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LUXSHARE

luxshare

Blurring the Lines Between Real and Virtual Spaces Most of us have day jobs with set routines, responsibilities, and deliverables. Often, the mind wanders off, and as humans, we try to gauge alternative possibilities. What happens if I take the burden from one team member and add another team member to a project, suggest something to the executive leadership team, what should we cook for dinner, restaurant for the weekend, etc.? They are our banal thought processes. We are constantly juggling cause and effect and choosing the best of outcomes. Humans, in general, can do all this reasoning in the blink of an eye, which is the prophesized unique selling proposition of Artificial General Intelligence. Such decisions and their repercussions show us a parallel future that may exist — enter Metaverse, an environment that is a virtual space with augmented and virtual realities embedded therein. Think of people, cities, countries that exist digitally instead of flesh and bone or mortar and steel. In simple terms, Metaverse brings together the power of simulation technologies that we have championed over the last century and builds virtual worlds (almost like a video game) where people can have an immersive experience. Immersive Experience Little did Neal Stephenson (author of Snow Crash (1992) and the inventor of the term metaverse) know that this term will be foundational in building billion-dollar industries 30 years later. Metaverse has much excitement, and many companies are creating a digital presence. Nike has announced that it will create Nikeland on the metaverse platform Roblox. It will closely resemble the real physical Nike’s headquarters, and users can dress their avatars using Nike commodities, buy products from the virtual store, etc. Another metaverse platform Decentraland is hosting a first-of-its-kind Metaverse Fashion Week with lots of brands displaying their new collection and letting catwalk avatars walk the ramp. Some brands will be offering digital couture for the avatar where buyers can choose to sell the item and redeem the NFT (virtual currency — ) to buy a physical complement. Retailers like Walmart anticipate venturing into the Metaverse, creating their cryptocurrency and collection of NFTs. Instead of adding your milk and bread into a cart, we might be able to move around a store replica and buy our groceries (obviously delivered to our abode — we still cannot eat virtual bread and butter). Jokes apart, many exciting business models have been evolving in this space. Non-fungible token Advertising is yet another use case, as people embedded in the Metaverse can buy commodities for their digital self. This buying behavior will undoubtedly percolate into their real life. Instead of typing amazon.com on your web browser, we walk to the promised virtual land and buy the crockery we need for our dinner party by sieving through various advertised products in this virtual space (instead of your 2D computer screen). It indeed has taken 20+ years to get a seamless user interface for the 2D e-shopping world; I imagine, given the speed of innovation, one can get it right in half the time. Other use cases range from purchasing virtual avatars, buying homes to immersive learning in virtual classrooms. So, much scope for next-generation advertisement companies. What’s in for the technologist? Metaverse can be a melting pot of machine learning technologies like computer vision (CV), Natural Language Processing (NLP) and reinforcement learning (RL). We currently have a myopic view — use NLP to create voice agents, CV to figure missed items on a shelf or RL for scheduling and planning. Only some people have seen what happens when we bring voice and vision to make decisions. Google Deepmind, FAIR, OpenAI, and many other labs have been championing the decision-making aspect of artificial intelligence. No limits of technological advancements in voice and vision alone can take us close to Artificial General Intelligence unless we can use these sensations in a concerted way to take decisions. Thus, Metaverse may become a virtual experimental ground — a massive multiplayer game (RL folks, please think more about multi-agent RL and your favorite recipes for decentralized partially observable Markov Decision Processes). Build it, and They Would Come Flocking… Significant technology corporations like Microsoft and Meta (formerly Facebook) and financial services firms like Morgan Stanley have been flocking to integrate some form of metaverse offering in their product line. Virtual reality headset companies (Oculus, Pico, Varjo, Vive, etc.) that enable us to enter Metaverse and hardware manufacturers from MediaTek and TSMC to Luxshare have invested in building the hardware for the foundational Metaverse. Despite decades of development, these “entry tickets to metaverse” are bulky to wear and expensive to own. The whole point of creating a future parallel to reality (the Metaverse) is to have an immersive experience. Anything less from a user-experience point of view, we hit the first snag from a hardware point of view. Additionally, shouldn’t we start thinking about people who cannot see, hear or have an anxiety disorder (this was reignited as I watched Netflix’s As We See It). Or are we again going to create a judgmental metaverse? There are other issues concerning data and security, payment systems, legal jurisdiction in Metaverse that spans countries, ownership rights, etc. — more on these in a subsequent post. Being a machine learning scientist in academia and a technology executive in the industry, I have learned to see ideas such as Metaverse (and its earlier avatar Second Life and a few others) at the intersection of technology and product, but with a lens of ‘value’. Even crucially, will this have customer adoption? Such a thought process quickly becomes labored. Much as the promise is Metaverse becoming a virtual space where people can “feel” physically and emotionally present — are we there yet? Not yet. Will we buy such a system whenever it is available? Maybe. The next question we will ask is what for? Remember, all in all, we will have to devote physical (not virtual) time, money, and energy to interact with Metaverse. At the same time, I can see it being parallel to playing a videogame building community with your virtual neighbors but do we have the cognitive capacity to live a parallel life. Don’t we already have an information overload? Yes, tons of companies would be minting money showing VCs and users the promised metaverse land, but it would be crucial to ask what the product is? Build it, and the customer will come flocking mantra may not work. So, what can work? In my opinion, the first step towards the Metaverse is unleashed when you can use it to (a) make and (b) use it as a . One needs to build the incrementally. Otherwise, the customer adoption argument becomes quite