LinkComs

linkcoms

Ever wonder why people say Google is a hacker's best friend? Well, I’m about to show you why. Before we get into the dorky stuff (pun intended), let me introduce myself. I’m Satyam Pathania, a cybersecurity enthusiast who loves exploring new ways to gather information and make hacking a bit easier. I've spent time learning and working with some awesome tools, and today I want to share one of the most underrated tools out there: Google Dorking. Sounds funny, right? But once you see how powerful it is, you’ll be hooked! My Handwritten Notes 📝 Do you see this notes page of mine? Well, it’s from a special day—my birthday, 25th February 2020. That was the day I first started digging into Google Dorking. With no party to attend and my day wide open after my parents wished me a happy birthday, I started exploring cybersecurity. And boom, I stumbled upon Google Dorks! I wrote down my first Dorking commands in that very notebook. From that day forward, I got hooked on finding all kinds of hidden info using Google searches! So, What's Google Dorking? Google Dorking is like using Google on steroids. Normally, we just search for websites or answers. But with Dorking, we use special tricks (aka dorks) to find hidden files, admin pages, passwords, and more. It lets you dig deeper and discover things not easily visible to everyone. For example, instead of searching "admin login," you can use this:inurl:admin Why Use Google? You might ask, “Why not use fancy tools for recon?” Well, Google is free, super powerful, and used by everyone with a phone or computer. It lets you use dorks to find things that are otherwise hard to access. And when you’re gathering info before an attack (for legal reasons of course), this can give you a huge head start. Dorks You Should Know About Here are some useful Google dorks to level up your search skills: site.com – Get results only from specific sites.
inurl– Find URLs containing the word "admin."
intitleof – Search for pages with "index of" in their title.
filetype– Search for specific file types (e.g., PDFs).
| (OR) – Combine results, like searching two sites at once.
- (Minus) – Exclude certain results.
link.com – Find pages linked to a specific site. Example Combos to Try Finding subdomains:site:*.example.com
Finding vulnerable pages:site:example.com inurl:/app/kibana
Finding sensitive data:site:example.com "password, admin, keys, tokens" These examples are just the tip of the iceberg. You can combine dorks in creative ways to gather more info about a target! Further Resources to Check Out You can find more useful dorks on the Google Hacking Database. Last Words I hope this article gave you some insight into the power of Google Dorking. Got any questions? The comment box is always open! Don’t forget to share this with your friends to spread the knowledge in the infosec community. Stay tuned for more informative content! 🔥 Enjoyed this article?
If you found this helpful and want to support my work, feel free to buy me a coffee! Your support will help me get hardware devices, which I’ll use to create more hands-on cybersecurity content and share my experiences with you all.
Buy me a coffee here! Got questions or need help? Just give me a shout. Happy hacking! Hacking skills are like virginity — once you lose them, you can never get them back! ~ Satyam Pathania Ever wonder why people say Google is a hacker's best friend? Well, I’m about to show you why. Before we get into the dorky stuff (pun intended), let me introduce myself. I’m Satyam Pathania , a cybersecurity enthusiast who loves exploring new ways to gather information and make hacking a bit easier. I've spent time learning and working with some awesome tools, and today I want to share one of the most underrated tools out there: Google Dorking . Sounds funny, right? But once you see how powerful it is, you’ll be hooked! Satyam Pathania Google Dorking My Handwritten Notes 📝 Do you see this notes page of mine? Well, it’s from a special day—my birthday, 25th February 2020 . That was the day I first started digging into Google Dorking. With no party to attend and my day wide open after my parents