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is often hailed ( !) as a powerful tool for augmenting human intelligence and creativity. But what if relying on AI actually makes us less capable of formulating revolutionary ideas and innovations over time? That’s the alarming argument put forward by a new research paper that went viral on Reddit and Hacker News this week. AI by me, no less The paper’s central claim is that our growing use of AI systems like language models and knowledge bases could lead to a civilization-level threat the author dubs “knowledge collapse.” As we come to depend on AIs trained on mainstream, conventional information sources, we risk losing touch with the wild, unorthodox ideas on the fringes of knowledge — the same ideas that often fuel transformative discoveries and inventions. You can find my full analysis of the paper, some counterpoint questions, and the technical breakdown below. But first, let’s dig into what “knowledge collapse” really means and why it matters so much… AI and the problem of knowledge collapse The , authored by at the University of Poitiers, introduces the concept of as the “progressive narrowing over time of the set of information available to humans, along with a concomitant narrowing in the perceived availability and utility of different sets of information.” paper Andrew J. Peterson knowledge collapse In plain terms, knowledge collapse is what happens when AI makes conventional knowledge and common ideas so easy to access that unconventional, esoteric, “long-tail” knowledge gets neglected and forgotten. It’s not about making us dumber as individuals, but rather about eroding the healthy diversity of human thought. Peterson argues this is an existential threat to innovation because interacting with a wide variety of ideas, is how we make novel conceptual connections and mental leaps. The most impactful breakthroughs in science, technology, art, and culture often come from synthesizing wildly different concepts or applying frameworks from one domain to another. But if AI causes us to draw from an ever-narrower slice of “normal” knowledge, those creative sparks become increasingly unlikely. Our collective intelligence gets trapped in a conformist echo chamber and stagnates. In the long run, the scope of human imagination shrinks to fit the limited information diet optimized by our AI tools. especially non-mainstream ones, To illustrate this, imagine if all book suggestions came from an AI trained only on the most popular mainstream titles. Fringe genres and niche subject matter would disappear over time, and the literary world would be stuck in a cycle of derivative, repetitive works. No more revolutionary ideas from mashing up wildly different influences. Or picture a scenario where scientists and inventors get all their knowledge from an AI trained on a corpus of existing research. The most conventional, well-trodden lines of inquiry get reinforced (being highly represented in the training data), while the unorthodox approaches that lead to real paradigm shifts wither away. Entire frontiers of discovery go unexplored because our AI blinders cause us to ignore them. That’s the insidious risk Peterson sees in outsourcing more and more of our information supply and knowledge curation to AI systems that prize mainstream data. The very diversity of thought required for humanity to continue making big creative leaps gradually erodes away, swallowed by the gravitational pull of the conventional and the quantitatively popular. Peterson’s model of knowledge collapse To further investigate the dynamics of knowledge collapse, Peterson introduces a mathematical model of how AI-driven narrowing of information sources could compound across generations. The model imagines a community of “learners” who can choose to acquire knowledge by sampling from either 1) the full true distribution of information using traditional methods or 2) a discounted AI-based process that samples from a narrower distribution centered on mainstream information. Peterson then simulates how the overall “public knowledge distribution” evolves over multiple generations under different scenarios and assumptions. Some key findings: When AI provides learners with a 20% cost reduction for mainstream information, the public knowledge distribution ends up 2.3 times more skewed compared to a no-AI baseline. Fringe knowledge gets rapidly out-competed. Recursive interdependence between AI systems (e.g. an AI that learns from the outputs of another AI and so on) dramatically accelerates knowledge collapse over generations. Errors and biases toward convention compound at each step. Offsetting collapse requires very strong incentives for learners to actively seek out fringe knowledge. They must not only recognize the value of rare information but go out of their way to acquire it at personal cost. Peterson also connects his model to concepts like “information cascades” in social learning theory and the economic incentives for AI companies to prioritize the most commercially applicable data. These all suggest strong pressures toward the conventional in an AI-driven knowledge ecosystem. Critical Perspective and Open Questions Peterson’s arguments about knowledge collapse are philosophically provocative and technically coherent. The paper’s formal model provides a helpful framework for analyzing the problem and envisioning solutions. However, I would have liked to see more direct real-world evidence of these dynamics in action, beyond just a mathematical simulation. Empirical metrics for tracking diversity of knowledge over time might help test and quantify the core claims. The paper is also light on addressing potential counterarguments. Some key open questions in my mind: Can’t expanded AI access to knowledge still be a net positive in terms of innovation even if it skews things somewhat toward convention? Isn’t lowering the barriers to learning more important? What collective policies, incentives or choice architectures could help offset knowledge collapse while preserving the efficiency gains of AI knowledge tools? How can we merge machine intelligence with comprehensive information? Might the economic incentives of AI companies shift over time to place more value on rare data and edge cases as mainstream knowledge commoditizes? Could market dynamics actually encourage diversity? Proposed solutions like reserving AI training data and individual commitment to seeking fringe knowledge feel only partially effective to me. Solving this seems to require coordination at a social and institutional level, not just individual choices. We need shared mechanisms to actively value and preserve the unconventional. I’m also curious about the role decentralized, open knowledge bases might play as a counterweight to AI-driven narrowing. Could initiatives like Wikidata, , or provide a bulwark against knowledge collapse by making marginal information more accessible? There’s lots of room for further work here. arXiv IPFS The stakes for our creative future Ultimately, Peterson’s paper is a powerful warning about the hidden dangers lurking in our rush to make AI the mediator of human knowledge, even for people like me who are very pro-AI. In a world reshaped by machine intelligence, preserving the chaotic, unruly diversity of thought is an imperative for humanity’s continued creativity and progress. We might be smart to proactively design our AI knowledge tools to nurture the unconventional as well as efficiently deliver the conventional. We need strong safeguards and incentives to keep us connected to the weirdness on the fringes. Failing to do so risks trapping our collective mind in a conformist bubble of our own design. So what do you think — are you concerned about knowledge collapse in an AI-driven culture? What strategies would you propose to prevent it? Let me know your thoughts in the comments! And if this intro piqued your interest, consider becoming a paid subscriber to get the full analysis and support my work clarifying critical AI issues. If you share my conviction that grappling with these ideas is essential for our creative future, please share this piece and invite others to the discussion. The diversity of human knowledge isn’t some abstract nice-to-have — it’s the essential catalyst for humanity’s most meaningful breakthroughs and creative leaps. Preserving that vibrant range of ideas in the face of hyper-efficient AI knowledge curation is a defining challenge for our future as an innovative species! AIModels.fyi is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work and be sure to follow me on ! subscribe Twitter

AI and the Problem of “Knowledge Collapse”

এআই এবং "জ্ঞান পতন" এর সমস্যা

KI und das Problem des „Wissenskollapses“

La IA y el problema del “colapso del conocimiento”

L’IA et le problème de « l’effondrement des connaissances »

एआई और “ज्ञान पतन” की समस्या

AIと「知識の崩壊」の問題

AI와 '지식 붕괴'의 문제

IA e o problema do “colapso do conhecimento”

ИИ и проблема «коллапса знаний»

Yapay Zeka ve “Bilgi Çöküşü” Sorunu

AI và vấn đề “Sụp đổ tri thức”

人工智能与“知识崩溃”问题

After hitting historical highs, the total cryptocurrency market shrank by in 2022, leading to widespread pessimism. $1.4 trillion In a show of resilience, the market started recovering in 2023. Bitcoin went from $16k to $44k, rising 175% in value. Meanwhile, Ether almost doubled in value from $1.2k to $2.2k. For context, , the S&P 500’s 18%, and gold’s only 12%. NASDAQ’s gains were 44% Optimism and belief now dominate the crypto industry, and . In this article, I’ll go over 13 reasons why crypto enthusiasts expect a new bull market this year. many are tipping 2024 as the year crypto reaches new all-time highs ⚠️ The information presented in this blog post is for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute financial advice, and you should not make investment decisions based solely on the content provided. Always conduct your own research and consider consulting with a qualified financial advisor before making any investment choices. Financial Advice Disclaimer: Past performance is not indicative of future results, and there is a risk of financial loss. The author and website do not assume any responsibility for actions taken by readers based on the information herein. ⚠️ Please, read the full financial advice disclaimer at the end of this article. 1. The Crypto Crooks Are All in Jail 2023 saw a flurry of high-profile arrests for crypto scams and fraud. Most notably, (SBF), the co-founder of FTX, was convicted on seven counts of fraud and conspiracy. Sam Bankman-Fried SBF and his executives defrauded investors of billions of dollars by diverting FTX customers’ funds to their crypto trading firm, Alameda Research. He faces up to 110 years in jail. Here are some other high-profile cases that took place in 2023: was accused of commodities manipulation and wire fraud for deploying a fraudulent trading strategy against Mango Markets, a Solana-based decentralized exchange (DEX). Avi Eisenberg , founder of Terra, was charged with orchestrating a multi-billion dollar securities fraud for misleading investors about the stability of TerraUSD. Do Kwon and three of his crypto entities — Hex, PulseChain, and PulseX — were charged with conducting unregistered offerings of crypto asset securities. He was also charged with fraud for spending invertors’ funds. Richard Heart , founder of Tron, was charged by the SEC for engaging in market manipulation and the unregistered offer and sale of securities. Justin Sun , founder and former CEO of the cryptocurrency lender Celsius Network, was charged with seven criminal counts, including securities fraud, commodities fraud, and wire fraud. Alex Mashinsky The industry is much cleaner now, paving the way to slowly earn back the trust of mainstream users. 2. Blockchain Infrastructure Is Becoming More Scalable In 2023, Ethereum completed the Merge, upgrading from proof-of-work (PoW) to proof-of-stake (PoS). This has made the network much more scalable — but it’s not enough. To further increase scalability, developers have built several , including: on-chain and off-chain scalability solutions Sidechains (e.g., Gnosis Chain) State channels (e.g., Raiden Network) Optimistic rollups (e.g., Optimism) Zero-knowledge (ZK) rollups (e.g., zkSync) Validium chains and shards (e.g.,  the zkPorter root) All these are basically secondary chains built on top of Ethereum and connected to it by interoperability protocols and bridges (which are getting better and safer, too). Many of these projects have been live and growing in usage for a long time. This has allowed the technology to mature and improve. In addition, projects like Optimism have released tools to make it easier to develop new scaling solutions. Two projects I’m particularly excited about are Zircuit — a game-changing launched this year — and LayerZero — an that just rolled out v2. EVM-compatible ZK-rollup omnichain messaging protocol If a developer isn’t satisfied with a chain’s scalability, they can easily build on a more scalable one or even launch an app-specific chain at a low cost, while still benefiting from Ethereum’s security guarantees. For users, , which are all crucial for mainstream adoption. more scalability means faster transaction processing, lower fees, and improved user experience (UX) 3. Blockchain Innovation Is Accelerating Blockchain (like any other technology) started off slow and dealt with initial resistance. Now, it has gained momentum and is starting to pick up speed. The technology has matured, and several solutions that make it easier to create and innovate were launched. For example, ZK rollups add privacy to the blockchain and are very secure and scalable, but they’re notoriously complex to implement. Thanks to the unprecedented work of various projects, ZK-proofs are now widely adopted, taking the crown as the biggest trend in the blockchain industry in 2023. And, according to , in 2024, they’re “poised to redefine security and privacy paradigms, offering unparalleled solutions to emerging challenges.” Cryptomeria Capital’s Zero Knowledge Report This is just example. Several other innovations keep popping up, paving the way for widespread adoption. one 4. The Web3 Developer Community Is Alive and Kicking Despite the bear market, the Web3 developer community is still alive and kicking. This is one of the most important factors contributing to a possible bull market in 2024 — the developer community is Web3’s greatest asset, after all. Everything blockchain and crypto is built by developers. Having a vibrant community is crucial to keep the ball rolling. I’ve been listening to Leonardo Sousa’s podcast “Messing with Web3”, and the developer conference he attended was full of energy. Besides, if you follow sources like CoinDesk and Cointelegraph, you’ll see new projects or updates to established projects popping up . daily In the words of Eat the Blocks founder, Julien, “Builders are more optimistic than ever and this is a very important sign.” 5. We’ve Seen Major Improvements in Developer Tooling As mentioned, we’ve seen major improvements in developer tooling in 2023. Notable examples include: Modern smart contract frameworks like Foundry Blockchain APIs like QuickNode Leading rollup development frameworks like Optimism’s Bedrock It’s becoming increasingly easy and quick to build blockchain applications. This . promotes innovation, attracts more developers, boosts interoperability, and contributes to cost efficiency 6. Smart Contract Security Is Growing Fast The crypto world has been dealing with hacks since the beginning, especially with smart contracts. Hackers have taken billions from DeFi projects, but the community is fighting back, and the field of smart contract security is growing . fast Nowadays, there's a lively community of smart contract auditors making good money to check for security issues. It used to be only big firms doing this, but now we're seeing more solo auditors, thanks to crypto bug bounty platforms like Immunefi and HackenProof. With so many eyes looking for problems, . This is a key step to earn the trust of Web2 businesses and users. the future of crypto is expected to be way safer 7. User Experience Keeps Improving Security is very important, but it’s not enough. User experience (UX) is another critical driver for adoption and engagement. Users don’t want to put in the effort to understand concepts like cross-chain compatibility and cryptographic keys — effective design simplifies usage. Conversely, poor UX leads to costly mistakes like losing tokens, and increases the need for user support, leading to user loss and low engagement. Well-designed platforms are key to building trust, especially considering the anonymous nature of blockchain transactions. As the blockchain space gets populated, good UX can be a crucial differentiator, attracting and retaining more users. Similarly, blockchain solutions can only compete with existing services, such as finance, social media, and supply management apps, with seamless UX and a familiar interface. The UX of dapps used to be terrible, but it has (thankfully) come a long way. For example, now offer a much smoother experience, making it easier for non-techies to participate in Web3. crypto wallets Another example is Immutable’s “Passport.” It allows users to log in to games via a single sign-on process rather than by connecting their wallets. This abstracts blockchain interaction, making logging in more familiar. This increased simplicity could allow a blockchain-based game to be a mainstream hit for the first time. 8. The Blockchain User Base Is Growing (Modestly) Adoption is a crucial metric; after all, the purpose of building crypto infrastructure is to support the development of dapps and a substantial number of users. Better security, improved user experience, and lower fees should attract a larger user base. However, despite some progress, adoption is still somewhat low. While this is my weakest argument for a potential crypto bull market in 2024, there’s been some progress. Notably, this year, we've seen traction in decentralized social media platforms like Lens. Besides, the landscape of Web3 games is super dynamic, with numerous new games being released and a few major ones in progress. According to , “blockchain gaming will see at least one title surpass 1 million+ daily active users” this year, with the most likely candidates being the games IMX and Immutable are launching in 2024. VanEck’s 2024 crypto predictions 9. TradFi and Fintech Are Onboarding the Crypto Train (Tchoo, Tchoo!) The most notable example of a fintech company embracing crypto is PayPal. It holds a 42% share of the online payment market and has allowed merchants to accept crypto payments since October 2020. In August 2023, PayPal made its second move into the crypto space by . It also introduced a crypto wire feature, enabling users to buy and sell cryptocurrencies. launching its own stablecoin Considering PayPal is the preferred payment method for most online merchants and a pivotal player in the eCommerce landscape, this development is monumental. PayPal embracing crypto opens up new possibilities and opportunities for the broader adoption of digital currencies in online transactions by . increasing accessibility, credibility, liquidity, and mainstream awareness Besides, the involvement of a major player may encourage regulators to develop clearer and more favorable regulations for the crypto industry. 10. Interest Rate Cuts Are on the Horizon This is the most important reason of all. You see, cryptocurrency is correlated to the stock market, which is heavily influenced by interest rates. Central banks have been to tame inflation. According to , since inflation has cooled down throughout 2023. raising interest rates since late 2021 Reuters most major developed economies have now decided to put a stop to aggressive rate hikes To ensure a soft landing rather than a recession, some Fed officials believe slashing interest rates will be in the cards next year. In fact, they expect 75 basis points of rate reductions throughout 2024. The European Central Bank is also likely to begin cutting rates as early as June 2024. has also backed these forecasts putting forward that “economists at Bank of America forecast 152 interest rate cuts from global central banks in 2024.” Business Insider Meanwhile, that “it’s not just the Fed that's pausing and maybe easing. I think a lot of the G4 central banks are in this mood to just make things a little bit easier.” JPMorgan's Phil Camporeale told CNBC When interest rates decrease, more capital becomes available, leading to a flourishing stock market. This positive correlation , potentially triggering a new bull market. extends to the crypto market 11. We’re Already Witnessing a Bullish Trend in the Crypto Market In 2023, Bitcoin, Ethereum, and several altcoins rose in value. The NFT market is also starting to recover. According to , “November saw a notable surge in NFT trading volume, nearing the $1 billion mark.” In addition to an increase in volume, the average transaction value of NFTs grew by 114%. Coin Market Cap These are very positive signs, but can this bullish trend be temporary? Well, it can. However, we haven’t seen these gains in a long time, and several other factors (listed in this article) strengthen the case for a 2024 bull market. WAGMI. 12. Crypto ETFs Are Coming Experts have been talking about crypto ETFs for years, but they might actually become a reality this time. BlackRock has officially filed for an . Of course, the SEC is trying to get in the way, but, as the world's largest asset manager, BlackRock actually stands a chance of winning against the SEC. Ethereum ETF and a Bitcoin ETF This is significant because it has the potential to open the floodgates. You see, a substantial amount of boomer money is tied up in pension funds, which are restricted to investing in stocks. A cryptocurrency ETF is technically a stock, even if the money ends up in crypto assets. Once crypto ETFs get the green light, pension funds will be able to diversify into the cryptocurrency market. To put it in perspective, at the time of writing, the entire crypto market is valued at , while an estimated was invested in pension funds as of 2021. $1.64 trillion $60.6 trillion The approval of crypto ETFs could trigger a massive inflow of capital into the cryptocurrency market. 13. The Fourth Bitcoin Halving Is Expected to Happen in April Halving is a programmed Bitcoin feature that happens , or roughly every four years. The next halving is expected to happen in April 2024 when the block height reaches 840,000. every 210,000 blocks Bitcoin halving . This has historically triggered a new bull market. reduces mining rewards by half, limits new Bitcoin creation, and curbs inflation, increasing the value of existing coins Is a Crypto Bull Market Really Coming in 2024? While institutional adoption of crypto may not be what early blockchain enthusiasts envisioned, it has the potential to propel the technology into the mainstream and drive new record highs in the crypto market. Personally, I’m bullish on crypto. I’ll invest in Bitcoin (and maybe Solana) for the first time, and continue exploring crypto and blockchain. In 2024, I’m looking forward to getting more involved in the world of , both personally and professionally. Web3 Still, remember that no one can predict the future, and past performance isn’t indicative of future results — please, read the full financial advice disclaimer below. ⚠️ Financial Advice Disclaimer The information provided in this blog post is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not intended as financial advice, and you should not consider it as such. The content is based on the author's opinion and research, and market conditions may change. Before making any investment decisions, you should conduct thorough research and, if necessary, consult with a qualified financial advisor. Past performance is not indicative of future results, and there is no guarantee that the predictions in this blog post will materialize or be suitable for your individual circumstances. Investing in cryptocurrencies and financial markets involves risk, and you should be aware of the potential for both gains and losses. Always do your due diligence and carefully consider your risk tolerance before making any investment decisions. The author and the website are not responsible for any actions you take based on the information provided in this blog post. You are solely responsible for your own financial decisions, and the author and website disclaim any liability for any financial loss or damage incurred as a result of the use of information from this blog post.

