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ISC’s technology solutions segment wins contract with the State of Michigan

Now in month number six as Leidos' CEO, Tom Bell gives investors more detail on the company's new set of expectations and assumptions that will shape its North Star vision.

Leidos resets both security product outlook and company structure

As Congress ponders virtual care's future, fortifying telehealth could help manage cold and flu season. A recent study from digital medicine platform Akili highlights the need for more inclusive mental health resources in the workplace.

Telehealth's crossroads will dictate whether access to care is widened

The Versa Operating System (VOS) was certified against the National Institute of Standards and Technology ... service providers that need to fortify their network security in this age of heightened cybersecurity threats and concerns." For more information ...

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Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd. (Nasdaq: GILT, TASE: GILT), a worldwide leader in satellite networking technology, solutions, and services, announced today that it was awarded a renewal and extension contract of approximately $20 million from a Tier-1 MNO in the United States.

Gilat Awarded Approximately $20 Million in Contract Renewal and Extension from Tier-1 MNO in the USA

President Joe Biden is signing a sweeping executive order to guide the development of artificial intelligence. Monday’s order will require industry to develop safety and security standards,

Biden wants to move fast on AI safeguards and will sign an executive order to address his concerns

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Ryder Honors Top Carriers of the Year for Commitment to Innovation and Service Excellence

New technology at the University of Oklahoma is helping cut down on labor and waste. All students will have to do is throw their trash away. OU has installed solar-powered trash cans on campus. "We have it set up to tell us when they’re 60% full so that gives us a day or two to go out and collect,

New technology at OU helps to cut down on labor, waste

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Moove-it

moove-it

It was 1998 and, as described in ‘ ’, Richard Rumelt asked Steve Jobs how he was going to grow from a niche play into a company well worth more than the $150M Bill Gates had recently invested. Jobs had recently returned to the company he’d founded and was successfully turning things around. Jobs had convinced Gates that investing in Apple, and keeping the company alive, would help Microsoft get past the issues it was having with the Justice Department. Gates invested. Jobs cut all but one of the fifteen desktop computers. He also reduced the number of portables and focused on one laptop. The decision was made to sell directly to customers online. Good Strategy, Bad Strategy Apple Apple II By Marcin Wichary ( ) [CC BY 2.0 ( )], via Wikimedia Commons http://www.flickr.com/photos/mwichary/2151368358/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This focus allowed Apple to cut inventory by 80%. The company was back in the game. But, by its competitor’s standards, Apple was small owning less than 4% market share. And Rumelt, strategist and author, wanted to know how Jobs was going to propel the company forward; “ : Steve, this turnaround at Apple has been impressive. But everything we know about the PC business says that Apple cannot really push beyond a small niche position. The network effects are just too strong to upset the Wintel standard. So what are you trying to do in the longer term? What is the strategy?” Rumelt : “I am going to wait for the next big thing.” Jobs Is the Homepod a diversionary play? In the last few days (July 2017) Apple started letting customers test Homekit, its smart home development platform, in stores across the world. A few months ago, Apple announced Homepod its voice-activated smart speaker which, along with , acts as the hub for all the connected devices with apps built on the Homekit platform. A few connected devices manufacturers — Phillips, Nest, Lutron etc- have built apps on the Homekit platform that you can control through the Homepod, iPhone or Apple Watch. playing music as music should be listened to But this is all ‘ ’ stuff at this point. Amazon, and even Samsung ( ) all have connected home hubs and developer platforms. In my view, the positioning of the Homepod as a music listening device is a deflection from what I truly believe Apple is planning for the connected home. While Homepod is a critical part of the strategy, it is not the core piece in this puzzle. me-too Google through the acquisition of SmartThings Before jumping into what I think Apple’s next play is, the trends do not look so good for the platforms/products where Apple has traditionally made the bulk of its money. : Apple sold its billionth . While that is an amazing feat, and unless Apple is going to retry selling a low-cost version of the iPhone in emerging markets ( !), it is safe to assume that the smartphone market is not a growth market. .The iPhone 8, , will sell millions of units but this is not where Apple will gain the next $50Bn of revenue. iPhone iPhone last year remember iPhone 5C 95% of Americans already own a mobile phone and 77% of those own a smartphone despite the rumored troubles : Even though Apple Music itself when you get into your car, streaming services like . And, while the podcast industry has grown with Apple benefiting from being available earlier than anyone else to serve that demand, it seems that fewer people are looking to the platform for their video with reports that Apple’s share of video rentals has “ ”. iTunes is no longer the dominant music platform it once was. iTunes force plays Spotify have eaten into a market that was once dominated by iTunes tumbled to between 20% and 35% from well over 50% as recently as 2012 : As PC sales decline globally — — Apple is making a move towards capturing market share of college students by throwing in a . When you have to throw in $300 products to sell a $1000 product, I’d suggest business isn’t going so great. Macbooks with 61.1M units sold in Q2 2017, the industry saw a 4.3% decline and is in the midst of a 5 year slump with 11 straight quarters of declining shipments Beats by Dre headphones with qualifying purchases : With little verifiable data on numbers, the estimates of 20M units sold (as at Q2 2017) suggest a market that still has a long way to go before it moves the needle for the company. Apple Watch etc Apple Watch sales So where is the market for Apple? What part does the Homekit play in the next multibillion dollar opportunity for Apple? I think it’s in the electricity market. The Energy Use Case. Image Courtesy Apple https://www.apple.com/ios/home/ A quick glance through the products that are compatible with the Homekit, and a quick glance at the image above, indicate that Apple might be focusing Homekit functionality (at this point) on ; dimming lights, turning switches on/off, reducing/increasing thermostat temperature, controlling air conditioners etc. Even the Homekit video ends with a sequence of energy related actions occurring in the home. energy usage related use cases The energy use case is the most compelling of the . The other two use cases for the connected home, security and convenience, provide less of an opportunity than energy and most of the players in this space will find this out soon enough. Amazon, through the Echo, has focused on (and the convenience use case and is not quite clear (I’ll cover this in a subsequent post). The energy use case makes the most sense as there is no bigger opportunity to own the minds and wallets of your consumers than by building a brand in the home energy space. Think about it, the only thing more important than smartphones and our computers (that grant us access to the internet) is the electricity used to power those devices! connected home use cases (McKinsey) owns) Google’s focus with Home iBatteries anyone? Since we all never quite know what Apple will do next, I’ll strategize a little and suggest that . This will enable Apple to capture a share of the . and that is just the US alone. It’s why Elon Musk/Tesla is heads down barrelling towards developing batteries for EVs and homes. But, if we go back to the Rumelt and Jobs story at the beginning of this article, if we agree that Apple’s strategy has always been to ‘ ’ it is not a stretch to suppose that the next big thing is already here. And it is not electric cars, it’s the simple battery. As suggested in this fantastic (paywall), the technologies that most impact us are the simple ones. Apple’s next move will be to design a home battery as part of a home energy management system controlled through the hub that is the Homepod or the iPhone $162Bn market for residential electricity services Yes, $162Bn wait for the next big thing Financial Times article The path for Apple is actually quite straightforward and is laid out; Go all in on renewable energy with a 100% renewable pledge and choose to . lead the fight against climate change Develop capabilities to store and optimally utilize the renewable energy you capture. Expand these capabilities to your current products in the market. Note: Early this year (2017) Apple was granted a patent for solid state batteries for portable devices . While this is for low-power devices like the Apple Watch, I would not be surprised if the company continues to work on solid-state high-energy batteries. I do not believe these high energy batteries are for electric vehicles, as some suggest, but for the home. Develop chips that enable ease of syncing all your devices through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and also . optimize battery usage Scale 1, 2 & 3 above into the homes of your customers with a beautiful well-designed product that doesn’t actually compete with the other players in the market but adds new functionality all tied into one use case; energy. Shift the market like you’ve done before (iPhone, iTunes) by controlling the platform and the value; the energy that powers the home. It all boils down to capturing our hearts and minds by focusing on the next thing, beyond our smartphones, with products that delight. Apple has already honed its hardware chops building us delightful products. Apple, with Homekit and Homepod, is now turning its attention to our homes; homes where Apple will soon know exactly how we use energy because all that data is captured by the platform as it manages all the devices built by other companies. Apple will take the platform and delight approach and once again capture . Homekit the next big thing So how do you win in a market again? Please share, like, and tweet. Write your own blog posts using our custom tool, and sign up for the Polymathic Monthly Newsletter — if you’ve read this far, I’m betting you’ll love both.

Apple’s Next Move? It’s Obvious. But We’re Missing It.

