The large-scale operation took advantage of open repositories, hardcoded credentials in source code, and other cloud oversights.

EmeraldWhale's Massive Git Breach Highlights Config Gaps

A group of digital sleuths have accused YouTuber Jimmy "MrBeast" Donaldson of getting crypto-rich from several scams.

MrBeast Accused of Massive Crypto Fraud

ERAGON, a leading platform in Web3 gaming, officially launched its V1 release on July 16, 2024, marking a significant breakthrough in the integration of gaming, cryptocurrency, and Web3 technology on the Aptos blockchain.

ERAGON Revolutionizes Web3 Gaming with Massive User Growth and Immersive Gameplay

Subscribe to our daily newsletter to keep in touch with the subjects shaping our future.

Tesla's Hyped Robotaxi Event Was a Massive "Disappointment," Investors Say

As luck would have it, he was testifying alongside the CEO of Equifax, whose explanation of his company’s massive 2017 breach made Marriott look good by comparison. Marriott’s breach did “not appear to have been caused by the same cultural indifference to cybersecurity the record indicates ...

Marriott Gets $52 Million Slap On Wrist For Massive Security Breaches Due To ‘Lax Security’

Some of the world's leading space experts are warning that the current space junk crisis surrounding our planet is soon to reach a head.

A Massive Space Junk Disaster in Orbit Is Inevitable Now, Scientists Warn

NASA researchers believe that a layer of molten goo, which shifts and moves like ocean tides, sits between the Moon's mantle and core.

Something Massive Is Shifting Deep Inside the Moon

Massive

massive

Massive is a decentralized ZK verification network service focused on achieving mass adoption for Web3. It aims to alleviate or even solve some of the key issues currently facing the industry. Here’s a breakdown: Mass Adoption: Massive could attract more users The sector is actively exploring ways to attract more traditional users and resources. Massive takes a novel approach by starting with mobile phones, a device most users are familiar with. By employing a “Verify to Earn” incentive mechanism and simplifying operations, Massive aims to draw more participants. This strategy helps newcomers gradually understand and join the Web3 industry, continuously injecting fresh blood into the sector. Web3 Highly Effective and Cheap: Massive could work as a settlement layer of blockchain Currently, all Rollup solutions based on ZK technology face delays in state confirmation on Layer1 (L1) due to cost and security concerns. This is typically addressed through proof aggregation technology and verification delays. introduces a solution that ensures Layer2 (L2)states can be decentralized and verified immediately after proof generation, significantly reducing the time for state transition confirmation. The verified state is then synchronized to L1, ensuring a swift and secure process. Massive Capital Efficiency: Massive could improve profits Nodes in the POS (Proof of Stake) network can join through staking and re-staking. If approach is reused, the POS consensus network can achieve Ethereum-level security. Massive supports staking and re-staking of various token types and offers flexible staking schemes tailored to different ecosystem types. Eigenlayer’s Modular Design: Massive could complete the modularity The emergence of Massive further advances the modular design of blockchain. It can be specifically divided into ZKRollup (off-chain computation), DA (Data Availability — off-chain transaction storage), ZKVaaS (Zero-Knowledge Verification as a Service — off-chain verification), and L1 (state updates and consensus). Keywords: Zero Knowledge, Mobile devices, Staking, Re-staking, Modularity, POS Introduction In essence, the blockchain industry is currently plagued by a crucial question: "How do we attract more traditional users to this sector?" Even though we witnessed a historical moment in January when a BTC spot ETF was approved, allowing some traditional investors to trade BTC in a compliant manner, the influx of new users and resources still falls far short of the industry's urgent need for fresh participants. Simply opening up investment opportunities can only bring in some investors; achieving mass adoption requires different strategies. Some believe gaming could be the key to reaching this goal, others see potential in social media, and still, others think AI could pave the way. Regardless of the method, it's clear that industry insiders are all striving for mass adoption of blockchain. A recent event that caught my attention was Starkware's STRK token airdrop, which highlighted a significant fact: some developers outside of the usual crypto circles began to explore and show interest in entering the industry. This interest was sparked because Starkware conducted an airdrop to contributors of certain GitHub repositories, developers who might not have known about blockchain previously but became interested due to this event. Another application that left a strong impression on me is StepN, an app that became popular in the last bull market for its "earn while you run" concept. Users simply needed to purchase a pair of virtual shoes and then could earn rewards by running a very straightforward proposition daily. This led to a surge in user numbers and effectively broke into new user demographics. These examples underscore applications or infrastructure projects capable of attracting new users to the industry. To draw new users, the following characteristics are necessary: Simple operation, easy for users to get started; Low hardware requirements; An incentive mechanism. Both examples satisfy the first criteria: GitHub is familiar to developers, and mobile phones are familiar to general users. They also meet the second criteria, requiring either a computer or a mobile phone. The third criteria is met as well, with one offering "contribute to earn" and the other "running to earn." However, to continuously attract new users, sustainable incentives are essential. For Starkware, continuous token airdrops may not be viable; likewise, for StepN, perpetual mining and selling are also unsustainable. Thus, for an application to sustainably attract new users and hold long-term value, it must inherently sustain its appeal. Massive serves as an infrastructure service aimed at sustainably attracting new users to achieve the goal of mass adoption. It can support all ZK chain services, whether ZK layer1, ZK layer2, or ZK layer3, introducing new users to these ZK chains, enhancing system security, reducing operational costs, and improving capital efficiency. Architecture Massive is a POS (Proof of Stake) consensus network that primarily utilizes mobile devices as its nodes. Users are required to download the official app on their mobile devices, which supports both iOS and Android, the two leading operating systems. The architectural framework is outlined as follows (Fig.1): To become a node, users can fall into one of the following two categories: New users without any cryptocurrency assets can initially join the network. Their accumulated rewards must reach a certain amount before they can start unlocking subsequent mining rewards. Users already possessing some cryptocurrency assets can stake these assets to become a node on the Massive network. Depending on the underlying L1 blockchain, users can stake different assets. For example, in a Massive network serving BTC L2/L3, users can stake BRC20 and BTC assets. For Ethereum-based L2/L3 services, users can stake ERC20 and ETH assets. The wallet will integrate several mainstream ZK technology stacks for verification, such as plonky2, plonky3, and boojum, all of which belong to the STARK family. Following market trends, support for mainstream algorithms from the SNARK family, such as Halo2 or Nova, will be iteratively introduced. Mobile nodes that have completed staking will form a POS network to provide Timely Settlement for all Layer 2s and Layer 3s. If there is an excessive number of participating users, sharding technology can be utilized to form multiple independent POS networks according to specific standards. Provide Timely Settlement As mentioned earlier, Massive is not solely focused on attracting users; it also aims to address some of the current issues in the industry. Among these, the confirmation time for ZK L2s/L3s is a frequently discussed issue. Before we delve into this, let's take a look at the main solutions for ZK L2s as illustrated in the following diagram (Fig.2): It's evident that in the design of most L2 solutions, there's a need to aggregate a sufficient number of proofs on L2 and then send them to Ethereum for verification. This approach is adopted to reduce costs. Even with this premise, the aggregated proofs sent to L1 must wait for a certain period before calling the Verify contract to alter the global state, a measure taken from a security standpoint, although this delay can be configured. Therefore, it can be concluded that a L2 transaction, to be finally confirmed, requires a waiting period of between 2 to 23 hours. Until then, the validity of the proofs is verified only by a centralized sequencer. The diagram below (Fig.3) illustrates the current situation where, after their generation, proofs will be verified. Therefore, the primary intention behind Massive's design is to ensure that, before a proof is verified on L1, it goes through a verification process by a decentralized network, so everyone can verify now. It's important to note that if the POS network used for verifying the proof is provided by Eigenlayer's AVS ( ) service, then this POS network possesses the same level of security as Ethereum. Ultimately, only the latest global state needs to be updated on Ethereum. This aspect also offers insights into the modular design evolution discussed in later chapters. Actively Validated Services After incorporating Massive, the entire process flow for L2s could be transformed as shown in the following diagram (Fig.4): By extracting the ZK verify function from L1 and placing trust in the security of the Massive network, then adding a challenge mechanism to reduce the probability of Massive acting maliciously, the entire system's security will depend on the security of the Massive network. If the ecosystem of these ZK L2s is more finance-oriented, Massive could be built on EigenLayer's AVS to ensure the cost of acting maliciously is sufficiently high. Conversely, if the ecosystem of these ZK L2s is related to gaming or social scenarios, then a basic Massive construction would suffice. Capital Efficiency Staking and re-staking have recently become very popular concepts, focusing on capital efficiency. Reutilizing staked assets to achieve compound interest is an attractive economic mechanism currently seen in platforms like Blast and Manta. Unlike these schemes, Massive offers a novel destination for native assets across various networks, as well as for staked assets, by allowing them to become nodes within the Massive network through staking and re-staking mechanisms. Since the Massive network can provide more users, lower costs, and improved security for ZK L2s/L3s, nodes within the Massive network will share in the network maintenance profits, embodying the "verify to earn" concept. Based on the actual circumstances of ZK L2s/L3s, different security levels of ZKVaaS can be chosen. The security level depends on the total amount staked and the number of nodes in the network. New Modular Design As mentioned earlier, Massive, from a certain perspective, further changes the process of blockchain modular design. Before Massive, modular design mainly consisted of execution modularization, with various Rollups solutions, and Data Availability (DA) modularization, with various DA solutions, leaving only verification, storage, and consensus functions on L1. After the introduction of Massive, modular design will evolve to include execution modularization, DA modularization, and verification modularization, with only storage and consensus remaining on L1. This is logical since verification itself is part of computation. Given that execution modularization has already moved computation off-chain, then only storage and consensus should remain on-chain. The specifics are illustrated in the following diagram (Fig.6): If verification remains on Layer 1 (L1), the specific consensus process involves each node executing, verifying proofs, and updating the state. However, if we extract the verification process and assign it to a separate network for consensus, the L1 consensus process would then only involve updates to storage. Under the latest modular design, existing L1 nodes will no longer undertake any computational tasks. They will only handle transactions related to the update of the global state and then execute the consensus process. There are two main reasons for this approach: As mentioned in previous sections, considering costs and security, the execution of verification can be significantly delayed. Therefore, extracting it and utilizing the Massive network for verification not only achieves rapid validation but also reduces the hardware requirements for verification nodes, making it easier for users to connect. The security of the separate Massive network is ensured by the amount of staked assets and the number of nodes. Compared to the original scheme, this might sacrifice a certain level of security (which depends on the value of the staked assets) but, in return, offers significant architectural advantages. The Ecosystem of Massive Leveraging the three core features of mobile phone mining, staking/re-staking, and Timely Settlement, Massive has the potential to become the largest network, providing safe, efficient, and low-cost services for a variety of ZK L2s/L3s. Additionally, due to its extremely low barrier to entry and profit effects, it will inject a significant number of real users into the industry. Massive's vision is to facilitate massive adoption within the industry. Mobile mining represents a highly exploratory practice. Through straightforward operations, lower thresholds, and continuous earnings, it aims to utilize the computational power of smartphones. According to statistics, the global sales of smartphones exceeded 1 billion units in 2023. Solana and Aptos have also successively launched their own Web3 phones. Through the Massive network, these devices will be leveraged. Reference Eigenlayer whitepaper: https://docs.eigenlayer.xyz/assets/files/EigenLayer_WhitePaper-88c47923ca0319870c611decd6e562ad.pdf Scroll explorer: https://scrollscan.com/batch/86321 Polygon explorer: https://zkevm.polygonscan.com/batches Zksync contract: https://etherscan.io/address/0xa0425d71cB1D6fb80E65a5361a04096E0672De03#readContract Starkware explorer: https://voyager.online/block/572773 Halo2: https://github.com/zcash/halo2 Nova: https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/370 Celestia: https://docs.celestia.org/learn/how-celestia-works/overview