The Next Crypto Bull Market May Come in 2024: 13 Reasons Why

isn't just about mashing buttons or slaying dragons anymore. We're discussing a digital playground where gamers are viewers, creators, and buyers. Video games are weaving their pixel magic into everyone's lives, from your tech-savvy nephew to your grandma who still thinks 'Nintendo' is a new type of pasta. Games are becoming the new crossword puzzles, book clubs, and even yoga sessions for all ages. Gaming Note: Gen Alpha (born 2010 or later / 10-13 y.o.) Gen Z (born 1995-2009 / 14-28 y.o.) Millennials (born 1981-1994/29-42 y.o.) Gen X (born 1965-1980 / 43-58 y.o.) Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964 / 59-65 y.o.) Gaming's popularity Gaming's popularity isn't just growing. It's skyrocketing. Younger generations, in particular, choose gaming as their go-to form of entertainment, often even over traditional options like TV and movies. Not just a hobby. It's a cultural phenomenon, a way of life. As younger generations grow with gaming and technologies like cross-platform play and high-quality mobile games become more accessible, we will see even more inclusivity. Believe it or not, 40% of Baby Boomers also dive into gaming. The generation that brought us rock'n'roll is now leveling up in the virtual world. Not bad at all! But what with the Gen Alpha, the rising stars? A mind-blowing 94% of them are already game enthusiasts. This isn't just about playing. Now, it's more about being part of a gaming culture that's as natural to them as scrolling through a phone is to us. They're playing, watching, owning, and socializing in the gaming world. Multiplatform growth Get this: about half of Gen Alpha, Gen Z, and Millennials are instantly hopping from one platform to another. Mobile gaming? Check. PC battles? You bet. Console showdowns? Absolutely. Meanwhile, older generations are taking a different route. They're the laid-back, casual gamers who find joy in games that are like a relaxing Sunday afternoon. There is no need for epic quests or high scores. It's all about unwinding and having a good time. The trend of multiplatform gaming isn't just a fleeting fad. It’s gearing up to be the future of gaming. Money Regarding spending, about 60% of Gen Alpha, Gen Z, and Millennials have opened their wallets for video games in the past six months. The younger generations love to splash their cash (or their parents) on playable characters, seeking a deeper personal connection with the games. Whether for that shiny new sword or a snazzy space suit, Millennials are on top here to spend and spruce up their virtual experiences. But it's not just Millennials. Gamers from every generation are smoothly transitioning to payers. Of course, mobile gaming tops the charts in terms of paying players. In-game spending patterns reveal much about what each generation values in their gaming lives. While in-game currencies are a universal favorite, Gen X and Baby Boomers tend to invest more in utilitarian items like gear and content packs, reflecting a more practical approach to their gaming experience. The free-to-play model reigns supreme across all platforms and generations. However, console gaming sees a more even split between free-to-play and pay-to-play, especially among Gen Z and Millennials, likely due to the rise of subscription services. Baby Boomers, meanwhile, stick primarily to free-to-play, aligning with their preference for casual games. But we talk about that a little bit later. Video games and gaming platforms are the new hotspots for brands to strut their stuff. Over 50% of Gen Alpha, Gen Z, and Millennial players discover new brands while gaming. Here's the unexpected part! Gamers across generations tend to have a more positive attitude toward those brands. It could be the thrill of discovery or the joy of finding something new in a familiar game, but brands are making friends in the gaming world. Streaming As newer generations join the party, they bring in a wave of diverse engagement. We're talking about watching game streams, joining gaming communities, socializing in virtual worlds, tuning into podcasts, and integrating gaming into every aspect of life. Amidst all these engaging activities, viewing has emerged as a superstar. The gaming video boom is accurate, and it's spectacular. When old-school gamers prefer to play, 70% of Gen Alpha are not just about gaming. They're also avid viewers. This generation seamlessly switches between controller and spectator mode. Younger generations are all about the whole experience – playing the games, kicking back, and enjoying game streams and videos. They are all about the laughs and the highlights. Comedic gaming videos and compilations are their new 'must-watch TV.' Also, more social projects like Minecraft, Roblox, and Fortnite are the hubs, creative studios, and adventure parks all in one for new gamers - that's gaming for Gen Alpha. Over half of the Millennial generation follows suit, balancing playing games and watching gaming content. They are the bridge generation, comfortably settled in both the active and passive realms of gaming. Gen X gamers also play and view but with a slight twist. While they enjoy gaming videos, their primary love remains the gameplay itself. And Baby Boomers, on the other hand, are the purists of the gaming world. They typically lean towards playing games exclusively, preferring the direct experience of the game over watching others play. Identity, similarities, and differences between gaming generations Starting with baby boomers, only 12% of men and 8% of women in this generation call themselves “gamers.” Forward to Generation X, and the numbers start to change. Here, 29% of men and 19% of women consider themselves like this. From the millennial generation, gaming has become an essential part of the lifestyle for many. 54% of men and 39% of women proudly wear the gamer badge. Here, gaming is already the culture, way of life, and community they actively identify with. And yeah, on top is Generation Alpha, where 66% of men and 45% of women identify as gamers. Games for them are an integral part of their growing up, social interaction, and self-identity. Mobile gaming stands as the great unifier across all generations. Its low barriers to entry make it the most accessible platform, with 70% of Baby Boomers and a soaring 81% of Gen Alpha engaged. The younger generations will rule the roost in console and PC gaming. These platforms are prevalent among Gen Alfa (50%), Gen Z (43%), and Millennials (44%), offering a richer, more immersive gaming experience. Motivations to play games vary significantly across generations Starting with our Baby Boomers, their gaming motivation leans heavily towards mastery (17%). They're not as hooked on the social aspects. Instead, they find satisfaction in conquering challenges and mastering skills. Conversely, Gen Alpha gamers thrive on social interaction (48%) and immersion (46%). For them, gaming is a playground for making friends and diving into exciting worlds. But demonstrating your achievements is also essential for Baby Boomers (19%) and Gen Alpha (46%). For Gen Z and Millennials, Immersion is the biggest deal (44% for both generations). These generations seek experiences that envelop them in alternative realities, offering escape and excitement. Genres and gameplay preferences When it comes to genre preferences, there's a clear generational divide. Older gamers, including Baby Boomers, often gravitate towards puzzles (41%) and match games (28%). Meanwhile, Gen Alpha (42%), Gen Z (43%), and Millennials (41%) are Adventure genre seekers, often venturing into titles that offer expansive narratives and worlds to explore. Gen X combines two worlds and plays in Puzzles (36%), Matching (31%), and Adventure games (27%). The younger crowd also strongly prefers multiplayer genres like Battle Royale and Racing. This underscores their desire for socializing within games, turning each gaming session into a social event. Millennials have a special place in their hearts for narrative-driven games. Growing up in the '90s and 2000s, when story-rich games were in their prime, they craved games with compelling plots and rich exploration. Conclusion As we wrap up this exploration into the dynamic and diverse gaming world, a few key themes emerge, painting a vivid picture of how gaming has evolved and continues to shape our digital culture. 1. Baby Boomers and Gen X find solace in puzzles and mastery, while Millennials immerse themselves in narrative-driven adventures. On the other hand, Gen Alpha and Gen Z blend gaming with social interaction, thriving in a world where playing, watching, and creating content go hand in hand. Each generation brings its unique perspective to gaming. 2. With technological advancements and a shift in gamer preferences, , especially among younger generations. Gen Alpha, in particular, demonstrates a remarkable fluidity in moving between consoles, PCs, and mobile devices, reflecting a broader trend towards more integrated gaming experiences. multiplatform gaming has become increasingly prevalent 3. , from comedic sketches to in-depth reviews, caters to various tastes and preferences across age groups. This trend has transformed how players interact with games and opened new avenues for developers and publishers to engage with their audience. The explosion of gaming-related video content 4. in their gaming experiences. Younger gamers lean towards cosmetic or character-related purchases, reflecting a desire for personalization and representation, while older gamers invest in utilitarian items, emphasizing functionality and enhancement of gameplay. In-game spending habits reveal much about what different generations value More than just a pastime, gaming has become a significant part of our social fabric. For many, especially younger generations, it is a key component of identity and community, transcending traditional boundaries of entertainment.