strained if industries start opening “shops” in virtual spaces and using digital currencies or Non-fungible Tokens for buying/selling digital assets. The baby step towards Metaverse is , again an age-old concept. Take a small piece of the natural world, say a retail store, and use a dumb-down metaverse (the digital twin) to enable real-time visibility of all assets (commodities, store associates, supply chain flows, etc.). Then use technologies like computer vision to measure real-time supply-demand here-and-now at the store. Natural language processing sieves through thousands of correspondences and tells you what tasks need to be done. Finally, under the constraints of the digital twin, reinforcement learning makes decisions unfolding futures. This will help store managers have a real-time view of the store operations and take the nascent field of Digital Twins to make usable decisions. Technologically, it allows us to combine various voice and vision attributes and take optimal decisions. Don’t we all want to make informed decisions? I bet we do. decisions synthetic world for machine learning (ML) data generation product-market fit Digital Twins The other baby step towards the Metaverse surrounds the digital twin again, but this time with a view of . Our friends at Unity Technologies are already championing this line of thought, along with many other startups and technology companies. The central concept behind all of this is domain randomization. Digital twin, a subset of the Metaverse idea, enables us to create synthetic worlds and various subsets of the same world. What happens if my bedroom is painted red instead of white, the roads that I walk on are pebbled instead of concrete, change the visibility statistics (standard computer graphics tricks), etc. For example, most deep learning-based computer vision algorithms take a ton of training data. The digital twin (if constructed with rigor to reduce covariance shift from a real environment) can supply us with annotated synthetic data. Be it millions of kilometers of driving data for self-driving cars or hundreds of permutations for objects under different view statistics. Similarly, RL algorithms have a hard time generalizing when the domain is randomized, i.e., random changes in material (texture, color), light direction, light conditions, and placement of objects. The metaverse concept can help us alleviate some of the data efficiency problems. generating synthetic data In summary, if channeled from an end-product discussion, the excitement for Metaverse can shape and most probably lessen the impedance mismatch between the product and the market needs. Unchecked false assumptions can kill companies, no matter how technically great the solution is. First Published here

Building a Metaverse For Everyone

Startups of The Year 2023 Winners: North America 

Israeli-born entrepreneur Ben Sharon recently took to Twitter to announce the successful CertiK audit of LumiShare, the digital asset management company he co-founded in 2021. With Ben as the co-founder and CEO of LumiShare, the company raised $3.2 million in December 2022 in a seed round that was led by Sheikh Mohamed Bin Ahmed Bin Hamdan Al Nahyan of the Abu Dhabi royal family. Ben and I recently sat down for this interview. Read on! Thank you, Ben, for finding the time for this interview. What's your route to web3 and blockchain? I come from the land of Start-ups, Israel. I am a serial entrepreneur, and prior to starting LumiShare, I had other ventures in digital marketing where we used to provide SMM services to Start-ups, beyond that, I used to have an IT & Cyber Security company. Since 2016, I have been investing, trading, and reading about a lot of web3, blockchain, and NFT projects, and I read a lot of White Papers on various projects. A lot of people describe me as a geek. From 2016 onwards, I started to follow a lot of projects and tried to understand the market in general, and that is when I started liking the fascinating world of web3 and blockchain. What is the story behind the founding of LumiShare? Having done thorough research across various crypto projects, I got to know of the current problems in the cryptosphere, and hence started LumiShare to solve those problems and with a broader vision to bring trust and transparency in the world of Crypto, Blockchain, and Web3. There are three major problems that we are solving: one, the lack of mass adoption in crypto and NFTs. The two-sided marketplace lacks a breadth of products with underlying value, and UX is still of low quality. Two, there is no efficient market for real assets funding and investing by tokenizing it via NFTs using blockchain technology. And, lastly, the lack of transparency in web3 projects. Why is LumiShare called Gold Standard 2.0? Through a combination of human capital, technology, cash, and gold, we have created a new economic method driven by the innovation of blockchain and relying on traditional economics (specifically the US economy until 1971). With a vision to bring transparency and trust to the crypto markets, LumiShare has launched the world’s first Trust token, LUMI, which is backed up by three uncorrelated assets (Gold, Cash, and Technology).  LumiShare has also introduced the concept of "Proof of Transparency," including "Proof of Gold" and "Proof of Funds' in line with its vision of being 100% transparent to the world. The LUMI token is NOT a stable coin, and its floor price will always be correlated with the all-time high market cap value making it a unique token with limited downside and unlimited upside. Additionally, we at LumiShare, are creating an assets-backed NFT Marketplace is a financial ecosystem of tokenized renewable energy assets and digital transactions around a community of consumers, investors and businesses. Due to these uniquenesses in our ecosystem and the use of GOLD to back our tokens transparently, we are calling LumiShare a Gold Standard 2.0 As innovators in web 3, what market gap did you discover? As I mentioned before, I saw that there are four major gaps in the blockchain, crypto, and web3 market that no one is solving, and we want to solve that. There is a lack of mass adoption of crypto as only 5.3% of the people in the world hold crypto and NFTs. Opensea, which is the biggest NFT marketplace in the world, reported there are 90% scam NFTs on their platform, and also we believe the two-sided marketplace lacks a breadth of products with underlying value, and UX is still of low quality. There is no efficient market for real assets funding and investing by tokenizing it via NFTs using blockchain technology. And the lack of transparency and trust in web3 projects is a major drawback. Gold vs. Bitcoin is currently a trending topic in crypto, with relevant data showing the benefits and drawbacks of both assets. How do you describe this comparison? The comparison between gold and Bitcoin is an interesting and complex one, with both