Unveiling the Technical Vision Behind Massive: Decentralized, Cheap, Fair, and More

বিশালের পিছনে প্রযুক্তিগত দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি উন্মোচন করা: বিকেন্দ্রীভূত, সস্তা, ন্যায্য এবং আরও অনেক কিছু

Enthüllung der technischen Vision hinter Massive: Dezentralisiert, günstig, fair und mehr

Revelando la visión técnica detrás de Massive: descentralizado, barato, justo y más

Dévoiler la vision technique derrière Massive : décentralisé, bon marché, équitable et plus encore

बड़े पैमाने पर तकनीकी दृष्टि का अनावरण: विकेंद्रीकृत, सस्ता, निष्पक्ष और बहुत कुछ

Massive の背後にある技術的ビジョンを明らかにする: 分散化、安価、公正など

Massive의 기술적 비전 공개: 분산화, 저렴함, 공정함 등

Revelando a visão técnica por trás do Massive: descentralizado, barato, justo e muito mais

Раскрытие технического видения Massive: децентрализованное, дешевое, справедливое и многое другое

Massive'ın Arkasındaki Teknik Vizyonu Ortaya Çıkarıyoruz: Merkezi Olmayan, Ucuz, Adil ve Daha Fazlası

Tiết lộ tầm nhìn kỹ thuật đằng sau Massive: Phi tập trung, giá rẻ, công bằng và hơn thế nữa