Recently, I needed to encapsulate some of my utility code into a standalone NPM package. It had been a couple of years since I last worked on something similar, and I quickly realized that some things had changed. I encountered a few pitfalls along the way, which inspired me to write this article as a reference and guide. The Focus & Requirements This article focuses on optimizing the developer experience when using your library code as an NPM dependency. The implied tech stack includes: A host web app powered by React, bootstrapped using react-scripts
A library that also utilizes React
TypeScript for both the host app and the library The key requirements for seamless library integration, ensuring the best developer experience, are: The library should be consumable by a TypeScript-based host app
It should be possible to include the library locally via file:/path/to/the/library
The library should also be installable via a GitHub link
TypeScript compiler’s watch mode must function for the library I won’t be diving deep into TypeScript setup in this article. If you need assistance with that, feel free to refer to the tsconfig.json configurations in my repositories for both the host app and the library. Let’s get started! TypeScript Setup Let’s assume we have "outDir": "./dist" in our tsconfig.json. In this case, we need to add the following lines to our package.json: "main": "./dist/index.js",
  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts", Note that "types" refers to the bundled declaration file, which is generated by the TypeScript compiler (tsc) from the main declaration file, typically index.ts. This main declaration file should export not only the types defined in your library but also every public function or class that the library provides to the host app. Essentially, index.ts serves as the entry point of the library. Next, ensure that you have build and prepare scripts in your package.json: "scripts": {
    "build": "npx tsc",
    "prepare": "npm run build", The prepare script will run automatically after your library is installed by a host app. Installing the Dependency Locally and the “peerDependencies” Problem In the host app’s package.json, you can install the library locally like this: "dependencies": {
    "my-lib": "file:../my-lib", However, after running the host app with npm start, you might encounter the dreaded Invalid hook call error: The 3rd point suggests that we might have more than one copy of React in the same app, which is exactly what's happening here — both the host app and the library have React installed. This can be easily resolved by moving React to the peerDependencies section of the library’s package.json: "peerDependencies": {
    "react": "^18.3.1" This informs the package manager that the library depends on React, which could potentially conflict with the host app’s dependencies. As a result, only a single copy of React should be included in the final bundle. NPM handles this by deduplicating the dependencies. Let’s verify whether the React package has been deduplicated using npm ls react: my-app@0.1.0 /Users/user/dev/my-app
├─┬ react-dom@18.3.1
│ └── react@18.3.1 deduped
├─┬ my-lib@0.1.0 -> ./../my-lib
│ └── react@18.3.1 We can see that a copy of React in react-dom was deduplicated, whereas in my-lib, it wasn’t. If we run the host app again we are still going to see the same Invalid hook call error. The reason is that our library has been installed locally and the NPM handles local packages via symlinks, which are not deduped. There are several ways to solve this problem, one of which is npm-dedupe utility. However, I prefer not to use this approach, as it traverses the entire dependency tree and modifies it in multiple steps. This process can be quite heavy and time-consuming. Another, better way, is to tweak the webpack.config.js: resolve: {
    alias: {
      react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'), This way, we tell the web pack to always use the React package from the host app’s node_modules. Since our host app is powered by react-scripts, we can’t access the webpack configuration without “ejecting” the app. To avoid this, we can use the react-app-rewired utility. This tool enables us to inject custom pieces of configuration into the existing webpack config. Here’s how our config-overrides.js should look like: const path = require('path');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; Please note the line with a condition that checks the environment env !== 'development', so we do not override the config in case of any non-dev environment. Now, let’s run the host app another time, to check if the problem was solved. (Note: you may have to remove node_modules and run npm i again.) This time, we’ll get a different error: ERROR in ./src/App.tsx 5:0-65
Module not found: Error: You attempted to import /Users/user/dev/my-app/node_modules/react which falls outside of the project src/ directory. Relative imports outside of src/ are not supported.
You can either move it inside src/, or add a symlink to it from project's node_modules/. That’s because the react-scripts webpack configuration has a ModuleScopePlugin plugin, that runs this check, which we need to disable. Again, we can disable this plugin by simply overriding the webpack’s config. The resulting config-overrides.js will look like this: const path = require('path');
const ModuleScopePlugin = require('react-dev-utils/ModuleScopePlugin');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.plugins = config.resolve.plugins.filter(plugin => !(plugin instanceof ModuleScopePlugin));
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; “Watch” Mode Setup Another thing that is nice to have while developing a library is “watch” mode. TypeScript compiler (tsc) provides this feature out of the box. To enable the “watch” mode, we simply need to add one more script to our package.json: "scripts": {
    "build:watch": "npx tsc -w", The -w flag is a shorthand for --watch. Once this flag is set, the TypeScript compiler will monitor any changes in the rootDir and automatically update the compiled output in the outDir. Turning a Dependency Into a Remote One The final step is to host our library remotely, for example, on GitHub. Once you’ve created a GitHub repository for your library, you can easily install the library via its URL in the host app's package.json: "dependencies": {
  "my-lib": "git+https://github.com/username/my-lib.git#main" Note that #main specifies the branch name from which the library should be installed. Conclusion In conclusion, the most challenging problem we faced was the peerDependencies issue with locally installed packages. However, aside from that hurdle, the process of developing and integrating an NPM package is relatively straightforward. By following the outlined steps, you can efficiently encapsulate your utility code and enhance the developer experience in your projects. Recently, I needed to encapsulate some of my utility code into a standalone NPM package. It had been a couple of years since I last worked on something similar, and I quickly realized that some things had changed. I encountered a few pitfalls along the way, which inspired me to write this article as a reference and guide. The Focus & Requirements This article focuses on optimizing the developer experience when using your library code as an NPM dependency. The implied tech stack includes: A host web app powered by React, bootstrapped using react-scripts A library that also utilizes React TypeScript for both the host app and the library A host web app powered by React, bootstrapped using react-scripts react-scripts A library that also utilizes React TypeScript for both the host app and the library The key requirements for seamless library integration, ensuring the best developer experience, are: The library should be consumable by a TypeScript-based host app It should be possible to include the library locally via file:/path/to/the/library The library should also be installable via a GitHub link TypeScript compiler’s watch mode must function for the library The library should be consumable by a TypeScript-based host app It should be possible to include the library locally via file:/path/to/the/library file:/path/to/the/library The library should also be installable via a GitHub link TypeScript compiler’s watch mode must function for the library I won’t be diving deep into TypeScript setup in this article. If you need assistance with that, feel free to refer to the tsconfig.json configurations in my repositories for both the host app and the library . tsconfig.json the host app the library Let’s get started! TypeScript Setup Let’s assume we have "outDir": "./dist" in our tsconfig.json . In this case, we need to add the following lines to our package.json : "outDir": "./dist" tsconfig.json package.json "main": "./dist/index.js",
  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts", "main": "./dist/index.js",
  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts", Note that "types" refers to the bundled declaration file, which is generated by the TypeScript compiler ( tsc ) from the main declaration file, typically index.ts . This main declaration file should export not only the types defined in your library but also every public function or class that the library provides to the host app. Essentially, index.ts serves as the entry point of the library. "types" tsc index.ts index.ts Next, ensure that you have build and prepare scripts in your package.json : build prepare package.json "scripts": {
    "build": "npx tsc",
    "prepare": "npm run build", "scripts": {
    "build": "npx tsc",
    "prepare": "npm run build", The prepare script will run automatically after your library is installed by a host app. prepare Installing the Dependency Locally and the “peerDependencies” Problem In the host app’s package.json , you can install the library locally like this: package.json "dependencies": {
    "my-lib": "file:../my-lib", "dependencies": {
    "my-lib": "file:../my-lib", However, after running the host app with npm start , you might encounter the dreaded Invalid hook call error: npm start Invalid hook call The 3rd point suggests that we might have more than one copy of React in the same app, which is exactly what's happening here — both the host app and the library have React installed. This can be easily resolved by moving React to the peerDependencies section of the library’s package.json : peerDependencies package.json "peerDependencies": {
    "react": "^18.3.1" "peerDependencies": {
    "react": "^18.3.1" This informs the package manager that the library depends on React, which could potentially conflict with the host app’s dependencies. As a result, only a single copy of React should be included in the final bundle. NPM handles this by deduplicating the dependencies. Let’s verify whether the React package has been deduplicated using npm ls react : npm ls react my-app@0.1.0 /Users/user/dev/my-app
├─┬ react-dom@18.3.1
│ └── react@18.3.1 deduped
├─┬ my-lib@0.1.0 -> ./../my-lib
│ └── react@18.3.1 my-app@0.1.0 /Users/user/dev/my-app
├─┬ react-dom@18.3.1
│ └── react@18.3.1 deduped
├─┬ my-lib@0.1.0 -> ./../my-lib
│ └── react@18.3.1 We can see that a copy of React in react-dom was deduplicated, whereas in my-lib , it wasn’t. react-dom my-lib If we run the host app again we are still going to see the same Invalid hook call error. Invalid hook call The reason is that our library has been installed locally and the NPM handles local packages via symlinks, which are not deduped. There are several ways to solve this problem, one of which is npm-dedupe utility. However, I prefer not to use this approach, as it traverses the entire dependency tree and modifies it in multiple steps. This process can be quite heavy and time-consuming. npm-dedupe Another, better way, is to tweak the webpack.config.js : webpack.config.js resolve: {
    alias: {
      react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'), resolve: {
    alias: {
      react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'), This way, we tell the web pack to always use the React package from the host app’s node_modules . node_modules Since our host app is powered by react-scripts , we can’t access the webpack configuration without “ejecting” the app. To avoid this, we can use the react-app-rewired utility. This tool enables us to inject custom pieces of configuration into the existing webpack config. react-scripts react-app-rewired Here’s how our config-overrides.js should look like: config-overrides.js const path = require('path');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; const path = require('path');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; Please note the line with a condition that checks the environment env !== 'development' , so we do not override the config in case of any non-dev environment. env !== 'development' Now, let’s run the host app another time, to check if the problem was solved. (Note: you may have to remove node_modules and run npm i again.) This time, we’ll get a different error: node_modules npm i ERROR in ./src/App.tsx 5:0-65
Module not found: Error: You attempted to import /Users/user/dev/my-app/node_modules/react which falls outside of the project src/ directory. Relative imports outside of src/ are not supported.
You can either move it inside src/, or add a symlink to it from project's node_modules/. ERROR in ./src/App.tsx 5:0-65
Module not found: Error: You attempted to import /Users/user/dev/my-app/node_modules/react which falls outside of the project src/ directory. Relative imports outside of src/ are not supported.
You can either move it inside src/, or add a symlink to it from project's node_modules/. That’s because the react-scripts webpack configuration has a ModuleScopePlugin plugin, that runs this check, which we need to disable. Again, we can disable this plugin by simply overriding the webpack’s config. The resulting config-overrides.js will look like this: react-scripts ModuleScopePlugin config-overrides.js const path = require('path');
const ModuleScopePlugin = require('react-dev-utils/ModuleScopePlugin');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.plugins = config.resolve.plugins.filter(plugin => !(plugin instanceof ModuleScopePlugin));
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; const path = require('path');
const ModuleScopePlugin = require('react-dev-utils/ModuleScopePlugin');