assets having their own set of positives and negatives. I think of the comparison from 4 points of view. One, as a Store of Value. Both gold and Bitcoin are considered stores of value, with investors seeking to preserve their wealth by owning them. Gold has been used as a store of value for centuries and is considered a "safe haven" asset in times of economic uncertainty, like the uncertainty we are seeing now due to the collapses of 3 US banks and Credit Suisse from Switzerland. Bitcoin, on the other hand, is a relatively new asset that has gained popularity as a digital store of value. Two, in terms of supply, Gold is a physical asset that is mined from the earth, and its supply is finite. While new deposits of gold may be discovered, the rate of production is relatively slow. Bitcoin, on the other hand, has a fixed supply of 21 million coins that will ever be created. This fixed supply has contributed to its scarcity and value. Three, in terms of portability. Bitcoin is a digital asset that can be easily transferred and stored, while gold is a physical asset that is bulky and heavy. This makes Bitcoin a more convenient asset to hold and trade, particularly for investors who are looking for a more flexible and mobile store of value. And four, in terms of volatility. Bitcoin is a highly volatile asset that can experience large price swings in a short period of time. While gold can also experience price volatility, it tends to be less extreme than Bitcoin. This volatility makes Bitcoin a more speculative investment, while gold is often considered a more stable long-term store of value. Is regulation stifling the growth of the crypto industry? The impact of regulation on the crypto industry is a complex issue with arguments for and against it. Here are some points to consider:one, regulation can help protect investors from fraud and other risks associated with the crypto industry. This can increase investor confidence and attract more mainstream adoption of cryptocurrencies. Two, the lack of regulation in the early days of the crypto industry allowed for illegal activities such as money laundering and financing of terrorist activities to occur. Regulation can help to prevent these activities from taking place and reduce their impact on the industry. Three, regulation can help to increase the legitimacy of the crypto industry and its assets, making them more acceptable to mainstream investors and institutions. This can lead to increased adoption and growth of the industry. Meanwhile, there are strong arguments against regulation which range from innovation-stifling to centralization to over-regulation. It's true that regulation can slow down the pace of innovation in the crypto industry, as companies and developers must adhere to strict guidelines and regulations. This can make it difficult for startups and smaller players to enter the market and compete with established players. It's also true that regulation can lead to centralization of the industry, as larger players who have the resources to comply with regulations become dominant, while smaller players are pushed out of the market. Lastly, excessive regulation can also be harmful to the industry, as it can create a barrier to entry and stifle innovation. This can lead to a loss of competitiveness and innovation, reducing the potential for growth and development of the industry. In conclusion, while regulation can have some positive effects on the crypto industry, such as increased investor protection and legitimacy, it can also have negative impacts, such as stifling innovation and centralizing the industry. Therefore, it is important to find a balance between regulation and innovation to ensure the sustainable growth of the crypto industry. With the recent SVB collapse, is it Bitcoin's time to shine? It is important to note that cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, are still a relatively new and volatile asset class. They can experience large price swings and are not immune to market fluctuations. While Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies may provide an alternative to traditional banking systems, they are not without their own risks and limitations. The collapse of SVB is not necessarily an indication of Bitcoin's time to shine, and investors should approach cryptocurrency investment with caution and a thorough understanding of the risks and limitations of these assets. With security in mind today, why should the average investor trust LumiShare? We have launched an assets-backed NFT Marketplace. With a vision to bring transparency and trust to the crypto markets, LumiShare has launched the world’s first Trust token, LUMI, which is backed up by three uncorrelated assets (Gold, Cash and Technology).  LumiShare has also introduced the concept of "Proof of Transparency," including "Proof of Gold" and "Proof of Funds," in line with its vision of being 100% transparent to the world. The LUMI token is NOT a stable coin and its floor price will always be correlated with the all-time high market cap value making it a unique token with limited downside and unlimited upside. What are you bullish on? Bitcoin or Gold? Both Bitcoin and Gold have unique characteristics that make them attractive to investors. Gold has been a store of value for thousands of years and has a track record of retaining its value during times of economic uncertainty. Bitcoin, on the other hand, is a relatively new and decentralized digital asset that is seen by many as a hedge against inflation and a potential alternative to traditional currencies. Ultimately, the decision of whether to invest in Bitcoin or Gold (or any other asset) should be based on individual investment goals, risk tolerance, and a thorough analysis of market trends and data. It is important to note that both Bitcoin and Gold are volatile assets, and investors should be prepared to withstand significant price fluctuations. Any parting words? LumiShare has attracted a growing user base of informed and empowered investors. The Private Office of His Highness Sheikh Mohamed Bin Ahmed Bin Hamdan Al Nahyan from the Royal Family of Abu Dhabi has joined as the official partner and investor. LumiShare has an active community of 50K+ members across its social media platforms. Our Smart contract has been audited by the best auditing company in the world: CERTIK Our talented team consists of top experts from the Blockchain, Fintech and Global Banking industries, including seniors from BlackRock, Polygon, Ethereum, Meta(Facebook), J.P Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Dubai Gold Exchange, Microsoft, Google, DE Shaw, Credit Suisse, Oxford University, OpenSea, AAVE, etc. We have recently been awarded as “The Most Innovative Blockchain Ecosystem of The Year 2022” by Entrepreneur Magazine (Middle East). We also got another award of being “One of the Top 20 Most Promising Companies in the World, 2022” from Business world magazine.