揭示 Massive 背后的技术愿景：去中心化、廉价、公平等等

AUSTIN, TX, September 18th, 2024/CyberNewsWire/--Research indicates that an infostealer malware infection is often a precursor to a ransomware attack SpyCloud, the leader in Cybercrime Analytics, today announced new cybersecurity research highlighting the growing and alarming threat of infostealers – a type of malware designed to exfiltrate digital identity data, login credentials, and session cookies from infected devices. SpyCloud’s latest findings reveal the staggering scale of identity exposure caused by infostealers, the influence this type of malware has had on the surge in ransomware incidents, and the profound implications for businesses worldwide. Massive Scale of Identity Exposure Creates New Risks According to SpyCloud, 61% of all data breaches in the past year were malware-related, with infostealers responsible for the theft of 343.78 million credentials. These stolen credentials are then sold in criminal communities for use in further attacks. The research also found that one in five individuals has been a victim of an infostealer infection. Each infection, on average, exposes 10-25 third-party business application credentials, creating fertile ground for further access and exploitation, particularly by ransomware operators. “Our latest findings reveal a critical shift in the cybersecurity landscape,” said Damon Fleury, chief product officer at SpyCloud. “Infostealers have become the go-to tool for cybercriminals, with their ability to exfiltrate valuable data in a matter of seconds, creating a runway for cyberattacks like ransomware off the vast amounts of stolen access to SSO, VPN, admin panels, and other critical applications.” Infostealers: The Precursor To Ransomware Attacks The link between infostealers and ransomware is becoming increasingly evident. Through deep analysis of recaptured infostealer logs, SpyCloud discovered a worrying trend: companies with employees and contractors who are infected with infostealer malware are significantly more likely to experience a ransomware attack. In fact, nearly one-third of companies that suffered a ransomware attack last year had previously experienced an infostealer infection. According to the report, this is based on publicly known incidents and confirmed ransomware events. The true exposure is potentially even higher as not all ransomware incidents are made publicly available. “The correlation between infostealer infections and subsequent ransomware attacks is a wake-up call for businesses,” said Trevor Hilligoss, vice president of SpyCloud Labs, SpyCloud. “However, this field is incredibly complex and fast-moving. This year, we’re seeing new infostealers families that make use of expanded capabilities such as advanced encryption to stay stealthy or the ability to restore expired authentication cookies for more persistent access.” The Rise of Malware-as-a-Service And Account Takeover Attacks The infostealer threat is further exacerbated by the rise of Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS). This off-the-shelf model allows even low-skilled cybercriminals to purchase and deploy sophisticated malware, including infostealers, with ease. Through MaaS, these criminals can acquire fresh and accurate identity data in bulk, fueling the cycle of cybercrime. SpyCloud’s findings also shed light on the evolution of account takeover (ATO) attacks, powered by infostealers. Unlike traditional ATO, which relies on stolen credentials (username and password combinations), next-generation ATO leverages stolen session cookies to sidestep traditional authentication methods in what is known as session hijacking. By taking over these already-authenticated sessions, cybercriminals can mimic legitimate users and infiltrate networks undetected. This method significantly increases the success rate of attacks and poses a severe threat to organizational security. “The sheer volume of credentials and session cookies being siphoned by infostealers is staggering,” said Hilligoss. “In the last 90 days alone, SpyCloud has recaptured over 5.4 billion stolen cookie records – with an average of nearly 2,000 exposed records per infected device. This vast trove of data is increasingly used by ransomware operators and initial access brokers to facilitate their attacks, highlighting the need for advanced defense strategies.” Antivirus, MFA And Traditional Defenses Are No Longer Enough At least 54% of devices infected with infostealers in the first half of 2024 had antivirus or endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions installed, underscoring the limitations of traditional cybersecurity measures in combating the techniques used by modern cybercriminals. Furthermore, infostealers and session hijacking attacks render multi-factor authentication (MFA) and passwordless authentication methods like passkeys ineffective. By hijacking already-authenticated sessions, cybercriminals can impersonate legitimate users and side-step even the most robust authentication methods. The call for next-generation cybersecurity The findings from SpyCloud make it clear: traditional malware mitigation is no longer sufficient and ignoring the problem only exacerbates the impact on businesses. Organizations must move beyond merely removing infections and focus on remediating the long-term risks posed by exposed data. This includes resetting compromised application credentials and invalidating session cookies siphoned by infostealers. By understanding the risks posed by infostealers and working to mitigate the data that has been exfiltrated, organizations are able to limit the likelihood of devastating cyberattacks such as ransomware that stem from this stolen data. SpyCloud remains committed to helping organizations navigate these challenges and safeguard their digital assets. Readers can download the full 2024 Malware and Ransomware Defense Report. To learn more about how SpyCloud helps organizations defend against ransomware, readers can visit https://spycloud.com/use-case/ransomware-prevention/. About the SpyCloud 2024 Malware and Ransomware Defense Report For this fourth annual report, SpyCloud surveyed 510 individuals in active cybersecurity roles within organizations in the US and the UK with at least 500 employees. The report examines the top concerns and real-life impacts of ransomware, including popular entry points, ransom payments, and the cumulative costs of these attacks to the business. It also highlights key cyber threat prevention strategies and future security priorities identified by these experts. About SpyCloud SpyCloud transforms recaptured darknet data to disrupt cybercrime. Its automated identity threat protection solutions leverage advanced analytics to proactively prevent ransomware and account takeover, safeguard employee and consumer accounts, and accelerate cybercrime investigations. SpyCloud's data from breaches, malware-infected devices, and successful phishes also powers many popular dark web monitoring and identity theft protection offerings. Customers include more than half of the Fortune 10, along with hundreds of global enterprises, mid-sized companies, and government agencies worldwide. Headquartered in Austin, TX, SpyCloud is home to more than 200 cybersecurity experts whose mission is to protect businesses and consumers from the stolen identity data criminals are using to target them now. To learn more and see insights on their company’s exposed data, readers can visit spycloud.com Contact EVP, Public Relations Katie Hanusik REQ on behalf of SpyCloud spycloud@req.co This story was distributed as a release by Cyberwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here AUSTIN, TX, September 18th, 2024/CyberNewsWire/--Research indicates that an infostealer malware infection is often a precursor to a ransomware attack SpyCloud, the leader in Cybercrime Analytics, today announced new cybersecurity research highlighting the growing and alarming threat of infostealers – a type of malware designed to exfiltrate digital identity data, login credentials, and session cookies from infected devices. SpyCloud’s latest findings reveal the staggering scale of identity exposure caused by infostealers, the influence this type of malware has had on the surge in ransomware incidents, and the profound implications for businesses worldwide. Massive Scale of Identity Exposure Creates New Risks According to SpyCloud, 61% of all data breaches in the past year were malware-related, with infostealers responsible for the theft of 343.78 million credentials. These stolen credentials are then sold in criminal communities for use in further attacks. The research also found that one in five individuals has been a victim of an infostealer infection. Each infection, on average, exposes 10-25 third-party business application credentials, creating fertile ground for further access and exploitation, particularly by ransomware operators. “Our latest findings reveal a critical shift in the cybersecurity landscape,” said Damon Fleury, chief product officer at SpyCloud. “Our latest findings reveal a critical shift in the cybersecurity landscape,” said Damon Fleury, chief product officer at SpyCloud. “Infostealers have become the go-to tool for cybercriminals, with their ability to exfiltrate valuable data in a matter of seconds, creating a runway for cyberattacks like ransomware off the vast amounts of stolen access to SSO, VPN, admin panels, and other critical applications.” “Infostealers have become the go-to tool for cybercriminals, with their ability to exfiltrate valuable data in a matter of seconds, creating a runway for cyberattacks like ransomware off the vast amounts of stolen access to SSO, VPN, admin panels, and other critical applications.” Infostealers: The Precursor To Ransomware Attacks The link between infostealers and ransomware is becoming increasingly evident. Through deep analysis of recaptured infostealer logs, SpyCloud discovered a worrying trend: companies with employees and contractors who are infected with infostealer malware are significantly more likely to experience a ransomware attack. In fact, nearly one-third of companies that suffered a ransomware attack last year had previously experienced an infostealer infection. According to the report, this is based on publicly known incidents and confirmed ransomware events. The true exposure is potentially even higher as not all ransomware incidents are made publicly available. “The correlation between infostealer infections and subsequent ransomware attacks is a wake-up call for businesses,” said Trevor Hilligoss, vice president of SpyCloud Labs, SpyCloud. “The correlation between infostealer infections and subsequent ransomware attacks is a wake-up call for businesses,” said Trevor Hilligoss, vice president of SpyCloud Labs, SpyCloud. “However, this field is incredibly complex and fast-moving. This year, we’re seeing new infostealers families that make use of expanded capabilities such as advanced encryption to stay stealthy or the ability to restore expired authentication cookies for more persistent access.” “However, this field is incredibly complex and fast-moving. This year, we’re seeing new infostealers families that make use of expanded capabilities such as advanced encryption to stay stealthy or the ability to restore expired authentication cookies for more persistent access.” The Rise of Malware-as-a-Service And Account Takeover Attacks The infostealer threat is further exacerbated by the rise of Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS). This off-the-shelf model allows even low-skilled cybercriminals to purchase and deploy sophisticated malware, including infostealers, with ease. Through MaaS, these criminals can acquire fresh and accurate identity data in bulk, fueling the cycle of cybercrime. SpyCloud’s findings also shed light on the evolution of account takeover (ATO) attacks, powered by infostealers. Unlike traditional ATO, which relies on stolen credentials (username and password combinations), next-generation ATO leverages stolen session cookies to sidestep traditional authentication methods in what is known as session hijacking. By taking over these already-authenticated sessions, cybercriminals can mimic legitimate users and infiltrate networks undetected. This method significantly increases the success rate of attacks and poses a severe threat to organizational security. “The sheer volume of credentials and session cookies being siphoned by infostealers is staggering,” said Hilligoss. “The sheer volume of credentials and session cookies being siphoned by infostealers is staggering,” said Hilligoss. “In the last 90 days alone, SpyCloud has recaptured over 5.4 billion stolen cookie records – with an average of nearly 2,000 exposed records per infected device. This vast trove of data is increasingly used by ransomware operators and initial access brokers to facilitate their attacks, highlighting the need for advanced defense strategies.” “In the last 90 days alone, SpyCloud has recaptured over 5.4 billion stolen cookie records – with an average of nearly 2,000 exposed records per infected device. This vast trove of data is increasingly used by ransomware operators and initial access brokers to facilitate their attacks, highlighting the need for advanced defense strategies.” Antivirus, MFA And Traditional Defenses Are No Longer Enough At least 54% of devices infected with infostealers in the first half of 2024 had antivirus or endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions installed, underscoring the limitations of traditional cybersecurity measures in combating the techniques used by modern cybercriminals. Furthermore, infostealers and session hijacking attacks render multi-factor authentication (MFA) and passwordless authentication methods like passkeys ineffective. By hijacking already-authenticated sessions, cybercriminals can impersonate legitimate users and side-step even the most robust authentication methods. The call for next-generation cybersecurity The findings from SpyCloud make it clear: traditional malware mitigation is no longer sufficient and ignoring the problem only exacerbates the impact on businesses. Organizations must move beyond merely removing infections and focus on remediating the long-term risks posed by exposed data. This includes resetting compromised application credentials and invalidating session cookies siphoned by infostealers. By understanding the risks posed by infostealers and working to mitigate the data that has been exfiltrated, organizations are able to limit the likelihood of devastating cyberattacks such as ransomware that stem from this stolen data. SpyCloud remains committed to helping organizations navigate these challenges and safeguard their digital assets. Readers can download the full 2024 Malware and Ransomware Defense Report . 2024 Malware and Ransomware Defense Report 2024 Malware and Ransomware Defense Report To learn more about how SpyCloud helps organizations defend against ransomware, readers can visit https://spycloud.com/use-case/ransomware-prevention/ . https://spycloud.com/use-case/ransomware-prevention/ https://spycloud.com/use-case/ransomware-prevention/ About the SpyCloud 2024 Malware and Ransomware Defense Report For this fourth annual report , SpyCloud surveyed 510 individuals in active cybersecurity roles within organizations in the US and the UK with at least 500 employees. fourth annual report fourth annual report The report examines the top concerns and real-life impacts of ransomware, including popular entry points, ransom payments, and the cumulative costs of these attacks to the business. It also highlights key cyber threat prevention strategies and future security priorities identified by these experts. About SpyCloud SpyCloud transforms recaptured darknet data to disrupt cybercrime. Its automated identity threat protection solutions leverage advanced analytics to proactively prevent ransomware and account takeover, safeguard employee and consumer accounts, and accelerate cybercrime investigations. SpyCloud SpyCloud SpyCloud's data from breaches, malware-infected devices, and successful phishes also powers many popular dark web monitoring and identity theft protection offerings. Customers include more than half of the Fortune 10, along with hundreds of global enterprises, mid-sized companies, and government agencies worldwide. Headquartered in Austin, TX, SpyCloud is home to more than 200 cybersecurity experts whose mission is to protect businesses and consumers from the stolen identity data criminals are using to target them now. To learn more and see insights on their company’s exposed data, readers can visit spycloud.com spycloud.com spycloud.com Contact EVP, Public Relations Katie Hanusik REQ on behalf of SpyCloud spycloud@req.co This story was distributed as a release by Cyberwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here This story was distributed as a release by Cyberwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here here