module.exports = function override(config, env) {
  if (env !== 'development') return config;
  config.resolve.plugins = config.resolve.plugins.filter(plugin => !(plugin instanceof ModuleScopePlugin));
  config.resolve.alias = {
    ...config.resolve.alias,
    react: path.resolve('./node_modules/react'),
  };
  return config;
}; “Watch” Mode Setup Another thing that is nice to have while developing a library is “watch” mode. TypeScript compiler ( tsc ) provides this feature out of the box. To enable the “watch” mode, we simply need to add one more script to our package.json : tsc package.json "scripts": {
    "build:watch": "npx tsc -w", "scripts": {
    "build:watch": "npx tsc -w", The -w flag is a shorthand for --watch . Once this flag is set, the TypeScript compiler will monitor any changes in the rootDir and automatically update the compiled output in the outDir . -w --watch rootDir outDir Turning a Dependency Into a Remote One The final step is to host our library remotely, for example, on GitHub. Once you’ve created a GitHub repository for your library, you can easily install the library via its URL in the host app's package.json: "dependencies": {
  "my-lib": "git+https://github.com/username/my-lib.git#main" "dependencies": {
  "my-lib": "git+https://github.com/username/my-lib.git#main" Note that #main specifies the branch name from which the library should be installed. #main Conclusion In conclusion, the most challenging problem we faced was the peerDependencies issue with locally installed packages. However, aside from that hurdle, the process of developing and integrating an NPM package is relatively straightforward. By following the outlined steps, you can efficiently encapsulate your utility code and enhance the developer experience in your projects. peerDependencies

How to Create Your Own NPM Package - 2024 Cookbook

Favor immutability by converting attributes to sets TL;DR: Using sets for attributes simplifies your code and makes state management easier Problems Addressed Mutability
Complexity
Attributes become polluted
Setters Related Code Smells https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-vii-8dk31x0 https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-vi-cmj31om Steps Identify attributes representing states
Replace the attributes with sets: one for each state
Adjust methods to move items between sets instead of mutating attributes Sample Code Before class Bill {
  amount: number;
  paid: boolean;

  constructor(amount: number) {
    this.amount = amount;
    this.paid = false;
  }

  pay() {
    if (!this.paid) {
      this.paid = true;
    }
  }
}

const bill = new Bill(100);
console.log(bill.paid); // false
bill.pay();
console.log(bill.paid); // true After // 1. Identify attributes representing states

class Accountant {  
   // 2. Replace the attributes with sets: one for each state
  unpaidBills: Set<Bill>;
  paidBills: Set<Bill>;

  constructor() {
    this.unpaidBills = new Set();
    this.paidBills = new Set();
  }

  addBill(bill: Bill) {
    this.unpaidBills.add(bill);
  }

  payBill(bill: Bill) {    
    // 3. Adjust methods to move items
    // between sets instead of mutating attributes
    if (this.unpaidBills.has(bill)) {
      this.unpaidBills.delete(bill);
      this.paidBills.add(bill);
    }
  }
}

class Bill {
  amount: number;

  constructor(amount: number) {
    this.amount = amount;
  }
}

const bill = new Bill(100);
const accountant = new Accountant();
manager.addBill(bill);
console.log(accountant.unpaidBills.has(bill)); // true
manager.payBill(bill);
console.log(accountant.paidBills.has(bill)); // true Type [x]Semi-Automatic Safety This refactoring is safe when your attributes don't rely on specific indexing behavior. Since sets don't maintain element order, check if your logic depends on order. Why is the code better? Entities are immutable in the essence. Using sets ensures uniqueness and simplifies logic. You no longer need to check for duplicates before adding elements. Operations like union, intersection, and difference become straightforward, making your code more maintainable and flexible. Limitations Sets don't preserve element order. If your logic depends on sequence, converting to a set may not be appropriate and you should use an Ordered Collection or Array AI Refactoring You can prompt your AI assistants to make this refactoring for you. Try Them! Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions



ChatGPT

ChatGPT



Claude

Claude



Perplexity

Perplexity



Copilot

Copilot



Gemini

Gemini Tags Mutability Related Refactorings https://hackernoon.com/refactoring-remove-setters-codesmell?embedable=true See also https://hackernoon.com/is-it-crystal-clear-for-everybody-that-a-date-should-not-mutate-wuoy3z03?embedable=true Credits Image by Angelo Giordano in Pixabay This article is part of the Refactoring Series. https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true Favor immutability by converting attributes to sets Favor immutability by converting attributes to sets TL;DR: Using sets for attributes simplifies your code and makes state management easier TL;DR: Using sets for attributes simplifies your code and makes state management easier Problems Addressed Mutability Complexity Attributes become polluted Setters Mutability Complexity Attributes become polluted Setters Related Code Smells https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-vii-8dk31x0 https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-vii-8dk31x0 https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-vi-cmj31om https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-vi-cmj31om Steps Identify attributes representing states Replace the attributes with sets: one for each state Adjust methods to move items between sets instead of mutating attributes Identify attributes representing states Replace the attributes with sets: one for each state Adjust methods to move items between sets instead of mutating attributes Sample Code Before class Bill {
  amount: number;
  paid: boolean;

  constructor(amount: number) {
    this.amount = amount;
    this.paid = false;
  }

  pay() {
    if (!this.paid) {
      this.paid = true;
    }
  }
}

const bill = new Bill(100);
console.log(bill.paid); // false
bill.pay();
console.log(bill.paid); // true class Bill {
  amount: number;
  paid: boolean;

  constructor(amount: number) {
    this.amount = amount;
    this.paid = false;
  }

  pay() {
    if (!this.paid) {
      this.paid = true;
    }
  }
}

const bill = new Bill(100);
console.log(bill.paid); // false
bill.pay();
console.log(bill.paid); // true After // 1. Identify attributes representing states

