle," wheezed Mr. Tombe. "Never mind; never mind." Pinkle didn't mind; and we may say that he had not minded; for up to that moment he had taken no steps towards a performance of the order which had been given him. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2006). Can You Forgive Her?. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19500/pg19500-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Bold Speculations on Murder

Shadows of Doubt: A Guide to Investigating Crime Scenes and Solving Murder Cases

Sombras de duda: una guía para investigar escenas de crímenes y resolver casos de asesinato

Les ombres du doute : un guide pour enquêter sur les scènes de crime et résoudre les affaires de meurtre

संदेह की छाया: अपराध स्थलों की जांच और हत्या के मामलों को सुलझाने के लिए एक गाइड

シャドウ オブ ダウト: 犯罪現場の調査と殺人事件の解決に関するガイド

Shadows of Doubt: um guia para investigar cenas de crime e resolver casos de assassinato

Bóng tối nghi ngờ: Hướng dẫn điều tra hiện trường vụ án và giải quyết các vụ án giết người

怀疑的阴影：调查犯罪现场和侦破谋杀案的指南

The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . The Murderer Chuckles here The Murderer Chuckles Even the clearest and most perfect circumstantial evidence is likely to be at fault, after all, and therefore ought to be received with great caution. Take the case of any pencil, sharpened by any woman: if you have witnesses, you will find she did it with a knife; but if you take simply the aspect of the pencil, you will say she did it with her teeth. —Pudd’nhead Wilson’s Calendar. The weeks dragged along, no friend visiting the jailed twins but their counsel and Aunt Patsy Cooper, and the day of trial came at last—the heaviest day in Wilson’s life; for with all his tireless diligence he had discovered no sign or trace of the missing confederate. “Confederate” was the term he had long ago privately accepted for that person—not as being unquestionably the right term, but as being at least possibly the right one, though he was never able to understand why the twins did not vanish and escape, as the confederate had done, instead of remaining by the murdered man and getting caught there. The court-house was crowded, of course, and would remain so to the finish, for not only in the town itself, but in the country for miles around, the trial was the one topic of conversation among the people. Mrs. Pratt, in deep mourning, and Tom with a weed on his hat, had seats near Pembroke Howard, the public prosecutor, and back of them sat a great array of friends of the family. The twins had but one friend present to keep their counsel in countenance, their poor old sorrowing landlady. She sat near Wilson, and looked her friendliest. In the “nigger corner” sat Chambers; also Roxy, with good clothes on, and her bill of sale in her pocket. It was her most precious possession, and she never parted with it, day or night. Tom had allowed her thirty-five dollars a month ever since he came into his property, and had said that he and she ought to be grateful to the twins for making them rich; but had roused such a temper in her by this speech that he did not repeat the argument afterward. She said the old Judge had treated her child a thousand times better than he deserved, and had never done her an unkindness in his life; so she hated these outlandish devils for killing him, and shouldn’t ever sleep satisfied till she saw them hanged for it. She was here to watch the trial, now, and was going to lift up just one “hooraw” over it if the County Judge put her in jail a year for it. She gave her turbaned head a toss and said, “When dat verdic’ comes, I’s gwine to lif’ dat , now, I you.” roof tell Pembroke Howard briefly sketched the State’s case. He said he would show by a chain of circumstantial evidence without break or fault in it anywhere, that the principal prisoner at the bar committed the murder; that the motive was partly revenge, and partly a desire to take his own life out of jeopardy, and that his brother, by his presence, was a consenting accessory to the crime; a crime which was the basest known to the calendar of human misdeeds—assassination; that it was conceived by the blackest of hearts and consummated by the cowardliest of hands; a crime which had broken a loving sister’s heart, blighted the happiness of a young nephew who was as dear as a son, brought inconsolable grief to many friends, and sorrow and loss to the whole community. The utmost penalty of the outraged law would be exacted, and upon the accused, now present at the bar, that penalty would unquestionably be executed. He would reserve further remark until his closing speech. He was strongly moved, and so also was the whole house; Mrs. Pratt and several other women were weeping when he sat down, and many an eye that was full of hate was riveted upon the unhappy prisoners. Witness after witness was called by the State, and questioned at length; but the cross-questioning was brief. Wilson knew they could furnish nothing valuable for his side. People were sorry for Pudd’nhead; his budding career would get hurt by this trial. Several witnesses swore they heard Judge Driscoll say in his public speech that the twins would be able to find their lost knife again when they needed it to assassinate somebody with. This was not news, but now it was seen to have been sorrowfully prophetic, and a profound sensation quivered through the hushed court-room when those dismal words were repeated. The public prosecutor rose and said that it was within his knowledge, through a conversation held with Judge Driscoll on the last day of his life, that counsel for the defense had brought him a challenge from the person charged at this bar with murder; that he had refused to fight with a confessed assassin—“that is, on the field of honor,” but had added significantly, that he would be ready for him elsewhere. Presumably the person here charged with murder was warned that he must kill or be killed the first time he should meet Judge Driscoll. If counsel for the defense chose to let the statement stand so, he would not call him to the witness stand. Mr. Wilson said he would offer no denial. [Murmurs in the house—“It is getting worse and worse for Wilson’s case.”] Mrs. Pratt testified that she heard no outcry, and did not know what woke her up, unless it was the sound of rapid footsteps approaching the front door. She jumped up and ran out in the hall just as she was, and heard the footsteps flying up the front steps and then following behind her as she ran to the sitting-room. There she found the accused standing over her murdered brother. [Here she broke down and sobbed. Sensation in the court.] Resuming, she said the persons entering behind her were Mr. Rogers and Mr. Buckstone. Cross-examined by Wilson, she said the twins proclaimed their innocence; declared that they had been taking a walk, and had hurried to the house in response to a cry for help which was so loud and strong that they had heard it at a considerable distance; that they begged her and the gentlemen just mentioned to examine their hands and clothes—which was done, and no blood stains found. Confirmatory evidence followed from Rogers and Buckstone. The finding of the knife was verified, the advertisement minutely describing it and offering a reward for it was put in evidence, and its exact correspondence with that description proved. Then followed a few minor details, and the case for the State was closed. Wilson said that he had three witnesses, the Misses Clarkson, who would testify that they met a veiled young woman leaving Judge Driscoll’s premises by the back gate a few minutes after the cries for help were heard, and that their evidence, taken with certain circumstantial evidence which he would call the court’s attention to, would in his opinion convince the court that there was still one person concerned in this crime who had not yet been found, and also that a stay of proceedings ought to be granted, in justice to his clients, until that person should be discovered. As it was late, he would ask leave to defer the examination of his three witnesses until the next morning. The crowd poured out of the place and went flocking away in excited groups and couples, talking the events of the session over with vivacity and consuming interest, and everybody seemed to have had a satisfactory and enjoyable day except the accused, their counsel, and their old-lady friend. There was no cheer among these, and no substantial hope. In parting with the twins Aunt Patsy did attempt a good-night with a gay pretense of hope and cheer in it, but broke down without finishing. Absolutely secure as Tom considered himself to be, the opening solemnities of the trial had nevertheless oppressed him with a vague uneasiness, his being a nature sensitive to even the smallest alarms; but from the moment that the poverty and weakness of Wilson’s case lay exposed to the court, he was comfortable once more, even jubilant. He left the court-room sarcastically sorry for Wilson. “The Clarksons met an unknown woman in the back lane,” he said to himself—“ is his case! I’ll give him a century to find her in—a couple of them if he likes. A woman who doesn’t exist any longer, and the clothes that gave her her sex burnt up and the ashes thrown away—oh, certainly, he’ll find easy enough!” This reflection set him to admiring, for the hundredth time, the shrewd ingenuities by which he had insured himself against detection—more, against even suspicion. that her “Nearly always in cases like this there is some little detail or other overlooked, some wee little track or trace left behind, and detection follows; but here there’s not even the faintest suggestion of a trace left. No more than a bird leaves when it flies through the air—yes, through the night, you may say. The man that can track a bird through the air in the dark and find that bird is the man to track me out and find the Judge’s assassin—no other need apply. And that is the job that has been laid out for poor Pudd’nhead Wilson, of all people in the world! Lord, it will be pathetically funny to see him grubbing and groping after that woman that don’t exist, and the right person sitting under his very nose all the time!” The more he thought the situation over, the more the humor of it struck him. Finally he said, “I’ll never let him hear the last of that woman. Every time I catch him in company, to his dying day, I’ll ask him in the guileless affectionate way that used to gravel him so when I inquired how his unborn law-business was coming along, ‘Got on her track yet—hey, Pudd’nhead?’” He wanted to laugh, but that would not have answered; there were people about, and he was mourning for his uncle. He made up his mind that it would be good entertainment to look in on Wilson that night and watch him worry over his barren law-case and goad him with an exasperating word or two of sympathy and commiseration now and then. Wilson wanted no supper, he had no appetite. He got out all the finger-prints of girls and women in his collection of records and pored gloomily over them an hour or more, trying to convince himself that that troublesome girl’s marks were there somewhere and had been overlooked. But it was not so. He drew back his chair, clasped his hands over his head, and gave himself up to dull and arid musings. Tom Driscoll dropped in, an hour after dark, and said with a pleasant laugh as he took a seat— “Hello, we’ve gone back to the amusements of our days of neglect and obscurity for consolation, have we?” and he took up one of the glass strips and held it against the light to inspect it. “Come, cheer up, old man; there’s no use in losing your grip and going back to this child’s-play merely because this big sunspot is drifting across your shiny new disk. It’ll pass, and you’ll be all right again,”—and he laid the glass down. “Did you think you could win always?” “Oh, no,” said Wilson, with a sigh, “I didn’t expect that, but I can’t believe Luigi killed your uncle, and I feel very sorry for him. It makes me blue. And you would feel as I do, Tom, if you were not prejudiced against those young fellows.” “I don’t know about that,” and Tom’s countenance darkened, for his memory reverted to his kicking; “I owe them no good will, considering the brunette one’s treatment of me that night. Prejudice or no prejudice, Pudd’nhead, I don’t like them, and when they get their deserts you’re not going to find me sitting on the mourner’s bench.” He took up another strip of glass, and exclaimed— “Why, here’s old Roxy’s label! Are you going to ornament the royal palaces with nigger paw-marks, too? By the date here, I was seven months old when this was done, and she was nursing me and her little nigger cub. There’s a line straight across her thumb-print. How comes that?” and Tom held out the piece of glass to Wilson. “That is common,” said the bored man, wearily. “Scar of a cut or a scratch, usually”—and he took the strip of glass indifferently, and raised it toward the lamp. All the blood sunk suddenly out of his face; his hand quaked, and he gazed at the polished surface before him with the glassy stare of a corpse. “Great Heavens, what’s the matter with you, Wilson? Are you going to faint?” Tom sprang for a glass of water and offered it, but Wilson shrank shuddering from him and said— “No, no!—take it away!” His breast was rising and falling, and he moved his head about in a dull and wandering way, like a person who had been stunned. Presently he said, “I shall feel better when I get to bed; I have been overwrought to-day; yes, and over worked for many days.” “Then I’ll leave you and let you to get to your rest. Good-night, old man.” But as Tom went out he couldn’t deny himself a small parting gibe: “Don’t take it so hard; a body can’t win every time; you’ll hang somebody yet.” Wilson muttered to himself, “It is no lie to say I am sorry I have to begin with you, miserable dog though you are!” He braced himself up with a glass of cold whisky, and went to work again. He did not compare the new finger-marks unintentionally left by Tom a few minutes before on Roxy’s glass with the tracings of the marks left on the knife-handle, there being no need for that (for his trained eye), but busied himself with another matter, muttering from time to time, “Idiot that I was!—Nothing but a would do me—a man in girl’s clothes never occurred to me.” First, he hunted out the plate containing the finger-prints made by Tom when he was twelve years old, and laid it by itself; then he brought forth the marks made by Tom’s baby fingers when he was a suckling of seven months, and placed these two plates with the one containing this subject’s newly (and unconsciously) made record. girl “Now the series is complete,” he said with satisfaction, and sat down to inspect these things and enjoy them. But his enjoyment was brief. He stared a considerable time at the three strips, and seemed stupefied with astonishment. At last he put them down and said, “I can’t make it out at all—hang it, the baby’s don’t tally with the others!” He walked the floor for half an hour puzzling over his enigma, then he hunted out two other glass plates. He sat down and puzzled over these things a good while, but kept muttering, “It’s no use; I can’t understand it. They don’t tally right, and yet I’ll swear the names and dates are right, and so of course they to tally. I never labeled one of these thing carelessly in my life. There is a most extraordinary mystery here.” ought He was tired out, now, and his brains were beginning to clog. He said he would sleep himself fresh, and then see what he could do with this riddle. He slept through a troubled and unrestful hour, then unconsciousness began to shred away, and presently he rose drowsily to a sitting posture. “Now what was that dream?” he said, trying to recall it; “what was that dream?—it seemed to unravel that puz—” He landed in the middle of the floor at a bound, without finishing the sentence, and ran and turned up his light and seized his “records.” He took a single swift glance at them and cried out— “It’s so! Heavens, what a revelation! And for twenty-three years no man has ever suspected it!” About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/102/pg102-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