SpyCloud Unveils Massive Scale Of Identity Exposure, Highlighting Need For Advanced Security Measure

SpyCloud تكشف عن نطاق هائل من الكشف عن الهوية، مما يسلط الضوء على الحاجة إلى تدابير أمنية متقدمة

SpyCloud ukax Jach’a Escala de Exposición de Identidad ukar uñacht’ayi, Medida de Seguridad Avanzada ukan munatapat uñacht’ayi

SpyCloud revela una escala masiva de exposición de identidad, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de medidas de seguridad avanzadas

SpyCloud مقیاس عظیمی از قرار گرفتن در معرض هویت را معرفی می کند، که نیاز به اقدامات امنیتی پیشرفته را برجسته می کند

स्पाईक्लाउड ने पहचान उजागर करने के बड़े पैमाने का खुलासा किया, उन्नत सुरक्षा उपाय की आवश्यकता पर प्रकाश डाला

SpyCloud が大規模な個人情報漏洩を発表、高度なセキュリティ対策の必要性を浮き彫りに

SpyCloud გამოაქვეყნებს პირადობის ექსპოზიციის მასიურ მასშტაბებს, ხაზს უსვამს უსაფრთხოების გაფართოებული ზომების საჭიროებას

SpyCloud විසින් අනන්‍යතා නිරාවරණයේ දැවැන්ත පරිමාණයක් එළිදක්වයි, උසස් ආරක්ෂක පියවරක අවශ්‍යතාවය ඉස්මතු කරයි

СпиЦлоуд открива огромну скалу откривања идентитета, наглашавајући потребу за напредном мјером сигурности

SpyCloud Inafichua Kiwango Kikubwa cha Ufichuaji wa Utambulisho, Ikiangazia Haja ya Kipimo cha Kina Usalama

ஸ்பைக்ளவுட் அடையாள வெளிப்பாட்டின் பாரிய அளவை வெளிப்படுத்துகிறது, மேம்பட்ட பாதுகாப்பு நடவடிக்கையின் தேவையை எடுத்துக்காட்டுகிறது

SpyCloud tiết lộ quy mô lớn về việc tiết lộ danh tính, làm nổi bật nhu cầu về biện pháp bảo mật tiên tiến

Just when you thought Google couldn’t get any more insufferable, a federal judge throws down a ruling that could rock the very foundation of the tech giant's empire! On Monday, US District Judge Amit Mehta smacked Google with a colossal antitrust defeat, declaring that the company’s search business isn’t just dominant—it’s downright monopolistic. This isn’t just a slap on the wrist; it’s a full-blown smackdown aimed at the heart of Google’s search engine hegemony. Judge Mehta didn’t mince words. He laid it out straight: Google’s not just playing the search game; it’s rigging it to keep everyone else out. Through a web of exclusive contracts and under-the-table deals with major players like Apple, Google has cemented its stranglehold on search—squeezing out competitors like Microsoft’s Bing and DuckDuckGo. And let’s be honest, it’s not like Google’s been subtle about it. They’ve spent billions on these deals, effectively ensuring that when you need to find something online, Google’s your only choice. The court ruling paints a grim picture of Google’s power trip, citing anticompetitive practices and outrageous search ad pricing as key problems. The judge isn’t just wagging a finger; he’s laying the groundwork for potentially groundbreaking remedies. Think “choice screens” and other measures that could force Google to give rivals a fighting chance. And don’t think this is just about search ads—oh no. This decision is setting the stage for a new era of tech antitrust battles. Remember Microsoft’s antitrust debacle back in the day? This case is being compared to that. It’s a landmark moment, echoing historic rulings like the breakups of AT&T and Standard Oil. Attorney General Merrick Garland and the White House are dancing in the streets, calling this a triumph for the American people and a win for fair competition. But don’t expect Google to take this lying down. The company’s already gearing up for an appeal, insisting it’s still the best search engine out there. Classic Google, right? Meanwhile, the ruling is stirring the pot for future tech antitrust cases. With other giants like Apple and Amazon facing their own legal heat, this Google decision might just be the tip of the iceberg. It could also make waves in the Justice Department’s case against Ticketmaster. So, buckle up—Google’s legal rollercoaster is far from over, and the reverberations are going to be felt across the tech world for years to come. Just when you thought Google couldn’t get any more insufferable, a federal judge throws down a ruling that could rock the very foundation of the tech giant's empire! On Monday, US District Judge Amit Mehta smacked Google with a colossal antitrust defeat, declaring that the company’s search business isn’t just dominant—it’s downright monopolistic. This isn’t just a slap on the wrist; it’s a full-blown smackdown aimed at the heart of Google’s search engine hegemony. Judge Mehta didn’t mince words. He laid it out straight: Google’s not just playing the search game; it’s rigging it to keep everyone else out. Through a web of exclusive contracts and under-the-table deals with major players like Apple, Google has cemented its stranglehold on search—squeezing out competitors like Microsoft’s Bing and DuckDuckGo. And let’s be honest, it’s not like Google’s been subtle about it. They’ve spent billions on these deals, effectively ensuring that when you need to find something online, Google’s your only choice. The court ruling paints a grim picture of Google’s power trip, citing anticompetitive practices and outrageous search ad pricing as key problems. The judge isn’t just wagging a finger; he’s laying the groundwork for potentially groundbreaking remedies. Think “choice screens” and other measures that could force Google to give rivals a fighting chance. And don’t think this is just about search ads—oh no. This decision is setting the stage for a new era of tech antitrust battles. Remember Microsoft’s antitrust debacle back in the day? This case is being compared to that. It’s a landmark moment, echoing historic rulings like the breakups of AT&T and Standard Oil. Attorney General Merrick Garland and the White House are dancing in the streets, calling this a triumph for the American people and a win for fair competition. But don’t expect Google to take this lying down. The company’s already gearing up for an appeal, insisting it’s still the best search engine out there. Classic Google, right? Meanwhile, the ruling is stirring the pot for future tech antitrust cases. With other giants like Apple and Amazon facing their own legal heat, this Google decision might just be the tip of the iceberg. It could also make waves in the Justice Department’s case against Ticketmaster. So, buckle up—Google’s legal rollercoaster is far from over, and the reverberations are going to be felt across the tech world for years to come.