Gaming Across Generations—A Comparative Study 

জেনারেশন জুড়ে গেমিং—একটি তুলনামূলক অধ্যয়ন

Gaming über Generationen hinweg – Eine vergleichende Studie

Juegos entre generaciones: un estudio comparativo

Le jeu à travers les générations : une étude comparative

पीढ़ियों तक गेमिंग-एक तुलनात्मक अध्ययन

世代を超えたゲーム—比較研究

세대 간 게임 - 비교 연구

Jogos entre gerações – um estudo comparativo

Игры разных поколений — сравнительное исследование

Nesiller Arası Oyun Oynama—Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma

Chơi game giữa các thế hệ—Một nghiên cứu so sánh

跨代游戏——比较研究

A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School by Catharine Esther Beecher, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON THE CARE OF THE KITCHEN, CELLAR, AND STOREROOM. here CHAPTER XXXII. ON THE CARE OF THE KITCHEN, CELLAR, AND STOREROOM. If parents wish their daughters to grow up with good domestic habits, they should have, as one means of securing this result, a neat and cheerful kitchen. A kitchen should always, if possible, be entirely above ground, and well lighted. It should have a large sink, with a drain running under ground, so that all the premises may be kept sweet and clean. If flowers and shrubs be cultivated, around the doors and windows, and the yard near them be kept well turfed, it will add very much to their agreeable appearance. The walls should often be cleaned and whitewashed, to promote a neat look and pure air. The floor of a kitchen should be painted, or, which is better, covered with an oilcloth. To procure a kitchen oilcloth as cheaply as possible, buy cheap tow cloth, and fit it to the size and shape of the kitchen. Then have it stretched, and nailed to the south side of the barn, and, with a brush, cover it with a coat of thin rye paste. When this is dry, put on a coat of yellow paint, and let it dry for a fortnight. It is safest to first try the paint, and see if it dries well, as some paint never will dry. Then put on a second coat, and at the end of another fortnight, a third coat. Then let it hang two months, and it will last, uninjured, for many years. The longer the paint is left to dry, the better. If varnished, it will last much longer. A sink should be scalded out every day, and occasionally with hot ley. On nails, over the sink, should be hung three good dish-cloths, hemmed, and furnished with loops; one for dishes not greasy, one for greasy dishes, and one for washing pots and kettles. These should be put in the wash every week. The lady who insists upon this, will not be annoyed by having her dishes washed with dark, musty, and greasy, rags, as is too frequently the case. Under the sink should be kept a slop-pail; and, on a shelf by it, a soap-dish and two water-pails. A large boiler, of warm soft water, should always be kept over the fire, well covered, and a hearth-broom and bellows be hung near the fire. A clock is a very important article in the kitchen, in order to secure regularity at meals. On Washing Dishes.
No item of domestic labor is so frequently done in a negligent manner, by domestics, as this. A full supply of conveniences, will do much toward a remedy of this evil. A swab, made of strips of linen, tied to a stick, is useful to wash nice dishes, especially small, deep articles. Two or three towels, and three dish-cloths, should be used. Two large tin tubs, painted on the outside, should be provided; one for washing, and one for rinsing; also, a large old waiter, on which to drain the dishes. A soap-dish, with hard soap, and a fork, with which to use it, a slop-pail, and two pails for water, should also be furnished. Then, if there be danger of neglect, the following rules for washing dishes, legibly written, may be hung up by the sink, and it will aid in promoting the desired care and neatness. Rules for Washing Dishes. Scrape the dishes, putting away any food which may remain on them, and which it may be proper to save for future use. Put grease into the grease-pot, and whatever else may be on the plates, into the slop-pail. Save tea-leaves, for sweeping. Set all the dishes, when scraped, in regular piles; the smallest at the top. Put the nicest articles in the wash-dish, and wash them in hot suds, with the swab or nicest dish-cloth. Wipe all metal articles, as soon as they are washed. Put all the rest into the rinsing-dish, which should be filled with hot water. When they are taken out, lay them to drain on the waiter. Then rinse the dish-cloth, and hang it up, wipe the articles washed, and put them in their places. Pour in more hot water, wash the greasy dishes with the dish-cloth made for them; rinse them, and set them to drain. Wipe them, and set them away. Wash the knives and forks, being careful that the handles are never put in water; wipe them, and then lay them in a knife-dish, to be scoured. Take a fresh supply of clean suds, in which, wash the milk-pans, buckets, and tins. Then rinse and hang up this dish-cloth, and take the other; with which, wash the roaster, gridiron, pots, and kettles. Then wash and rinse the dish-cloth, and hang it up. Empty the slop-bucket and scald it. Dry metal teapots and tins before the fire. Then put the fireplace in order, and sweep and dust the kitchen. Some persons keep a deep and narrow vessel, in which to wash knives with a swab, so that a careless domestic cannot lay them in the water while washing them. This article can be carried into the eating-room, to receive the knives and forks, when they are taken from the table. Kitchen Furniture.
Crockery. Brown earthen pans are said to be best, for milk and for cooking. Tin pans are lighter, and more convenient, but are too cold for many purposes. Tall earthen jars, with covers, are good to hold butter, salt, lard, &c. Acids should never be put into the red earthen ware, as there is a poisonous ingredient in the glazing, which the acid takes off. Stone ware is better, and stronger, and safer, every way, than any other kind. Iron Ware. Many kitchens are very imperfectly supplied with the requisite conveniences for cooking. When a person has sufficient means, the following articles are all desirable. A nest of iron pots, of different sizes, (they should be slowly heated, when new;) a long iron fork, to take out articles from boiling water; an iron hook, with a handle, to lift pots from the crane; a large and small gridiron, with grooved bars, and a trench to catch the grease; a Dutch oven, called, also, a bakepan; two skillets, of different sizes, and a spider, or flat skillet, for frying; a griddle, a waffle-iron, tin and iron bake and bread-pans; two ladles, of different sizes; a skimmer; iron skewers; a toasting-iron; two teakettles, one small and one large one; two brass kettles, of different sizes, for soap-boiling, &c. Iron kettles, lined with porcelain, are better for preserves. The German are the best. Too hot a fire will crack them, but with care in this respect, they will last for many years. Portable furnaces, of iron or clay, are very useful, in Summer, in washing, ironing, and stewing, or making preserves. If used in the house, a strong draught must be made, to prevent the deleterious effects of the charcoal. A box and mill, for spice, pepper, and coffee, are needful to those who use these articles. Strong knives and forks, a sharp carving-knife, an iron cleaver and board, a fine saw, steelyards, chopping-tray and knife, an apple-parer, steel for sharpening knives, sugar-nippers, a dozen iron spoons, also a large iron one with a long handle, six or eight flatirons, one of them very small, two iron-stands, a ruffle-iron, a crimping-iron, are also desirable. Tin Ware. Bread-pans, large and small pattypans, cake-pans, with a centre tube to insure their baking well, pie-dishes, (of block-tin,) a covered butter-kettle, covered kettles to hold berries, two sauce-pans, a large oil-can, (with a cock,) a lamp-filler, a lantern, broad-bottomed candlesticks for the kitchen, a candle-box, a funnel or tunnel, a reflector, for baking warm cakes, an oven or tin-kitchen, an apple-corer, an apple-roaster, an egg-boiler, two sugar-scoops, and flour and meal-scoop, a set of mugs, three dippers, a pint, quart, and gallon measure, a set of scales and weights, three or four pails, painted on the outside, a slop-bucket, with a tight cover, painted on the outside, a milk-strainer, a gravy-strainer, a colander, a dredging-box, a pepper-box, a large and small grater, a box, in which to keep cheese, also a large one for cake, and a still larger one for bread, with tight covers. Bread, cake, and cheese, shut up in this way, will not grow dry as in the open air. Wooden Ware. A nest of tubs, a set of pails and bowls, a large and small sieve, a beetle for mashing potatoes, a spad or stick for stirring butter and sugar, a bread-board, for moulding bread and making pie-crust, a coffee-stick, a clothes-stick, a mush-stick, a meat-beetle to pound tough meat, an egg-beater, a ladle for working butter, a bread-trough, (for a large family,) flour-buckets, with lids to hold sifted flour and Indian meal, salt-boxes, sugar-boxes, starch and indigo-boxes, spice-boxes, a bosom-board, a skirt-board, a large ironing-board, two or three clothes-frames, and six dozen clothes-pins. Basket Ware. Baskets, of all sizes, for eggs, fruit, marketing, clothes, &c.; also chip-baskets. When often used, they should be washed in hot suds. Other Articles. Every kitchen needs a box containing balls of brown thread and twine, a large and small darning needle, rolls of waste-paper and old linen and cotton, and a supply of common holders. There should also be another box, containing a hammer, carpet-tacks, and nails of all sizes, a carpet-claw, screws and a screw-driver, pincers, gimlets of several sizes, a bed-screw, a small saw, two chisels, (one to use for buttonholes in broadcloth,) two awls, and two files. In a drawer, or cupboard, should be placed, cotton table-cloths, for kitchen use, nice crash towels, for tumblers, marked, T T; coarser towels, for dishes, marked, T; six large roller-towels; a dozen hand-towels, marked, H T; and a dozen hemmed dish-cloths, with loops. Also, two thick linen pudding or dumpling-cloths, a gelly-bag, made of white flannel, to strain gelly, a starch-strainer, and a bag for boiling clothes. In a closet, should be kept, arranged in order, the following articles: the dust-pan, dust-brush, and dusting-cloths, old flannel and cotton for scouring and rubbing, sponges for washing windows and looking-glasses, a long brush for cobwebs, and another for washing the outside of windows, whisk-brooms, common brooms, a coat-broom or brush, a whitewash-brush, a stove-brush, shoebrushes and blacking, articles for cleaning tin and silver, leather for cleaning metals, bottles containing stain-mixtures, and other articles used in cleansing. ON THE CARE OF THE CELLAR.
A cellar should often be whitewashed, to keep it sweet. It should have a drain, to keep it perfectly dry, as standing water, in a cellar, is a sure cause of disease in a family. It is very dangerous to leave decayed vegetables in a cellar. Many a fever has been caused, by the poisonous miasm thus generated. The following articles are desirable in a cellar: a safe, or moveable closet, with sides of wire or perforated tin, in which cold meats, cream, and other articles should be kept; (if ants be troublesome, set the legs in tin cups of water;) a refrigerator, or large wooden box, on feet, with a lining of tin or zinc, and a space between the tin and wood filled with powdered charcoal, having at the bottom, a place for ice, a drain to carry off the water, and also moveable shelves and partitions. In this, articles are kept cool. It should be cleaned, once a week. Filtering jars, to purify water, should also be kept in the cellar. Fish and cabbages, in a cellar, are apt to scent a house, and give a bad taste to other articles. STOREROOM.
Every house needs a storeroom, in which to keep tea, coffee, sugar, rice, candles, &c. It should be furnished with jars, having labels, a large spoon, a fork, sugar and flour-scoops, a towel, and a dish-cloth. Modes of destroying Insects and Vermin.
Bed-bugs should be kept away, by filling every chink in the bedstead with putty, and, if it be old, painting it over. Of all the mixtures for killing them, corrosive sublimate and alcohol is the surest. This is a strong poison. Cockroaches may be destroyed, by pouring boiling water into their haunts, or setting a mixture of arsenic, mixed with Indian meal and molasses, where they are found. Chloride of lime and sweetened water will also poison them. Fleas. If a dog be infested with these insects, put him in a tub of warm soapsuds, and they will rise to the surface. Take them off, and burn them. Strong perfumes, about the person, diminish their attacks. When caught between the fingers, plunge them in water, or they will escape. Crickets. Scalding, and sprinkling Scotch snuff about the haunts of these insects, are remedies for the annoyance caused by them. Flies can be killed, in great quantities, by placing about the house vessels, filled with sweetened water and cobalt. Six cents worth of cobalt is enough for a pint of water. It is very poisonous. Musquitoes. Close nets around a bed, are the only sure protection at night, against these insects. Spirit of hartshorn is the best antidote for their bite. Salt and water is good. Red or Black Ants may be driven away, by scalding their haunts, and putting Scotch snuff wherever they go for food. Set the legs of closets and safes in pans of water, and they cannot get at them. Moths. Airing clothes does not destroy moths, but laying them in a hot sun does. If articles be tightly sewed up in linen, and fine tobacco be put about them, it is a sure protection. This should be done in April. Rats and Mice. A good cat is the best remedy for these annoyances. Equal quantities of hemlock, (or cicuta,) and old cheese, will poison them, but this renders the house liable to the inconvenience of a bad smell. This evil, however, may be lessened, by placing a dish, containing oil of vitriol poured on saltpetre, where the smell is most annoying. Chloride of lime and water is also good. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Catharine Esther Beecher (2007). A Treatise on Domestic Economy; For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21829/pg21829-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON THE CARE OF THE KITCHEN, CELLAR, AND STOREROOM.