The Murderer Chuckles

If you want to practice or gain some skills, have fun solving command-line . You will solve a mystery while applying your command line knowledge to get clues and insights. The Command Line Murders Spoiler Alert: Below is my walkthrough of the game. Try to do it on your own first. If you are stuck, at some point, try the hints that the game itself provides. Getting some CLUES Reading the file, our starting point is to look for the on the instructions CLUES crimescene Looking for clues we found the following 3: grep -n "CLUE" crimescene
9213:CLUE: Footage from an ATM security camera is blurry but shows that the perpetrator is a tall male, at least 6'.
9370:CLUE: Found a wallet believed to belong to the killer: no ID, just loose change, and membership cards for AAA, Delta SkyMiles, the local library, and the Museum of Bash History. The cards are totally untraceable and have no name, for some reason.
11002:CLUE: Questioned the barista at the local coffee shop. He said a woman left right before they heard the shots. The name on her latte was Annabel, she had blond spiky hair and a New Zealand accent. At this moment the more promising seems to be , we have a name, let’s dig into the ’s file. CLUE#11002 people Looking for Annabel We got 2 female Annabels on the file: people grep "Annabel" people| grep "\tF\t"
Annabel Sun	F	26	Hart Place, line 40
Annabel Church	F	38	Buckingham Place, line 179 Looking at the address of these two Annabels we get the info: sed -n "40p" streets/Hart_Place
SEE INTERVIEW #47246024

sed -n "179p" streets/Buckingham_Place
SEE INTERVIEW #699607 Checking Interviews cat interviews/interview-47246024
Ms. Sun has brown hair and is not from New Zealand.  Not the witness from the cafe. Dead end from 47246024, fortunately, the other interview gets us one step further: cat interviews/interview-699607
Interviewed Ms. Church at 2:04 pm.  Witness stated that she did not see anyone she could identify as the shooter, that she ran away as soon as the shots were fired.

However, she reports seeing the car that fled the scene.  Describes it as a blue Honda, with a license plate that starts with "L337" and ends with "9" Searching License Plate We are looking for a vehicle and we know it's a Honda, Blue with license L337??9, so we can filter the following: cat vehicles|tr "\n" " "|sed 's/License/\n&/g'|grep Honda|grep Blue|grep -n -e  "L337..9"
6:License Plate L337QE9 Make: Honda Color: Blue Owner: Erika Owens Height: 6'5" Weight: 220 lbs
18:License Plate L337539 Make: Honda Color: Blue Owner: Aron Pilhofer Height: 5'3" Weight: 198 lbs
26:License Plate L337369 Make: Honda Color: Blue Owner: Heather Billings Height: 5'2" Weight: 244 lbs
28:License Plate L337DV9 Make: Honda Color: Blue Owner: Joe Germuska Height: 6'2" Weight: 164 lbs
36:License Plate L3375A9 Make: Honda Color: Blue Owner: Jeremy Bowers Height: 6'1" Weight: 204 lbs
40:License Plate L337WR9 Make: Honda Color: Blue Owner: Jacqui Maher Height: 6'2" Weight: 130 lbs The command chain used here is a bit more elaborated, I first remove all new lines with tr "\n" " " and then insert a new line before each License word with sed 's/License/\n&/g' So that we get all the info about a License Plate in one line, and can filter with ease From we know the suspect is a tall male, so we can reduce to lines 28 and 36. CLUE #9213 Checking Memberships We check the two suspects to see their memberships, that we have from . CLUE#9370 For Joe Germuska we only have 2 of 4 memberships mentioned: grep "Joe Germuska" -n  memberships/*
memberships/AAA:197:Joe Germuska
memberships/Terminal_City_Library:241:Joe Germuska But with Jeremy Bowers, it appears that we got our killer: grep "Jeremy Bowers" -n memberships/*
memberships/AAA:336:Jeremy Bowers
memberships/Delta_SkyMiles:1153:Jeremy Bowers
memberships/Museum_of_Bash_History:187:Jeremy Bowers
memberships/Terminal_City_Library:531:Jeremy Bowers Checking the Result To check the result we look at the file: solution echo "Jeremy Bowers"| $(command -v md5 || command -v md5sum) | grep -qif /dev/stdin encoded && echo CORRECT\! GREAT WORK, GUMSHOE. || echo SORRY, TRY AGAIN.
CORRECT! GREAT WORK, GUMSHOE. Final thoughts Playing The Command Line Murders has been a very enjoyable experience. Not only did I have a great time solving the mysterious murder following the clues and helping the CLPD, but I also had the opportunity to strengthen my command line skills in a creative way. shouts to Noah Veltman the creator.

Journey Through the Command Line Murders

Murat by Alexandre Dumas is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : Murat Title : Alexandre Dumas Author : September 22, 2004 [eBook #2755] Most recently updated: November 28, 2016 Release date : English Language Table of Links MURAT—1815 I—TOULON II—CORSICA III—PIZZO About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Alexandre Dumas (2004). Murat. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2755/pg2755-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Murat by Alexandre Dumas - Table of Links

Karl Ludwig Sand: Murder in the 1800s by Alexandre Dumas is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : Karl Ludwig Sand Title : Alexandre Dumas Author : September 22, 2004 [eBook #2745] Most recently updated: November 27, 2016 Release date : English Language Table of Links KARL-LUDWIG SAND—1819 About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Alexandre Dumas (2004). Karl Ludwig Sand: Murder in the 1800s. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2745/pg2745-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Karl Ludwig Sand: Murder in the 1800s by Alexandre Dumas - Table of Links

The Murder on the Links by Agatha Christie is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : The Murder on the Links Title : Agatha Christie Author : February 11, 2019 [eBook #58866] Most recently updated: November 30, 2022 Release date : English Language Table of Links A Fellow Traveller An Appeal for Help At the Villa Geneviève The Letter Signed “Bella” Mrs. Renauld’s Story The Scene of the Crime The Mysterious Madame Daubreuil An Unexpected Meeting M. Giraud Finds Some Clues Gabriel Stonor Jack Renauld Poirot Elucidates Certain Points The Girl with the Anxious Eyes The Second Body A Photograph The Beroldy Case We Make Further Investigations Giraud Acts I Use My Grey Cells An Amazing Statement Hercule Poirot on the Case! I Find Love Difficulties Ahead “Save Him!” An Unexpected Dénouement I Receive a Letter Jack Renauld’s Story Journey’s End About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Agatha Christie (2019). The Murder on the Links. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/58866/pg58866-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