class Accountant {  
   // 2. Replace the attributes with sets: one for each state
  unpaidBills: Set<Bill>;
  paidBills: Set<Bill>;

  constructor() {
    this.unpaidBills = new Set();
    this.paidBills = new Set();
  }

  addBill(bill: Bill) {
    this.unpaidBills.add(bill);
  }

  payBill(bill: Bill) {    
    // 3. Adjust methods to move items
    // between sets instead of mutating attributes
    if (this.unpaidBills.has(bill)) {
      this.unpaidBills.delete(bill);
      this.paidBills.add(bill);
    }
  }
}

class Bill {
  amount: number;

  constructor(amount: number) {
    this.amount = amount;
  }
}

const bill = new Bill(100);
const accountant = new Accountant();
manager.addBill(bill);
console.log(accountant.unpaidBills.has(bill)); // true
manager.payBill(bill);
console.log(accountant.paidBills.has(bill)); // true // 1. Identify attributes representing states

class Accountant {  
   // 2. Replace the attributes with sets: one for each state
  unpaidBills: Set<Bill>;
  paidBills: Set<Bill>;

  constructor() {
    this.unpaidBills = new Set();
    this.paidBills = new Set();
  }

  addBill(bill: Bill) {
    this.unpaidBills.add(bill);
  }

  payBill(bill: Bill) {    
    // 3. Adjust methods to move items
    // between sets instead of mutating attributes
    if (this.unpaidBills.has(bill)) {
      this.unpaidBills.delete(bill);
      this.paidBills.add(bill);
    }
  }
}

class Bill {
  amount: number;

  constructor(amount: number) {
    this.amount = amount;
  }
}

const bill = new Bill(100);
const accountant = new Accountant();
manager.addBill(bill);
console.log(accountant.unpaidBills.has(bill)); // true
manager.payBill(bill);
console.log(accountant.paidBills.has(bill)); // true Type [x]Semi-Automatic [x] Semi-Automatic [x] Safety This refactoring is safe when your attributes don't rely on specific indexing behavior. Since sets don't maintain element order, check if your logic depends on order. Why is the code better? Entities are immutable in the essence. Using sets ensures uniqueness and simplifies logic. You no longer need to check for duplicates before adding elements. Operations like union, intersection, and difference become straightforward, making your code more maintainable and flexible. Limitations Sets don't preserve element order. If your logic depends on sequence, converting to a set may not be appropriate and you should use an Ordered Collection or Array AI Refactoring You can prompt your AI assistants to make this refactoring for you. Try Them! Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions



ChatGPT

ChatGPT



Claude

Claude



Perplexity

Perplexity



Copilot

Copilot



Gemini

Gemini Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions ChatGPT

ChatGPT Claude

Claude Perplexity

Perplexity Copilot

Copilot Gemini

Gemini Without Proper Instructions With Specific Instructions Without Proper Instructions Without Proper Instructions With Specific Instructions With Specific Instructions ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Tags Mutability Mutability Related Refactorings https://hackernoon.com/refactoring-remove-setters-codesmell?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/refactoring-remove-setters-codesmell?embedable=true See also https://hackernoon.com/is-it-crystal-clear-for-everybody-that-a-date-should-not-mutate-wuoy3z03?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/is-it-crystal-clear-for-everybody-that-a-date-should-not-mutate-wuoy3z03?embedable=true Credits Image by Angelo Giordano in Pixabay Angelo Giordano Pixabay This article is part of the Refactoring Series. https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true

 Refactoring 017 - Convert Attributes to Sets

Periods - Do Women Really Need Them?

Installing a new theme for SDDM is a good way to improve the appearance of your Linux login screen. This guide will take you through the steps required to install an SDDM theme. 🎥 Check out the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T85ZjBAGt6o&embedable=true 1 Download an SDDM Theme Visit the Pling website to find and download an SDDM theme: 👉 https://www.pling.com Example: 2 Extract the theme content To extract the downloaded theme, you can use either the file explorer or the terminal. If you're using the terminal, navigate to the folder containing the downloaded theme and run: tar -xvf theme-name Example: 3 Move the Theme Folder to the Correct Location After extracting the theme, move it to the appropriate directory for SDDM themes: sudo mv theme-name /usr/share/sddm/themes/ Example: 4 Edit the SDDM configuration file Next, edit the SDDM configuration file to add (or edit) the Theme section. You can find the configuration file at /etc/sddm.conf. Example: 5 Restart SDDM service Finally, restart the SDDM service to apply the changes. Run the following command: sudo systemctl restart sddm.service I hope this article has been helpful in improving your experience using Linux. Installing a new theme for SDDM is a good way to improve the appearance of your Linux login screen. This guide will take you through the steps required to install an SDDM theme. 🎥 Check out the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T85ZjBAGt6o&embedable=true https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T85ZjBAGt6o&embedable=true 1 Download an SDDM Theme Visit the Pling website to find and download an SDDM theme: 👉 https://www.pling.com https://www.pling.com Example: 2 Extract the theme content To extract the downloaded theme, you can use either the file explorer or the terminal. If you're using the terminal, navigate to the folder containing the downloaded theme and run: tar -xvf theme-name tar -xvf theme-name Example: 3 Move the Theme Folder to the Correct Location After extracting the theme, move it to the appropriate directory for SDDM themes: sudo mv theme-name /usr/share/sddm/themes/ sudo mv theme-name /usr/share/sddm/themes/ Example: 4 Edit the SDDM configuration file Next, edit the SDDM configuration file to add (or edit) the Theme section. You can find the configuration file at /etc/sddm.conf. Theme Example: 5 Restart SDDM service Finally, restart the SDDM service to apply the changes. Run the following command: sudo systemctl restart sddm.service sudo systemctl restart sddm.service I hope this article has been helpful in improving your experience using Linux.