Hi there! I'm thrilled to share how I managed to improve our release flow by 20% through the implementation of a system QA role. Given that my company is a typical product company, the teams are divided not by product but by components. Thanks to this, on the one hand, we managed to form powerful teams with "holders" of knowledge. But on the other hand, the roles within the units are relatively isolated, and different sets of hard skills and expertise impose their limitations. For example, I sometimes need to move a tester from the backend team to the frontend or vice versa. This led to the fact that there was a question of effective orchestration within QA teams and management of cross-team interaction. Which, of course, ultimately affected the release flow. Release flow before changes Before the changes, our release flow looked like this: A is a document that outlines the detailed needs, expectations, and specifications for a specific feature, system, product, or project within a business. It serves as a bridge between business stakeholders and the development or implementation teams, ensuring a clear understanding of what is to be achieved and how it aligns with the overall business should contain detailed scenarios that describe how users will interact with the feature. The Feature Owner (FO) is tasked with the duty of formulating business requirements. Business Requirements Specification (BRS) goals.It A is a comprehensive document that outlines the detailed description of what a software system is expected to accomplish.
For example, how and which commands interact, by which protocol, and what data will be transmitted. If the team working on the feature utilizes a graphical interface, the SRS should include layouts of the feature being developed. The feature Architect is responsible for writing SRS. Software Requirements Specification (SRS) – a set of cases that a feature owner checks before accepting a feature. After the documents are described, we proceed to implement the feature. When the first team finishes developing and testing its part of the feature, it's transferred to the second team. The second team performs integration/development/testing and passes it to the next unit. And so on until all component teams participating in the feature development pass through this flow. FO validates the feature, and it's sent to the release. Quality Action Plan (QAP) Release flow problems So, everything seems to be okay – documents, applications, acceptance cases. However, we encountered the following difficulties in this process: Problems on the part of QA: Requirements testing begins only after development. Tasks that have already been implemented by developers, along with their requirements, are handed over to the QA team. But, as we know, there may be errors in the requirements. Finding the team responsible for a bug takes quite a bit of time because it's not always clear which cases have already been tested by other teams. No reuse of test artifacts. As part of testing one feature, QA teams prepare similar test data sets. But due to the isolation and narrow specialization of the teams, they could not transmit this data to each other. Problems on the part of FO: Due to the many features, writing QAP takes a lot of time. Validation of the feature occurs after development by all teams. In our case, this significantly lengthens the release flow due to many integration issues. The preparation of the test environment is also precise due to the complexity of the product and the volume of integrations between teams. Different teams are testing their components simultaneously, increasing the risks of mashing, changing, or deleting data. System QA in the updated release flow To facilitate effective cross-team interaction among QA teams and reduce the release flow, we introduced the role of system QA. This helped alleviate the workload in the form of writing acceptance cases with FO and speed up the writing of test scenarios, introduce intermediate testing of the feature component before passing it to the next team, and also shift the time-consuming work of preparing the test environment to the system QA, taking into account all the nuances and requirements of the teams for integrations and test data. System QA has become a link between the technical and business requirements for each feature and the product as a whole. Onboarding for system QA To understand the entire release cycle, System QAs need to understand how a specific release cycle works in each team. Onboarding typically lasts about three months as the system QA spends 2-3 weeks in each team, understanding their specific release cycles. Results of the new process We are now testing the BRS/SRS requirements from feature owners and architects. Early bug detection leads to cost savings for the business. We've established a cross-team QA space, where test artifacts are attached to each feature – business requirements, technical requirements, acceptance cases, cases of other teams, test data. This significantly helped all QA teams to be in a single context and effectively reuse data. Accelerated the process of localization of bugs because the system QA has sets of test cases from all teams. Since the system QA is writing acceptance cases for each team, this is an excellent hint for speeding up and improving testing quality. The integration process has become painless since the feature is validated by acceptance cases after each command. Having removed a significant part of the load from the FO, the acceptance of features and the preparation of an integration stand with test data accelerated. Overall, accelerated the release flow by 15-20% and reduced the number of integration bugs by almost half since now we catch them both at the stage of writing BRS and SRS requirements and during team integrations within the framework of feature development. Happy and productive testing!

Boosting Productivity: A Guide to Implementing a New QA Role for Faster Releases

উত্পাদনশীলতা বৃদ্ধি করা: দ্রুত প্রকাশের জন্য একটি নতুন QA ভূমিকা বাস্তবায়নের জন্য একটি নির্দেশিকা৷

Produktivität steigern: Ein Leitfaden zur Implementierung einer neuen QS-Rolle für schnellere Releases

Impulsar la productividad: una guía para implementar un nuevo rol de control de calidad para lanzamientos más rápidos

Booster la productivité : un guide pour la mise en œuvre d'un nouveau rôle d'assurance qualité pour des versions plus rapides

उत्पादकता बढ़ाना: तेजी से रिलीज के लिए एक नई क्यूए भूमिका लागू करने के लिए एक गाइड

生産性の向上: より迅速なリリースのための新しい QA ロールの実装ガイド

생산성 향상: 더 빠른 릴리스를 위한 새로운 QA 역할 구현 가이드

Aumentando a produtividade: um guia para implementar uma nova função de controle de qualidade para lançamentos mais rápidos

Üretkenliği Artırma: Daha Hızlı Sürümler için Yeni Bir Kalite Güvence Rolü Uygulama Kılavuzu

Tăng năng suất: Hướng dẫn triển khai vai trò QA mới để phát hành nhanh hơn

提高生产力：实施新的 QA 角色以加快发布速度的指南

A new token debuts this month, straight out of the pages of a sci-fi movie. With all the hype about artificial intelligence (AI), ChatGPT and clever computers that think they are sentient, the WorldCoin founders want to ensure you are really human. (This is in addition to how the robots test us to see if we are not a robot, a.k.a. clicking on pictures of motorbikes.) In the marketing, the tech boffins tell you that it is all super simple: you get your retina scanned by one of their giant machines (called “the orb”), and it recognises you are an actual human with a natural retina. Your data is then matched, encrypted and stored, so you can always prove that you are the real you and not a machine or an imposter. (We are now coining the phrase “Orbwellian future”; remember you saw it here first.) The WorldCoin team claim the provable ID will be handy for future interactions where you have to prove that you are human and not a robot. As we already have facial or fingerprint recognition on our smart devices, 2FA and a plethora of passwords, us puppies secretly feel that the retinal scan may be unnecessary… On the plus side, it may be handy to prove you are human in the Metaverse (will it ever happen in a meaningful way), and not a robot player. Blockchain-encrypted iris scans could also be helpful for financial systems to prevent fraud; but again, we already have passwords, face and fingerprint recognition and 2FA. Millions of people disagree with us: over two million people have already signed up to have their eyeballs shot with a laser blaster. Volunteers are rewarded with 25 WLD tokens, currently worth around $3. But before you agree to the procedure, here are some things you should know. Stored biometric data on a centralised server may be a goldmine for hackers. WLD encrypts your personal data, but whatever is made secret could be discovered. (For those who use fingerprint or facial recognition on a smartphone, your data is encrypted and stored securely on your phone; it is NOT sent to Apple or Android servers.) Trusting a central authority to keep your data is risky and flies in the face of the crypto ethos: decentralization, not centralisation. Do not trust; verify. There is the possibility that rogue operators may insert additional data into the WLD system, thereby creating fake human identities for their own gain. We have seen this numerous times where so-called “influencers” pay to look good by having thousands of fake followers. There are also hundreds of thousands of “bots” on Twitter who spend all day and night praising the former president, plus the case where JP Morgan paid millions of dollars for an Edutech company that was 90% fake, with over four million fake student accounts. Receiving $75 seems nice, until you spend it tomorrow. Your human biometric data is stored forever, and you might be unable to delete it. There are currently only 200 orbs available to scan people (WLD hopes to make 1500 by the end of 2023). Scanning is available only in 35 cities in 20 countries. This gives a higher exposure to city dwellers, whilst rural people and those in poorer areas may be massively underrepresented. The creation of WLD and the orb is supposed to protect humans from sentient AI robots like ChatGPT. However, the founder of WLD is also the CEO of OpenAI, who created ChatGPT. Stay alert: in this Orbwellian future, the person promising you a vaccine cure may be the same person who just made the disease... Vitalik Buterin, the founder of the Ethereum network, has expressed several concerns about WLD, including the above. He proposes alternate solutions, including using existing locally-secured biometric data (i.e. your fingerprint and facial recognition that stay on your device) and having a social-graph solution. Each human person has unique social connections: friends, family, neighbours, employers and so on; even twins that share DNA would not have precisely the same social circles. Assuming that you are, in fact an actual human, not a robot, you have free will. If you wish, you can have your eyes lasered and stored with the father of Skynet, ahem, correction, ChatGPT. Enjoy the $75 bonus by all means. As for us, we will look for alternate solutions that are already proven and do not require trusting a centralised server. Remember, as we say on the Cryllionaire site, for a cryptocurrency to have long-term growth, it must have a unique offering. Simplifying the complex Still with Vitalik for a moment, the ETH founder wants to make crypto as simple as email. Anyone on the internet in the early 1990s knows it was quite an ordeal to get connected and even harder to find out what you wanted to know. Long before Google was invented, the elders of the internet had to use primitive tools such as dial-up 9k modems and conduct searches using Webcrawler or Yahoo. Yes, younglings, it was much like the baby Flintstone using a mammoth bone for a scrunchie. The internet was something you had to schedule time for: turning off call-waiting on your landline phone, making sure nobody was trying to call you, then dialling in, waiting for a connection, trying a search or waiting for your emails to come in. God forbid someone sent you an image or an audio file; those could take several hours or even several days to download. Nowadays, we have instant internet in the palm of our hands, and most people do not even realise they are using the world wide web. Announcing “I’m going on the internet” was a source of pride in the 90s; if you said that now, people would look at you funny. The early days of crypto were similarly very clunky. Wallets and exchanges have come a long way in the last few years, but we are still limited by writing passwords and seedphrases on old-fashioned paper. If ETH can pull off a secure way of storing and managing seedphrases without compromising security, they will have taken a bold step in democratising cryptocurrency for the masses. Currently, if you lose your seedphrase, you have lost all your crypto. If you do not have your seedphrase stored securely where your next of kin can find it on your death, then your funds have also been lost. It is estimated that almost 15% of all Bitcoin has been lost over the last decade through one in every seven people losing their seedphrases or not passing them on. Whilst it is a significant security risk to store your seedphrase online due to the risk of hackers, if ETH finds a way to digitise, encrypt and securely store your information, it will be a big win for the entire community and mass adoption. Good news out of Africa Most people will recall that Zimbabwe suffered massive hyperinflation in the last 10-15 years, with prices of goods rising hourly. The government reset the currency a few times after inflation peaked at around 69 septillion percent, wiping nine zeroes off the end of banknotes to make inflation seem a more manageable 100 billion percent. After trying another reset with the USD as a national currency and then again with their own Zim dollars (spoiler alert: it hyperinflated again), the government finally came around to the idea of a deflationary currency backed by gold in early 2022. Droves of Zimbabweans have also discovered cryptocurrency. Even though the Zim government banned crypto, locals have used VPNs to access foreign websites and exchanges to purchase crypto. This can be then sent to friends and family or to buy goods using Wattsapp, Telegram and other channels that the government cannot monitor. As few locals trust the Zim government to protect the paper currency, and there are concerns that the gold-backed currency may be corruptible or not-as-backed-as-you-may-think, crypto is an obvious solution: independent worldwide money without government control. El Salvador has used Bitcoin as its national currency since 2021, with mixed results, and we await the adoption by other countries who may distrust their governments, the WEF or the IMF. Given the choice between a piece of paper that can only be used locally and may be inflated or devalued on the whim of politicians and bankers, or something truly worldwide and independent of control, what would you choose? More good news: Ripple makes a splash The court battle of the SEC versus Ripple (XRP) has been going on for some three years, and crypto may finally have a win. A judge in the US District Court has eventually ruled that Ripple Lab’s XRP is not a security and not subject to SEC regulation… probably. The fine print is that XRP is not classified as a security when sold to ordinary retail investors, but could be classified as a security when sold to institutions or VC companies. This was seen as excellent news for ordinary XRP investors, and tokens surged some 80% on the news before settling down a few points as some investors took profits. Crypto fans applauded the news that XRP would be relisted on Coinbase, and stock in Coinbase also rose on the news. Many cryptocurrencies that the SEC regulators were targeting also climbed as a precedent was set that cryptocurrencies may not be the same as stocks. New ‘crypto-specific’ legislation may still have to be put into law, and maybe the SEC will finally back off crypto to focus on stocks and ETFs. Cops catch up to crypto criminals US law enforcement finally arrested the former CEO of FTX, Sam Bankman-Fried (also known as Scam Bankrun-Fraud), in late 2022. Finally, after more than six months, the Australian regulators at ASIC decided to cancel the license of FTX Australia. It would have been handy if ASIC had done it a year earlier, but apparently, it is better to lock the door after the dog has bolted than to never lock it at all. In other news, the CEO of bankrupt crypto firm Celsius, Alex Mashinsky, has also been arrested and charged with multiple counts of fraud. If found guilty on all charges, Mashinsky and his 2IC each face up to 115 years in prison. Similar charges were laid against stock market fraud Bernie Madoff in 2009, who was sentenced to 150 years and died in prison. (Interestingly, the godfather of financial fraud, Charles Ponzi, was only sentenced to five years.) Many companies go bankrupt through mismanagement or bad luck, but justice must be done when investors suffer losses due to massive deception. Seeing SBF and Mashinsky behind bars forever may not bring back your money, but it may bring you some satisfaction. And, they’re off! The race to worldwide crypto Two big things are affecting markets this month: the win by XRP that affects many other cryptocurrencies, and the race to have a Bitcoin ETF. The world’s largest fund manager, BlackRock already has exchange traded funds (ETFs) for US stocks, international stocks, gold, silver, copper and many other assets, so why not an ETF for Bitcoin? Bitcoin funds have been approved in Canada, Dubai and Brazil, but the USA has had to make do with a Bitcoin futures fund (the current US fund does not hold Bitcoin, instead it has various contracts to buy or sell it at agreed prices). Many applications have been submitted to the SEC for a spot Bitcoin ETF that would actually buy and hold the underlying asset. This would make it possible for institutions to invest into Bitcoin without having to create a wallet address and seedphrase, in much the same way that Gold ETF holders can buy and sell pieces of paper linked to the gold price without having to take delivery of the metal. Background sources indicate that anonymous institutions have been buying up Bitcoin quietly in the background while waiting for approval, as the price will likely be much higher after approval is granted. It is possible that as many as five Bitcoin ETFs may receive approval in the USA, whilst twice as many others have already been knocked back. Government regulators are insisting that investors into the crypto ETFs are correctly identified, ratified and proven not to be the Unabomber, so there will likely be more rules incoming. Whilst new regulations may seem cumbersome to those who have been in crypto for a few years, we feel that whatever brings crypto to the masses is good for everyone. The price of Bitcoin, whilst down a little for the month, is almost double what it was in November last year. Other SEC-targeted tokens such as Solana, XRP, BNB, Cardano and Tron are up over 100% for the year. How did we do? Markets continue to recover from their 2022 lows, and aspire to new all-time highs, buoyed by the introduction of Wall Street’s biggest names to cryptocurrency. Bostoncoin: Bitcoin is up 88%, Ethereum up 66%, and XRP is up 275% from last year. Our investment in LINK is up 84% in just one month. Stalwart BAT is up 310% for the year. DARTcoin: BNB is up 28%, QNT up 58%, and RNDR is up 365% for the year. We look forward to what happens when the Wall St crypto permits are granted, not just proposed. See you next month! As at July 31 2023 BOS Price AUD 68.7365478 BOS Price USD 47.0328695 July 31 2023 DART Price AUD 81.0679643 DART Price USD 54.2587885

OpenAI CEO Wants to Shoot You in the Eye With a Laser: What Could Possibly Go Wrong?