The Murder on the Links by Agatha Christie - Table of Links

THE MURDER

The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Christie is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! : The murder of Roger Ackroyd Title : Agatha Christie Author : October 2, 2022 [eBook #69087] Release date : English Language Table of Links CHAPTER I. DR. SHEPPARD AT THE BREAKFAST TABLE II. WHO’S WHO IN KING’S ABBOT III. THE MAN WHO GREW VEGETABLE MARROWS IV. DINNER AT FERNLY V. MURDER VI. THE TUNISIAN DAGGER VIII. LEARN MY NEIGHBOR’S PROFESSION VIIII. INSPECTOR RAGLAN IS CONFIDENT IX. THE GOLDFISH POND X. THE PARLORMAID XI. POIROT PAYS A CALL XII. ROUND THE TABLE XIII. THE GOOSE QUILL XIV. MRS. ACKROYD XV. GEOFFREY RAYMOND XVI. AN EVENING AT MAH JONG XVII. PARKER XVIII. CHARLES KENT XIX. FLORA ACKROYD XX. MISS RUSSELL XXI. THE PARAGRAPH IN THE PAPER XXII. URSULA’S STORY XXIII. POIROT’S LITTLE REUNION XXIV. RALPH PATON’S STORY XXV. THE WHOLE TRUTH XXVI. AND NOTHING BUT THE TRUTH XXVII. APOLOGIA About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Agatha Christie (2006). The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/69087/pg69087-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Christie - Table of Links

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS Ultimately, any blockchain accessibility solution has to decide on a split of responsibilities: either the user does most of the computation necessary or some third party does. A spectrum of solutions may be developed based on different types and needs of users, from a full node to a full third-party service. However, we consider that any solution must still adhere to reasonable security expectations: integrity, availability, and privacy. Most blockchain research is based on the assumption that users run their local nodes. This means the fact that running a full node is still the best way to provide integrity, availability, and privacy. Indeed we surveyed third-party service providers in the field and noted the lack of a data integrity guarantee when the provider is not trusted. We also recalled events that render the providers unable to provide service. These facts mean that third-party service providers can and do fail, and thus relying on them can become risky. At the same time, considering the high cost of running a full node locally, we believe that users should have more choice that does not impact the security guarantees. We observe the emergence of so-called ultralight nodes, which provides a way for third-party services to give a verifiable statement that requires little hardware power from the client. Many open questions remain regarding the accessibility of blockchains, even regarding full-node solutions and third-party providers. Any number of light node protocols can also be built to serve different users’ needs. We reiterate that ensuring the accessibility of blockchains is paramount for the technology. If we believe that blockchains are a common good, then making them accessible to all in a secure and available manner is critical for the future development of Web3 technology. Any information is as useful as how it can be read, and such reasoning also applies to blockchains. REFERENCES [1] AL-BASSAM, M., SONNINO, A., AND BUTERIN, V. Fraud and data availability proofs: Maximising light client security and scaling blockchains with dishonest majorities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.09044 (2018). [2] ALCHEMY. Alchemy. https://alchemy.com/, 2022. [3] ALL THAT NODE. All That Node. https://allthatnode.com/, 2022. [4] ANKR. Ankr. https://www.ankr.com/, 2022. [5] BADDOUR, R. Setting up a Litecoin super node: A complete step-bystep recipe that anyone can follow. https://medium.com/@baddour/sett ing-up-a-litecoin-full-node-a-complete-step-by-step-recipe-that-anyon e-can-follow-fb18b82d5cfe, 2022. [6] BINANCE. Binance. https://www.binance.us/, 2022. [7] BITCOIN PROJECT. Minimum requirements. https://bitcoin.org/en/ful l-node#minimum-requirements, 2022. [8] BITCOIN PROJECT. RPC API reference. https://developer.bitcoin.org/ reference/rpc/#, 2022. [9] BLOCKDAEMON. BlockDeamon. https://blockdaemon.com/, 2022. [10] BUNZ, B., KIFFER, L., LUU, L., AND ZAMANI, M. Flyclient: Superlight clients for cryptocurrencies. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2020), IEEE, pp. 928–946. [11] CHAINSTACK. Chainstack. https://chainstack.com/, 2022. [12] CHATZIGIANNIS, P., BALDIMTSI, F., AND CHALKIAS, K. Sok: Blockchain light clients. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (2022), Springer, pp. 615–641. [13] CLEPER, Y., AND BINDER, G. Lava: A decentralized RPC network for blockchains - litepaper v0.1. Tech. rep., Lava Protocol Inc., 2022. [14] COINCASHEW. How to run your own Monero node. https://www.co incashew.com/coins/overview-xmr/guide-or-how-to-run-a-full-node, 2022. [15] CONSENSYS. Privacy policy. http://web.archive.org/web/2022112109 5716/https://consensys.net/privacy-policy/, 2022. [16] CRYPTO.COM. Crypto.com. https://crypto.com/us, 2022. [17] DAIAN, P., GOLDFEDER, S., KELL, T., LI, Y., ZHAO, X., BENTOV, I., BREIDENBACH, L., AND JUELS, A. Flash boys 2.0: Frontrunning in decentralized exchanges, miner extractable value, and consensus instability. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2020), IEEE, pp. 910–927. [18] DASH CORE GROUP. Masternode requirements. https://docs.dash.org/ en/stable/masternodes/understanding.html#masternode-requirements, 2022. [19] DATAHUB. DataHub. https://datahub.figment.io/, 2022. [20] DENNIS, R., AND DISSO, J. P. An analysis into the scalability of bitcoin and ethereum. In Third International Congress on Information and Communication Technology (2019), Springer, pp. 619–627. [21] ELECTRIC COIN COMPANY. Troubleshooting guide. https://zcash.read thedocs.io/en/latest/rtd pages/troubleshooting guide.html, 2022. [22] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Ethereum portal network. https://www.ethp ortal.net/, 2022. [23] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Light Ethereum subprotocol (LES). https: //github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/les.md, 2022. [24] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Light node. https://ethereum.org/en/develo pers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#light-node, 2022. [25] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Node as a service. https://ethereum.org/en/ developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/nodes-as-a-service/, 2022. [26] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Requirements. https://ethereum.org/en/deve lopers/docs/nodes-and-clients/run-a-node/#requirements, 2022. [27] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Who should run a node? https://ethereum .org/en/run-a-node/, 2022. [28] FANTI, G., KOGAN, L., AND VISWANATH, P. Economics of proof-ofstake payment systems, 2019. [29] GETBLOCK. GetBlock. https://getblock.io/, 2022. [30] GOES, C. The interblockchain communication protocol: An overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.15918 (2020). [31] GRIFFITH, E. Why the crypto collapse matters. The New York Times (Nov 2022). [32] INFSTONES. InfStones. https://infstones.com/, 2022. [33] INFURA. Infura. https://infura.io/, 2022. [34] KALEIDO. Kaleido. https://kaleido.io/, 2022. [35] LI, K., CHEN, J., LIU, X., TANG, Y. R., WANG, X., AND LUO, X. As strong as its weakest link: How to break blockchain dapps at rpc service. In NDSS (2021). [36] MALWA, S. Two Polygon, Fantom front ends hit by DNS attack. https: //www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/07/01/two-polygon-fantom-front-end s-hit-by-dns-attack/, 2022. [37] MEE, D. Bitcoin full node on RBP3 (revised). https://medium.com/@ meeDamian/bitcoin-full-node-on-rbp3-revised-88bb7c8ef1d1, 2017. [38] MEE, D. Litecoin full node on RBP3. https://medium.com/@meeDam ian/litecoin-full-node-on-rbp3-69f851f74f1b, 2017. [39] METAMASK SUPPORT. Why Infura cannot serve certain areas. https: //metamask.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059386712-Why-MetaM ask-and-Infura-cannot-serve-certain-areas, 2022. [40] MORALIS. Moralis. https://moralis.io/, 2022. [41] NAKAMOTO, S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review (2008), 21260. [42] NELSON, B. J. Remote procedure call. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1981. [43] NOWNODES. NOWNodes. https://nownodes.io/, 2022. [44] PAAVOLAINEN, S., AND CARR, C. Security properties of light clients on the ethereum blockchain. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 124339–124358. [45] POCKET NETWORK. Pocket Network. https://www.pokt.network/, 2022. [46] QUICKNODE. QuickNode. https://www.quicknode.com/, 2022. [47] RIVET. Rivet. https://rivet.cloud/, 2022. [48] SENSEINODE. SenseiNode. https://senseinode.com/, 2022. [49] SETTLEMINT. SettleMint. https://console.settlemint.com/, 2022. [50] SOLANA FOUNDATION. Validator requirements. https://docs.solana.co m/running-validator/validator-reqs, 2022. [51] SONG, Y.-D., AND ASTE, T. The cost of bitcoin mining has never really increased. Frontiers in Blockchain (2020), 44. [52] WATCHDATA. WatchData. https://watchdata.io/, 2022. [53] XRP LEDGER. System requirements. https://xrpl.org/system-requireme nts.html, 2022. [54] YAISH, A., AND ZOHAR, A. Correct cryptocurrency asic pricing: Are miners overpaying. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.11064 (2020). [55] ZMOK. ZMOK. https://zmok.io/, 2022. Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS Ultimately, any blockchain accessibility solution has to decide on a split of responsibilities: either the user does most of the computation necessary or some third party does. A spectrum of solutions may be developed based on different types and needs of users, from a full node to a full third-party service. However, we consider that any solution must still adhere to reasonable security expectations: integrity, availability, and privacy. Most blockchain research is based on the assumption that users run their local nodes. This means the fact that running a full node is still the best way to provide integrity, availability, and privacy. Indeed we surveyed third-party service providers in the field and noted the lack of a data integrity guarantee when the provider is not trusted. We also recalled events that render the providers unable to provide service. These facts mean that third-party service providers can and do fail, and thus relying on them can become risky. At the same time, considering the high cost of running a full node locally, we believe that users should have more choice that does not impact the security guarantees. We observe the emergence of so-called ultralight nodes, which provides a way for third-party services to give a verifiable statement that requires little hardware power from the client. Many open questions remain regarding the accessibility of blockchains, even regarding full-node solutions and third-party providers. Any number of light node protocols can also be built to serve different users’ needs. We reiterate that ensuring the accessibility of blockchains is paramount for the technology. If we believe that blockchains are a common good, then making them accessible to all in a secure and available manner is critical for the future development of Web3 technology. Any information is as useful as how it can be read, and such reasoning also applies to blockchains. REFERENCES [1] AL-BASSAM, M., SONNINO, A., AND BUTERIN, V. Fraud and data availability proofs: Maximising light client security and scaling blockchains with dishonest majorities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.09044 (2018). [2] ALCHEMY. Alchemy. https://alchemy.com/, 2022. [3] ALL THAT NODE. All That Node. https://allthatnode.com/, 2022. [4] ANKR. Ankr. https://www.ankr.com/, 2022. [5] BADDOUR, R. Setting up a Litecoin super node: A complete step-bystep recipe that anyone can follow. https://medium.com/@baddour/sett ing-up-a-litecoin-full-node-a-complete-step-by-step-recipe-that-anyon e-can-follow-fb18b82d5cfe, 2022. [6] BINANCE. Binance. https://www.binance.us/, 2022. [7] BITCOIN PROJECT. Minimum requirements. https://bitcoin.org/en/ful l-node#minimum-requirements, 2022. [8] BITCOIN PROJECT. RPC API reference. https://developer.bitcoin.org/ reference/rpc/#, 2022. [9] BLOCKDAEMON. BlockDeamon. https://blockdaemon.com/, 2022. [10] BUNZ, B., KIFFER, L., LUU, L., AND ZAMANI, M. Flyclient: Superlight clients for cryptocurrencies. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2020), IEEE, pp. 928–946. [11] CHAINSTACK. Chainstack. https://chainstack.com/, 2022. [12] CHATZIGIANNIS, P., BALDIMTSI, F., AND CHALKIAS, K. Sok: Blockchain light clients. In International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security (2022), Springer, pp. 615–641. [13] CLEPER, Y., AND BINDER, G. Lava: A decentralized RPC network for blockchains - litepaper v0.1. Tech. rep., Lava Protocol Inc., 2022. [14] COINCASHEW. How to run your own Monero node. https://www.co incashew.com/coins/overview-xmr/guide-or-how-to-run-a-full-node, 2022. [15] CONSENSYS. Privacy policy. http://web.archive.org/web/2022112109 5716/https://consensys.net/privacy-policy/, 2022. [16] CRYPTO.COM. Crypto.com. https://crypto.com/us, 2022. [17] DAIAN, P., GOLDFEDER, S., KELL, T., LI, Y., ZHAO, X., BENTOV, I., BREIDENBACH, L., AND JUELS, A. Flash boys 2.0: Frontrunning in decentralized exchanges, miner extractable value, and consensus instability. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2020), IEEE, pp. 910–927. [18] DASH CORE GROUP. Masternode requirements. https://docs.dash.org/ en/stable/masternodes/understanding.html#masternode-requirements, 2022. [19] DATAHUB. DataHub. https://datahub.figment.io/, 2022. [20] DENNIS, R., AND DISSO, J. P. An analysis into the scalability of bitcoin and ethereum. In Third International Congress on Information and Communication Technology (2019), Springer, pp. 619–627. [21] ELECTRIC COIN COMPANY. Troubleshooting guide. https://zcash.read thedocs.io/en/latest/rtd pages/troubleshooting guide.html, 2022. [22] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Ethereum portal network. https://www.ethp ortal.net/, 2022. [23] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Light Ethereum subprotocol (LES). https: //github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/les.md, 2022. [24] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Light node. https://ethereum.org/en/develo pers/docs/nodes-and-clients/#light-node, 2022. [25] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Node as a service. https://ethereum.org/en/ developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/nodes-as-a-service/, 2022. [26] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Requirements. https://ethereum.org/en/deve lopers/docs/nodes-and-clients/run-a-node/#requirements, 2022. [27] ETHEREUM FOUNDATION. Who should run a node? https://ethereum .org/en/run-a-node/, 2022. [28] FANTI, G., KOGAN, L., AND VISWANATH, P. Economics of proof-ofstake payment systems, 2019. [29] GETBLOCK. GetBlock. https://getblock.io/, 2022. [30] GOES, C. The interblockchain communication protocol: An overview. arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.15918 (2020). [31] GRIFFITH, E. Why the crypto collapse matters. The New York Times (Nov 2022). [32] INFSTONES. InfStones. https://infstones.com/, 2022. [33] INFURA. Infura. https://infura.io/, 2022. [34] KALEIDO. Kaleido. https://kaleido.io/, 2022. [35] LI, K., CHEN, J., LIU, X., TANG, Y. R., WANG, X., AND LUO, X. As strong as its weakest link: How to break blockchain dapps at rpc service. In NDSS (2021). [36] MALWA, S. Two Polygon, Fantom front ends hit by DNS attack. https: //www.coindesk.com/tech/2022/07/01/two-polygon-fantom-front-end s-hit-by-dns-attack/, 2022. [37] MEE, D. Bitcoin full node on RBP3 (revised). https://medium.com/@ meeDamian/bitcoin-full-node-on-rbp3-revised-88bb7c8ef1d1, 2017. [38] MEE, D. Litecoin full node on RBP3. https://medium.com/@meeDam ian/litecoin-full-node-on-rbp3-69f851f74f1b, 2017. [39] METAMASK SUPPORT. Why Infura cannot serve certain areas. https: //metamask.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360059386712-Why-MetaM ask-and-Infura-cannot-serve-certain-areas, 2022. [40] MORALIS. Moralis. https://moralis.io/, 2022. [41] NAKAMOTO, S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review (2008), 21260. [42] NELSON, B. J. Remote procedure call. PhD thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 1981. [43] NOWNODES. NOWNodes. https://nownodes.io/, 2022. [44] PAAVOLAINEN, S., AND CARR, C. Security properties of light clients on the ethereum blockchain. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 124339–124358. [45] POCKET NETWORK. Pocket Network. https://www.pokt.network/, 2022. [46] QUICKNODE. QuickNode. https://www.quicknode.com/, 2022. [47] RIVET. Rivet. https://rivet.cloud/, 2022. [48] SENSEINODE. SenseiNode. https://senseinode.com/, 2022. [49] SETTLEMINT. SettleMint. https://console.settlemint.com/, 2022. [50] SOLANA FOUNDATION. Validator requirements. https://docs.solana.co m/running-validator/validator-reqs, 2022. [51] SONG, Y.-D., AND ASTE, T. The cost of bitcoin mining has never really increased. Frontiers in Blockchain (2020), 44. [52] WATCHDATA. WatchData. https://watchdata.io/, 2022. [53] XRP LEDGER. System requirements. https://xrpl.org/system-requireme nts.html, 2022. [54] YAISH, A., AND ZOHAR, A. Correct cryptocurrency asic pricing: Are miners overpaying. arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.11064 (2020). [55] ZMOK. ZMOK. https://zmok.io/, 2022. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Balancing Blockchain Access: Local Nodes vs. Third-Party Services