How to Install an SDDM Theme on Linux

Dreams to Reality - The AI Evolution Story

ህልሞች ወደ እውነታ - የ AI የዝግመተ ለውጥ ታሪክ

Snovi u stvarnost - priča o evoluciji umjetne inteligencije

De los sueños a la realidad: la historia de la evolución de la IA

رویاها به واقعیت - داستان تکامل هوش مصنوعی

Dreams to Reality - AI Evolution Story

सपनों से हकीकत तक - एआई विकास की कहानी

夢を現実に - AI の進化の物語

Армандардан шындыққа - AI эволюциясының тарихы

Svajonės į realybę – AI evoliucijos istorija

යථාර්ථයට සිහින - AI පරිණාමය කතාව

Amaphupha kwiNyaniso-Ibali le-AI Evolution

By Ezra Strauss, Head of Partnerships at Portal I’m proud to be writing this article about a partnership that will reshape the landscape of Web3 gaming. Portal and Immutable have come together to redefine how games are distributed, monetized, and experienced in the Web3 space. This collaboration isn’t just a strategic business move; it’s a personal milestone for me, reuniting with former colleagues at Immutable, as we aim to push the boundaries of what’s possible in gaming. Together, we’re setting the stage for a new era in the Web3 world, where seamless user experiences and cutting-edge technology converge. But what does this partnership really mean for gamers, developers, and the broader gaming ecosystem? To understand the impact, we need to explore the synergies between Portal and Immutable and why this collaboration has the potential to accelerate the adoption of Web3 gaming. Addressing the Web3 Gaming Challenge The Web3 space has long been a promise of ownership, decentralization, and community-driven innovation. Gaming, in particular, has proved a fertile ground for Web3 disruption - a classic case of innovative technology giving rise to new, high-growth business models. The industry has always always been an early adopter of new tech, from cheap home computing in the 1990s and UGC in the 2010s - to blockchain and AI in the 2020s. This culture of early adoption has led to meteoric growth over the past 3 decades, with gaming now worth $300bn+ yearly. But the Web3 gaming sector has encountered one key challenge—how to reach mainstream audiences. Games built on blockchain technology have struggled with accessibility, distribution, and monetization in ways that traditional gaming companies do not. Players want seamless access and rewards; developers want a robust infrastructure to build games. This is where Portal and Immutable step in. At Portal, we’ve been laser-focused on solving Web3 distribution—connecting games with players through frictionless products that aggregate users across multiple chains. From discovering a Web3 game to playing it, buying in-game assets, joining its community and ultimately becoming an evangelist, our product suite caters to every stage in the prospective Web3 gamer’s journey. By making this process seamless, we massively boost the chances of mass adoption. Ultimately, we want Web3 gaming to be the most accessible and rewarding online experience, period. The first step on this journey is simplifying the payments in the space. With Portal Pay, our cross-chain payments offering, we’re helping games take payments in over 5,000 cryptocurrencies on any chain. Gamers can pay in whatever token they want, and with Pay’s SmartSwap feature, games only receive the token they need. For example, a gamer who only plays Solana-based games might only have $SOL in their Phantom wallet. With Portal Pay, they can buy into a sale on Ethereum without having to bridge, swap, or even create a new wallet. By removing these pain points for both games and gamers, we’re widening the TAM of every game onchain, improving liquidity in the gaming ecosystem in the process. Immutable, on the other hand, has developed a sophisticated gaming platform that allows developers to confidently build and deploy Web3 games while prioritizing usability and security. By leveraging their extensive ecosystem and technology like zero-knowledge (zk) scaling, Immutable empowers developers to create groundbreaking gaming experiences. The Power of Synergy: Portal + Immutable This partnership is about more than just technology integration—it’s about creating a holistic, streamlined experience for players and developers alike. By integrating Immutable chains into the Portal platform, we are enabling game developers to access Portal Pay, our seamless payment and rewards solution, for their in-game economies. This enhances the way transactions, rewards, and player engagement are handled, which is critical in Web3’s user-first world. In addition, Portal’s cross-chain technology is designed to bring users from every blockchain into a single, vibrant ecosystem of games. This is a game-changer for developers on the Immutable platform who now have access to a much broader audience. Gamers can experience titles from Immutable’s impressive roster of games, like Gods Unchained and Guild of Guardians, with less friction, while developers can benefit from Portal’s comprehensive tools to boost monetization and player retention. We’re tackling the liquidity issue head-on, too. By introducing advanced liquidity solutions through this partnership, developers will be able to capture more value from their in-game assets and transactions, while players are rewarded more effectively for their engagement. This adds a new level of depth to the gaming economy and significantly enhances the user experience. A Vision for the Future: Web3 Gaming Meets the Mainstream Looking at the broader picture, the partnership between Portal and Immutable signals the beginning of a Web3 gaming revolution. Data from DappRadar indicates that Web3 gaming generated $3.1 billion in 2023, yet it remains a small fraction of the $184.4 billion global gaming market. The potential for growth is enormous, especially as mainstream audiences begin to realize the benefits of decentralized gaming—true ownership of in-game assets, seamless cross-platform experiences, and innovative monetization strategies. Our collaboration with Immutable is focused on making Web3 gaming more accessible, scalable, and lucrative for everyone involved. We’re already seeing indicators that Web3 gaming will grow exponentially. According to a report by Citi, the Metaverse economy could be worth up to $13 trillion by 2030, and gaming will be at the heart of this digital revolution. As the boundaries between digital and physical worlds continue to blur, Portal and Immutable are uniquely positioned to drive the gaming sector’s transformation, not just in the Web3 space but across the global industry. The Road Ahead: Innovation Through Collaboration For me, personally, this partnership is the culmination of years of dedication to pushing the frontiers of gaming. Working alongside the brilliant team at Immutable, some of whom I’ve had the privilege of collaborating with in the past, has reignited the passion I have for the possibilities that lie ahead. We’re not just enhancing distribution and monetization; we’re creating an entirely new blueprint for how gaming can—and will—thrive in a decentralized world. The next steps in this journey are exciting. With Immutable’s zk-based scaling technology, games can continue to drive down costs and improve scalability, making Web3 games more accessible than ever before. And as Portal continues to innovate with our distribution layer, developers will be able to focus on what they do best: building the next generation of AAA games on any chain, while we connect them with players from around the globe. This is just the beginning. The collaboration between Portal and Immutable is poised to accelerate the adoption of Web3 gaming and bring the future of gaming into the present. Together, we are setting a new standard for what gaming can be—and I couldn’t be more excited for what’s to come. About Ezra Strauss Ezra Strauss is the Head of Partnerships at Portal, a leader in Web3 gaming distribution. Previously, he held roles at Immutable, where he contributed to their mission of revolutionizing blockchain gaming. Ezra is passionate about building synergies between technology and gaming to create experiences that are accessible, rewarding, and enjoyable for players worldwide. About Portal Portal is building the distribution layer for Web3 and beyond. An ecosystem that’s bringing together users from every chain and connecting them with the best dApps in the space – starting with gaming. Via frictionless products, a pioneering liquidity layer, and a world-class network, Portal is helping Web3 solve distribution – aggregating users into a single, vibrant ecosystem in the process. Builders of top-level games and dApps can now focus on creating AAA experiences on any chain – Portal is connecting them to users from around the world. Portal’s advisors include Jamie King, Rockstar Games Co-Founder, Russell Hanson, former CSO of Consensys, Matt Dixon, former Head of BD, EA Games, and John Yao, CEO Team Secret eSports. Portal is proudly represented by WME. For more information, users can follow Portal