Google Slammed with Massive Antitrust Defeat: Monopoly Power Under Fire

LOS ANGELES, United States, July 30th, 2024/Chainwire/--DSCVR, the largest web3 social media and community-building platform, announces the launch of Canvas, a groundbreaking framework that enables developers to effortlessly build and integrate custom applications directly into DSCVR’s social feeds. With just a few tweaks any web application can be made into a Canvas application. Combined with DSCVR’s API, Canvas provides an easy-to-build framework to launch and distribute embedded apps on the DSCVR platform. Canvas apps can have rich interfaces previously unseen in Web3 social that extend beyond the existing frame standards of buttons and textboxes to support games, interactive media, and more. Developers can find viral distribution for Canvases in feed, making them instantly accessible to the community and scaling them across hundreds of thousands of users. With Canvas, building, launching, and managing embedded apps has never been easier or more innovative, offering end users dynamic and rewarding experiences. A New Era of Web3 Embedded App Development DSCVR Canvas introduces a framework that makes app creation accessible to a breadth of developers, from seasoned engineers to students just learning Javascript. The platform offers a user-friendly interface that simplifies the development process, allowing anyone to build dynamic, interactive applications without advanced technical skills. Canvas is also built to support existing Frames and Solana Blinks so developers in these ecosystems can easily share their apps on DSCVR. “We’re excited to introduce Canvas to our developer community,” said Rick Porter, CEO of DSCVR. “Our goal is to empower developers with the framework they need to create and scale apps within the DSCVR ecosystem for the benefit of our users. Canvas is a significant step towards realizing that vision.” Key Features of DSCVR Canvas: Transactions: Canvas applications can interact directly with user wallets which are already paired with DSCVR accounts, creating new utility for NFTs and fungible totokens. Seamless Integration: Apps built on Canvas integrate effortlessly with the DSCVR platform, leveraging robust APIs and the speed of the platform for smooth performance. Enhanced Performance: Designed for scalability, Canvas supports everything from simple ways to earn crypto, tipping, to games and other complex applications. Rich Media Support: Users can incorporate images, videos, and interactive elements to create engaging and immersive apps. Driving Innovation in Web3 Social MeMedia With more canvases being built on DSCVR, users will enjoy a wide range of fun and engaging experiences directly within their social feed. From interactive games and trading platforms to token minting, DSCVR Canvas Embedded Apps will enrich the user experience, making social interactions more dynamic and rewarding. These apps will allow users to easily monetize their activities, participate in immersive gaming and trade digital assets, transforming the way they interact on the platform. At the same time, this is an opportunity for developers to gain distribution for their applications to an audience of hundreds of thousands of users. Launch Event and Community Engagement To celebrate the launch, DSCVR will be organizing a global hackathon on August 5th hosted by Dorahacks to encourage experimentation and creativity among its developer community. Sponsors include Metaplex, Matrica, Helius, Spiderswap and Tweed. Notable judges include Austen Federa, Jon Wong, and Pedro Miranda from the Solana Foundation as well as Josh Finer from Solana Ventures. “We’re committed to supporting our developer community and providing them with the support and tools they need to succeed,” added Rick Porter. “DSCVR Canvas is a testament to our dedication to innovation in the Web3 social ecosystem.” About DSCVR With over 500k monthly unique visitors, DSCVR (pronounced “Discover”) is a Web3 social network combining the usability of a Web2-style social app with crypto technology that unlocks ownership, monetization and distribution for users, creators, and projects. Through its native crypto functionality, DSCVR rewards users and supercharges community-building, while its API allows developers and partners to build applications that target through the social graph, distribute through the feed, and monetize in posts. DSCVR’s seed investors include Polychain Capital, Upfront Ventures, BDMI, Shima Capital, Tomahawk VC, and Fyrfly Venture Partners. Users can follow DSCVR on Twitter (X) for more updates. Contact Press Inquiries Cher Park DSCVR press@dscvr.one This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. LOS ANGELES, United States, July 30th, 2024/Chainwire/--DSCVR, the largest web3 social media and community-building platform, announces the launch of Canvas, a groundbreaking framework that enables developers to effortlessly build and integrate custom applications directly into DSCVR’s social feeds. With just a few tweaks any web application can be made into a Canvas application. Combined with DSCVR’s API, Canvas provides an easy-to-build framework to launch and distribute embedded apps on the DSCVR platform. Canvas apps can have rich interfaces previously unseen in Web3 social that extend beyond the existing frame standards of buttons and textboxes to support games, interactive media, and more. Developers can find viral distribution for Canvases in feed, making them instantly accessible to the community and scaling them across hundreds of thousands of users. With Canvas, building, launching, and managing embedded apps has never been easier or more innovative, offering end users dynamic and rewarding experiences. A New Era of Web3 Embedded App Development DSCVR Canvas introduces a framework that makes app creation accessible to a breadth of developers, from seasoned engineers to students just learning Javascript. The platform offers a user-friendly interface that simplifies the development process, allowing anyone to build dynamic, interactive applications without advanced technical skills. Canvas is also built to support existing Frames and Solana Blinks so developers in these ecosystems can easily share their apps on DSCVR. “We’re excited to introduce Canvas to our developer community,” said Rick Porter, CEO of DSCVR. “Our goal is to empower developers with the framework they need to create and scale apps within the DSCVR ecosystem for the benefit of our users. Canvas is a significant step towards realizing that vision.” “We’re excited to introduce Canvas to our developer community,” said Rick Porter, CEO of DSCVR. “Our goal is to empower developers with the framework they need to create and scale apps within the DSCVR ecosystem for the benefit of our users. Canvas is a significant step towards realizing that vision.” Key Features of DSCVR Canvas: Transactions: Canvas applications can interact directly with user wallets which are already paired with DSCVR accounts, creating new utility for NFTs and fungible totokens. Transactions: Seamless Integration: Apps built on Canvas integrate effortlessly with the DSCVR platform, leveraging robust APIs and the speed of the platform for smooth performance. Enhanced Performance: Designed for scalability, Canvas supports everything from simple ways to earn crypto, tipping, to games and other complex applications. Rich Media Support: Users can incorporate images, videos, and interactive elements to create engaging and immersive apps. Driving Innovation in Web3 Social MeMedia With more canvases being built on DSCVR, users will enjoy a wide range of fun and engaging experiences directly within their social feed. From interactive games and trading platforms to token minting, DSCVR Canvas Embedded Apps will enrich the user experience, making social interactions more dynamic and rewarding. These apps will allow users to easily monetize their activities, participate in immersive gaming and trade digital assets, transforming the way they interact on the platform. At the same time, this is an opportunity for developers to gain distribution for their applications to an audience of hundreds of thousands of users. Launch Event and Community Engagement To celebrate the launch, DSCVR will be organizing a global hackathon on August 5th hosted by Dorahacks to encourage experimentation and creativity among its developer community. Sponsors include Metaplex, Matrica, Helius, Spiderswap and Tweed. Notable judges include Austen Federa, Jon Wong, and Pedro Miranda from the Solana Foundation as well as Josh Finer from Solana Ventures. “We’re committed to supporting our developer community and providing them with the support and tools they need to succeed,” added Rick Porter. “DSCVR Canvas is a testament to our dedication to innovation in the Web3 social ecosystem.” “We’re committed to supporting our developer community and providing them with the support and tools they need to succeed,” added Rick Porter. “DSCVR Canvas is a testament to our dedication to innovation in the Web3 social ecosystem.” About DSCVR With over 500k monthly unique visitors, DSCVR (pronounced “Discover”) is a Web3 social network combining the usability of a Web2-style social app with crypto technology that unlocks ownership, monetization and distribution for users, creators, and projects. DSCVR Through its native crypto functionality, DSCVR rewards users and supercharges community-building, while its API allows developers and partners to build applications that target through the social graph, distribute through the feed, and monetize in posts. DSCVR’s seed investors include Polychain Capital, Upfront Ventures, BDMI, Shima Capital, Tomahawk VC, and Fyrfly Venture Partners. Users can follow DSCVR on Twitter (X) for more updates. Twitter Contact Press Inquiries Cher Park DSCVR press@dscvr.one This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