ওপেনএআই সিইও লেজার দিয়ে আপনাকে চোখে গুলি করতে চায়: সম্ভবত কী ভুল হতে পারে?

OpenAI-CEO will Ihnen mit einem Laser ins Auge schießen: Was könnte schiefgehen?

El CEO de OpenAI quiere dispararle en el ojo con un láser: ¿Qué podría salir mal?

Le PDG d'OpenAI veut vous tirer dans les yeux avec un laser : qu'est-ce qui pourrait mal tourner ?

ओपनएआई सीईओ आपकी आंखों में लेजर से गोली मारना चाहता है: संभवतः क्या गलत हो सकता है?

OpenAI CEO、レーザーで目を撃ち抜こうとしている: 何が問題になる可能性がある?

OpenAI CEO는 레이저로 당신의 눈을 쏘고 싶어합니다. 무엇이 잘못될 수 있을까요?

O CEO da OpenAI quer atirar no seu olho com um laser: o que poderia dar errado?

OpenAI CEO'su Lazerle Gözünüze Vurmak İstiyor: Ne Yanlış Olabilir?

Giám đốc điều hành OpenAI muốn bắn vào mắt bạn bằng tia laser: Điều gì có thể sai?

OpenAI 首席执行官想用激光射你的眼睛：可能会出什么问题？

The equities market has remained relatively stable over the past week, as several companies in the S&P 500 and Nasdaq released their Q2 earnings reports. Interestingly, the banking sector mostly outperformed Wall Street’s estimates, with Morgan Stanley and Bank of America posting higher earnings. However, on the other hand, Goldman Sachs a 3-year low in profits. reported Whether valuations will hold up next week when the Fed is expected to raise rates by 0.25% is yet to be seen. Bitcoin Erases XRP Ruling Gains is currently trading just below $30.000, down from its last week's high of $31.6K, which was triggered by a favorable ruling in the Bitcoin SEC vs. Ripple case. But more importantly, the move has sparked both positive and negative reactions from stakeholders across the digital asset industry, including crypto natives, traditional banks, and SEC Chair Gary Gensler. Mixed Opinions About the SEC vs. Ripple Ruling JP Morgan and Bank the win a 'groundbreaking victory' for crypto, and in particular, Coinbase exchange, which stands to benefit hugely from the advancements in regulatory clarity. Barclays termed Meanwhile, as expected, SEC Chair Gary Gensler expressed in the ruling and went on to note that the agency is still "looking at the decision and assessing the opinion." disappointment While the ruling’s positive effect on Bitcoin’s price evidently didn’t have enough momentum to hold above the $31.5K resistance, the 7-day moving average of new BTC addresses hit an all-time high of 500,000 this week. As the debate on Bitcoin’s viability continues amid its sideways price discovery fundamentals are slowly improving. Noteworthy Mentions The Stablecoin Debate: Assessing Value Proposition, Stability, and Regulation have become an integral part of the crypto ecosystem in recent years, as more market participants opt for them in favor of fiat trading pairs. However, their rise has not come without controversy. In our latest article, we take a deep dive into the stablecoin landscape, assessing the opportunity, stability, and regulatory challenges. Here is the link to the full . Stablecoins article Industry Shakers FSB finalizes high-level recommendations for regulating crypto-assets and stablecoins The Financial Stability Board has issued final recommendations for regulating global cryptocurrency activities. The recommendations cover appropriate supervision of crypto asset activities and markets, stressing data collection, issuer governance frameworks, and cross-border regulatory cooperation. Additionally, the board has proposed a set of regulations specifically for global stablecoin arrangements, emphasizing robust recovery and resolution plans from issuers. SEC Accepts Blackrock and Valkyrie BTC proposals for review Within a week, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) accepted a second spot Bitcoin ETF application for review. Valkyrie's proposal, the Valkyrie Bitcoin Fund, was added to the SEC's docket on Monday, following BlackRock's spot Bitcoin ETF proposal acknowledgment on July 13. Valkyrie resubmitted its Bitcoin ETF proposal on June 21, adopting 'BRRR' as the ETF ticker, referencing a meme that mimics the sound of printing money. Celsius Sells Altcoins Worth Over $24 Million After Court Approval Celsius, the troubled crypto lender, has begun selling more than $24 million worth of altcoins, such as Chainlink (LINK), Synthetix Network (SNX), BNB coin, 1Inch, and 0x Protocol (ZRX), among others. This move follows the approval obtained from the bankruptcy court on June 30, allowing Celsius to convert altcoins into Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) for distribution to its creditors. Adding to the turmoil, Celsius founder and former CEO, Alex Mashinsky was last Thursday. arrested Also published here.

Q2 Earnings in Focus: Market Holds Steady

A Chapter of Accidents

I ask myself if I am not here the victim of an illusion

🔥 Fascinating study by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago on the collapse of the world’s largest Crypto Shadow Banks! 🚨 Crypto Shadow Banks had a simple & highly attractive pitch: loan out Bitcoins or stablecoins and receive “guaranteed” interest rate payments of 8%. At the same time, interest rates on bank accounts were effectively 0%. Celsius told its clients that “Banks are not your friends” and “Unbank yourself,” and Voyager Digital urged them to “Beat your bank.” I have written before that Crypto Shadow Banks have been under regulatory scrutiny. Coinbase received a warning from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for its Earn product. BlockFi paid a $100 million penalty for violating securities laws by offering unregistered securities. SEC brought the same charges against Genesis & Gemini and against Celsius by several state regulators. FED study finds 3 shocks that lead to the demise of Crypto Shadow Banks 👇 1️⃣ The collapse of the TerraUSD stablecoin. Celsius and Voyager Digital saw outflows of 20% and 14% of funds over 11 days. Celsius had invested almost $1 billion in TerraUSD. BlockFi had outflows of $4.4 billion. 2️⃣ The failure of the crypto hedge fund Three Arrows Capital (3AC) because of the collapse of TerraUSD. Celsius and Voyager Digital had outflows of 10% and 39% of funds. Voyager Digital outflows started the day Celsius paused withdrawals. BlockFi had $3.3 billion in outflows. 3AC borrowed $2.4 billion from Genesis, $1 billion from BlockFi, $350 million, and $328 million from Voyager. All of the loans were uncollateralized. To survive, Genesis received a loan from Digital Currency Group (DCG). BlockFi received an investment from FTX, with a right to acquire BlockFi. Voyager secured a credit line from Alameda but declared bankruptcy anyway. 3️⃣ The failure of FTX in November 2022. FTX reported outflows of 37% of funds, within just two days. At Genesis and BlockFi, customers withdrew about 21% and 12% of their funds. At this point, BlockFi was effective without any assets. The collapse of Crypto Shadow Banks was different than typical bank runs 👇 ⛔ Clients of Crypto Shadow Banks did not have deposit insurance, but they have been under the illusion their deposits were safe. Alex Mashinsky of Celsius lied that his firm didn’t have any exposure to the collapse of TerraUSD. Voyager Digital tweeted that “USD held with Voyager is FDIC insured up to $250K.” Samuel Bankman-Fried of FTX has been charged with multiple types of fraud. 🧠 The bank runs were led by sophisticated institutional clients with large accounts. Clients at Celsius with over $500,000 were the fastest to withdraw, and 35% of all withdrawals were by accounts with more than $1 million. 🤖 The runs were purely electronic, with customers withdrawing funds through apps or web portals with ease. 💧 All Crypto Shadow Banks underestimated the magnitude of the bank runs. Their liquidity buffers were insufficient if they ever even existed. The collapse of Crypto Shadow Banks put severe pressure on Silvergate Bank and Signature Bank, which closed or failed in 2023, contributing along with the failure of Silicon Valley Bank to the recent banking turmoil.

Over 4 Million Crypto Investors Lost $46 Billion in 5 Months: The Collapse of Crypto Shadow Banks

Regulators are increasingly recognizing the need for urgent control of cryptocurrencies in light of events, such as , the bankruptcy of , or the notorious . These incidents serve as reminders of the risks and vulnerabilities inherent in the crypto industry, prompting authorities to reassess their approach and consider implementing stricter measures to safeguard both investors and the financial system. It appears that the EU is now trying to take a giant step to unify global crypto regulations. the collapse of the crypto exchange FTX Celsius Terra Luna crisis Need for Regulation Regulatory bodies worldwide are turning their attention towards cryptocurrency, which emerged as a spontaneous and unregulated alternative to national currencies. While many countries have already implemented operational requirements for crypto markets, significant changes are still on the horizon. These forthcoming changes reflect the ongoing efforts to strike a balance between the innovative potential of cryptocurrencies and the need for a robust regulatory framework. The clear need for more effective regulations is apparent, but the challenge lies in controlling an asset that attracts individuals because of its ability to operate beyond the reach of governments. Finding the golden mean between regulation and preserving the appeal of decentralized control presents a significant dilemma for those in charge. The blockchain regulatory environment presents challenges globally, with contrasting events occurring in different regions. China enforces strict limitations, while El Salvador recognizes Bitcoin, and the Biden administration's SEC seeks to impose significant regulations. In contrast, the European Union is taking proactive steps to establish a balanced framework for the crypto market. This creates a complex and uncertain landscape for crypto and blockchain enthusiasts worldwide. Let’s figure out what is going on with the new blockchain rules from the EU. EU'S MiCA as the First Step Europe has boldly embraced cryptocurrency regulation by introducing the game-changing rules known as [Markets in Crypto Assets (MiCA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markets_in_Crypto-Assets#:~:text=Markets%20in%20Crypto%2DAssets%20(MiCA,will%20become%20law%20in%202024.). This legislative milestone gained resounding support from lawmakers in the European Parliament in April. With the phased rollout starting in July 2024, Europe demonstrates its unwavering commitment to establishing a resilient regulatory framework for crypto assets. The future holds a more structured and secure landscape for the crypto industry on the continent. The recent adoption of MiCA rules in Europe represents a distinctive approach, as it establishes a unified set of strict regulations for companies operating with crypto assets throughout the bloc. Once implemented, digital asset service providers, including cryptocurrencies, will be required to comply with these rules. By adopting best practices from financial market regulations, MiCA aims to create clear rules for crypto-asset service providers and token issuers. These include custodial wallets, exchanges facilitating crypto-to-crypto or crypto-to-fiat transactions, crypto-trading platforms, as well as crypto-asset advisory firms and crypto-portfolio managers. MiCA encompasses three asset types: asset-referenced tokens (such as stablecoins backed by commodities or currencies), e-money tokens (backed by a single fiat currency), and other tokens, including utility tokens. NFTs will fall under MiCA's scope only if they share characteristics with the assets explicitly covered by the legislation. For instance, if an NFT resembles a utility token or a financial instrument, MiCA rules might apply. The law introduces a unified authorization system across the EU, enabling crypto-asset service providers (CASPs) authorized in their home country to offer services around the European Union. Unlike traditional national licenses, which restrict operations to specific countries, this legislation empowers regional Web3 businesses to operate in larger markets with fewer licenses. As per MiCA, it requires CASPs to meet new obligations, including having an EU office and resident director, implementing AML and data security measures, adhering to marketing regulations, preventing market abuse, handling complaints properly, acting professionally, as well as disclosing pricing and environmental impact information. In order to provide crypto asset services, including exchange-based services, a CASP must have a registered office in an EU member state and obtain authorization from the relevant local authority. Issuers of crypto assets, including stablecoins, are required to fulfill the white paper requirement, which involves submitting a document outlining the product characteristics and blockchain operations to EU regulators. Additionally, stablecoin issuers need to obtain a license before conducting their activities. What is the Potential MiCA? MiCA is set to usher in a new era of legal certainty for a wide range of crypto assets that currently lack comprehensive regulation under EU financial services law. Alongside its market integrity measures, this regulatory clarity is anticipated to create favorable conditions for developers, service providers, and investors, fostering a more secure and thriving crypto ecosystem. While the SEC in the U.S. is still scratching its head over crypto regulation and the U.K. tries to equate crypto with gambling, the European Union has decided to play peacemaker and establish a set of rules for multiple countries. While these rules represent a potentially positive step, it is crucial to find a footing that doesn't frighten away young enthusiasts and start-ups. It's like nurturing a delicate flower — too much regulation can hinder its growth and survival. It's important to create a supportive environment that encourages innovation and allows these budding ventures to flourish. Let's ensure that the regulatory framework doesn't become an obstacle, but rather a catalyst for the success of the next generation of crypto pioneers. Of course, we all agree that the crypto industry needs to clean up its act and bid farewell to wild personalities like Mr. Sam Bankman-Fried and Alex Mashinsky. It's time to rein in the wild west and bring a sense of order to this digital frontier. The EU's ambitious move towards unifying crypto may set a powerful precedent for other countries and regions. The true impact of MICA will only be revealed over time, allowing us to witness the unfolding of both the advantages and disadvantages of this vast and interconnected regulatory landscape. Sooner or later, we will gain a comprehensive understanding of the outcomes and consequences brought about by these ambitious regulations.