Interview with LumiShare Co-Founder and CEO Ben Sharon

Just before the release of the "Amnesia: Rebirth" game, the vendor "Fractional Games" opened the source code of the legendary "Amnesia: The Dark Descent" and its sequel "Amnesia: A Machine For Pigs". Why not use the static analysis tool to see what dreadful mistakes are hidden in the inside of these cult horror games? After seeing the news on Reddit that the source code of the games " " and " " was released, I couldn't pass by and not check this code using PVS-Studio, and at the same time write an article about it. Especially since the new part of this game-series - " " is released on the 20th of October (and at the moment of posting this article the game is already released). Amnesia: The Dark Descent Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs Amnesia: Rebirth "Amnesia: The Dark Descent" was released in 2010 and became a cult game in the survival horror genre. Frankly speaking, I have never been able to play through it, even a bit. The reason is that in horror games I play by one algorithm: install, run for five minutes, exit by "alt+f4" at the first creepy moment and delete the game. But I liked watching this game run through videos on YouTube. In case someone is not familiar with PVS-Studio yet, this is a static analyzer that looks for errors and suspicious places in source code of programs. I especially like delving into source code of games. So, if you are interested in what errors are made in games, you can read my previous articles. After checking, it turned out that a large amount of code overlaps between "The Dark Descent" and "A Machine For Pigs", and the reports for these two projects were very similar. So almost all the errors that I will cite further take place in both projects. The better half of errors found by the analyzer in these projects was copy-paste errors. This explains the title of the article. The main reason for these errors is the " ". last line effect Let's get right to it. Copy-paste errors There were a lot of suspicious places that looked like inattentive copying. Some cases may be due to the internal logic of the game itself. Once they confused both the analyzer and me, at least a comment could be of use. After all, other developers may be as clueless as I am. Fragment 1. Let's start with an example where the entire function consists of comparing method results and fields values of two objects and . I will cite the entire function for clarity. Try to see for yourself where the error was made in the function: aObjectDataA aObjectDataB Here's a pic for you to avoid accidentally spying on the answer: Did you find a bug? So, in the last , there is a comparison using on both sides. Note that all the expressions in the original code were written in a line. Here I broke lines so that everything fits exactly in the width of the line. Just imagine how hard it will be to look for such a flaw at the end of the working day. Whereas the analyzer will find it immediately after building the project and running incremental analysis. return aObjectDataA There are identical sub-expressions 'aObjectDataA.mpObject->GetVertexBuffer()' to the left and to the right of the '<' operator. WorldLoaderHplMap.cpp 1123 V501 As a result, such an error will be found almost at the time of writing the code, instead of hiding in the depths of the code from several stages of Q&A, making your search much more difficult. Note by my colleague Andrey Karpov. Yes, this is a classic "last line effect" error. Moreover, this is also a classic pattern of the error related to comparing two objects. See the article " ". The Evil within the Comparison Functions Fragment 2. Let's take a quick look at the code that triggered the warning Here is a screenshot of the code for clarity. This is how the warning looks like: There are identical sub-expressions 'lType == eLuxJournalState_OpenNote' to the left and to the right of the '||' operator. LuxJournal.cpp 2262 V501 The analyzer found that there is an error in the check of the variable value. The equality with the same element of the enumerator is checked twice. lType eLuxJournalState_OpenNote First, I wish this condition would be written in a table-like format for better readability. In this form, it becomes much easier to notice the error even without the analyzer. Anyway, here comes a question - does such an erroneous check lead to logic distortion of the program? After all, one may need to check some other value, but the check was missed due to a copy-paste error. So, let's take a look at the enumeration itself: lType There are only three values with the word "Open" in their name. All three are present in the check. Most likely, there is no logic distortion here, but we can hardly know for sure. So, the analyzer either found a logical error that the game developer could fix, or found an "ugly" written snippet that would be worth rewriting for better elegancy. Fragment 3. The following case is generally the most obvious example of a copy-paste error. Two similar code fragments were found. Perhaps, this is a typo and 'mvSearcherIDs' variable should be used instead of 'mvAttackerIDs'. LuxSavedGameTypes.cpp 615 V778 In the first loop, the pointer (obtained via ) is handled. If the condition is not met, a debug message is issued for the same . However, in the next loop, which is formed the same as the previous code section, is obtained using . While the warning is still issued with the mention of . pEntity mvAttackerIDs mvAttackerIDs pEntity mvSearcherIDs mvAttackerIDs Most likely, the code block with the note "Searchers" was copied from the "Attackers" block, was replaced with , but the block was not changed. As a result, the error message uses an element of the wrong array. mvAttackerIDs mvSearcherIDs else This error does not affect the logic of the game, but this way you can play a dirty trick on a person who will have to debug this place, and waste time working with the wrong element. mvSearcherIDs Fragment 4. The analyzer indicated the next suspicious fragment with as many as three warnings: Expression 'pEntity == 0' is always false. LuxScriptHandler.cpp 2444 V547 There are two 'if' statements with identical conditional expressions. The first 'if' statement contains function return. This means that the second 'if' statement is senseless. Check lines: 2433, 2444. LuxScriptHandler.cpp 2444 V649 Consider checking for misprints. It's possible that the 'pTargetEntity' should be checked here. LuxScriptHandler.cpp 2444 V1051 Take a look at the code: The warning was issued for the second check. For the analyzer, this check will always be , since if this condition were , the function would exit earlier due to a previous similar check. V547 pEntity == NULL false true The next warning ( ) was issued just for the fact that we have two identical checks. Usually this case may not be a mistake. Who knows, may be one part of the code implements the same logic, and another part of the code must do something else based on the same check. But in this case, the body of the first check consists of , so it won't even get to the second check if the condition is . By tracking this logic, the analyzer reduces the number of false messages for suspicious code and outputs them only for very strange logic. V649 return true The error indicated by the last warning is very similar in nature to the previous example. Most likely, all checks were duplicated from the first check, and then the object being checked was replaced with the required one. In the case of the and objects, the replacement was made, but the object was forgotten. As a result, this object is not checked. if(pEntity == NULL) pBody pTargetBody pTargetEntity If you dig a bit deeper into the code of the example we are considering, it turns out that such an error will not affect the program performance. The pointer gets its value from the function: pTargetBody GetBodyInEntity The first passed argument here is an unchecked pointer that is not used anywhere else. Fortunately, inside this function there is a check of the first argument for : NULL As a result, this code works correctly in the end, although it contains an error. Fragment 5. Another