DSCVR Launches Canvas: A Massive Leap For Web3 Social Embedded Apps

DSCVR ক্যানভাস চালু করেছে: Web3 সোশ্যাল এমবেডেড অ্যাপের জন্য একটি বিশাল ঝাঁপ

DSCVR bringt Canvas auf den Markt: Ein gewaltiger Sprung für eingebettete soziale Web3-Apps

DSCVR lanza Canvas: un gran salto para las aplicaciones sociales integradas en Web3

DSCVR lance Canvas : un grand pas en avant pour les applications sociales Web3 intégrées

डीएससीवीआर ने कैनवास लॉन्च किया: वेब3 सोशल एम्बेडेड ऐप्स के लिए एक बड़ी छलांग

DSCVR が Canvas をリリース: Web3 ソーシャル埋め込みアプリの大きな飛躍

DSCVR, 캔버스 출시: Web3 소셜 임베디드 앱의 대대적인 도약

DSCVR lança Canvas: um grande salto para aplicativos sociais incorporados na Web3

DSCVR запускает Canvas: огромный скачок для встраиваемых приложений Web3 Social

DSCVR Canvas'ı Piyasaya Sürüyor: Web3 Sosyal Gömülü Uygulamalar İçin Büyük Bir Atılım

DSCVR ra mắt Canvas: Bước nhảy vọt lớn cho các ứng dụng nhúng trên mạng xã hội Web3

DSCVR 推出 Canvas：Web3 社交嵌入式应用的一次巨大飞跃

What's Inside the Recent Massive Google Search API Leak?

সাম্প্রতিক ব্যাপক Google অনুসন্ধান API লিক ভিতরে কি?

Was steckt hinter dem jüngsten massiven API-Leck bei der Google-Suche?

¿Qué hay dentro de la reciente filtración masiva de la API de búsqueda de Google?

Que contient la récente fuite massive de l’API de recherche Google ?

हाल ही में हुए बड़े पैमाने पर गूगल सर्च एपीआई लीक के पीछे क्या है?

最近の大規模な Google 検索 API 漏洩の内容とは?

최근 대규모 Google 검색 API 유출 내용은 무엇입니까?

O que há por dentro do recente vazamento massivo da API de pesquisa do Google?

Что скрывается за недавней массовой утечкой API поиска Google?

Son Zamanlardaki Büyük Google Arama API Sızıntısının İçinde Neler Var?

Có gì bên trong vụ rò rỉ API tìm kiếm lớn gần đây của Google?

最近大规模的 Google 搜索 API 泄漏到底是怎么回事？

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References A. DUAL ENERGY FORMALISM This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References A. DUAL ENERGY FORMALISM