The Implications of MiCA: Shaping the Future of Crypto Regulations

THE SPANISH COPRIS: THE LAYING OF THE EGGS

Fabre's Book of Insects by Jean-Henri Fabre, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . THE SELF-DENIAL OF THE SPANISH COPRIS CHAPTER VIII. THE SELF-DENIAL OF THE SPANISH COPRIS You remember, I hope, the Sacred Beetle, who spends her time in making balls, both to serve as food and also to be the foundation of her pear-shaped nest. I pointed out the advantages of this shape for the young Beetles, since the globe is the best form that could be invented to keep their provisions from becoming dry and hard. After watching this Beetle at work for a long time I began to wonder if I had not perhaps been mistaken in admiring her instinct so greatly. Was it really care for her grubs, I asked myself, that taught her to provide them with the tenderest and most suitable food? It is the trade of the Sacred Beetle to make balls. Is it wonderful that she should continue her ball-making underground? A creature built with long curved legs, very useful for rolling balls across the fields, will go on with her favourite occupation wherever she may be, without regard to her grubs. Perhaps the shape of the pear is mere chance. To settle this question satisfactorily in my own mind I should need to be shown a Scavenger Beetle who was [ ]utterly unfamiliar with the ball-making business in everyday life, and who yet, when laying-time was at hand, made an abrupt change in her habits and stored her provisions in the form of a round lump. That would show me that it was not merely custom, but care for her grubs, that made her choose the globular shape for her nest. 110 Now in my neighbourhood there is a Beetle of this very kind. She is one of the handsomest and largest, though not so imposing as the Sacred Beetle. Her name is the Spanish Copris, and she is remarkable for the sharp slope of her chest and the size of the horn surmounting her head. Being round and squat, the Spanish Copris is certainly incapable of such gymnastics as are performed by the Sacred Beetle. Her legs, which are insignificant in length, and which she folds under her body at the slightest alarm, are not in the least like the stilts of the pill-rollers. Their stunted form and their lack of flexibility are enough in themselves to tell us that their owner would not care to roam about burdened with a rolling ball. The Copris, indeed, is not of an active nature. Once she has found her provisions, at night or in the evening twilight, she begins to dig a burrow on the spot. It is a rough cavern, large enough to hold an apple. Here [ ]is introduced, bit by bit, the stuff that is just overhead, or at any rate lying on the threshold of the cave. An enormous supply of food is stored in a shapeless mass, plain evidence of the insect’s gluttony. As long as the hoard lasts the Copris remains underground. When the larder is empty the insect searches out a fresh supply of food, and scoops out another burrow. 111 For the time being the Copris is merely a scavenger, a gatherer of manure. She is evidently quite ignorant, at present, of the art of kneading and modelling a round loaf. Besides, her short clumsy legs seem utterly unsuited for any such art. In May or June, however, comes laying-time. The insect becomes very particular about choosing the softest materials for her family’s food. Having found what pleases her, she buries it on the spot, carrying it down by armfuls, bit by bit. There is no travelling, no carting, no preparation. I observe, too, that the burrow is larger and better built than the temporary abodes in which the Copris takes her own meals. Finding it difficult to observe the insect closely in its wild state, I resolved to place it in my insect-house, and there watch it at my ease. The poor creature was at first a little nervous in captivity, and when she had made her burrow was very cautious about entering it. By degrees, however, she [ ]was reassured, and in a single night she stored a supply of the food I had provided for her. 112 Before a week was out I dug up the soil in my insect-house, and brought to light the burrow I had seen her storing with provisions. It was a spacious hall, with an irregular roof and an almost level floor. In a corner was a round hole leading to a slanting gallery, which ran up to the surface of the soil. The walls of this dwelling, which was hollowed out of fresh earth, had been carefully compressed, and were strong enough to resist the earthquake caused by my experiments. It was easy to see that the insect had put forth all her skill, all her digging-powers, in the making of this permanent home, whereas her own dining-room had been a mere cave, with walls that were none too safe. I suspect she is helped, in the building of this architectural masterpiece, by her mate: at least I often see him with her in the burrows. I also believe that he lends his partner a hand with the collecting and storing of the provisions. It is a quicker job when there are two to work. But once the home is well stocked he retires: he makes his way back to the surface and settles down elsewhere. His part in the family mansion is ended. Now what do I find in this mansion, into which I have seen so many tiny loads of provisions lowered? A mass of small pieces, heaped together anyhow? Not [ ]a bit of it. I always find a simple lump, a huge mass which fills the dwelling except for a narrow passage. 113 This lump has no fixed shape. I come across some that are like a Turkey’s egg in form and size; some the shape of a common onion; I find some that are almost round, and remind me of a Dutch cheese; I see some that are circular, with a slight swelling on the upper surface. In every case the surface is smooth and nicely curved. There is no mistaking what has happened. The mother has collected and kneaded into one lump the numerous fragments brought down one after the other. Out of all those particles she has made a single lump, by mashing them, working them together, and treading on them. Time after time I have seen her on top of the colossal loaf which is so much larger than the ball of the Sacred Beetle—a mere pill in comparison. She strolls about on the convex surface, which sometimes measures as much as four inches across; she pats the mass, and makes it firm and level. I only catch a sight of the curious scene, for the moment she sees me she slips down the curved slope and hides away. With the help of a row of glass jars, all enclosed in opaque sheaths of cardboard, I can find out a good many interesting things. In the first place I have found that the big loaf does not owe its curve—which is always [ ]regular, no matter how much the slope may vary—to any rolling process. Indeed I already knew that so large a mess could not have been rolled into a hole that it nearly fills. Besides, the strength of the insect would be unequal to moving so great a load. 114 Every time I go to the jar the evidence is the same. I always see the mother Beetle twisted on top of the lump, feeling here and feeling there, giving little taps, and making the thing smooth. Never do I catch her looking as if she wanted to turn the block. It is clear as daylight that rolling has nothing to do with the matter. At last it is ready. The baker divides his lump of dough into smaller lumps, each of which will become a loaf. The Copris does the same thing. By making a circular cut with the sharp edge of her forehead, and at the same time using the saw of her fore-legs, she detaches from the mass a piece of the size she requires. In giving this stroke she has no hesitation: there are no after-touches, adding a bit here and taking off a bit there. Straight away, with one sharp, decisive cut, she obtains the proper-sized lump. Next comes the question of shaping it. Clasping it as best she can in her short arms, so little adapted, one would think, for work of this kind, the Copris rounds her lump of food by pressure, and pressure only. Solemnly [ ]she moves about on the still shapeless mass, climbs up, climbs down, turns to right and left, above and below, touching and re-touching with unvarying patience. Finally, after twenty-four hours of this work, the piece that was all corners has become a perfect sphere, the size of a plum. There in her cramped studio, with scarcely room to move, the podgy artist has completed her work without once shaking it on its base: by dint of time and patience she has obtained the exact sphere which her clumsy tools and her confined space seemed to render impossible. 115 For a long time she continues to polish up the globe with affectionate touches of her foot, but at last she is satisfied. She climbs to the top, and by simple pressure hollows out a shallow cavity. In this basin she lays an egg. Then, with extreme caution and delicacy, she brings together the sides of the basin so as to cover the egg, and carefully scrapes the sides towards the top, which begins to taper a little and lengthen out. In the end the ball has become ovoid, or egg-shaped. The insect next helps herself to a second piece of the cut loaf, which she treats in the same way. The remainder serves for a third ovoid, or even a fourth. The Sacred Beetle, you remember, made a single pear-shaped [ ]nest in a way that was familiar to her, and then left her egg underground while she engaged in fresh enterprises. The Copris behaves very differently. 116 Her burrow is almost filled by three or four ovoid nests, standing one against the other, with the pointed end upwards. After her long fast one would expect her to go away, like the Sacred Beetle, in search of food. On the contrary, however, she stays where she is. And yet she has eaten nothing since she came underground, for she has taken good care not to touch the food prepared for her family. She will go hungry rather than let her grubs suffer. THE SPANISH COPRIS The burrow is almost filled by three or four ovoid nests, standing one against the other, with the pointed end upwards Her object in staying is to mount guard over the cradles. The pear of the Sacred Beetle suffers from the mother’s desertion. It soon shows cracks, and becomes scaly and swollen. After a time it loses its shape. But the nest of the Copris remains perfect, owing to the mother’s care. She goes from one to the other, feels them, listens to them, and touches them up at points where my eye can detect no flaw. Her clumsy horn-shod foot is more sensitive in the darkness than my sight in broad daylight: she feels the least threatening of a crack and attends to it at once, lest the air should enter and dry up her eggs. She slips in and out of the narrow spaces between the cradles, inspecting them with the utmost care. If I disturb her she sometimes rubs the [ ]tip of her body against the edge of her wing-cases, making a soft rustling sound, like a murmur of complaint. In this way, caring industriously for her cradles, and sometimes snatching a brief sleep beside them the mother waits. 117 The Copris enjoys in her underground home a rare privilege for an insect: the pleasure of knowing her family. She hears her grubs scratching at the shell to obtain their liberty; she is present at the bursting of the nest which she has made so carefully. And when the little captive, stiffening his legs and humping his back, tries to split the ceiling that presses down on him, it is quite possible that the mother comes to his assistance by making an assault on the nest from the outside. Being fitted by instinct for repairing and building, why should she not also be fitted for demolishing? However, I will make no assertions, for I have been unable to see. Now it is possible to say that the mother Copris, being imprisoned in an enclosure from which she cannot escape, stays in the midst of her nest because she has no choice in the matter. Yet, if this were so, would she trouble about her work of polishing and constant inspection? These cares evidently are natural to her: they form part of her habits. If she were anxious to regain her liberty, she would surely roam restlessly round [ ]the enclosure, whereas I always see her very quiet and absorbed. 118 To make certain, I have inspected my glass jars at different times. She could go lower down in the sand and hide anywhere she pleased, if rest were what she wanted; she could climb outside and sit down to fresh food, if refreshment became necessary. Neither the prospect of rest in a deeper cave nor the thought of the sun and of food makes her leave her family. Until the last of them has burst his shell she sticks to her post. I always find her beside her cradles. For four months she is without food of any kind. She was no better than a glutton at first, when there was no family to consider, but now she becomes self-denying to the point of prolonged fasting. The Hen sitting on her eggs forgets to eat for some weeks; the watchful Copris mother forgets food for a third part of the year. The summer is over. The rains so greatly desired by man and beast have come at last, soaking the ground to some depth. After the torrid and dusty days of our Provençal summer, when life is in suspense, we have the coolness that revives it. The heath puts out its first pink bells; the autumnal squill lifts its little spike of lilac flowers; the strawberry-tree’s coral bells begin to soften; the Sacred Beetle and the Copris burst their [ ]shells, and come to the surface in time to enjoy the last fine weather of the year. 119 The newly released Copris family, accompanied by their mother, gradually emerge from underground. There are three or four of them, five at most. The sons are easily recognised by the greater length of their horns; but there is nothing to distinguish the daughters from the mother. For that matter, the same confusion exists among themselves. An abrupt change has taken place. The mother whose devotion was lately so remarkable is now utterly indifferent to the welfare of her family. Henceforward each looks after his own home and his own interests. They no longer have anything to do with one another. The present indifference of the mother Beetle must not make us forget the wonderful care she has lavished for four months on end. Except among the Bees, Wasps, and Ants, who spoon-feed their young and bring them up with every attention to their health, I know of no other such case of maternal self-denial. Alone and unaided she provides each of her children with a cake of food, whose crust she constantly repairs, so that it becomes the safest of cradles. So intense is her affection that she loses all desire and need of food. In the darkness of the burrow she watches over her brood for four [ ]months, attending to the wants of the egg, the grub, the undeveloped Beetle, and the full-grown insect. She does not return to the glad outer life till all her family are free. Thus we see one of the most brilliant examples of maternal instinct in a humble scavenger of the fields. The Spirit breatheth where He will. 120 About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jean-Henri Fabre (2021). Fabre's Book of Insects. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67000/pg67000-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