wished me a happy birthday, I started exploring cybersecurity. And boom, I stumbled upon Google Dorks! I wrote down my first Dorking commands in that very notebook. From that day forward, I got hooked on finding all kinds of hidden info using Google searches! notes page 25th February 2020 So, What's Google Dorking? Google Dorking is like using Google on steroids . Normally, we just search for websites or answers. But with Dorking, we use special tricks (aka dorks ) to find hidden files , admin pages , passwords , and more. It lets you dig deeper and discover things not easily visible to everyone. Google on steroids dorks hidden files admin pages passwords For example, instead of searching "admin login," you can use this: inurl:admin inurl:admin Why Use Google? You might ask, “Why not use fancy tools for recon?” Well, Google is free , super powerful, and used by everyone with a phone or computer. It lets you use dorks to find things that are otherwise hard to access. And when you’re gathering info before an attack (for legal reasons of course), this can give you a huge head start . free dorks huge head start Dorks You Should Know About Here are some useful Google dorks to level up your search skills: site.com – Get results only from specific sites. inurl– Find URLs containing the word "admin." intitleof – Search for pages with "index of" in their title. filetype– Search for specific file types (e.g., PDFs). | (OR) – Combine results, like searching two sites at once. - (Minus) – Exclude certain results. link.com – Find pages linked to a specific site. site.com – Get results only from specific sites. site.com inurl – Find URLs containing the word "admin." inurl intitleof – Search for pages with "index of" in their title. intitleof filetype – Search for specific file types (e.g., PDFs). filetype | (OR) – Combine results, like searching two sites at once. | (OR) - (Minus) – Exclude certain results. - (Minus) link.com – Find pages linked to a specific site. link.com Example Combos to Try Finding subdomains:site:*.example.com Finding vulnerable pages:site:example.com inurl:/app/kibana Finding sensitive data:site:example.com "password, admin, keys, tokens" Finding subdomains : site:*.example.com Finding subdomains site:*.example.com Finding vulnerable pages : site:example.com inurl:/app/kibana Finding vulnerable pages site:example.com inurl:/app/kibana Finding sensitive data : site:example.com "password, admin, keys, tokens" Finding sensitive data site:example.com "password, admin, keys, tokens" These examples are just the tip of the iceberg. You can combine dorks in creative ways to gather more info about a target! Further Resources to Check Out You can find more useful dorks on the Google Hacking Database . Google Hacking Database Last Words I hope this article gave you some insight into the power of Google Dorking . Got any questions? The comment box is always open! Don’t forget to share this with your friends to spread the knowledge in the infosec community. Stay tuned for more informative content! 🔥 power of Google Dorking Enjoyed this article? If you found this helpful and want to support my work, feel free to buy me a coffee! Your support will help me get hardware devices, which I’ll use to create more hands-on cybersecurity content and share my experiences with you all. Buy me a coffee here! Enjoyed this article? If you found this helpful and want to support my work, feel free to buy me a coffee! Your support will help me get hardware devices, which I’ll use to create more hands-on cybersecurity content and share my experiences with you all. Buy me a coffee here! Buy me a coffee here! Buy me a coffee here! Buy me a coffee here! Got questions or need help? Just give me a shout. Happy hacking! Hacking skills are like virginity — once you lose them, you can never get them back! ~ Satyam Pathania Hacking skills are like virginity — once you lose them, you can never get them back! ~ Satyam Pathania H acking skills are like virginity — once you lose them, you can never get them back! ~ Satyam Pathania acking skills are like virginity — once you lose them, you can never get them back!