Magnetic Wind From a Massive White Dwarf Merger: Dual Energy Formalism

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References REFERENCES Briggs, G. P., Ferrario, L., Tout, C. A., Wickramasinghe, D. T., & Hurley, J. R. 2015, MNRAS, 447, 1713, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu2539 Bryan, G. L., Norman, M. L., Stone, J. M., Cen, R., & Ostriker, J. P. 1995, Computer Physics Communications, 89, 149, doi: 10.1016/0010-4655(94)00191-4 Bucciantini, N., Thompson, T. A., Arons, J., Quataert, E., & Del Zanna, L. 2006, MNRAS, 368, 1717, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10217.x Caiazzo, I., Burdge, K. B., Fuller, J., et al. 2021, Nature, 595, 39, doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03615-y Cheng, S., Cummings, J. D., M´enard, B., & Toonen, S. 2020, ApJ, 891, 160, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab733c Contopoulos, I., & Spitkovsky, A. 2006, ApJ, 643, 1139, doi: 10.1086/501161 Ferreira, J. M. 2000, MNRAS, 316, 647, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03540.x Garc´ıa-Berro, E., Lor´en-Aguilar, P., Aznar-Sigu´an, G., et al. 2012, ApJ, 749, 25, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/25 Gvaramadze, V. V., Gr¨afener, G., Langer, N., et al. 2019, Nature, 569, 684, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1216-1 Iben, I., J., & Tutukov, A. V. 1984, ApJS, 54, 335, doi: 10.1086/190932 Iijima, H. 2016, PhD thesis, University of Tokyo, Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science Jardine, M., & Collier Cameron, A. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 2853, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2872 Kashiyama, K., Fujisawa, K., & Shigeyama, T. 2019, ApJ, 887, 39, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4e97 Kashiyama, K., Ioka, K., & Kawanaka, N. 2011, PhRvD, 83, 023002, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.023002 Kashiyama, K., & Murase, K. 2017, ApJL, 839, L3, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aa68e1 Kilic, M., Kosakowski, A., Moss, A. G., Bergeron, P., & Conly, A. A. 2021, ApJL, 923, L6, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac3b60 Kirsten, F., Marcote, B., Nimmo, K., et al. 2022, Nature, 602, 585, doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04354-w Ko, T., Suzuki, H., Kashiyama, K., et al. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2304.14669, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2304.14669 Kremer, K., Piro, A. L., & Li, D. 2021, ApJL, 917, L11, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac13a0 Lu, W., Beniamini, P., & Kumar, P. 2022, MNRAS, 510, 1867, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab3500 Lykou, F., Parker, Q. A., Ritter, A., et al. 2022, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2208.03946, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2208.03946 Matt, S. P., MacGregor, K. B., Pinsonneault, M. H., & Greene, T. P. 2012, ApJL, 754, L26, doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/754/2/L26 Michel, F. C. 1969, ApJ, 158, 727, doi: 10.1086/150233 Miyoshi, T., & Kusano, K. 2005, Journal of Computational Physics, 208, 315, doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2005.02.017 Nomoto, K., & Iben, I., J. 1985, ApJ, 297, 531, doi: 10.1086/163547 Oskinova, L. M., Gvaramadze, V. V., Gr¨afener, G., Langer, N., & Todt, H. 2020, A&A, 644, L8, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039232 Parker, E. N. 1965, SSRv, 4, 666, doi: 10.1007/BF00216273 Raives, M. J., Coleman, M. S. B., & Thompson, T. A. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2302.05462, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2302.05462 Ritter, A., Parker, Q. A., Lykou, F., et al. 2021, ApJL, 918, L33, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac2253 Saio, H., & Nomoto, K. 2004, ApJ, 615, 444, doi: 10.1086/423976 Schwab, J. 2021, ApJ, 906, 53, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc87e Schwab, J., Quataert, E., & Kasen, D. 2016, MNRAS, 463, 3461, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw2249 Stone, J. M., Tomida, K., White, C. J., & Felker, K. G. 2020, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 249, 4, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab929b Takasao, S., Tomida, K., Iwasaki, K., & Suzuki, T. K. 2019, ApJL, 878, L10, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab22bb Tout, C. A., Wickramasinghe, D. T., Liebert, J., Ferrario, L., & Pringle, J. E. 2008, MNRAS, 387, 897, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13291.x Townsend, R. H. D., & Owocki, S. P. 2005, MNRAS, 357, 251, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08642.x Ud-Doula, A., Owocki, S. P., & Townsend, R. H. D. 2009, MNRAS, 392, 1022, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14134.x Webbink, R. F. 1984, ApJ, 277, 355, doi: 10.1086/161701 Weber, E. J., & Davis, Leverett, J. 1967, ApJ, 148, 217, doi: 10.1086/149138 Wu, C., Xiong, H., Lin, J., et al. 2023, ApJL, 944, L54, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/acb6f3 Yao, P. Z., Quataert, E., & Goulding, A. 2023, MNRAS, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad1934 This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References REFERENCES Briggs, G. P., Ferrario, L., Tout, C. A., Wickramasinghe, D. T., & Hurley, J. R. 2015, MNRAS, 447, 1713, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu2539 Bryan, G. L., Norman, M. L., Stone, J. M., Cen, R., & Ostriker, J. P. 1995, Computer Physics Communications, 89, 149, doi: 10.1016/0010-4655(94)00191-4 Bucciantini, N., Thompson, T. A., Arons, J., Quataert, E., & Del Zanna, L. 2006, MNRAS, 368, 1717, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10217.x Caiazzo, I., Burdge, K. B., Fuller, J., et al. 2021, Nature, 595, 39, doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03615-y Cheng, S., Cummings, J. D., M´enard, B., & Toonen, S. 2020, ApJ, 891, 160, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab733c Contopoulos, I., & Spitkovsky, A. 2006, ApJ, 643, 1139, doi: 10.1086/501161 Ferreira, J. M. 2000, MNRAS, 316, 647, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03540.x Garc´ıa-Berro, E., Lor´en-Aguilar, P., Aznar-Sigu´an, G., et al. 2012, ApJ, 749, 25, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/25 Gvaramadze, V. V., Gr¨afener, G., Langer, N., et al. 2019, Nature, 569, 684, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1216-1 Iben, I., J., & Tutukov, A. V. 1984, ApJS, 54, 335, doi: 10.1086/190932 Iijima, H. 2016, PhD thesis, University of Tokyo, Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science Jardine, M., & Collier Cameron, A. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 2853, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2872 Kashiyama, K., Fujisawa, K., & Shigeyama, T. 2019, ApJ, 887, 39, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4e97 Kashiyama, K., Ioka, K., & Kawanaka, N. 2011, PhRvD, 83, 023002, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.83.023002 Kashiyama, K., & Murase, K. 2017, ApJL, 839, L3, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aa68e1 Kilic, M., Kosakowski, A., Moss, A. G., Bergeron, P., & Conly, A. A. 2021, ApJL, 923, L6, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac3b60 Kirsten, F., Marcote, B., Nimmo, K., et al. 2022, Nature, 602, 585, doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04354-w Ko, T., Suzuki, H., Kashiyama, K., et al. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2304.14669, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2304.14669 Kremer, K., Piro, A. L., & Li, D. 2021, ApJL, 917, L11, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac13a0 Lu, W., Beniamini, P., & Kumar, P. 2022, MNRAS, 510, 1867, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab3500 Lykou, F., Parker, Q. A., Ritter, A., et al. 2022, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2208.03946, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2208.03946 Matt, S. P., MacGregor, K. B., Pinsonneault, M. H., & Greene, T. P. 2012, ApJL, 754, L26, doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/754/2/L26 Michel, F. C. 1969, ApJ, 158, 727, doi: 10.1086/150233 Miyoshi, T., & Kusano, K. 2005, Journal of Computational Physics, 208, 315, doi: 10.1016/j.jcp.2005.02.017 Nomoto, K., & Iben, I., J. 1985, ApJ, 297, 531, doi: 10.1086/163547 Oskinova, L. M., Gvaramadze, V. V., Gr¨afener, G., Langer, N., & Todt, H. 2020, A&A, 644, L8, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039232 Parker, E. N. 1965, SSRv, 4, 666, doi: 10.1007/BF00216273 Raives, M. J., Coleman, M. S. B., & Thompson, T. A. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2302.05462, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2302.05462 Ritter, A., Parker, Q. A., Lykou, F., et al. 2021, ApJL, 918, L33, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac2253 Saio, H., & Nomoto, K. 2004, ApJ, 615, 444, doi: 10.1086/423976 Schwab, J. 2021, ApJ, 906, 53, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc87e Schwab, J., Quataert, E., & Kasen, D. 2016, MNRAS, 463, 3461, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw2249 Stone, J. M., Tomida, K., White, C. J., & Felker, K. G. 2020, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 249, 4, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab929b Takasao, S., Tomida, K., Iwasaki, K., & Suzuki, T. K. 2019, ApJL, 878, L10, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab22bb Tout, C. A., Wickramasinghe, D. T., Liebert, J., Ferrario, L., & Pringle, J. E. 2008, MNRAS, 387, 897, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13291.x Townsend, R. H. D., & Owocki, S. P. 2005, MNRAS, 357, 251, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08642.x Ud-Doula, A., Owocki, S. P., & Townsend, R. H. D. 2009, MNRAS, 392, 1022, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14134.x Webbink, R. F. 1984, ApJ, 277, 355, doi: 10.1086/161701 Weber, E. J., & Davis, Leverett, J. 1967, ApJ, 148, 217, doi: 10.1086/149138 Wu, C., Xiong, H., Lin, J., et al. 2023, ApJL, 944, L54, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/acb6f3 Yao, P. Z., Quataert, E., & Goulding, A. 2023, MNRAS, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad1934

Magnetic Wind From a Massive White Dwarf Merger: References

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References C. CHANGE OF THE MASS LOSS RATE IN MHD REGIME This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References C. CHANGE OF THE MASS LOSS RATE IN MHD REGIME