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References V. APPROACH III: LIGHT NODE - EXTERNAL QUERY & LOCAL VERIFICATION With the cost of running a full node continuously rising, the Ethereum community is seeking to develop a solution that can ensure data integrity and reduce system requirements. The result is the light node [23]: A light node is a server that only synchronizes limited information (such as block headers) with the blockchain network instead of block contents. When a light node encounters an RPC query, it pulls related contents from the blockchain network, verifies the contents with the synchronized information, and sends the result back to the client (see Fig. 4). Traditionally, a light node synchronizes all block headers with the network and pulls related blocks to answer the query when it receives one. However, the recent innovation of ultralight nodes, such as Flyclient [10], allows a light node to synchronize less data with the blockchain but still be able to verify data related to the query, provided that some node in the blockchain network is willing to compute a piece of proof for the correctness of the data. When the required data on the blockchain is very specific and limited, like when the users only care about one address that they own, specific light nodes, in the form of wallet software, are also available to the users. For zero-knowledgebased blockchains (such as Zcash [21] and Monero [14]), the wallet software can synchronize with the blockchains by downloading and analyzing blocks one by one to extract all transactions related to the address, without actually storing the blocks. These specific light nodes can be much more efficient for new blockchain users because they only care about blocks that come after the creation of the address, so they do not have to analyze any data before the creation time. There are also many studies on universal light nodes in the research area, but few have been deployed to real-world blockchains [12]. Some notable examples in active development include Flyclient [10] and IBC [30]. A light node is expected to ensure data integrity because it can check the block contents with the node’s synchronized headers. However, a recent study shows that the security guarantee is weakened when the adversary controls the network [44]. A. The Case of Ethereum We notice that support for light nodes is minimal as of 2022 for Ethereum, one of the most popular blockchains [24]: there is only one execution client and no production-ready light clients on the consensus layer. The proper functioning of light nodes depends on their ability to pull blocks from full nodes in the network, but there is no incentive for full nodes to provide such service, and as a result, light nodes often fail to find peers. Future development on light nodes focuses on allowing light nodes to relay information among themselves [22]: it is planned not to provide financial incentives for nodes, and the network is designed to work like BitTorrent and IPFS. B. Open Questions While significant engineering effort is still necessary before light clients become universal, there is still room for innovations to improve the client’s performance. A recent SoK paper has suggested privacy-preserving, efficient resynchronization after offline, and cross-chain interoperability as potential future research directions [12]. Based on the premise that proving some statement to be true is more difficult than proving it to be false, some recent study also focuses on fraud proof [1]. The idea is that the light node does not need to verify the information it receives to be true, but can simply ask a few full nodes to make sure that it is not false. We also notice that no matter the design of the light client, if it needs a full node to serve as a proofer for additional efforts beyond simply broadcasting a block, then incentives might be necessary to ensure that the full node renders the service. Toward that end, we think that the light node mechanism may merge with the node-as-a-service providers, with the providers serving the light nodes in a way that ensures integrity. In this sense, light nodes may evolve as a way to a verifiable RPC protocol. Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References V. APPROACH III: LIGHT NODE - EXTERNAL QUERY & LOCAL VERIFICATION With the cost of running a full node continuously rising, the Ethereum community is seeking to develop a solution that can ensure data integrity and reduce system requirements. The result is the light node [23]: A light node is a server that only synchronizes limited information (such as block headers) with the blockchain network instead of block contents. When a light node encounters an RPC query, it pulls related contents from the blockchain network, verifies the contents with the synchronized information, and sends the result back to the client (see Fig. 4). Traditionally, a light node synchronizes all block headers with the network and pulls related blocks to answer the query when it receives one. However, the recent innovation of ultralight nodes, such as Flyclient [10], allows a light node to synchronize less data with the blockchain but still be able to verify data related to the query, provided that some node in the blockchain network is willing to compute a piece of proof for the correctness of the data. When the required data on the blockchain is very specific and limited, like when the users only care about one address that they own, specific light nodes, in the form of wallet software, are also available to the users. For zero-knowledgebased blockchains (such as Zcash [21] and Monero [14]), the wallet software can synchronize with the blockchains by downloading and analyzing blocks one by one to extract all transactions related to the address, without actually storing the blocks. These specific light nodes can be much more efficient for new blockchain users because they only care about blocks that come after the creation of the address, so they do not have to analyze any data before the creation time. There are also many studies on universal light nodes in the research area, but few have been deployed to real-world blockchains [12]. Some notable examples in active development include Flyclient [10] and IBC [30]. A light node is expected to ensure data integrity because it can check the block contents with the node’s synchronized headers. However, a recent study shows that the security guarantee is weakened when the adversary controls the network [44]. A. The Case of Ethereum A. The Case of Ethereum We notice that support for light nodes is minimal as of 2022 for Ethereum, one of the most popular blockchains [24]: there is only one execution client and no production-ready light clients on the consensus layer. The proper functioning of light nodes depends on their ability to pull blocks from full nodes in the network, but there is no incentive for full nodes to provide such service, and as a result, light nodes often fail to find peers. Future development on light nodes focuses on allowing light nodes to relay information among themselves [22]: it is planned not to provide financial incentives for nodes, and the network is designed to work like BitTorrent and IPFS. B. Open Questions B. Open Questions While significant engineering effort is still necessary before light clients become universal, there is still room for innovations to improve the client’s performance. A recent SoK paper has suggested privacy-preserving, efficient resynchronization after offline, and cross-chain interoperability as potential future research directions [12]. Based on the premise that proving some statement to be true is more difficult than proving it to be false, some recent study also focuses on fraud proof [1]. The idea is that the light node does not need to verify the information it receives to be true, but can simply ask a few full nodes to make sure that it is not false. We also notice that no matter the design of the light client, if it needs a full node to serve as a proofer for additional efforts beyond simply broadcasting a block, then incentives might be necessary to ensure that the full node renders the service. Toward that end, we think that the light node mechanism may merge with the node-as-a-service providers, with the providers serving the light nodes in a way that ensures integrity. In this sense, light nodes may evolve as a way to a verifiable RPC protocol. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Light Nodes: Balancing Cost and Data Integrity in Blockchain Accessibility 