THE SELF-DENIAL OF THE SPANISH COPRIS

A Fortuitous Coincidence

The Minotaur Myth The is a perfect example of something that had tremendous power yet also had a fatal weakness. The Minotaur was a half-human, half-bull creature with great strength and ferocity. Minotaur from Greek mythology However, it was ultimately defeated by the Athenian hero Theseus, who used the creature's one fatal weakness—its inability to navigate the labyrinth in which it was imprisoned—against it. Now, let’s find out how this powerful Greek mythical creature has anything to do with modern-day Microsoft, and how can aspiring young entrepreneurs find ways to fight its almost insurmountable power. Microsoft’s Resurgence When Satya Nadella took the reins as Microsoft's CEO in 2014, he inherited a company that was facing stagnation and struggling to compete in the rapidly evolving technology landscape. Nadella's leadership has since been credited with reinvigorating Microsoft by pivoting its focus from traditional operating systems and productivity software to cloud computing and AI. One good example is the Office productivity suite, and how it has evolved both before and after Nadella’s reign. Microsoft Office, first introduced in 1989, has become a cornerstone of productivity and communication in the business world. As a suite of software applications, it initially comprised Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, but has since grown to include other tools such as Outlook, Access, and Publisher. Microsoft's consistent efforts to improve and refine these applications have allowed them to maintain a dominant position in the market. By the early 2000s, Microsoft Office had become the industry standard for document creation, data management, and presentation design, a position it continues to hold today. In 2011, Microsoft introduced Office 365, a significant shift in the company's business strategy. By transitioning to a cloud-based, subscription model. This model helped solidify Microsoft's dominance in the market, while also creating a strong customer lock-in effect. The subscription model ensured a steady revenue stream for Microsoft and encouraged users to stay within the ecosystem, as the cost of switching to alternative solutions became more cumbersome and less appealing. But Microsoft’s ambitions went far beyond Office 365 and Azure cloud computing. Enter the Minotaur As we recall from the Greek myth, the Minotaur had great strength, mostly because it was a hybrid creature of half human and half bull. If we might make an analogy, Microsoft is: Half Human: human language and wisdom via OpenAI exclusive license Half Bull: computer language and intelligence via its ownership of GitHub We shall delve into each of these equally powerful halves for deeper analysis. Half Human - OpenAI and ChatGPT Microsoft's strategic investment in and its exclusive licensing partnership with OpenAI, the inventor of ChatGPT, has played a significant role in solidifying the company's position as a dominant player in the AI field. Announced in 2019, the partnership has helped Microsoft leverage OpenAI's cutting-edge research to develop new AI technologies and integrate them into its products and services. This collaboration has fueled the growth of Microsoft's AI ecosystem, enabling the company to deliver AI-driven capabilities across its offerings, including Azure AI services, Cortana, and even Office 365 applications. The sheer scope and unusually high velocity of OpenAI integration inside Office 365, Microsoft’s crown jewel of productivity suite, speaks volumes of the strategic importance of OpenAI to Microsoft. So, in a way, Microsoft now captures the entirety of human language, knowledge, and at least some inferred wisdom (which some Microsoft researchers called ). Through its exclusive licensing deal with OpenAI, it won’t have any close competitors. “a spark of AGI” You may argue that Google and Meta might challenge OpenAI/Microsoft’s monopoly, but their respective large language models, Bard and LLaMA, appear to be at least one generation behind. In addition, OpenAI has evolved from a non-profit organization to a capped-profit organization. And there is this amusing cap of profit at 100 times investment. Since Microsoft has already pumped and planned to pump over 10 billion dollars into OpenAI, you can safely assume that OpenAI will not disassociate from Microsoft any time soon. And Microsoft can always “invest” more money into OpenAI instead of buying products and services from OpenAI. This will perpetuate the symbiosis between OpenAI and Microsoft. It is no surprise that a bunch of very important people are alarmed enough to sign a petition to . halt all AI research for the next 6 months Half Bull - GitHub, Codex, and Co-Pilot The acquisition and integration of GitHub in 2018, a leading platform for software development and collaboration, further extended Microsoft’s grip on human intelligence as a whole. GitHub is a hub for all leading open-source projects, and you can consider it the aggregated repository of human intelligence expressed in a computer language that runs everything for everyone in today’s world. I would like to highlight the significance of OpenAI's Codex, an advanced language model that has had a profound impact on the field of software development, particularly through its integration with GitHub's Copilot. Codex, which is part of the GPT-3 family of models, is capable of understanding and generating human-like text, including programming code. Its ability to interpret natural language queries and generate accurate and contextually relevant code snippets has made it a valuable tool for developers. GitHub's Copilot, which leverages the capabilities of Codex, serves as an AI-powered coding assistant that helps developers write code more efficiently by providing real-time suggestions and automatically completing code segments. Copilot's integration with Codex has transformed the software development process by reducing the time and effort required to write code, minimizing errors, and enabling developers to focus on higher-level design and problem-solving tasks. After using GitHub Co-Pilot for an extended period of time and recently combining it with ChatGPT v4, I have just started to realize its tremendous power and immense potential. As a product manager and co-founder, now I can conceptualize an idea, write a succinct requirement, and let ChatGPT spit out a pretty decent boilerplate. Then, in Visual Studio Code with GitHub Co-Pilot, I can modify the function and parameters where necessary, fine-tune a bit of control flow and business logic, and I have a fully working prototype within hours. Since I’m not a real practicing software engineer, such prototyping would have cost me 1-2 weeks of hacking time or begging some software engineers to work on it. And it is not that far off from a true “no code” software development movement that will flourish among people who don’t even understand the basics of existing computer programming languages. For experienced software engineers, there are claims of 3x or even 10x productivity improvements via the combination of GitHub Co-Pilot and chatGPT v4. These tools can easily from GitHub’s gigantic repository and fit into the context of the software system that the developer is currently working on. find the design patterns It saves a lot of Google searches, reduces typing and error checking, and automates a large portion of documentation and testing. One engineer even lamented that he felt like losing one of his arms when GitHub Co-Pilot was offline for a few hours. The Potential Danger of the Minotaur Google’s mission is to “organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful”, and it achieves that by basically doing a PageRank on all the websites and building a giant index for them. But with Microsoft/OpenAI’s GPT large language model and GitHub codex, the world’s information might become condensed into billions and trillions of weights (numbers of statistical importance, figuratively speaking). And that’s when it hit me that we have entered the Minotaur moment of Microsoft. Microsoft's deep-rooted relationship with OpenAI has raised concerns about the potential for the company to use its combined power to create a monopoly in the field of artificial intelligence. OpenAI's GPT-4 language model is one of the most powerful AI systems in the world today, and GitHub is the world's largest code-hosting platform. If Microsoft were to use these tools to stifle competition, it could have a significant impact on the development of AI and the tech industry as a whole. It is important to note that these are just concerns, and there is no evidence that Microsoft is planning to use its combined power in a monopolistic way. However, it is crucial to be aware of the potential dangers of such a move and to ensure that Microsoft does not abuse its power. The Hope for Theseus (and Startups) Innovate on the Shoulders of Giants Startups can leverage big companies' platforms to innovate on new products by tapping into the resources, infrastructure, and user base that these platforms offer. Here are a few examples of previous success stories: Apple App Store and Google Play Store: By building apps on these platforms, startups can access a vast market of smartphone users, easily distribute their products, and benefit from the app stores' secure payment systems. Amazon Web Services (AWS): Startups can utilize AWS's cloud computing infrastructure to build and scale their applications, store data, and access advanced analytics tools. This allows them to focus on innovation and product development without worrying about investing in and managing their own IT infrastructure. By leveraging big companies' platforms, startups can gain access to resources, infrastructure, and user bases that would otherwise be difficult or expensive to acquire. This enables them to focus on innovation and product development, increasing the chances of success in the competitive market. We are already witnessing the Cambrian Explosion for AI-powered tools and solutions. Not a single day goes by without a flurry of announcements from aspiring startups mashing up  OpenAI’s GPT with new datasets (legal, financial), other AI models (voice recognition, image recognition), other generative AI solutions (voice synthesizing, text-to-image and text to video), and many more. Seek Help From the Sovereign One of the key risks of building on 3rd party for-profit platforms is that the platform might change, die, or even compete against its own ecosystem partners. One example is Facebook vs Zynga, while another example is major social networks’ de-platforming of different ideologies. Therefore, entrepreneurs might be able to find help in unusual places: Governments and  Regulators to thwart any anti-competitive behavior. And they might be able to learn a page from the previous anti-trust lawsuits in the technology sector. Playing the Game in the Open Open source has been the trusted and true weapon to fight big closed-source monoliths. Since OpenAI has closed-source its GPT-3 and GPT-4 models, Meta did an atypical move and open-sourced its own large language model named LLaMA for research purposes. This is by far the most advanced open-source LLM, with up to 65 billion weights trained on 1.4 trillion words. Even more interestingly, Meta also open-sourced 7, 13, and 33 billion weight models. These smaller LLMs enabled many research teams to come up with their own fine-tuned models based on the LLaMA. To name just a few: Alpaca from Stanford, Vicuna and Koala from Berkeley, GPT4All, and many many more. Using Reinforced Learning via Human Feedback, these research efforts claim they can reach 90-95% performance of the commercial ChatGPT 3.5 (175 billion weights), with only 7 billion or 13 billion weights. When you have these smaller LLM models and optimized C++ implementations like , suddenly you can run these models locally on your laptop. You now have a smart assistant running locally that does not rely on cloud service and costs nothing. llama.cpp The LLaMA models are for research only, thus you cannot use them commercially. There does truly exist open source LLMs, even though their scale and performance are generations behind the state of art commercial alternatives. However, many more open-source LLMs are popping up like mushrooms after an autumn rain. If you keep alert on huggingface and GitHub, you can find many of them such as: OpenAI: GPT-2 and GPT-Neo Colossal AI Together.xyz OpenChatKit Nomic-ai GPT4All Think Outside of the Labyrinth Office 365 might be Microsoft’s own Labyrinth. Why would I say that? Above all, Office 365 is critically important to Microsoft from a revenue and profit point of view (23% of total revenue in 2022 ( ). Microsoft might be able to add OpenAI capabilities to Office 365, but it might remain to be an incremental update rather than a fundamental change. source This is simply because Microsoft cannot move their enterprise customers, who are known to be risk-averse and glacial in change, into a new paradigm at too fast a pace or too dramatic a way. So in a way, Office 365 is kind of Microsoft’s shackles as well. So where are the opportunities for young startups? If we step back a bit, the reason we created the Microsoft Office suite, including Word, Powerpoint, and Excel, was that we could communicate better in a business environment. How can we invent new ways of communication that transcend beyond these existing tools? Think how Slack and Notion have transcended from emails, and how Figma has surpassed the traditional Adobe creative suite. Imagine how newer human-machine and human-human interfaces can work in a business environment. If you want to push into sci-fi territories, you can take into account Elon Musk's Neuralink where humans and machines are electrically connected. The advent of technologies like Elon Musk's Neuralink, which aims to establish direct communication between human brains and machines, opens up exciting possibilities for reimagining communication in the business environment. Here are a few ways such technology could potentially transcend traditional tools like the Microsoft Office suite: Thought-to-text communication: With the help of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) like Neuralink, people could communicate their thoughts directly as text or visual content, bypassing the need for keyboards or other input devices. This could lead to a more efficient and faster exchange of ideas, minimizing misunderstandings and miscommunications that can arise from conventional methods. Collaborative brainstorming: Brain-computer interfaces could enable real-time sharing of thoughts and ideas during brainstorming sessions, allowing team members to simultaneously contribute and visualize concepts. This could enhance creative problem-solving and decision-making processes, fostering a more collaborative and efficient work environment. Immersive presentations: Combining BCIs with augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) technologies could revolutionize business presentations. Instead of relying on traditional tools like PowerPoint, presenters could create immersive, interactive experiences that engage the audience's senses and emotions, leading to more effective communication of complex concepts and ideas. Emotion-aware communication: BCIs could potentially detect emotions and mental states during conversations, enabling participants to better understand each other's feelings and perspectives. This could enhance empathy, facilitate constructive feedback, and foster healthier working relationships. Direct knowledge transfer: Neuralink and similar technologies could pave the way for direct knowledge transfer between individuals or from machines to humans. This could revolutionize learning and training processes in the workplace, making them more efficient and personalized. While the development and implementation of technologies like Neuralink still have a long way to go, their potential to transform communication in the business environment is undeniable. By enabling more direct, efficient, and empathetic forms of communication, brain-computer interfaces could revolutionize how we collaborate, make decisions, and share knowledge in the workplace. An Uncertain Future While I am excited and elated by the newfound productivity gain from Microsoft’s OpenAI and GitHub combination, I am also concerned that one company can hold that much power over the entirety of the human race’s collective intelligence. I hope young Theseus can pick up the open-source sword and fight a new path outside of the labyrinth so that humanity’s intellect can prosper freely. : all illustrations are by the author and MidJourney Footnote