on X: https://x.com/Portalcoin This story was distributed under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. By Ezra Strauss, Head of Partnerships at Portal I’m proud to be writing this article about a partnership that will reshape the landscape of Web3 gaming. Portal and Immutable have come together to redefine how games are distributed, monetized, and experienced in the Web3 space. This collaboration isn’t just a strategic business move; it’s a personal milestone for me, reuniting with former colleagues at Immutable, as we aim to push the boundaries of what’s possible in gaming. Together, we’re setting the stage for a new era in the Web3 world, where seamless user experiences and cutting-edge technology converge. But what does this partnership really mean for gamers, developers, and the broader gaming ecosystem? To understand the impact, we need to explore the synergies between Portal and Immutable and why this collaboration has the potential to accelerate the adoption of Web3 gaming. Addressing the Web3 Gaming Challenge Addressing the Web3 Gaming Challenge The Web3 space has long been a promise of ownership, decentralization, and community-driven innovation. Gaming, in particular, has proved a fertile ground for Web3 disruption - a classic case of innovative technology giving rise to new, high-growth business models. The industry has always always been an early adopter of new tech, from cheap home computing in the 1990s and UGC in the 2010s - to blockchain and AI in the 2020s. This culture of early adoption has led to meteoric growth over the past 3 decades, with gaming now worth $300bn+ yearly. But the Web3 gaming sector has encountered one key challenge—how to reach mainstream audiences. Games built on blockchain technology have struggled with accessibility, distribution, and monetization in ways that traditional gaming companies do not. Players want seamless access and rewards; developers want a robust infrastructure to build games. This is where Portal and Immutable step in. At Portal, we’ve been laser-focused on solving Web3 distribution—connecting games with players through frictionless products that aggregate users across multiple chains. From discovering a Web3 game to playing it, buying in-game assets, joining its community and ultimately becoming an evangelist, our product suite caters to every stage in the prospective Web3 gamer’s journey. By making this process seamless, we massively boost the chances of mass adoption. Ultimately, we want Web3 gaming to be the most accessible and rewarding online experience, period. The first step on this journey is simplifying the payments in the space. With Portal Pay, our cross-chain payments offering, we’re helping games take payments in over 5,000 cryptocurrencies on any chain. Gamers can pay in whatever token they want, and with Pay’s SmartSwap feature, games only receive the token they need. For example, a gamer who only plays Solana-based games might only have $SOL in their Phantom wallet. With Portal Pay, they can buy into a sale on Ethereum without having to bridge, swap, or even create a new wallet. By removing these pain points for both games and gamers, we’re widening the TAM of every game onchain, improving liquidity in the gaming ecosystem in the process. Immutable, on the other hand, has developed a sophisticated gaming platform that allows developers to confidently build and deploy Web3 games while prioritizing usability and security. By leveraging their extensive ecosystem and technology like zero-knowledge (zk) scaling, Immutable empowers developers to create groundbreaking gaming experiences. The Power of Synergy: Portal + Immutable The Power of Synergy: Portal + Immutable This partnership is about more than just technology integration—it’s about creating a holistic, streamlined experience for players and developers alike. By integrating Immutable chains into the Portal platform, we are enabling game developers to access Portal Pay, our seamless payment and rewards solution, for their in-game economies. This enhances the way transactions, rewards, and player engagement are handled, which is critical in Web3’s user-first world. In addition, Portal’s cross-chain technology is designed to bring users from every blockchain into a single, vibrant ecosystem of games. This is a game-changer for developers on the Immutable platform who now have access to a much broader audience. Gamers can experience titles from Immutable’s impressive roster of games, like Gods Unchained and Guild of Guardians, with less friction, while developers can benefit from Portal’s comprehensive tools to boost monetization and player retention. We’re tackling the liquidity issue head-on, too. By introducing advanced liquidity solutions through this partnership, developers will be able to capture more value from their in-game assets and transactions, while players are rewarded more effectively for their engagement. This adds a new level of depth to the gaming economy and significantly enhances the user experience. A Vision for the Future: Web3 Gaming Meets the Mainstream A Vision for the Future: Web3 Gaming Meets the Mainstream Looking at the broader picture, the partnership between Portal and Immutable signals the beginning of a Web3 gaming revolution. Data from DappRadar indicates that Web3 gaming generated $3.1 billion in 2023, yet it remains a small fraction of the $184.4 billion global gaming market. DappRadar The potential for growth is enormous, especially as mainstream audiences begin to realize the benefits of decentralized gaming—true ownership of in-game assets, seamless cross-platform experiences, and innovative monetization strategies. Our collaboration with Immutable is focused on making Web3 gaming more accessible, scalable, and lucrative for everyone involved. We’re already seeing indicators that Web3 gaming will grow exponentially. According to a report by Citi , the Metaverse economy could be worth up to $13 trillion by 2030, and gaming will be at the heart of this digital revolution. As the boundaries between digital and physical worlds continue to blur, Portal and Immutable are uniquely positioned to drive the gaming sector’s transformation, not just in the Web3 space but across the global industry. report by Citi The Road Ahead: Innovation Through Collaboration The Road Ahead: Innovation Through Collaboration For me, personally, this partnership is the culmination of years of dedication to pushing the frontiers of gaming. Working alongside the brilliant team at Immutable, some of whom I’ve had the privilege of collaborating with in the past, has reignited the passion I have for the possibilities that lie ahead. We’re not just enhancing distribution and monetization; we’re creating an entirely new blueprint for how gaming can—and will—thrive in a decentralized world. The next steps in this journey are exciting. With Immutable’s zk-based scaling technology, games can continue to drive down costs and improve scalability, making Web3 games more accessible than ever before. And as Portal continues to innovate with our distribution layer, developers will be able to focus on what they do best: building the next generation of AAA games on any chain, while we connect them with players from around the globe. This is just the beginning. The collaboration between Portal and Immutable is poised to accelerate the adoption of Web3 gaming and bring the future of gaming into the present. Together, we are setting a new standard for what gaming can be—and I couldn’t be more excited for what’s to come. About Ezra Strauss About Ezra Strauss About Ezra Strauss Ezra Strauss is the Head of Partnerships at Portal , a leader in Web3 gaming distribution. Previously, he held roles at Immutable, where he contributed to their mission of revolutionizing blockchain gaming. Ezra is passionate about building synergies between technology and gaming to create experiences that are accessible, rewarding, and enjoyable for players worldwide. Portal About Portal About Portal About Portal Portal is building the distribution layer for Web3 and beyond. An ecosystem that’s bringing together users from every chain and connecting them with the best dApps in the space – starting with gaming. Via frictionless products, a pioneering liquidity layer, and a world-class network, Portal is helping Web3 solve distribution – aggregating users into a single, vibrant ecosystem in the process. Portal Builders of top-level games and dApps can now focus on creating AAA experiences on any chain – Portal is connecting them to users from around the world. Portal’s advisors include Jamie King, Rockstar Games Co-Founder, Russell Hanson, former CSO of Consensys, Matt Dixon, former Head of BD, EA Games, and John Yao, CEO Team Secret eSports. Portal is proudly represented by WME. For more information, users can follow Portal on X: https://x.com/Portalcoin https://x.com/Portalcoin This story was distributed under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here