suspicious place with copy-paste! In this method, the fields of the class object are zeroed. cLuxPlayer But for some reason, the two variables and are zeroed twice: mfRollSpeedMul mfRollMaxSpeed The 'mfRollSpeedMul' variable is assigned values twice successively. Perhaps this is a mistake. Check lines: 298, 308. LuxPlayer.cpp 308 V519 The 'mfRollMaxSpeed' variable is assigned values twice successively. Perhaps this is a mistake. Check lines: 299, 309. LuxPlayer.cpp 309 V519 Let's look at the class itself and at its fields: Interestingly, there are three similar variable blocks with related names: , , and . In , these three blocks are reset to zero, except for the last two variables from the third block, and . Just in place of these two variables, duplicated assignments are found. Most likely, all these assignments were copied from the first assignment block, and then the variable names were replaced with the necessary ones. mfRoll mfLeanRoll mvCamAnimPos Reset mfCamAnimPosSpeedMul mfCamAnimPosMaxSpeed It may be that the two missing variables should not have been reset, but the opposite is also very likely. In any case, repeated assignments will not be of great help in supporting this code. As you can see, in a long set of identical actions, you may not notice such an error, and the analyzer helps you out here. Fragment 5.5. The code is very similar to the previous one. Let me give you a code snippet and a warning from the analyzer for it right away. The 'mfTimePos' variable is assigned values twice successively. Perhaps this is a mistake. Check lines: 49, 53. AnimationState.cpp 53 V519 The variable was set to 0 twice. As in the previous example, let's get into in the declaration of this field: mfTimePos You may notice that this declarations block also corresponds to the assignment order in the erroneous code snippet, as in the previous example. Here in the assignment, gets the value instead of the variable. Except for in this case, the error can't be explained by copying the block and the "last line effect". may not need to be assigned a new value, but this piece of code is still dubious. mfTimePos mfLength mfLength Fragment 6. This part of code from "Amnesia: A Machine For Pigs" sparked off the analyzer to issue a truckload of warnings. I will give only a part of the code that triggered errors of the same kind: Where is the error here? Here are the analyzer warnings: The enumeration constant 'eLuxEnemyMoveState_Jogging' is used as a variable of a Boolean-type. LuxEnemyMover.cpp 672 V768 The enumeration constant 'eLuxEnemyMoveState_Walking' is used as a variable of a Boolean-type. LuxEnemyMover.cpp 680 V768 The enumeration constant 'eLuxEnemyMoveState_Jogging' is used as a variable of a Boolean-type. LuxEnemyMover.cpp 688 V768 The if-else-if sequence in the original code is repeated, and further these warnings were issued for each body of each . else if Let's consider the line that the analyzer points to: No surprise, an error crept into such an expression, originally written in line. And I'm sure you've already noticed it. The enumeration element is not compared with anything, but its value is checked. Most likely, the expression 'prevMoveState == eLuxEnemyMoveState_Jogging'was meant. eLuxEnemyMoveState_Jogging Such a mistake may seem quite harmless. But in another article about checking the Bullet Engine, among the commits to the project, I found a of the same kind, which led to the fact that forces were applied to objects from the wrong side. As for this case, this error was made several times. Well, note that the ternary condition is completely meaningless since it will be applied to the boolean results of logical operators in the last place. fix for an error Fragment 7. Finally, the last couple of examples of copy-paste errors. This time again in a conditional statement. The analyzer issued a warning for this piece of code: I think that in such a separate fragment from the entire code, it is quite easy to notice an awkward place. Nonetheless, the error found its way to hide from the developers of this game. The analyzer issued the following message: There are identical sub-expressions to the left and to the right of the '||' operator: avSubDiv.x > 1 || avSubDiv.x > 1 ParticleEmitter.cpp 199 V501 The second parenthesis in the condition indicates that both and fields are checked. But in the first parenthesis, for some reason, this point was missed and only the field is checked. In addition, judging by the review comment, both fields should have been checked. So it is not the "last line effect" that has worked here, but rather the "first line effect", since in the first parenthesis the author forgot to replace accessing the field with accessing the field. x y x x y Obviously, such errors are very insidious, since in this case even the explanatory comment to the condition did not help the developer. In such cases, I would recommend making it a habit to record related checks in tabular form. This way, it is easier both to edit, and notice a defect: Fragment 7.5. An absolutely similar error was found in a different place: Did you get a chance to see where it was hiding? It is not for nothing that we've already dealt with so many examples :) The analyzer has issued a warning: There are identical sub-expressions to the left and to the right of the '==' operator: edge1.tri1 == edge1.tri1 Math.cpp 2914 V501 We'll sort this fragment through one part after another. Obviously, the first check checks the equality of the fields and , and at the same time the equality of and : edge1.tri1 edge2.tri2 edge1.tri2 edge2.tri2 In the second check, judging by the correct part of the check 'edge1.tri2 == edge2.tri1', equality of these fields had to be checked in a crosswise way: But instead of checking for , there was a pointless check . By the way, all this is in the function, I removed nothing. Still such an error has wormed into the code. edge1.tri1 == edge2.tri2 edge1.tri1 == edge1.tri1 Other errors Fragment 1. Here is the following code snippet with the original indents. PVS-Studio warning: It is possible that this 'else' branch must apply to the previous 'if' statement. CharacterBody.cpp 1591 V563 This example can be confusing. Why does have the same indent as the outer one at the level? Is it implied that is for the outermost condition? Well, then one has to place braces correctly, otherwise refers to the right-front . else if else else if Or is it not so? When writing this article, I changed my mind several times about which version of the actions sequence for this code was most likely. If we dig a bit deeper into this code, it turns out that the variable , which is compared in the lower , can't have a value less than zero, since it gets the value from the method: fForwardSpeed if Length Then, most likely, the point of these checks is that we first check whether the element is greater than zero, and then check its value relative to . Moreover, the last two statements correspond to each other in terms of the wording. mfMoveSpeed fForwardSpeed if In this case, the original code will work as intended! But it will definitely make the one who comes to edit/refactor it rack their brains. I thought I'd never come across code that looked like this. Out of interest, I looked at our found in open-source projects and described in articles. Examples of this error were also found in other projects - you can look at them . collection of errors yourself Please, don't write like this, even if you are clear about it yourself. Use braces, or correct indentation, or better - both. Don't make those who come to understand your code suffer, or yourself in the future ;) Fragment 2. This error has taken me aback, so it took a while to find logic here. In the end, it still seems to me that this is most likely a mistake, a quite whopping one. Take a look at the code: It is dangerous to create a local variable within a loop with a same name as a variable controlling this loop. BinaryBuffer.cpp 371 V711 So, we have a variable, which controls the exit from the loop. But inside this loop, instead of assigning a new value to this external variable, a new variable named is declared. As a result, it overrides the external