Google Dorking: A Hacker’s Best Friend

গুগল ডর্কিং: হ্যাকারের সেরা বন্ধু

Google Dorking: Nejlepší přítel hackera

Google Dorking: el mejor amigo de los hackers

Google Dorking: ハッカーの親友

Google Dorking: 해커의 가장 친한 친구

Google Dorking: Хакерын хамгийн сайн найз

Google Dorking: Rakan Terbaik Penggodam

Google Dorking: Huk Hackerpa allin amigun

Гоогле Доркинг: Хакеров најбољи пријатељ

Google Dorking: Rafiki Bora wa Hacker

Google Dorking: เพื่อนที่ดีที่สุดของแฮกเกอร์

Google Dorking: Bir Hacker'ın En İyi Arkadaşı

What is a JavaScript closure and JavaScript scope In this post, I explain how a JavaScript closure works and what does JavaScript scope mean. In the end, I will also give some examples of JavaScript Closures in action. What is scope in JavaScript? To get how a JavaScript Closure and JavaScript Scope work, we need to understand what we mean by scope. Scope is a set of rules that tell you where you can access your variables and functions from. Where you set your variables and define your function will influence where you can access them from. Here is an example of that in JavaScript. const firstVariable = 1;
]
function firstFunction() {
    return 2;
}

function anotherFunction() {    
    const secondVariable = 2;
    
    function secondFunction() {
        return 3;
    }
}


// will log 1 2
console.log(firstVariable, firstFunction()) 

// Uncaught ReferenceError: secondVariable is not defined
console.log(secondVariable, secondFunction()) So what's the deal here? Why can can we access the and the but not the and the ? This is because of how JavaScript Scope works. firstVariable firstFunction secondVariable secondFunction How does scope work in JavaScript JavaScript only had function scope (with a few exceptions) until came out. This meant that whenever you defined a new function, you created a new scope. A variable defined within a function cannot be accessed from outside the function. This is why we get an error when trying to log the secondVariable value and call the secondFunction. ES6 const firstVariable = 1;
]
function firstFunction() {
    return 2;
}

function anotherFunction() {    
    const secondVariable = 2;
    
    function secondFunction() {
        return 3;
    }
}


// will log 1 2
console.log(firstVariable, firstFunction()) 

// Uncaught ReferenceError: secondVariable is not defined
console.log(secondVariable, secondFunction()) JavaScript Scopes are nested The inner scope has access to the outer scope, but the outer scope can't access the variables set in the inner scope. function outerFunction() {
  let i = 777;
  console.log(i); // 777
  console.log(b); // Refference Error (outer scope can't access variables in inner scope)

  function innerFunction() {
    console.log(i); // 777 (inner scope can access the enclosing outer scope)
    let b = "hello";
  }

  innerFunction();
}
outerFunction(); Scope consists of a series of bubbles that each act as a container or bucket in which identifiers are declared , these bubbles nest inside each other and this nesting is defined at author time. (Author of YDKJS series) Kyle Simpson //global scope
var i = 666;
console.log(i); // 666

function foo() {
  // scope of foo
  var i = 777;
  console.log(i); // 777
}

foo(); How does JavaScript Scope work in ES6 ES6 introduced two new ways to declare variables using let and const which can be used for block scoping. Whenever you use let or const to declare variables, they are scoped to the block (any code surrounded by a pair of curly brackets {}). ES6 also introduced another scope with , but closures work in the same way in modules too. modules //global scope
var i = 666;
console.log(i); // 666

{
  // new block scope
  // you'll probably see these types of blocks used with
  // if,else,for,while,etc rather that used like this
  let i = 777;
  console.log(i); // 777
} note: You might have heard the term in JavaScript which is just a technical term for scope that is defined during the code compilation process called lexing. It basically means that scope is defined when you are writing the code (declaring functions, or blocks), instead of when it is actually executed. lexical scope What is a Closure? A closure is a programming technique for allowing functions to access values that are defined outside of it. It is the combination of a function bundled together with variables that are outside of it. You have a closure when a function accesses variables defined outside of it. What is a JavaScript Closure? In JavaScript, because scope is nested, it is actually pretty easy to create a closure. let usernames = ['John', 'Jack', 'James', 'Jhonny'];
let searchTerm = 'Ja';

// Here the function is accessing the searchTerm variable which is outside the function
// this is a closure
let filteredUsernames = usersnames.filter(function (username) { 
    return username.startsWith(searchTerm)
  }); Since, functions can be nested, you can also use closures with nested functions like this: function outerFunction() {
  let a = 666;
  function innerFunction() {
    console.log(a);
  }
  return innerFunction;
}
let myFunc = foo(); // now myFunc is just a reference to innerFunction inside the outerFunction.