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References IV. APPROACH II: QUERY A THIRD-PARTY LEDGER - NODE-AS-A-SERVICE (NAAS) If a user cannot afford to run a full node themselves, they must outsource the synchronization of blockchains to some third party. While typical users may be tempted to entrust their crypto coins and assets to an all-in-one cryptocurrency exchange, such as Crypto.com [16] and Binance [6], for exchange of easy accessibility, we consider the approach fundamentally flawed. Because the user has no access to the asset without the consent of the exchange, they cannot claim that they effectively own the asset: the recent collapse of FTX [31] reveals the risk of the exchange being insolvent and the user’s asset being lost. Therefore, if the user wants to keep his private key and still maintain reasonable access to the blockchain, one approach is to purchase a third-party service that answers RPC queries, colloquially known as Node-as-a-service (NAAS) or an RPC node. The clients can interact with the third-party service just as they would with a full node (see Fig. 3). Many active NAAS providers exist in the field, including Alchemy, Ankr, BlockDaemon, etc. Table II provides a list of providers, as advertised by the Ethereum Foundation [25]. While we recognize that different providers offer services with different features and have different pricing plans, which makes an accurate comparison challenging, we pick four uniform measurements to understand the provider: the number of protocols supported, whether there is a free tier, the minimum amount the user needs to pay for a paid tier (per month), and whether or not the provider developed an exclusive API (such as one that handles the NFT) for the service in addition to traditional RPC calls. A. Pros and Cons The main benefit of using a NAAS service is that it is more affordable than running one’s own full node because the service provider can build an infrastructure that handles a high workload efficiently. Many providers also have a free tier that allows a limited number of queries. It is also noteworthy that most providers allow users to access more than one blockchain, which would traditionally require running one full node for each blockchain. Some providers offer exclusive pre-made APIs to handle common use cases, such as NFT. While using such API may reduce the program’s portability, it increases the development efficiency. The drawback of the approach is also significant: the security assumption of the model now depends on the service provider as a trusted party. Consider the case of Bitcoin’s RPC call getbalance. The client has no way to verify the numerical result because RPC is not designed to ensure data integrity: every user is expected to run a node themselves. There is also no privacy guarantee when the service provider is untrusted: the service provider can see all parameters of an RPC call, thus increasing the risk associated, such as frontrunning [17]. Besides, any attack and incident of the service provider can impact users’ access to blockchain information, thus affecting availability. Ankr was hit by a DNS attack in July 2022, which disrupted its users’ access to two blockchains and placed their funds at risk [36]. Similarly, Infura was forced to censor Venezuelan users due to a US sanction in March 2022 [39]. These cases illustrate that a centralized service provider can become a single point of failure, and additional considerations are needed to ensure the accessibility of blockchains. B. Open Questions Node-as-a-service providers form a competitive market: there are 19 providers advertised on the Ethereum Foundation website. However, there is little study on the market: who are the main users? Which service has a better cost-performance ratio for a specific type of user? How profitable can the providers be? An empirical study on this growing market is a challenging topic. The design of the RPC protocol in this scenario can be particularly challenging since the current RPC protocol assumes the complete trust of the server. However, with the recent advancement of verification methods, such as Flyclient [10], a verifiable RPC protocol may be possible from a minimal-sized root of trust, solving the issue of integrity in the face of an untrusted service provider. We also observe that it is standard industry practice to employ several services so that at least one is available at any time. Since many providers exist in the field, a unified structure that features a collaboration between providers may provide an improved availability guarantee and some degree of privacy and anonymity to users. For instance, Lava [13] is an ongoing proposal to design a decentralized RPC network blockchain that allows a group of NAAS providers to join together to provide services to users. The users will be charged in LAVA, a new type of coin specific to the network. Both NAAS providers and blockchain validators will stake LAVA to use the system. Unfortunately, Lava’s whitepaper lacks a formal description of security, instead claiming that slashing the funds from bad actors can stop them from providing compromised information. Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References IV. APPROACH II: QUERY A THIRD-PARTY LEDGER - NODE-AS-A-SERVICE (NAAS) If a user cannot afford to run a full node themselves, they must outsource the synchronization of blockchains to some third party. While typical users may be tempted to entrust their crypto coins and assets to an all-in-one cryptocurrency exchange, such as Crypto.com [16] and Binance [6], for exchange of easy accessibility, we consider the approach fundamentally flawed. Because the user has no access to the asset without the consent of the exchange, they cannot claim that they effectively own the asset: the recent collapse of FTX [31] reveals the risk of the exchange being insolvent and the user’s asset being lost. Therefore, if the user wants to keep his private key and still maintain reasonable access to the blockchain, one approach is to purchase a third-party service that answers RPC queries, colloquially known as Node-as-a-service (NAAS) or an RPC node. The clients can interact with the third-party service just as they would with a full node (see Fig. 3). Many active NAAS providers exist in the field, including Alchemy, Ankr, BlockDaemon, etc. Table II provides a list of providers, as advertised by the Ethereum Foundation [25]. While we recognize that different providers offer services with different features and have different pricing plans, which makes an accurate comparison challenging, we pick four uniform measurements to understand the provider: the number of protocols supported, whether there is a free tier, the minimum amount the user needs to pay for a paid tier (per month), and whether or not the provider developed an exclusive API (such as one that handles the NFT) for the service in addition to traditional RPC calls. A. Pros and Cons A. Pros and Cons The main benefit of using a NAAS service is that it is more affordable than running one’s own full node because the service provider can build an infrastructure that handles a high workload efficiently. Many providers also have a free tier that allows a limited number of queries. It is also noteworthy that most providers allow users to access more than one blockchain, which would traditionally require running one full node for each blockchain. Some providers offer exclusive pre-made APIs to handle common use cases, such as NFT. While using such API may reduce the program’s portability, it increases the development efficiency. The drawback of the approach is also significant: the security assumption of the model now depends on the service provider as a trusted party. Consider the case of Bitcoin’s RPC call getbalance. The client has no way to verify the numerical result because RPC is not designed to ensure data integrity: every user is expected to run a node themselves. There is also no privacy guarantee when the service provider is untrusted: the service provider can see all parameters of an RPC call, thus increasing the risk associated, such as frontrunning [17]. Besides, any attack and incident of the service provider can impact users’ access to blockchain information, thus affecting availability. Ankr was hit by a DNS attack in July 2022, which disrupted its users’ access to two blockchains and placed their funds at risk [36]. Similarly, Infura was forced to censor Venezuelan users due to a US sanction in March 2022 [39]. These cases illustrate that a centralized service provider can become a single point of failure, and additional considerations are needed to ensure the accessibility of blockchains. B. Open Questions B. Open Questions Node-as-a-service providers form a competitive market: there are 19 providers advertised on the Ethereum Foundation website. However, there is little study on the market: who are the main users? Which service has a better cost-performance ratio for a specific type of user? How profitable can the providers be? An empirical study on this growing market is a challenging topic. The design of the RPC protocol in this scenario can be particularly challenging since the current RPC protocol assumes the complete trust of the server. However, with the recent advancement of verification methods, such as Flyclient [10], a verifiable RPC protocol may be possible from a minimal-sized root of trust, solving the issue of integrity in the face of an untrusted service provider. We also observe that it is standard industry practice to employ several services so that at least one is available at any time. Since many providers exist in the field, a unified structure that features a collaboration between providers may provide an improved availability guarantee and some degree of privacy and anonymity to users. For instance, Lava [13] is an ongoing proposal to design a decentralized RPC network blockchain that allows a group of NAAS providers to join together to provide services to users. The users will be charged in LAVA, a new type of coin specific to the network. Both NAAS providers and blockchain validators will stake LAVA to use the system. Unfortunately, Lava’s whitepaper lacks a formal description of security, instead claiming that slashing the funds from bad actors can stop them from providing compromised information. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Navigating the Node-as-a-Service Market: Benefits, Risks, and Open Questions