variable, and the variable that is checked in the loop condition will never change. ret do-while ret ret With mishap coinciding, such a loop could become infinite. Most likely, in this case, it is an internal condition that saves this code. It checks the value of the internal variable and leads to the exit of the function. ret Conclusion Very often, developers do not use static analysis regularly, but with long breaks. Or even run the project through the analyzer only once. As a result of this approach, the analyzer often does not detect anything serious or finds something like the examples we are considering, which may not particularly affect the game's performance. One gets the impression that the analyzer is not really useful. Well, it found such places, but everything still works. The fact is that there were similar places where a mistake was on the surface, and definitely resulted in a program error. These fragments have already been refined due to long hours of debugging, test runs, Q&A department. As a result, when the analyzer checks the project only once, it shows only those problems that did not manifest themselves in any way. Sometimes such problems comprise critical issues that actually affected the program but will not likely to follow their scenario. Therefore, this error was unknown to the developers. That's why it is extremely important to evaluate the usefulness of static analysis only after its regular use. Once a one-time run through PVS-Studio revealed such suspicious and sloppy fragments in the code of this game, imagine how many obvious errors of this kind had to be localized and fixed in course of development. Use a static analyzer regularly! Previously published at https://www.viva64.com/en/b/0769/

Fixing Code Errors in Amnesia: The Dark Descent

I have lingered thus long on the extreme bank

In recent years, containerisation has emerged as a transformative technology that has refashioned the way applications are developed, deployed, and managed in the world of IT. This technological advacement, driven by a rich history has significantly shaped the modern computing landscape. Containerisation has become synonymous with agility, scalability, and efficiency, and it makes it an indispensable tool for organisations striving to stay competitive in the digital age, like Google with their internal cloud manager, , which has been leading the way since the early 2000s. Borg Linux operating system lies at the core of this container revolution. It plays a pivotal role in container orchestration. Linux, with its potent capabilities and open-source nature, has become the de facto standard for containerisation, powering platforms like and that have gained widespread adoption. Docker Kubernetes The purpose of this article is to illuminate the intricacies of containerisation, with a specific focus on the complexities of process management within containers. I aim to unpack the challenges faced in orchestrating processes in containerised environments and overview innovative solutions to address these issues. By the end of this article, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role Linux plays in container orchestration and will be equipped with valuable acumen for optimising process management within containerised applications. The Basics of Containerisation Containers are lightweight, stand-alone executable packages that encapsulate an application along with all its dependencies, libraries, and configuration files. They isolate these components from the host system and other containers — it ensures consistency and portability across different environments. Containers have become essential because they facilitate developers to package applications once and run them anywhere. It streamlines the development-to-deployment pipeline and advances a consistent, reproducible environment. Docker, Kubernetes, and Other Containerisation Platforms While containers as a concept existed long before, their explosion in popularity can be attributed to platforms like Docker and Kubernetes. Docker simplified container creation and management, making them accessible to a wider audience. Kubernetes, on the other hand, brought a kind of revolution to container orchestration and scalability. Notably, even default Linux daemons nowadays are run in containers, emphasising the pervasive influence of containerisation. The Role of Linux Linux, with its capabilities and open-source nature, plays a pivotal role in the . It emerged as the mainstay of containerisation due to its flexibility, scalability, and community-driven development. It provided the ideal environment for it to flourish, thanks to its rich feature set and robust security model. containerisation ecosystem The secret bit behind Linux's containerisation mastery lies in and . Kernel namespaces enable the isolation of resources, such as file systems, network interfaces, and process IDs, allowing multiple containers to coexist on the same host without interference. kernel namespaces cgroups , short for control groups, regulate resource allocation, ensuring that containers receive their fair share of CPU, memory, and other resources. These Linux features are fundamental to the operation of containers and underpin their ability to provide a secure, isolated environment for applications. cgroups Process Isolation in Containers The foundation of containerisation is in its ability to provide robust process isolation. Understanding why this isolation is crucial is fundamental to grasping the value of containers. Security Concerns in Shared Computing Environments In shared computing environments, where multiple applications coexist on the same host, there is no way of compromising security. Without proper isolation, one misbehaving or compromised application could potentially impact others, leading to data ruptures, service disruptions, and compromised system integrity. Containers address these security concerns by creating a barrier between processes, ensuring that each operates within its own isolated environment. Resource Allocation and Predictability Resource management is another critical aspect of process isolation. Containers offer a predictable and controlled environment where resource allocation can be finely tuned. This predictability is needed for maintaining consistent performance and establishing that applications do not contend for resources, guaranteeing a stable and efficient computing experience. Kernel Namespaces Kernel namespaces are a fundamental building block of process isolation within containers. These namespaces provide a means to create separate and distinct environments for processes, which effectively shield them from each other. PID, NET, IPC, UTS, Mount Namespaces, and User Namespaces for Security Kernel namespaces come in different shapes, each serving a specific purpose. Process ID (PID) namespaces isolate process IDs, ensuring that processes within a container have their own unique view of the system's process tree. Network (NET) namespaces control network-related resources via creating isolated network stacks for each container. IPC, UTS, and Mount namespaces isolate interprocess communication, system identification, and file system mounts, respectively. Moreover, User namespaces provide additional security by mapping container-level user identities to distinct host-level user identities. Namespaces achieve isolation by providing each container with its private namespace for each resource type by employing special system calls (mainly ) or providing specific flags to syscall. This partition means that processes inside a container believe they are operating within their dedicated environment because they receive a copy of one or several and seize sharing it with other processes.. This isolation ensures that processes cannot interfere with each other, which in turn enhances security and resource predictability. unshare(2) clone(2) namespaces Challenges in Process Management Process management in a complex computing environment comes with its fair share of difficulties. As organisations scale up their operations, they often encounter a myriad of challenges that demand solutions. As the number of