Microsoft’s Minotaur Moment

মাইক্রোসফটের মিনোটর মোমেন্ট

Der Minotaurus-Moment von Microsoft

El momento Minotauro de Microsoft

Le moment Minotaure de Microsoft

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट का मिनोटॉर मोमेंट

マイクロソフトのミノタウロスの瞬間

마이크로소프트의 미노타우로스 순간

Momento Minotauro da Microsoft

Microsoft'un Minotaur Anı

Khoảnh khắc Minotaur của Microsoft

微软的牛头怪时刻

Depending on who you are, January 11th, 2005 represents one of two things for you. If you’re a survival horror purist that believes in psychological horror instead of tension and action, it’s the day that survival horror died in your eyes. Some people are even tired of Resident Evil 4 because of how many times it has been remastered and ported to different consoles. On the other hand, if you’re a fan of the more modern take on survival horror and third-person action, it is the day that survival horror evolved. Resident Evil 4 was released on January 11th, 2005, and regardless of your opinion on it, survival horror, third-person shooters, and gaming, in general, changed forever when they did. 18 years later, Capcom revisited its most polarizing, and arguably most important game when it released the Resident Evil 4 remake. This article will be reviewing the remake, comparing it to the original, and asking whether or not the remake holds up to, or even exceeds the high bar that Resident Evil 4 set all those years ago. Resident Evil 4 Remake: Bringing A Classic Into The Modern Day Resident Evil 4 needs no introduction. If it hadn’t been for Resident Evil 4, gaming wouldn’t be what it is today. The advent of the third-person shooter in the late part of the early 2000s led to “stop and pop” third-person shooters. Games like Gears of War, Uncharted, Dead Space ( another survival horror classic ), and The Division wouldn’t have happened without Resident Evil 4. Its over-the-shoulder camera and revolutionary focus on moment-to-moment intense action gameplay changed how the gaming industry, which was largely focused on historical first-person shooters at the time, worked. In many ways, narrative-focused games were still in their infancy in 2005. Resident Evil paved the way for many of the storytelling and cinematic techniques that we enjoy today in games like The Last of Us. Why Remake Resident Evil 4 At All? I’m sure lots of people have asked why a remake of Resident Evil 4 is necessary, or even worthwhile. The original game exists and an HD remaster of it is available on just about every console. Even VR headsets have Resident Evil 4 on them now. And the answer is that eventually, things need to be redone. Resident Evil 4 is and always will be a classic, but the gaming industry has evolved in the last eighteen years. Controls that were tight and responsive back in 2005 are stiff and hard to work with now. Controlling Leon feels like you’re controlling a tank if you go back and play the original. Gameplay could also use an update to make things feel faster and more responsive to add to the immersion and the tension of the survival horror experience, to say nothing of what a visual upgrade can provide. Surviving The Horror: Resident Evil 4 Remake Gameplay Review Gameplay in Resident Evil 4 Remake is fast, frenetic, and terrifying, especially in the early game. You start with a pistol, ten rounds of ammunition, and a knife. Leon moves and responds well as you control him, nothing feels slow or sluggish, but movement does have a weight to it. Instead of the typical third-person shooter where you’re running around frantically spraying bullets as fast as your finger can pull the trigger, combat requires some extra consideration. Ammunition is scarce, so the spray-and-pray approach that you may take in other shooters doesn’t work in Resident Evil 4 Remake, you’ll be out of ammo quickly with hordes of enemies closing in on you, and no way to defend yourself. You have to make every shot count and aim for the head as often as possible. Because headshots do the most damage, they can save you ammo by helping you kill enemies more quickly. But on the flip side, enemies are responsive and move quickly instead of just letting you blow their heads off, so going for a headshot can be a risky proposition that could end up costing you ammo instead of saving it depending on your level of aim. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz2VnTchK-w&ab_channel=SwiftyUnknown&embedable=true It’s easy to say that you’ll be able to clear out a horde of enemies before you experience the intense combat situations the game throws at you. But when you’re standing in the middle of a village and a man with a chainsaw is running at you and screaming, and you need to reload your weapon, or you realize that you just ran out of ammo, you can start to panic. That panic can make you try and retreat frantically to a place that you think is safe, only to be grabbed from behind by someone that you didn’t see in your haste to get away and lead to you losing health, or even your life, and having to start over from a checkpoint. Stealth is also a large factor in the gameplay. Leon has a knife that he can use to damage enemies whether through a frontal assault or by sneaking around and taking them out quietly. Stealth allows you to preserve precious ammunition and get through some sections potentially unseen. But you have to be careful because Leon’s knife has a durability meter, so using it will cause the knife to degrade and eventually break. So you’ll either have to get a new one or repair the knife you already have, which can cost some of the resources you use to upgrade your weapons and gear. . In the original, the gameplay was tight and responsive for that period, but nearly two decades later it doesn’t feel fluid and responsive anymore. When aiming and shooting as Leon in the original you’re stuck in place and can’t move. You have to find a good spot to try and engage your enemies, aim toward them, and start firing. All the while hoping that you’ll be able to hit all of your shots and prevent your enemies from sneaking up on you, or rushing you to take a big chunk out of your health because you can’t dodge enemy attacks when your weapon is drawn. I love the changes that Capcom made to the gameplay when remaking Resident Evil 4 In the Remake, you can move around as much as you want even when you’re in combat, and that gives you a huge advantage over your enemies. It feels so good to be able to dodge out of the way of incoming projectiles like axes and planks of wood. Or to be able to quickly disengage your enemies and run away when you notice that someone has lobbed a stick of dynamite in your general direction. Being able to move during combat seems like such a small change, but it feels so good and enhances the gameplay in so many ways that I can’t imagine ever going back to the original. Boss fights especially benefit from this. The Jack Krauser fight in particular shines because of the gameplay tweaks. In the original Resident Evil 4, the Krauser fight was a glorified quick time event. If you pressed whatever button was on the screen fast enough, eventually you’d win. There wasn’t much thought or strategy to it, just button-mashing. In the Remake, you have to quickly be able to parry, dodge, and respond to Krauser and his strikes. You’re an active participant in the fight instead of feeling like a bystander that only pushes buttons to win, and it feels so much better than the original ever did. Resident Evil 4 Remake Crafting: Like other Resident Evil games, Resident Evil 4 Remake has a crafting system that lets you combine items to make something useful. Different herbs can be combined to make more powerful healing items. Gunpowder and resources can be combined to make different types of ammunition. Several possibilities allow gamers to tailor their playstyle to their liking based on the weapons they choose to buy and upgrade, and how they like to dispatch their enemies. The crafting in Resident Evil 4 Remake feels so much better to me than crafting did in the original because the system is much more robust. In the original Resident Evil 4, the most you could do was combine herbs in a few variations to create different healing items. In the Remake, you’re able to combine herbs, but also Gunpowder, and Resources to create ammunition for weapons. And the crafting trees are extremely streamlined, so it’s easy to understand what you’ll be crafting when mixing different items. Sound Design: The audio design in Resident Evil 4 Remake is immaculate. The reports of your weapons as you pull the trigger and they fire are incredible, every weapon sounds distinct, powerful, and deadly. The audio design is so strong that you can even hear the bullets impacting their targets if you have headphones on, and the sound of the impact is enough to make you wince and imagine that you’re feeling the blows yourself. Walking around the environments in Resident Evil 4 Remake is a treat because of the audio design. Leaves and trees rustle in the wind, gravel, and bones crunch underfoot, doors creak and groan as you open and close them and they all serve to immerse you in the place you’re inhabiting at that moment, terrifying as it can be. Enemies moan and groan as you walk around, alerting you to their presence, or they start screaming right behind you as they grab you and shock you because you had no idea anyone was there just a second before. The game’s soundtrack heightens the intensity by constantly managing to match the action on-screen, while also providing original tracks that tastefully represent the culture of Spain where the game is set. For me personally, the audio experience in Resident Evil 4 is some of the best that gaming has seen in years, right up there with Battlefield 5, the remake of Dead Space, and 2022’s Modern Warfare 2. The audio design is immersive, and the way it’s layered throughout the world is so clever and nuanced that it adds to the experience. Comparing it to the original Resident Evil 4 doesn’t feel fair because of how weak the original’s sound design feels compared to the Remake. Resident Evil 4 Remake Graphics Review The visual upgrade in Resident Evil 4 Remake is astounding. Everything in the game is so vividly detailed it’s amazing. The environments are richly detailed and painstakingly put together, and it shows, because of how lived-in the entire world feels. Walking through villages makes you feel like people genuinely live and work there because of the little details about the homes that signify their occupants' personalities. The enemies are gruesome to look at and become even more so after they take damage from Leon and his weapons. Limbs start to fall off, and holes appear in bodies. If explosions happen near an enemy, you can see their torso separated from the lower half of their body and watch them crawl around on the ground, with blood leaking from their entrails before they die. Heads pop with a satisfying spurt of blood when you land a headshot, knives send blood spurting through the air when you plunge one into the neck of an enemy and violently pull it out before sending them tumbling to the ground in a pool of blood. I found a striking difference when comparing the visuals of the Remake to the visuals of the original game because of how detailed and grotesque they are. Instead of blood pooling awkwardly underneath enemies and animations feeling stiff, blood leaking out of bodies looks hyperrealistic at times. Boss encounters are especially well done, with multiple transformations that take place and showcase just how gruesome and grotesque Resident Evil 4 can be when it’s firing on all cylinders. Heads start turning to the side and snapping, exposing broken bones and blood. Limbs break, and enemies start shambling towards you, typically with substances oozing from their bodies that splatter all over you and the environment. It cannot be understated how fantastic of a job Capcom did remaking this game for modern consoles. I love what Capcom did with the Graphics in Resident Evil 4 Remake, and I’m so excited to play the game again in VR in the future so I can analyze all of the visual details from a first-person perspective. The graphical upgrades enhanced my enjoyment of the game in every way because they made me feel more immersed in the events of Leon’s story, and more horrified at every new traumatic twist and turn. when it releases for the PSVR 2 Story The story in Resident Evil 4 Remake is surprisingly even better than the original. It’s well-told, well-scripted, well-acted, and well-paced, always managing to keep the tension and intensity high while making sure to add new details that weren’t in the original. Characters like Ada Wong, Luis Sera, and one of the major antagonists all get additional dialogue that fleshes their characters out and explains their backstories to make more sense of their reasons for being involved in the events of the game. And it’s wonderful because now Luis doesn't feel like someone that’s out of place,  and a major villain doesn’t feel like someone purely added in as an 80s action movie stereotype. As a gamer, I focus more on storytelling than gameplay. I can excuse some pretty bad or mediocre gameplay as long as the game is telling a fantastic story, and Resident Evil 4 has one of the best stories of the last few years gaming-wise. The writing is sharp and witty, but funny at the same time. Leon is a tragic and traumatized character after the events of Resident Evil 2. His near-death experiences shaped the way that he sees the world and informed his now at times extremely sarcastic personality that shows when he’s having conversations with characters like Ashley and Luis. Without the writing is so strong, I wouldn’t have been as invested in the game as I was. The story was tightly paced, gripping, and extremely well told, and the mystery made me want to keep playing just one more chapter by keeping me on the edge of my seat with suspense. Fear Levels: Fear is a subjective thing, some people scare easily, and some people don’t scare at all. Resident Evil 4 Remake does a wonderful job of offering something for everyone. Jump scares are in the game, and some people may find them the worst and or weakest kind of scare, but some people love and adore them because of the rush or the chill that they can provide. Other people prefer a thick atmosphere of tension and dread, and Resident Evil 4 Remake provides that easily with its high-quality enemy and encounter design and long stretches of puzzle solving. Because even when it’s quiet in Resident Evil 4 Remake and you think that you’re alone and out of combat, there’s no guarantee that you’re safe. An enemy can come up and hit you out of nowhere and either take a good chunk of your health away or kill you together. Resident Evil 4 can also be just as terrifying in combat, because you can get tunnel vision and focus on the enemy, or groups of enemies in front of you. That tunnel vision can lead to you forgetting to check your surroundings and being attacked from behind, or from the sides, and when you have a chainsaw-wielding maniac with a bag on his head charging at you, it’s hard enough to stay calm. But having that chainsaw-wielding maniac charging at you while someone has grabbed you from behind and they’re trying to hold you in place so you can get cut in two heightens that terror. Resident Evil 4 Remake does a fantastic job of consistently heightening the tension of the encounters you’re experiencing as a player. . But it has been a long time since a game was able to engage me the way that Resident Evil 4 Remake has when it comes to eliciting a fear response. I’m used to playing First Person Shooters where Ammo is plentiful like Doom Eternal or Call of Duty Vanguard. Not games like Resident Evil 4 where ammunition is scarce. Every time I missed a shot I felt it in my chest because there would be a pang of anxiety as the enemies that were trying to kill me would inch closer and closer to me. I’d be mentally beating myself up for missing shots because that meant I’d wasted resources in terms of ammunition and healing items if the enemies got close enough to hurt me. The audio design was constantly creepy, and more than enough to make my palms start to sweat from anxiety and keep them sweating for the duration of my playtime. There are a lot of survival horror games out there Final Thoughts Resident Evil 4 Remake is a fantastic game that meets the high bar set by the original and then exceeds it in many ways. The action of the gameplay is fast, frenetic, and brutal. The moment-to-moment gameplay is suspenseful because you never know whether you’ll be in a shootout, solving a puzzle, or learning more about the world you’re inhabiting through dialogue or environmental design. Tension is high throughout, and Resident Evil 4 Remake never takes its foot off the gas when it gets its hooks into you.

Resident Evil 4 Remake Review: A Horror Classic Reimagined

A TRAP FOR A TRAPPER

One of the small dangers of being in what is surely still a pretty niche industry within a huge industry is that social listening tends to give you what you want to hear. Or at least, what it thinks you want to hear. So, for someone working in blockchain gaming (the niche industry) within the overall gaming scene (the huge industry), you’re sure to be seeing a lot of nice things being said online. I do keep an eye on our Discord where our gamer community is most present. I’ve also been trying as much as possible to come on Twitter Spaces to spar with other blockchain or gaming or NFT industry people about developments and discussions. Like just a couple of weeks, where I had the pleasure to meet HackerNoon’s very own Utsav Jaiswal mashing it up about Web3 user acquisition. https://twitter.com/YoubiCapital/status/1590147159650758657?embedable=true And sure, there’s a lot of toxicity and negativity (particularly when the crypto sentiment is soured by everything going on in the background), but there’s probably a lot more that’s positive and encouraging -- so it helps to keep the momentum going for us in the business of building things. “Great Project”, so What? I won’t deny that it’s nice to see people buzz with excitement every time we share a sneak peek from our upcoming game or when we’re sitting around fielding questions from scores of interested crypto peeps. For me, it provides continuous and strengthening evidence that blockchain gaming is building on its promise and potential to be one of the true entry points for crypto and enablers of tomorrow’s Web3. But at the same time, I find a lot of value in looking at the ugly. Paying heed to the critics and listening to the naysayers, because often, a lot of what they say and feel is based at least partially on facts. Certainly, some of the arguments against blockchain gaming have a lot more meat than the majority of positivisms I see about my work or blockchain gaming in general… you know what I mean. “Great project”. “Amazing project”. “Huge potential”. “This is going to blow up”. “Bad Project”… so What? If I pay attention to some of the negative sentiments on Twitter, for example (and there are some tools that can help do this), there are some valid points. Remove the plain old unsubstantiated drivel and you do find genuinely frustrated gamers, almost as if in righteous anger. See some of these recent comments below from Twitter, for example, about a guy who can’t even try a new blockchain game because it’s too expensive: https://twitter.com/Babulson3/status/1594969443494686720?embedable=true Or about a game developer who’s written a manifesto about why he’ll never make an NFT game. this scribe post https://scribe.rip/look-what-you-made-me-do-a-lot-of-people-have-asked-me-to-make-nft-games-and-i-wont-because-i-m-29c7cfdbbb79?embedable=true Converting the masses to blockchain gaming won’t be an easy task. Particularly, because the mainstream gamer is a veteran of all kinds of cash grabs and shady things already going on in the gaming industry. The modern gamer is a cynic. Used to getting disappointed. Used to being seen as a wallet. Used to being inundated with all kinds of promises that end up falling short of even being a decent game they can enjoy. We in Blockchain Gaming Have to Do Our Job As my team continues to pour our love, sweat, and blood into our game, I find it important to take a pause every now and then and ask ourselves the questions that put us on this path of blockchain gaming. Yes, our focus is on building a great game with a great experience. Yes, we intend to explore and are developing our own unique proposals for blockchain tech improvements. But blockchain tech is an enabler, not the main feature, nor the discernible one. We need to answer the questions: Why do gamers play? What do they dislike about blockchain games? What can we do about creating more resilient crypto gaming ecosystems? How can we ensure our games are as inclusive as possible? How do we meet the unique needs of modern gamers who want to claw back financial value, without alienating the “purer” gamer for the sake of gaming? How do we keep games fun and not drown newcomers with crypto terminology that they really might not care about? And we may never arrive at the perfect answers, but we believe the effort to look for these answers will help us build better games. Because we have to admit it for now. Blockchain games aren’t fun… that’s the truth for most of what’s available out there. And that’s on us to fix.

Blockchain Games Suck

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