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References III. APPROACH I: MAINTAIN A LEDGER LOCALLY - RUN A FULL NODE For any user, the most straightforward way to access any blockchain is to maintain its ledger on their computer. A user can maintain a ledger by running a full node on their machine which constantly interacts with the whole blockchain network to keep track of the blocks on the ledger, even without participating in profit-generating activities like mining or staking. Such behavior is usually encouraged by blockchain protocols, as it is frequently cited to help propagate the peer-to-peer network and improve the security guarantee of the network [27]. Most blockchain services provide an optional interface within their node software that allows the user to fetch refined information from the node they own. The interface is usually implemented with the mechanism known as the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) [42]. In this request-response mechanism, the user’s node serves as a server that accumulates information about the ledger through the network and answers the user’s query (see Fig. 2) when they initiate one. Most RPC queries are transmitted as a JSON message between the client and the node. For example, in Bitcoin, a user can query the balance of their wallet by calling getbalance, sending the following JSON via HTTP to the node [8]: The result from the node is a numerical value, indicating the amount of balance available in the loaded wallet. A. Cost Consideration As the data on any blockchain continues to grow, running a node capable of accessing and storing all information on the ledger (known as a full node in most blockchains) is becoming increasingly more expensive. Official documentations and some unofficial tutorials outline the minimal system specification for Bitcoin [7], Ethereum [26], Solana [50], Zcash [21], Litecoin [5], Ripple [53], Dash [18], and Monero [14] (see Table I). In particular, in blockchains based heavily on smart contracts, like Ethereum and Solana, full nodes have a high minimal system requirement: it is unlikely for every casual user to have a full-time server of 700GB of disk space, 8GB of RAM and 10Mbps of Internet connection dedicated to running an Ethereum full node. Meanwhile, if the user wants to access more advanced information, they may need additional indexes built on top of a full node, which requires even more hardware power. For instance, an Ethereum archive node that can access all historical states takes more than 12TB disk space to run [26]. Solana’s RPC nodes that provide RPC functionality also require a 16-core CPU in addition to more than 256GB RAM [50]. More accessibility functionalities such as subscribing to certain events may require the node to interface with the web socket, which further amplifies the hardware demand. Therefore, in most scenarios, casual users outsource at least part of the ledger to an external system and query the system when necessary. B. Open Questions Traditional research on the cost of running nodes on blockchains usually focuses on the mining aspect [51] [54], since this is the only profit-generating activity of the proof-of-work blockchains. Because the cost of running a full node is negligible compared to the cost of mining equipment, it is usually overlooked. While proof-of-stake systems do not have the problem of mining, the amount any validator has to stake to participate in the system usually outweighs the cost of running a full node, and the system-running cost is not considered heavily in the economics [28]. As a result, while the most secure way for any user to interact with the blockchain is to run their full node locally, it is not well-studied what the cost of keeping a full node online is. In particular, we note that some popular payment methods such as Zcash and Litecoin have little information on the hardware required to run a full node that synchronizes with the network. Studies are needed to determine the exact cost for users to access blockchains most securely. On the flip side, there have been attempts to run full nodes of Bitcoin and Litecoin on Raspberry Pi 3, eliminating the setup of a traditional server entirely [37] [38]. It remains to be determined if such a method can be adopted to reduce the cost of running a full node. Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References III. APPROACH I: MAINTAIN A LEDGER LOCALLY - RUN A FULL NODE For any user, the most straightforward way to access any blockchain is to maintain its ledger on their computer. A user can maintain a ledger by running a full node on their machine which constantly interacts with the whole blockchain network to keep track of the blocks on the ledger, even without participating in profit-generating activities like mining or staking. Such behavior is usually encouraged by blockchain protocols, as it is frequently cited to help propagate the peer-to-peer network and improve the security guarantee of the network [27]. Most blockchain services provide an optional interface within their node software that allows the user to fetch refined information from the node they own. The interface is usually implemented with the mechanism known as the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) [42]. In this request-response mechanism, the user’s node serves as a server that accumulates information about the ledger through the network and answers the user’s query (see Fig. 2) when they initiate one. Most RPC queries are transmitted as a JSON message between the client and the node. For example, in Bitcoin, a user can query the balance of their wallet by calling getbalance, sending the following JSON via HTTP to the node [8]: The result from the node is a numerical value, indicating the amount of balance available in the loaded wallet. A. Cost Consideration A. Cost Consideration As the data on any blockchain continues to grow, running a node capable of accessing and storing all information on the ledger (known as a full node in most blockchains) is becoming increasingly more expensive. Official documentations and some unofficial tutorials outline the minimal system specification for Bitcoin [7], Ethereum [26], Solana [50], Zcash [21], Litecoin [5], Ripple [53], Dash [18], and Monero [14] (see Table I). In particular, in blockchains based heavily on smart contracts, like Ethereum and Solana, full nodes have a high minimal system requirement: it is unlikely for every casual user to have a full-time server of 700GB of disk space, 8GB of RAM and 10Mbps of Internet connection dedicated to running an Ethereum full node. Meanwhile, if the user wants to access more advanced information, they may need additional indexes built on top of a full node, which requires even more hardware power. For instance, an Ethereum archive node that can access all historical states takes more than 12TB disk space to run [26]. Solana’s RPC nodes that provide RPC functionality also require a 16-core CPU in addition to more than 256GB RAM [50]. More accessibility functionalities such as subscribing to certain events may require the node to interface with the web socket, which further amplifies the hardware demand. Therefore, in most scenarios, casual users outsource at least part of the ledger to an external system and query the system when necessary. B. Open Questions B. Open Questions Traditional research on the cost of running nodes on blockchains usually focuses on the mining aspect [51] [54], since this is the only profit-generating activity of the proof-of-work blockchains. Because the cost of running a full node is negligible compared to the cost of mining equipment, it is usually overlooked. While proof-of-stake systems do not have the problem of mining, the amount any validator has to stake to participate in the system usually outweighs the cost of running a full node, and the system-running cost is not considered heavily in the economics [28]. As a result, while the most secure way for any user to interact with the blockchain is to run their full node locally, it is not well-studied what the cost of keeping a full node online is. In particular, we note that some popular payment methods such as Zcash and Litecoin have little information on the hardware required to run a full node that synchronizes with the network. Studies are needed to determine the exact cost for users to access blockchains most securely. On the flip side, there have been attempts to run full nodes of Bitcoin and Litecoin on Raspberry Pi 3, eliminating the setup of a traditional server entirely [37] [38]. It remains to be determined if such a method can be adopted to reduce the cost of running a full node. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Running a Full Node: A Comprehensive Guide to Maintaining a Blockchain Ledger Locally

Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References II. EXPECTATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN ACCESSIBILITY The process for a blockchain user to retrieve information from blockchains is similar to using any web service, such as browsing websites (retrieving information from a web server), checking e-mails (retrieving information from a mail server), etc. Therefore, the security expectations match the standard security triad: integrity, availability, and privacy. A. Integrity For blockchain accessibility, integrity means that the user can obtain the correct information on blockchains under the given security model. Much of the existing research focuses on the integrity of the blockchains from the perspective of full nodes, guaranteeing integrity if the user has access to a trusted (e.g. self-owned) full node. However, as more and more users turn to third-party service providers for information on blockchains, we notice that integrity may not be achieved if these service providers are untrusted. While some client protocols, such as Flyclient [10], ensure data integrity without much overhead, such techniques are not universally deployed on every blockchain or adopted by every service provider. B. Availability For blockchain accessibility, availability means that the user can freely access information on blockchains. Most incidents on third-party service providers revolve around availability [36] [39], and at least one vulnerability that creates a denial-of-service has been studied [35]. These cases of empirical evidence suggest that fully relying on a single third-party service may create availability issues. While it is industry practice to diversify and use several thirdparty services as backups of each other, it may also help if the user can employ a solution that does not rely on a single service but utilizes a group of nodes to ensure maximum availability. C. Privacy Privacy encompasses a broad range of cases available in this context: some users may want to conceal their queries from specific eavesdroppers to prevent frontrunning [17], while others may not want to be found using blockchains at all, with Bitcoin being illegal in some countries. These different concerns require drastically different security models that cannot be summarized in a nonspecific way. Therefore, we devote our discussion of privacy in this paper strictly to the problems specific to blockchain accessibility rather than general Internet anonymity needs: an untrusted server of the network should have no information about the users’ queries and the results. While existing Internet protocols such as HTTPS largely realize end-to-end confidentiality between the user and the trusted server, we note that if resolving the user’s query for information involves untrusted parties such as miners and third-party service providers, privacy is not trivially guaranteed and must be discussed on a case-by-case basis. For example, ConsenSys, the company that developed Infura and MetaMask, has claimed that when users use Infura as the default RPC provider in MetaMask, Infura will collect their IP address and Ethereum wallet address they send a transaction [15]. Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References II. EXPECTATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN ACCESSIBILITY The process for a blockchain user to retrieve information from blockchains is similar to using any web service, such as browsing websites (retrieving information from a web server), checking e-mails (retrieving information from a mail server), etc. Therefore, the security expectations match the standard security triad: integrity, availability, and privacy. A. Integrity A. Integrity For blockchain accessibility, integrity means that the user can obtain the correct information on blockchains under the given security model. Much of the existing research focuses on the integrity of the blockchains from the perspective of full nodes, guaranteeing integrity if the user has access to a trusted (e.g. self-owned) full node. However, as more and more users turn to third-party service providers for information on blockchains, we notice that integrity may not be achieved if these service providers are untrusted. While some client protocols, such as Flyclient [10], ensure data integrity without much overhead, such techniques are not universally deployed on every blockchain or adopted by every service provider. B. Availability B. Availability For blockchain accessibility, availability means that the user can freely access information on blockchains. Most incidents on third-party service providers revolve around availability [36] [39], and at least one vulnerability that creates a denial-of-service has been studied [35]. These cases of empirical evidence suggest that fully relying on a single third-party service may create availability issues. While it is industry practice to diversify and use several thirdparty services as backups of each other, it may also help if the user can employ a solution that does not rely on a single service but utilizes a group of nodes to ensure maximum availability. C. Privacy C. Privacy Privacy encompasses a broad range of cases available in this context: some users may want to conceal their queries from specific eavesdroppers to prevent frontrunning [17], while others may not want to be found using blockchains at all, with Bitcoin being illegal in some countries. These different concerns require drastically different security models that cannot be summarized in a nonspecific way. Therefore, we devote our discussion of privacy in this paper strictly to the problems specific to blockchain accessibility rather than general Internet anonymity needs: an untrusted server of the network should have no information about the users’ queries and the results. While existing Internet protocols such as HTTPS largely realize end-to-end confidentiality between the user and the trusted server, we note that if resolving the user’s query for information involves untrusted parties such as miners and third-party service providers, privacy is not trivially guaranteed and must be discussed on a case-by-case basis. For example, ConsenSys, the company that developed Infura and MetaMask, has claimed that when users use Infura as the default RPC provider in MetaMask, Infura will collect their IP address and Ethereum wallet address they send a transaction [15]. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Key Expectations for Blockchain Accessibility: Integrity, Availability, and Privacy

Authors:
(1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu);
(2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com);
(3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References Abstract—While much research focuses on different methods to secure blockchain, information on the chain needs to be accessed by end-users to be useful. This position paper surveys different ways that end-users may access blockchains. We observe that between the two extremes of running a full node and fully utilizing a trusted third-party service, many solutions regarding light nodes are emerging. We analyze these solutions based on three basic properties of web communication: integrity, availability and privacy. We conclude that currently, the best way to access a blockchain while maintaining these three properties is still to run a full node. We consider it essential that future blockchain accessibility services should be built while considering these three expectations. I. INTRODUCTION A blockchain is a group of nodes trying to maintain a publicly verifiable ledger of transactions protected from tampering. After its first proposal as Bitcoin [41] in 2009, blockchains have gained much popularity as financial instruments. The success of most well-known blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum [20] can largely be attributed to their decentralized nature and their capabilities to handle complex transactions with advanced cryptographic primitives. With currently a large market, blockchains have the potential to become a leading innovation in the finance and e-commerce sectors in the 21st century. Much existing blockchain infrastructure research and innovation focus on secure and efficient ways for participating nodes to maintain the public ledger (known as a layer-1 protocol). However, we note that fetching information from a well-maintained ledger is also a non-trivial issue. Ensuring that blockchains stay accessible to every user is essential if blockchains are to play a bigger role in everyday life—a public ledger is, by definition, only useful as long as people can interact with it. Given the recent growing public interest in blockchains, more users are interacting with blockchains every month, with as many as 875,000 transactions a day for popular blockchains such as Ethereum [20]. Trying to extract useful information from a flood of transactions requires powerful hardware for even a standard blockchain user who does not engage in profit-generating behavior (like mining), and it appears that the incentive mechanism in most blockchains is not equipped to deal with the issue. In most blockchain protocols, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, participating nodes (miners in proof-of-work systems and validators in proof-of-stake systems) are incentivized to maintain the ledger by earning a small fee when proposing a new block to the ledger. While participating nodes in these blockchain protocols are incentivized to collect transactions and broadcast raw blocks to ensure their profit, they are not incentivized to publish refined information about the ledger they maintain. Consider these two examples: (1) A user wants to know how many coins there are in their Bitcoin wallet. (2) A user wants to know the current status of a smart contract they want to execute. Similar to these examples, most information users want to know is not directly related to the raw blocks that miners and validators publish. The users may entrust their assets fully to a third-party exchange and obtain information from the exchange, but the approach is significantly risky as evidenced by the recent FTX collpase [31]. Therefore, blockchain users need to devise a method to extract such information from blocks, either through some computation power that they own or by relying on a third-party service provider. In this paper, we compare the two current methods in practice that users adopt to obtain refined information from blockchains. One method involves running a full node locally. This method is usually capable of extracting much information from the blockchain without external reliance. In some cases though, additional indices are kept to ensure a faster query, such as Ethereum archive nodes and Solana RPC nodes. The other method is to rely on a third-service provider. We notice the trend that as the cost of running a full node grows, especially in Ethereum, many users are turning to third-party services, which carry their own security risks. We observe that running a full node and fully utilizing a trusted third-party service represent two extremes regarding blockchain accessibility: one with minimal reliance and maximal hardware requirement and one with maximal reliance and minimal hardware requirement. We also notice that when the required data on the blockchain is specific and limited, like when the users only care about one address that they own, specific wallet software is available to the users. While some of the wallet software queries an external node directly for data, others may download a portion of the blockchains and directly analyze it for the information the users care about. We categorize the software as specific light nodes. Meanwhile, we outline a recent trend in realizing a universal light node that can provide any information to users, not just one address [12], such as the one proposed by Ethereum [24]. Current research also includes so-called ultralight nodes, such as Flyclient [10], that step closer to relying on a third-party service that provides additional context for verification (also known as a prover in this context) than traditional light nodes that rely only on full nodes. Figure 1 shows a list of different methods to access blockchains. We think that amid many ways to access blockchains, it is still important to examine the basics of any web service: integrity, availability, and privacy. The blockchain itself is a technology of decentralization, yet too much reliance on a small number of third parties goes against this premise. Without a method to verify the correctness of data, integrity may be compromised if the said third parties provide incorrect data. With too much dependence on selected third parties to provide accessibility, availability may be impacted if they are unable or unwilling to provide service. Privacy is also a concern that needs addressing when querying any third party. We examine existing protocols in the market and find that many of them may be flawed in at least one of these aspects. Currently, the best way to access a blockchain while maintaining integrity, availability and privacy is still to run a full node locally. We consider it important to pay attention to these three aspects when designing any protocol to interact with blockchains to ensure functionality. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Zhongtang Luo, Purdue University (luo401@purdue.edu); (2) Rohan Murukutla, Supra (r.murukutla@supraoracles.com); (3) Aniket Kate, Purdue University / Supra (aniket@purdue.edu). Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility II. Expectations of Blockchain Accessibility III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node III. Approach I: Maintain a Ledger Locally - Run a Full Node IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) IV. Approach II: Query a Third-Party Ledger-Node-As-A-Service (NAAS) V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification V. Approach III: Light Node - External Query & Local Verification VI. Concluding Remark and References VI. Concluding Remark and References Abstract—While much research focuses on different methods to secure blockchain, information on the chain needs to be accessed by end-users to be useful. This position paper surveys different ways that end-users may access blockchains. We observe that between the two extremes of running a full node and fully utilizing a trusted third-party service, many solutions regarding light nodes are emerging. We analyze these solutions based on three basic properties of web communication: integrity, availability and privacy. We conclude that currently, the best way to access a blockchain while maintaining these three properties is still to run a full node. We consider it essential that future blockchain accessibility services should be built while considering these three expectations. Abstract —While much research focuses on different methods to secure blockchain, information on the chain needs to be accessed by end-users to be useful. This position paper surveys different ways that end-users may access blockchains. We observe that between the two extremes of running a full node and fully utilizing a trusted third-party service, many solutions regarding light nodes are emerging. We analyze these solutions based on three basic properties of web communication: integrity, availability and privacy. We conclude that currently, the best way to access a blockchain while maintaining these three properties is still to run a full node. We consider it essential that future blockchain accessibility services should be built while considering these three expectations. Abstract I. INTRODUCTION A blockchain is a group of nodes trying to maintain a publicly verifiable ledger of transactions protected from tampering. After its first proposal as Bitcoin [41] in 2009, blockchains have gained much popularity as financial instruments. The success of most well-known blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum [20] can largely be attributed to their decentralized nature and their capabilities to handle complex transactions with advanced cryptographic primitives. With currently a large market, blockchains have the potential to become a leading innovation in the finance and e-commerce sectors in the 21st century. Much existing blockchain infrastructure research and innovation focus on secure and efficient ways for participating nodes to maintain the public ledger (known as a layer-1 protocol). However, we note that fetching information from a well-maintained ledger is also a non-trivial issue. Ensuring that blockchains stay accessible to every user is essential if blockchains are to play a bigger role in everyday life—a public ledger is, by definition, only useful as long as people can interact with it. Given the recent growing public interest in blockchains, more users are interacting with blockchains every month, with as many as 875,000 transactions a day for popular blockchains such as Ethereum [20]. Trying to extract useful information from a flood of transactions requires powerful hardware for even a standard blockchain user who does not engage in profit-generating behavior (like mining), and it appears that the incentive mechanism in most blockchains is not equipped to deal with the issue. In most blockchain protocols, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, participating nodes (miners in proof-of-work systems and validators in proof-of-stake systems) are incentivized to maintain the ledger by earning a small fee when proposing a new block to the ledger. While participating nodes in these blockchain protocols are incentivized to collect transactions and broadcast raw blocks to ensure their profit, they are not incentivized to publish refined information about the ledger they maintain. Consider these two examples: (1) A user wants to know how many coins there are in their Bitcoin wallet. (2) A user wants to know the current status of a smart contract they want to execute. Similar to these examples, most information users want to know is not directly related to the raw blocks that miners and validators publish. The users may entrust their assets fully to a third-party exchange and obtain information from the exchange, but the approach is significantly risky as evidenced by the recent FTX collpase [31]. Therefore, blockchain users need to devise a method to extract such information from blocks, either through some computation power that they own or by relying on a third-party service provider. In this paper, we compare the two current methods in practice that users adopt to obtain refined information from blockchains. One method involves running a full node locally. This method is usually capable of extracting much information from the blockchain without external reliance. In some cases though, additional indices are kept to ensure a faster query, such as Ethereum archive nodes and Solana RPC nodes. The other method is to rely on a third-service provider. We notice the trend that as the cost of running a full node grows, especially in Ethereum, many users are turning to third-party services, which carry their own security risks. We observe that running a full node and fully utilizing a trusted third-party service represent two extremes regarding blockchain accessibility: one with minimal reliance and maximal hardware requirement and one with maximal reliance and minimal hardware requirement. We also notice that when the required data on the blockchain is specific and limited, like when the users only care about one address that they own, specific wallet software is available to the users. While some of the wallet software queries an external node directly for data, others may download a portion of the blockchains and directly analyze it for the information the users care about. We categorize the software as specific light nodes. Meanwhile, we outline a recent trend in realizing a universal light node that can provide any information to users, not just one address [12], such as the one proposed by Ethereum [24]. Current research also includes so-called ultralight nodes, such as Flyclient [10], that step closer to relying on a third-party service that provides additional context for verification (also known as a prover in this context) than traditional light nodes that rely only on full nodes. Figure 1 shows a list of different methods to access blockchains. We think that amid many ways to access blockchains, it is still important to examine the basics of any web service: integrity, availability, and privacy. The blockchain itself is a technology of decentralization, yet too much reliance on a small number of third parties goes against this premise. Without a method to verify the correctness of data, integrity may be compromised if the said third parties provide incorrect data. With too much dependence on selected third parties to provide accessibility, availability may be impacted if they are unable or unwilling to provide service. Privacy is also a concern that needs addressing when querying any third party. We examine existing protocols in the market and find that many of them may be flawed in at least one of these aspects. Currently, the best way to access a blockchain while maintaining integrity, availability and privacy is still to run a full node locally. We consider it important to pay attention to these three aspects when designing any protocol to interact with blockchains to ensure functionality. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Last Mile of Blockchains: RPC and Node-as-a-Service