concurrent processes increases, resource contention becomes a troublesome issue: processes vying for CPU time, memory, and I/O resources can lead to barriers, slowing down overall system performance. becomes an art in this situation. Ensuring that CPU, memory, and I/O constraints are met without starving or overwhelming processes is a continuous struggle. Striking the right balance is the key. Resource management Furthermore, keeping track of an expanding array of processes bears resemblance to the intricate task of managing disparate entities. The orchestration of process scheduling, prioritisation, and the imperative of optimising their individual efficiency compounds in complexity as the volume of processes proliferates. Fairness, in this regard, is the cornerstone of effective resource management. Allocating resources to different processes, regardless of their size or priority, is a constant endeavour. Solutions to the Challenges We have thoroughly dissected the challenges inherent in process management, and this would be pointless without pointing out designed to mitigate these challenges effectively. Here is a short summary of the most outstanding: solutions and methodologies Container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes and Docker Swarm offer powerful tools for process management at scale. Orchestrators streamline process management by automating deployment, scaling, and resource allocation. Robust monitoring tools such as , , and provide critical insights into process performance. They ensire proactive monitoring and efficient resource utilisation. cAdvisor Prometheus Grafana Furthermore, establishing resource quotas and limits is essential to prevent resource overutilisation and ensure fair distribution. There are also a myriad of practices for efficient process management, including prioritising scheduling, proactively monitoring performance, and adopting auto-scaling mechanisms. These strategies, along with maintaining documentation, backup plans, security protocols, and performance tuning, collectively help organisations secure a stable and resilient computing environment and seamless operations while overcoming process management challenges. The Summary: Trends to Watch The future promises to bring more . We anticipate innovations in orchestration platforms that will streamline process management further. As containers continue to gain momentum, we foresee process management evolving to address specific challenges. Technologies like , bridging the gap between traditional virtual machines (VMs) and containers, will play a pivotal role in enhancing security and isolation. automation, self-healing, and adaptability gVisor With the increasing importance of hardware-level optimisations, technologies like are believed to recast process management. Addressing memory bandwidth and CPU cache limits at the hardware level will be instrumental in optimising performance. Intel Resource Director Undoubtedly, the future of Linux process management within containers is shaped by the relentless advance of technology. As the Linux kernel evolves, containerisation matures, and innovative technologies like and Intel Resource Director come to the fore, we anticipate a landscape where process management is both efficient and finely tuned to the demands of each workload. eBPF

Linux Process Management in Containers: Challenges and Solutions

Mathilda by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER V here CHAPTER V Nearly a year had past since my father’s return, and the seasons had almost finished their round—It was now the end of May; the woods were clothed in their freshest verdure, and the sweet smell of the new mown grass was in the fields. I thought that the balmy air and the lovely face of Nature might aid me in inspiring him with mild sensations, and give him gentle feelings of peace and love preparatory to the confidence I determined to win from him. I chose therefore the evening of one of these days for my attempt. I invited him to walk with me, and led him to a neighbouring wood of beech trees whose light shade shielded us from the slant and dazzling beams of the descending sun—After walking for some time in silence I seated my self with him on a mossy hillock—It is strange but even now I seem to see the spot—the slim and smooth trunks were many of them wound round by ivy whose shining leaves of the darkest green contrasted with the white bark and the light leaves of the young sprouts of beech that grew from their parent trunks—the short grass was mingled with moss and was partly covered by the dead leaves of the last autumn that driven by the winds had here and there collected in little hillocks—there were a few moss grown stumps about—The leaves were gently moved by the breeze and through their green canopy you could see the bright blue sky—As evening came on the distant trunks were reddened by the sun and the wind died entirely away while a few birds flew past us to their evening rest. Well it was here we sat together, and when you hear all that past—all that of terrible tore our souls even in this placid spot, which but for strange passions might have been a paradise to us, you will not wonder that I remember it as I looked on it that its calm might give me calm, and inspire me not only with courage but with persuasive words. I saw all these things and in a vacant manner noted them in my mind while I endeavoured to arrange my thoughts in fitting order for my attempt. My heart beat fast as I worked myself up to speak to him, for I was determined not to be repulsed but I trembled to imagine what effect my words might have on him; at length, with much hesitation I began: “Your kindness to me, my dearest father, and the affection—the excessive affection—that you had for me when you first returned will I hope excuse me in your eyes that I dare speak to you, although with the tender affection of a daughter, yet also with the freedom of a friend and equal. But pardon me, I entreat you and listen to me: do not turn away from me; do not be impatient; you may easily intimidate me into silence, but my heart is bursting, nor can I willingly consent to endure for one moment longer the agony of uncertitude which for the last four months has been my portion. “Listen to me, dearest friend, and permit me to gain your confidence. Are the happy days of mutual love which have passed to be to me as a dream never to return? Alas! You have a secret grief that destroys us both: but you must permit me to win this secret from you. Tell me, can I do nothing? You well know that on the whole earth there is no sacrifise that I would not make, no labour that I would not undergo with the mere hope that I might bring you ease. But if no endeavour on my part can contribute to your happiness, let me at least know your sorrow, and surely my earnest love and deep sympathy must soothe your despair. “I fear that I speak in a constrained manner: my heart is overflowing with the ardent desire I have of bringing calm once more to your thoughts and looks; but I fear to aggravate your grief, or to raise that in you which is death to me, anger and distaste. Do not then continue to fix your eyes on the earth; raise them on me for I can read your soul in them: speak to me to me , and pardon my presumption. Alas! I am a most unhappy creature!” sic I was breathless with emotion, and I paused fixing my earnest eyes on my father, after I had dashed away the intrusive tears that dimmed them. He did not raise his, but after a short silence he replied to me in a low voice: “You are indeed presumptuous, Mathilda, presumptuous and very rash. In the heart of one like me there are secret thoughts working, and secret tortures which you ought not to seek to discover. I cannot tell you how it adds to my grief to know that I am the cause of uneasiness to you; but this will pass away, and I hope that soon we shall be as we were a few months ago. Restrain your impatience or you may mar what you attempt to alleviate. Do not again speak to me in this strain; but wait in submissive patience the event of what is passing around you.” “Oh, yes!” I passionately replied, “I will be very patient; I will not be rash or