Driving the Future of Web3 Gaming: A New Era With Portal and Immutable

Web3 Gaming-in gələcəyini idarə etmək: Portal və Dəyişməz Yeni Era

Impulsando el futuro de los juegos Web3: una nueva era con Portal e Immutable

Pokretanje budućnosti Web3 igranja: Nova era s portalom i nepromjenjivim

מניע את העתיד של משחקי Web3: עידן חדש עם פורטל ובלתי ניתן לשינוי

Web3ゲームの未来を推進する: PortalとImmutableによる新時代

„Web3“ žaidimų ateitis: nauja era su portalu ir nekintamais

Napędzamy przyszłość gier Web3: Nowa era z Portalem i Immutable

د ویب 3 لوبو راتلونکي چلول: یو نوی دوره د پورټل او نه بدلیدونکي سره

Покретање будућности Веб3 игара: Нова ера са порталом и непроменљивим

ขับเคลื่อนอนาคตของ Web3 Gaming: ยุคใหม่ด้วยพอร์ทัลและ Immutable

推动 Web3 游戏的未来：门户和不可变的新时代

Ukushayela Ikusasa Lemidlalo Ye-Web3: Inkathi Entsha Enephothali Nengaguquki

Authors:
(1) Lenore Blum (lblum@cs.cmu.edu);
(2) Manuel Blum (mblum@cs.cmu.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Brief Overview of CtmR, a Robot with a CTM Brain 2.1 Formal Definition of CtmR 2.2 Conscious Attention in CtmR 2.3 Conscious Awareness and the Feeling of Consciousness in CtmR 2.4 CtmR as a Framework for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) 3 Alignment of CtmR with Other Theories of Consciousness 4 Addressing Kevin Mitchell’s questions from the perspective of CtmR 5 Summary and Conclusions 6 Acknowledgements 7 Appendix 7.1 A Brief History of the Theoretical Computer Science Approach to Computation 7.2 The Probabilistic Competition for Conscious Attention and the Influence of Disposition on it References 2.3 Conscious Awareness and the Feeling of Consciousness in CtmR Importantly, CtmR’s Model-of-the-World processor (MotWp) constructs models of CtmR’s inner and outer worlds that are collectively called the Model-of-the-World (MotW). The MotW has CtmR’s current and continuing view of CtmR’s world. [KM1] [KM3] The MotWp, collaborating with other processors, plays an important role in planning, predicting, exploring, testing and correcting/learning. The models it constructs contain sketches of referents in CtmR’s inner and outer worlds. Sketches are labeled with succinct Brainish gists. These labels indicate what CtmR learns or “thinks” about those referents over time. In particular, the sketch “CtmR” whose referent is CtmR itself will develop from scratch and eventually be labeled with SELF, CONSCIOUS, and FEELS. [17] [KM1] [KM3] [KM9] Both the Model-of-the-World and Brainish evolve over time and play an essential role in the feeling of “what it is like” to be a CtmR. Thomas Nagel’s “what it is like” (Nagel, 1974) is often taken to be the canonical definition of phenomenological consciousness. [KM1] [KM3] [KM9] The infant CtmR has only a very foggy MotW that does not even include a sketch of itself. Sketches in the MotW develop gradually, become refined, and gather labels. For example, when the infant CtmR discovers it can move its left leg actuator by the “power of thought”, the MotWp labels the sketch of that leg actuator in the MotW as SELF. [18] (Built into each processor is an algorithm that tracks what happens in the outer world when the processor tries to do something. This is built in because tracking is necessary for making predictions and corrections in the MotW. When the infant’s planning processor gets its motor processor to move its left leg and the infant detects the movement via its sensors, the MotWp will label the left leg as SELF.)[KM3] [KM16] Even earlier, “feelings” of pain and pleasure start to develop. When the infant CtmR’s fuel gauge gets low, some sketch (which becomes the sketch of the fuel gauge) in the MotW gets labeled with the Brainish word LOW FUEL/PAIN (or HUNGER) and this information with a large negatively valenced weight wins the competition and gets globally broadcast. This information triggers a processor to activate the fuel pump processor. The infant CtmR learns that the fuel pump relieves the pain when the fuel gauge indicates “low fuel” (hunger). The “fuel pump” in the MotW is labeled PAIN RELIEVER, and may also get labeled PLEASURE PROVIDER.[19] [KM3][KM12] Formal definition 2. Conscious awareness and feelings of consciousness in CtmR are consequences of Brainish-labeled MotW sketches being globally broadcast.[20] In other words, CtmR becomes consciously aware of a chunk with a Brainish labeled gist, when CtmR pays conscious attention to that chunk.[21] [KM2] As CtmR becomes increasingly consciously aware, the MotWp will label the sketch “CtmR” in the MotW as CONSCIOUSLY AWARE or simply CONSCIOUS. Looking at CtmR from the viewpoint of the outside world, we see that something about CtmR is conscious; specifically, the CtmR considers itself conscious. What is conscious cannot be the MotWp or any other processor, as processors have no feelings; they are just machines running algorithms. Our proposal that CtmR as a whole feels it is conscious is a consequence in part of the fact that the MotWp views the “CtmR” in its MotW as conscious, and that this view is broadcast to all processors. and thus, to all processors associated with feelings of consciousness. This is CtmR’s phenomenal consciousness. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. [17] We are often asked, isn’t this process recursive? Doesn’t the sketch of CtmR have a sketch of CtmR have a sketch of CtmR, etc. ? Yes, up to a point. But, at each iteration the current sketch is degraded, so the process soon becomes null. [18] Certain pathologies will occur if a breakdown in CtmR causes its MotWp to mislabel. For example, if the sketch of that leg actuator gets labeled NOT-SELF at some point, CtmR might beg to get its leg amputated, even if it is a still functioning properly. This would be an example of CtmR body integrity dysphoria. Other pathologies due to faulty labeling in the MotW: CtmR phantom limb syndrome (a sketch of an amputated arm actuator is mislabeled SELF), Cotard’s syndrome (the sketch of CtmR is labeled DEAD), paranoia (sketch of CtmR’s best friend is labeled SPY), … . [K10] [19] When a human mother gives a breast to her infant, the infant learns that the breast relieves the pain of hunger. The breast gets incorporated into the infant’s MotW labeled with PAIN RELIEVER and PLEASURE. [20] We call a sequence of such broadcasted chunks, a stream of consciousness. CtmR dreams are such streams during which the input sensors and output actuators are essentially inactive, and CtmR’s Dream processor gets to work. Although dreams are “felt” as real, they can also be fantastical since their predictions are not being tested in the world. We propose that (testing for) dreaming is a (partial) test for consciousness. [21] Is the infant consciously aware? An infant CTM’s memory of an instance doesn’t even have the label SELF associated with its MotW sketch, but soon enough that recollection will get labeled SELF, after which future recollections will have itself in that memory. [KM2], [KM3] Authors: (1) Lenore Blum (lblum@cs.cmu.edu); (2) Manuel Blum (mblum@cs.cmu.edu). Authors: Authors: (1) Lenore Blum (lblum@cs.cmu.edu); (2) Manuel Blum (mblum@cs.cmu.edu). Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Brief Overview of CtmR, a Robot with a CTM Brain 2.1 Formal Definition of CtmR 2.1 Formal Definition of CtmR 2.2 Conscious Attention in CtmR 2.2 Conscious Attention in CtmR 2.3 Conscious Awareness and the Feeling of Consciousness in CtmR 2.3 Conscious Awareness and the Feeling of Consciousness in CtmR 2.4 CtmR as a Framework for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) 2.4 CtmR as a Framework for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) 3 Alignment of CtmR with Other Theories of Consciousness 3 Alignment of CtmR with Other Theories of Consciousness 4 Addressing Kevin Mitchell’s questions from the perspective of CtmR 4 Addressing Kevin Mitchell’s questions from the perspective of CtmR 5 Summary and Conclusions 5 Summary and Conclusions 6 Acknowledgements 6 Acknowledgements 7 Appendix 7.1 A Brief History of the Theoretical Computer Science Approach to Computation 7.1 A Brief History of the Theoretical Computer Science Approach to Computation 7.2 The Probabilistic Competition for Conscious Attention and the Influence of Disposition on it 7.2 The Probabilistic Competition for Conscious Attention and the Influence of Disposition on it References References 2.3 Conscious Awareness and the Feeling of Consciousness in CtmR Importantly, CtmR’s Model-of-the-World processor (MotWp) constructs models of CtmR’s inner and outer worlds that are collectively called the Model-of-the-World (MotW). The MotW has CtmR’s current and continuing view of CtmR’s world. [KM1] [KM3] The MotWp, collaborating with other processors, plays an important role in planning, predicting, exploring, testing and correcting/learning. The models it constructs contain sketches of referents in CtmR’s inner and outer worlds. Sketches are labeled with succinct Brainish gists. These labels indicate what CtmR learns or “thinks” about those referents over time. In particular, the sketch “CtmR” whose referent is CtmR itself will develop from scratch and eventually be labeled with SELF, CONSCIOUS, and FEELS. [17] [KM1] [KM3] [KM9] Both the Model-of-the-World and Brainish evolve over time and play an essential role in the feeling of “what it is like” to be a CtmR. Thomas Nagel’s “what it is like” (Nagel, 1974) is often taken to be the canonical definition of phenomenological consciousness. [KM1] [KM3] [KM9] The infant CtmR has only a very foggy MotW that does not even include a sketch of itself. Sketches in the MotW develop gradually, become refined, and gather labels. For example, when the infant CtmR discovers it can move its left leg actuator by the “power of thought”, the MotWp labels the sketch of that leg actuator in the MotW as SELF. [18] (Built into each processor is an algorithm that tracks what happens in the outer world when the processor tries to do something. This is built in because tracking is necessary for making predictions and corrections in the MotW. When the infant’s planning processor gets its motor processor to move its left leg and the infant detects the movement via its sensors, the MotWp will label the left leg as SELF.)[KM3] [KM16] Even earlier, “feelings” of pain and pleasure start to develop. When the infant CtmR’s fuel gauge gets low, some sketch (which becomes the sketch of the fuel gauge) in the MotW gets labeled with the Brainish word LOW FUEL/PAIN (or HUNGER) and this information with a large negatively valenced weight wins the competition and gets globally broadcast. This information triggers a processor to activate the fuel pump processor. The infant CtmR learns that the fuel pump relieves the pain when the fuel gauge indicates “low fuel” (hunger). The “fuel pump” in the MotW is labeled PAIN RELIEVER, and may also get labeled PLEASURE PROVIDER.[19] [KM3][KM12] Formal definition 2. Conscious awareness and feelings of consciousness in CtmR are consequences of Brainish-labeled MotW sketches being globally broadcast.[20] Formal definition 2. In other words, CtmR becomes consciously aware of a chunk with a Brainish labeled gist, when CtmR pays conscious attention to that chunk.[21] [KM2] As CtmR becomes increasingly consciously aware, the MotWp will label the sketch “CtmR” in the MotW as CONSCIOUSLY AWARE or simply CONSCIOUS. Looking at CtmR from the viewpoint of the outside world, we see that something about CtmR is conscious; specifically, the CtmR considers itself conscious. What is conscious cannot be the MotWp or any other processor, as processors have no feelings; they are just machines running algorithms. Our proposal that CtmR as a whole feels it is conscious is a consequence in part of the fact that the MotWp views the “CtmR” in its MotW as conscious, and that this view is broadcast to all processors. and thus, to all processors associated with feelings of consciousness. This is CtmR’s phenomenal consciousness. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv [17] We are often asked, isn’t this process recursive? Doesn’t the sketch of CtmR have a sketch of CtmR have a sketch of CtmR, etc. ? Yes, up to a point. But, at each iteration the current sketch is degraded, so the process soon becomes null. [18] Certain pathologies will occur if a breakdown in CtmR causes its MotWp to mislabel. For example, if the sketch of that leg actuator gets labeled NOT-SELF at some point, CtmR might beg to get its leg amputated, even if it is a still functioning properly. This would be an example of CtmR body integrity dysphoria. Other pathologies due to faulty labeling in the MotW: CtmR phantom limb syndrome (a sketch of an amputated arm actuator is mislabeled SELF), Cotard’s syndrome (the sketch of CtmR is labeled DEAD), paranoia (sketch of CtmR’s best friend is labeled SPY), … . [K10] [19] When a human mother gives a breast to her infant, the infant learns that the breast relieves the pain of hunger. The breast gets incorporated into the infant’s MotW labeled with PAIN RELIEVER and PLEASURE. [20] We call a sequence of such broadcasted chunks, a stream of consciousness. CtmR dreams are such streams during which the input sensors and output actuators are essentially inactive, and CtmR’s Dream processor gets to work. Although dreams are “felt” as real, they can also be fantastical since their predictions are not being tested in the world. We propose that (testing for) dreaming is a (partial) test for consciousness. [21] Is the infant consciously aware? An infant CTM’s memory of an instance doesn’t even have the label SELF associated with its MotW sketch, but soon enough that recollection will get labeled SELF, after which future recollections will have itself in that memory. [KM2], [KM3]

Conscious Awareness and the Feeling of Consciousness in Conscious Turing Machine Robots