Magnetic Wind From a Massive White Dwarf Merger: Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References 2. SETUP We conduct a series of numerical simulations of a rotating magnetic wind from a massive WD merger product with a stable nuclear burning occurring at the near surface region. We first describe the general numerical setup including the governing equations, the Riemann solver, the mesh decomposition, and the boundary conditions in Sec. 2.1. We then describe the source term that represents the injection of mass and internal energy at the near surface nuclear burning region in Sec. 2.2. Finally, we elaborate on setups related to magnetic fields. 2.1. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations We numerically integrate ideal MHD equations with central gravity; We use the HLLD approximate Riemann solver for the MHD equations (Miyoshi & Kusano 2005) with the secondorder piecewise linear reconstruction method (PLM). The time integration is carried out by the second-order RungeKutta method with Courant-Friedrich-Lewy number of 0.1. The computational domain is resolved with the mesh number of 128 for [0.9, 30] R∗ in the radial direction and 128 for [0, π] in the polar direction. We employ a non-uniform mesh in the radial direction, where the radial grid size is proportional to the radius. The fiducial value of the grid size ratio ∆r(i + 1)/∆r(i) is 1.02 so that the smallest cell size is 0.05, where i stands for the grid index. In this paper, we consider the cases with Ω∗ = [0.05, 0.07, 0.12, 0.16, 0.23, 0.35, 0.46] s−1, which correpsonds to ∼ 5-50 % of the mass shedding limit. In terms of the inner ghost cell’s density and pressure, we carefully prescribe their values to achieve a specific thermally-driven wind mass loss rate (see Sec. 2.2). Initially, we distribute a cold and homogeneous gas throughout the entire computational domain and inject the thermally-driven wind from the designated launching region. As the thermally-driven outflow reaches the outer boundary, we initiate an aligned dipole field at the inner boundary, facilitating the transformation of the wind into a rotating magnetic wind (see Sec. 2.3). 2.2. Wind launching region We initialize our simulation with a cold, homogeneous, isotropic and non-magnetized atmosphere, and set up a “wind launching region” [2] with a width of D near the WD surface, where the mass is injected to the computational domain to mimic the mass loading due to the carbon burning around the surface of massive WD merger product. To do that, we implement an isotropic relaxation function for both matter and energy source terms to update density and pressure in wind launching region: where ρ∗ and p∗ correspond to the density and pressure at the outer edge of the wind launching region. The actual value of the relaxation timescale τ is chosen to satisfy the condition, 2.3. Rotating magnetic wind The launched gas will then corotate with the rotating magnetic field, and the magnetic torque, which depends on the resultant magnetospheric structure and the polar angle, can also contribute to the wind acceleration in addition to the thermal pressure gradient. As a result, we expect a rotating magnetic wind to start blowing in an angle dependent manner, and relax to a quasi-steady state when it reaches to the outer boundary. We simulate the rotating magnetic wind for a few 10 × the spin period after turning on the magnetic field. [2] Note that this is originally called damping layer in the context of accreting stellar system (see Takasao et al. 2019) This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References 2. SETUP We conduct a series of numerical simulations of a rotating magnetic wind from a massive WD merger product with a stable nuclear burning occurring at the near surface region. We first describe the general numerical setup including the governing equations, the Riemann solver, the mesh decomposition, and the boundary conditions in Sec. 2.1. We then describe the source term that represents the injection of mass and internal energy at the near surface nuclear burning region in Sec. 2.2. Finally, we elaborate on setups related to magnetic fields. 2.1. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations We numerically integrate ideal MHD equations with central gravity; We use the HLLD approximate Riemann solver for the MHD equations (Miyoshi & Kusano 2005) with the secondorder piecewise linear reconstruction method (PLM). The time integration is carried out by the second-order RungeKutta method with Courant-Friedrich-Lewy number of 0.1. The computational domain is resolved with the mesh number of 128 for [0.9, 30] R∗ in the radial direction and 128 for [0, π] in the polar direction. We employ a non-uniform mesh in the radial direction, where the radial grid size is proportional to the radius. The fiducial value of the grid size ratio ∆r( i + 1)/∆r( i ) is 1.02 so that the smallest cell size is 0.05, where i stands for the grid index. i i i In this paper, we consider the cases with Ω∗ = [0.05, 0.07, 0.12, 0.16, 0.23, 0.35, 0.46] s−1, which correpsonds to ∼ 5-50 % of the mass shedding limit. In terms of the inner ghost cell’s density and pressure, we carefully prescribe their values to achieve a specific thermally-driven wind mass loss rate (see Sec. 2.2). Initially, we distribute a cold and homogeneous gas throughout the entire computational domain and inject the thermally-driven wind from the designated launching region. As the thermally-driven outflow reaches the outer boundary, we initiate an aligned dipole field at the inner boundary, facilitating the transformation of the wind into a rotating magnetic wind (see Sec. 2.3). 2.2. Wind launching region Wind launching region We initialize our simulation with a cold, homogeneous, isotropic and non-magnetized atmosphere, and set up a “wind launching region” [2] with a width of D near the WD surface, where the mass is injected to the computational domain to mimic the mass loading due to the carbon burning around the surface of massive WD merger product. To do that, we implement an isotropic relaxation function for both matter and energy source terms to update density and pressure in wind launching region: where ρ∗ and p∗ correspond to the density and pressure at the outer edge of the wind launching region. The actual value of the relaxation timescale τ is chosen to satisfy the condition, 2.3. Rotating magnetic wind Rotating magnetic wind The launched gas will then corotate with the rotating magnetic field, and the magnetic torque, which depends on the resultant magnetospheric structure and the polar angle, can also contribute to the wind acceleration in addition to the thermal pressure gradient. As a result, we expect a rotating magnetic wind to start blowing in an angle dependent manner, and relax to a quasi-steady state when it reaches to the outer boundary. We simulate the rotating magnetic wind for a few 10 × the spin period after turning on the magnetic field. [2] Note that this is originally called damping layer in the context of accreting stellar system (see Takasao et al. 2019)

Magnetic Wind From a Massive White Dwarf Merger: Setup

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan;
(3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan;
(4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
(5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Setup Result Summary and Discussion Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References B. CONVERGENCE OF RESULTS The convergence of our rotating magnetic wind solutions against both mesh resolution and the size of wind launching region have been confirmed. We show the results for our fiducial model (B1.5e6Ω0.23) in Fig. 5. In the top panel we increase the spatial resolution for 4 times both along the radial and latitudinal direction, while in the bottom panel we change the thickness of wind launching region from D = 0.6 R∗ (fiducial value we are using, corresponding to 9 cells) to D = 0.3 R∗ (which corresponds to 5 cells). We check the time evolution of the spindown torque T for both changes, and zoom into the first few eruptive peaks to show the difference clearly. We find that the time-averaged value as well as the power-law trend converge with respect to both the spatial resolution and the size of the wind launching region, but the time variability vary. This is due to the fact that the reconnections in our simulations are mainly modulated by numerical resistivities. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Yici Zhong, Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (2) Kazumi Kashiyama, Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU,WPI), The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; (3) Shinsuke Takasao, Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; (4) Toshikazu Shigeyama, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (5) Kotaro Fujisawa, Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU), School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and Department of Liberal Arts, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0051, Japan. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Setup Setup Result Result Summary and Discussion Summary and Discussion Appendix Appendix A. Dual Energy Formalism A. Dual Energy Formalism B. Convergence of Results B. Convergence of Results C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime C. Change of the Mass Loss Rate in MHD Regime References References B. CONVERGENCE OF RESULTS The convergence of our rotating magnetic wind solutions against both mesh resolution and the size of wind launching region have been confirmed. We show the results for our fiducial model (B1.5e6Ω0.23) in Fig. 5. In the top panel we increase the spatial resolution for 4 times both along the radial and latitudinal direction, while in the bottom panel we change the thickness of wind launching region from D = 0.6 R∗ (fiducial value we are using, corresponding to 9 cells) to D = 0.3 R∗ (which corresponds to 5 cells). We check the time evolution of the spindown torque T for both changes, and zoom into the first few eruptive peaks to show the difference clearly. We find that the time-averaged value as well as the power-law trend converge with respect to both the spatial resolution and the size of the wind launching region, but the time variability vary. This is due to the fact that the reconnections in our simulations are mainly modulated by numerical resistivities.

Magnetic Wind From a Massive White Dwarf Merger: Convergence of Results

Stories, News & Mentions about MASSIVE

Massive’s Stories on HackerNoon

Massive's News & Mentions