ব্লকচেইনের শেষ মাইল: আরপিসি এবং নোড-এ-সার্ভিস

Letzte Meile der Blockchains: RPC und Node-as-a-Service

Última Milla de Blockchains: RPC y Nodo como Servicio

Dernier kilomètre des blockchains : RPC et Node-as-a-Service

ब्लॉकचेन का अंतिम मील: RPC और नोड-एज़-ए-सर्विस

ブロックチェーンのラストマイル: RPC と Node-as-a-Service

블록체인의 마지막 마일: RPC 및 서비스로서의 노드

Última milha de blockchains: RPC e nó como serviço

Последняя миля блокчейнов: RPC и узел как услуга

Blockchain'in Son Mili: RPC ve Hizmet Olarak Düğüm

Dặm cuối cùng của Blockchain: RPC và Node-as-a-Service

区块链的最后一英里：RPC 和节点即服务

MAJURO, Marshall Islands, July 23rd, 2024/Chainwire/--Multipool, a leading innovator in the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry, today announces a strategic investment from Kronos Research. This investment solidifies Kronos’s stance of on-chain order books being the future of the industry and marks a significant milestone in strategic cooperation between the two companies and their commitment to decentralized finance. "We’re absolutely thrilled to be working with Kronos Research, with our expertise in the DeFi sector and the potential of our fully trustless decentralized on-chain orderbook, we envision an eventful future working with some of the best and brightest in the industry at Kronos Research." Steve Murray, Core Contributor at Multipool. "At Kronos, we have been leading the charge in liquidity provision, driven by our belief in trustless transactions and their transformative potential. We are thrilled to partner with Multipool to advance the digital asset landscape, providing enhanced solutions for global traders and investors." Vincent Liu, COO of Kronos Research The Future of Decentralized Finance Multipool’s aim of delivering a fully on-chain trustless orderbook to the DeFi industry aligns with Kronos’s vision of democratizing access to compliant advanced financial tools. This marks the first step in a long and fruitful partnership that will bring stability, awareness and access to a suite of full decentralized tools currently in high demand industry wide.  To learn more about Multipool and its features, users can visit: Website Telegram X CMC-Community About Multipool Multipool is a cutting-edge decentralized exchange (DEX) transforming the trading landscape for real-world assets (RWAs) and cryptocurrencies. Multipool is designed for fairness and equality, featuring a fully decentralized on-chain order book, deep liquidity through dynamic bracket pools, and seamless trading of RWAs and cryptocurrencies. Utilizing world-class innovations including industry-first FIX APIs, low latency networks, zero price impact auctions, trustless RFQs, peer-to-peer repo lending, and MEV bot protection, Multipool sets a new standard in DeFi trading. Experience unparalleled efficiency and security in the user's trading journey with Multipool – The DEX with CEX appeal. Website: https://www.multipool.finance/ About Kronos Research Kronos Research is a technology and data-driven trading firm transforming the digital asset landscape by cultivating a dynamic financial ecosystem with exceptional trading performance, advanced cryptocurrency investment strategies, and extensive liquidity provision capabilities. Their advanced machine-learning techniques and state-of-the-art trading infrastructure form the backbone of our quantitative trading operations. These enables them to deliver precise data and insights, bolster risk management, develop effective trading strategies, and empower informed investment decisions. By leveraging our expertise, they strive to foster strong partnerships and deliver significant value through continuous advancement and innovation. For further information or media inquiries, users can contact: Marketing Department marketing@kronosresearch.com Website: www.kronosresearch.com Social Media: [LinkedIn] [Twitter] [Facebook] [Instagram] Contact Public Relations Manager Angie Hermosa Multipool press@multipool.finance This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. MAJURO, Marshall Islands, July 23rd, 2024/Chainwire/--Multipool, a leading innovator in the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry, today announces a strategic investment from Kronos Research. This investment solidifies Kronos’s stance of on-chain order books being the future of the industry and marks a significant milestone in strategic cooperation between the two companies and their commitment to decentralized finance. "We’re absolutely thrilled to be working with Kronos Research, with our expertise in the DeFi sector and the potential of our fully trustless decentralized on-chain orderbook, we envision an eventful future working with some of the best and brightest in the industry at Kronos Research." Steve Murray, Core Contributor at Multipool. "We’re absolutely thrilled to be working with Kronos Research, with our expertise in the DeFi sector and the potential of our fully trustless decentralized on-chain orderbook, we envision an eventful future working with some of the best and brightest in the industry at Kronos Research." Steve Murray, Core Contributor at Multipool. "At Kronos, we have been leading the charge in liquidity provision, driven by our belief in trustless transactions and their transformative potential. We are thrilled to partner with Multipool to advance the digital asset landscape, providing enhanced solutions for global traders and investors." Vincent Liu, COO of Kronos Research "At Kronos, we have been leading the charge in liquidity provision, driven by our belief in trustless transactions and their transformative potential. We are thrilled to partner with Multipool to advance the digital asset landscape, providing enhanced solutions for global traders and investors." Vincent Liu, COO of Kronos Research The Future of Decentralized Finance Multipool’s aim of delivering a fully on-chain trustless orderbook to the DeFi industry aligns with Kronos’s vision of democratizing access to compliant advanced financial tools. This marks the first step in a long and fruitful partnership that will bring stability, awareness and access to a suite of full decentralized tools currently in high demand industry wide.  To learn more about Multipool and its features, users can visit: Website Website Telegram Telegram X X CMC-Community CMC-Community About Multipool Multipool is a cutting-edge decentralized exchange (DEX) transforming the trading landscape for real-world assets (RWAs) and cryptocurrencies. Multipool is designed for fairness and equality, featuring a fully decentralized on-chain order book, deep liquidity through dynamic bracket pools, and seamless trading of RWAs and cryptocurrencies. Multipool Multipool Utilizing world-class innovations including industry-first FIX APIs, low latency networks, zero price impact auctions, trustless RFQs, peer-to-peer repo lending, and MEV bot protection, Multipool sets a new standard in DeFi trading. Experience unparalleled efficiency and security in the user's trading journey with Multipool – The DEX with CEX appeal. Website: https://www.multipool.finance/ https://www.multipool.finance/ https://www.multipool.finance/ About Kronos Research Kronos Research is a technology and data-driven trading firm transforming the digital asset landscape by cultivating a dynamic financial ecosystem with exceptional trading performance, advanced cryptocurrency investment strategies, and extensive liquidity provision capabilities. Kronos Research Kronos Research Their advanced machine-learning techniques and state-of-the-art trading infrastructure form the backbone of our quantitative trading operations. These enables them to deliver precise data and insights, bolster risk management, develop effective trading strategies, and empower informed investment decisions. By leveraging our expertise, they strive to foster strong partnerships and deliver significant value through continuous advancement and innovation. For further information or media inquiries, users can contact: Marketing Department marketing@kronosresearch.com Website: www.kronosresearch.com www.kronosresearch.com www.kronosresearch.com Social Media: [LinkedIn] [Twitter] [Facebook] [Instagram] [LinkedIn] [LinkedIn] [Twitter] [Twitter] [Facebook] [Facebook] [Instagram] [Instagram] Contact Public Relations Manager Angie Hermosa Multipool press@multipool.finance This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

Stories, News & Mentions about MUVR

Muvr’s Stories on HackerNoon

Muvr's News & Mentions