presumptuous: I will see the agonies, and tears, and despair of my father, my only friend, my hope, my shelter, I will see it all with folded arms and downcast eyes. You do not treat me with candour; it is not true what you say; this will not soon pass away, it will last forever if you deign not to speak to me; to admit my consolations. “Dearest, dearest father, pity me and pardon me: I entreat you do not drive me to despair; indeed I must not be repulsed; there is one thing that which although it may torture me to know, yet that you must tell me. I demand, and most solemnly I demand if in any way I am the cause of your unhappiness. Do you not see my tears which I in vain strive against—You hear unmoved my voice broken by sobs—Feel how my hand trembles: my whole heart is in the words I speak and you must not endeavour to silence me by mere words barren of meaning: the agony of my doubt hurries me on, and you must reply. I beseech you; by your former love for me now lost, I adjure you to answer that one question. Am I the cause of your grief?” sic He raised his eyes from the ground, but still turning them away from me, said: “Besought by that plea I will answer your rash question. Yes, you are the sole, the agonizing cause of all I suffer, of all I must suffer untill I die. Now, beware! Be silent! Do not urge me to your destruction. I am struck by the storm, rooted up, laid waste: but you can stand against it; you are young and your passions are at peace. One word I might speak and then you would be implicated in my destruction; yet that word is hovering on my lips. Oh! There is a fearful chasm; but I adjure you to beware!” “Ah, dearest friend!” I cried, “do not fear! Speak that word; it will bring peace, not death. If there is a chasm our mutual love will give us wings to pass it, and we shall find flowers, and verdure, and delight on the other side.” I threw myself at his feet, and took his hand, “Yes, speak, and we shall be happy; there will no longer be doubt, no dreadful uncertainty; trust me, my affection will soothe your sorrow; speak that word and all danger will be past, and we shall love each other as before, and for ever.” He snatched his hand from me, and rose in violent disorder: “What do you mean? You know not what you mean. Why do you bring me out, and torture me, and tempt me, and kill me—Much happier would it be for you and for me if in your frantic curiosity you tore my heart from my breast and tried to read its secrets in it as its life’s blood was dropping from it. Thus you may console me by reducing me to nothing—but your words I cannot bear; soon they will make me mad, quite mad, and then I shall utter strange words, and you will believe them, and we shall be both lost for ever. I tell you I am on the very verge of insanity; why, cruel girl, do you drive me on: you will repent and I shall die.” When I repeat his words I wonder at my pertinacious folly; I hardly know what feelings resistlessly impelled me. I believe it was that coming out with a determination not to be repulsed I went right forward to my object without well weighing his replies: I was led by passion and drew him with frantic heedlessness into the abyss that he so fearfully avoided—I replied to his terrific words: “You fill me with affright it is true, dearest father, but you only confirm my resolution to put an end to this state of doubt. I will not be put off thus: do you think that I can live thus fearfully from day to day—the sword in my bosom yet kept from its mortal wound by a hair—a word!—I demand that dreadful word; though it be as a flash of lightning to destroy me, speak it. “Alas! Alas! What am I become? But a few months have elapsed since I believed that I was all the world to you; and that there was no happiness or grief for you on earth unshared by your Mathilda—your child: that happy time is no longer, and what I most dreaded in this world is come upon me. In the despair of my heart I see what you cannot conceal: you no longer love me. I adjure you, my father, has not an unnatural passion seized upon your heart? Am I not the most miserable worm that crawls? Do I not embrace your knees, and you most cruelly repulse me? I know it—I see it—you hate me!” I was transported by violent emotion, and rising from his feet, at which I had thrown myself, I leant against a tree, wildly raising my eyes to heaven. He began to answer with violence: “Yes, yes, I hate you! You are my bane, my poison, my disgust! Oh! No!” And then his manner changed, and fixing his eyes on me with an expression that convulsed every nerve and member of my frame—“you are none of all these; you are my light, my only one, my life.—My daughter, I love you!” The last words died away in a hoarse whisper, but I heard them and sunk on the ground, covering my face and almost dead with excess of sickness and fear: a cold perspiration covered my forehead and I shivered in every limb—But he continued, clasping his hands with a frantic gesture: “Now I have dashed from the top of the rock to the bottom! Now I have precipitated myself down the fearful chasm! The danger is over; she is alive! Oh, Mathilda, lift up those dear eyes in the light of which I live. Let me hear the sweet tones of your beloved voice in peace and calm. Monster as I am, you are still, as you ever were, lovely, beautiful beyond expression. What I have become since this last moment I know not; perhaps I am changed in mien as the fallen archangel. I do believe I am for I have surely a new soul within me, and my blood riots through my veins: I am burnt up with fever. But these are precious moments; devil as I am become, yet that is my Mathilda before me whom I love as one was never before loved: and she knows it now; she listens to these words which I thought, fool as I was, would blast her to death. Come, come, the worst is past: no more grief, tears or despair; were not those the words you uttered?—We have leapt the chasm I told you of, and now, mark me, Mathilda, we are to find flowers, and verdure and delight, or is it hell, and fire, and tortures? Oh! Beloved One, I am borne away; I can no longer sustain myself; surely this is death that is coming. Let me lay my head near your heart; let me die in your arms!”—He sunk to the earth fainting, while I, nearly as lifeless, gazed on him in despair. Yes it was despair I felt; for the first time that phantom seized me; the first and only time for it has never since left me—After the first moments of speechless agony I felt her fangs on my heart: I tore my hair; I raved aloud; at one moment in pity for his sufferings I would have clasped my father in my arms; and then starting back with horror I spurned him with my foot; I felt as if stung by a serpent, as if scourged by a whip of scorpions which drove me—Ah! Whither—Whither? Well, this could not last. One idea rushed on my mind; never, never may I speak to him again. As this terrible conviction came upon ? it melted my soul to tenderness and love—I gazed on him as to take my last farewell—he lay insensible—his eyes closed as ? his cheeks deathly pale. Above, the leaves of the beech wood cast a flickering shadow on his face, and waved in mournful melody over him—I saw all these things and said, “Aye, this is his grave!” And then I wept aloud, and raised my eyes to heaven to entreat for a respite to my despair and an alleviation for his unnatural suffering—the tears that gushed in a warm & healing stream from my eyes relieved the burthen that oppressed my heart almost to madness. I wept for a long time untill I saw him about to revive, when horror and misery again recurred, and the tide of my sensations rolled back to their former channel: with a terror I could not restrain—I sprung up and fled, with winged speed, along the paths of the wood and across the fields untill nearly dead I reached our house and just ordering the servants to seek my father at the spot I indicated, I shut myself up in my own room. him me and About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (2005). Mathilda. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/15238/pg15238-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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