In the previous part of the article, I discussed the style aspect of the procedure. Now, I would like to provide some information on writing the procedure itself. Starting sentence The starting sentence briefly describes the task, which is performed by going through the procedure. First and foremost, the technical writer needs to understand why and howе the user performs the task. The answer to that may form a short section that provides some context, like a brief introduction for the user. Remember to keep it short and helpful: each word should be useful and informative. The starting sentence may be a part of the procedure if it has only one step. Example: To open the file,  // The starting sentence states the task. Double-click the icon. // The only step of the procedure. Use short instructions only if the task is performed in one step and the path to performing it is obvious to the user. The procedure, which consists of several steps, also starts with a short sentence that should clearly state the task. Example: //You can add some description of the task here. “The completed tasks may overwhelm the Task list and // disperse your attention. You can archive the completed tasks to keep the Task list informative. You can view the archived tasks in the Archived section.” To archive the task: Go to the Tasks tab.
Right-click the task name to open the context menu.
Select Archive.
Press OK to approve the action. If the task is archived successfully, then its status will change to Archived. If the error has occurred, you will see the message on the screen. There are constant discussions about the amount of similarity in the starting sentence (should the words like To <do the task> do the following steps/follow these steps). In my opinion, they are mostly scanned through and are not that important for the reader, but they heavily impact the voice. So, if you are confused about the form of the starting sentence, try various options and see which option is better for conducting the voice. And make sure that all procedures start in the same way throughout the document. It is important to add the style of the starting sentence to the company style guide, so all the starting sentences in your guide will look similar to each other in all documents of your company. This way, the documents are much easier to scan, search, or translate. Steps of the procedure I recommend keeping sentences in the steps as short as possible. Each step should contain one action. However, use some empathy and attention – sometimes it is helpful to add some text or describe the options in a more detailed way, especially if the procedure describes the irreversible or hard-to-reverse process. Example: To archive the task: Go to the Tasks tab.
To open the context menu, right-click the task.
Select Archive. Archiving the task makes it read-only. You can view the archived tasks in the Archive section.
To approve the action, press OK. If the task is archived successfully, then its status will change to Archived. If the error has occurred, you will see the message on the screen. If the action is really simple and obvious, you can merge such actions in one step. Example: Go to Actions->Tasks -> Archived Instead of describing each step separately. If there is some uncertainty, then it might be better to separate the actions and provide some details for each step. For optional steps, it may be helpful to provide a note or write the step in a way that makes it optional. Example: (optional) Mark the task as important to move it to the top of the list.
You may mark the task as important to move it to the top of the list. If the step has two different ways, clearly state that the user has to choose one of them. Example: You can make a call in one of the following ways: Press Call.
Double-click the user photo. If the choice affects the outcome of the procedure, it might be better to consider writing a separate procedure for each outcome. Complex multi-way procedures are rarely easy to understand and comfortable to use. The word order is also important to make a procedure scannable (and translatable). The preferred word order depends on the language, and it is better to specify the word order in the company Style guide. This way, all documents in the company will be similar to those of the user. It may be helpful to try different options and find the shortest and clearest one. Step descriptions and warnings make the step more detailed and attract attention. They should not be separated from the step, but you may want to start them with a new line. Make this consistent by adding the rules to a style guide. Note that the procedure should be as short as possible and best fit on one screen, so try to limit the number of steps to a reasonable number. If some process is too complicated, it might be a chance to improve the UI or the feature itself! Clearly stating the result Why would you read the procedure? To get the result. This means that the result should be obvious. Sometimes, the interface doesn’t clearly state that the user completed the task. Sometimes, the result can vary. The procedure should be completed with the sentence describing the clear positive result – how does the user know that the task was completed: Successfully – the goal stated in the starting sentence is achieved.


Unsuccessfully – in this case, the best option is to provide detailed information in the error message via UI. Otherwise, write a short description what is the cause and how to fix it. In this article, I shared some ideas on how to write the starting sentence, the steps, and the result. Welcome to the third part for more details on enriching the steps with media. In the previous part of the article, I discussed the style aspect of the procedure. Now, I would like to provide some information on writing the procedure itself. Starting sentence The starting sentence briefly describes the task, which is performed by going through the procedure. First and foremost, the technical writer needs to understand why and howе the user performs the task. The answer to that may form a short section that provides some context, like a brief introduction for the user. Remember to keep it short and helpful: each word should be useful and informative. The starting sentence may be a part of the procedure if it has only one step. Example : Example To open the file,  // The starting sentence states the task. Double-click the icon. // The only step of the procedure. Use short instructions only if the task is performed in one step and the path to performing it is obvious to the user. The procedure, which consists of several steps, also starts with a short sentence that should clearly state the task. Example : Example //You can add some description of the task here. “The completed tasks may overwhelm the Task list and // disperse your attention. You can archive the completed tasks to keep the Task list informative. You can view the archived tasks in the Archived section.” To archive the task: Go to the Tasks tab. Right-click the task name to open the context menu. Select Archive. Press OK to approve the action. If the task is archived successfully, then its status will change to Archived. If the error has occurred, you will see the message on the screen. Go to the Tasks tab. Right-click the task name to open the context menu. Select Archive. Press OK to approve the action. If the task is archived successfully, then its status will change to Archived. If the error has occurred, you will see the message on the screen. There are constant discussions about the amount of similarity in the starting sentence (should the words like To <do the task> do the following steps / follow these steps ). In my opinion, they are mostly scanned through and are not that important for the reader, but they heavily impact the voice. So, if you are confused about the form of the starting sentence, try various options and see which option is better for conducting the voice. And make sure that all procedures start in the same way throughout the document. do the following steps follow these steps It is important to add the style of the starting sentence to the company style guide, so all the starting sentences in your guide will look similar to each other in all documents of your company. This way, the documents are much easier to scan, search, or translate. Steps of the procedure I recommend keeping sentences in the steps as short as possible. Each step should contain one action. However, use some empathy and attention – sometimes it is helpful to add some text or describe the options in a more detailed way, especially if the procedure describes the irreversible or hard-to-reverse process. Example : Example To archive the task: Go to the Tasks tab. To open the context menu, right-click the task. Select Archive. Archiving the task makes it read-only. You can view the archived tasks in the Archive section. To approve the action, press OK. If the task is archived successfully, then its status will change to Archived. If the error has occurred, you will see the message on the screen. Go to the Tasks tab. To open the context menu, right-click the task. Select Archive. Archiving the task makes it read-only. You can view the archived tasks in the Archive section. To approve the action, press OK. If the task is archived successfully, then its status will change to Archived. If the error has occurred, you will see the message on the screen. If the action is really simple and obvious, you can merge such actions in one step. Example: Example: Go to Actions->Tasks -> Archived Instead of describing each step separately. If there is some uncertainty, then it might be better to separate the actions and provide some details for each step. For optional steps, it may be helpful to provide a note or write the step in a way that makes it optional. Example: Example: (optional) Mark the task as important to move it to the top of the list. You may mark the task as important to move it to the top of the list. (optional) Mark the task as important to move it to the top of the list. You may mark the task as important to move it to the top of the list. If the step has two different ways, clearly state that the user has to choose one of them. Example : Example You can make a call in one of the following ways: Press Call. Double-click the user photo. Press Call. Double-click the user photo. If the choice affects the outcome of the procedure, it might be better to consider writing a separate procedure for each outcome. Complex multi-way procedures are rarely easy to understand and comfortable to use. The word order is also important to make a procedure scannable (and translatable). The preferred word order depends on the language, and it is better to specify the word order in the company Style guide. This way, all documents in the company will be similar to those of the user. It may be helpful to try different options and find the shortest and clearest one. Step descriptions and warnings make the step more detailed and attract attention. They should not be separated from the step, but you may want to start them with a new line. Make this consistent by adding the rules to a style guide. Note that the procedure should be as short as possible and best fit on one screen, so try to limit the number of steps to a reasonable number. If some process is too complicated, it might be a chance to improve the UI or the feature itself! Clearly stating the result Why would you read the procedure? To get the result. This means that the result should be obvious. Sometimes, the interface doesn’t clearly state that the user completed the task. Sometimes, the result can vary. The procedure should be completed with the sentence describing the clear positive result – how does the user know that the task was completed: Successfully – the goal stated in the starting sentence is achieved. Unsuccessfully – in this case, the best option is to provide detailed information in the error message via UI. Otherwise, write a short description what is the cause and how to fix it. Successfully – the goal stated in the starting sentence is achieved. Successfully – the goal stated in the starting sentence is achieved. Unsuccessfully – in this case, the best option is to provide detailed information in the error message via UI. Otherwise, write a short description what is the cause and how to fix it. Unsuccessfully – in this case, the best option is to provide detailed information in the error message via UI. Otherwise, write a short description what is the cause and how to fix it. In this article, I shared some ideas on how to write the starting sentence, the steps, and the result. Welcome to the third part for more details on enriching the steps with media.

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