myFunc(); // 666; When you call the outer function, the 'a' variable gets set to 666. So, You might expect the 'a' variable to not be available after the outer function gets called. But the variable is inside the scope of the outer function. Since scope can be nested, the inner function still has access to the 'a' variable. So, as long as some part of the code can still call the inner function, it can still remember the 'a' variable. Closures can cause functions to remember variables within their scope. With Scope, you are combining a function with the data that it can access outside of it. Examples of closures in JavaScript Now that you know what a closure is, how can you use it? Closures are useful to combine a function with some internal state that it should use. This might be familiar if you have some experience with object-oriented programming. function getClickCountUpdater() {
  let counter = 0;
  return function() {
    counter = counter + 1;
    console.log(counter);
  };
}

const updateClickCounter = getClickCountUpdater();

// now to change the counter, you need to use this function, you can't change it directly
updateClickCounter(); // 1;
updateClickCounter(); // 2;

counter = counter+1; // ReferenceError: counter is not defined
console.log(counter); // ReferenceError: counter is not defined

// You can create another count updater function which will have a seprate counter variable in it's scope
const anotherCounter = getClickCounUpdater();
anotherCounter(); // 1; Closures can also be useful for creating different variations of a function. It is also useful to keep track of some value within a function that shouldn't be changed from anywhere else. This is pretty useful when you want to do some logging for a specific function like this: function createAd(width, height) {
  let adCounter = 0;
  return function (link) {
    adCounter++;
    console.log(`${width}x${height} ad created ${adCounter} times!`);
    return {
      _type: 'ad',
      link: link,
      width: width,
      height: height,
      // other generic ad options
    }
  }
}

const create300x250Ad = createAd(300, 250);
const create728x90Ad = createAd(720, 90);

// 300x250 ad created 1 times!
const new300x250Ad = create300x250Ad('https://linkToTheAd.com/path');

// 300x250 ad created 2 times!
const another300x250Ad = create300x250Ad('https://linkToTheAd.com/path'); What is the benefit of closure in JavaScript? Closures can also be used to do some performance optimization. Let's say you have a function that needs to create access a variable but that that variable takes up a lot of memory. Instead of creating that variable each time you run the function, you could use a closure to reuse it. function findAdLinkById(id) {
  const adMap = {
    'e645-2456': 'https://link.com/path',
    '2282-3238': 'https://another-link.com/another-path',
    // 1000 more items
    
    '2901-2192': 'https://one-more-link.com/path'
  }
  return adMap[id]
} 

// whenever this function gets called it needs to store a new adMap value in memory which makes calling this function slower the more we call it
const firstAd = findAdLinkById('e645-2456')
const secondAd = findAdLinkById('2282-3238')
const thirdAd = findAdLinkById('2901-2192')

function createFindAdLinkById() {
  const adMap = {
    'e645-2456': 'https://link.com/path',
    '2282-3238': 'https://another-link.com/another-path',
    // 1000 more items
    
    '2901-2192': 'https://one-more-link.com/path'
  }
  return (id) => adMap[id]
} 
const findAdLinkById = createFindAdLinkById()

// whenever this function gets called it reuses the same adMap value which makes it faster to run
const firstAd = findAdLinkById('e645-2456')
const secondAd = findAdLinkById('2282-3238')
const thirdAd = findAdLinkById('2901-2192') Note: while this will be more performant, it will also use more memory. So, if you also need to optimize the memory consumption then you should try something else. One of the most common use cases of closures is with . asynchronous JavaScript let id = 1;

getUserFromAPI(id).then(response => {
  // this works because the function callback here can still remember the value of the id even though this code won't run immediately
  console.log(`Fetched user ID: ${id}`)
}) Most of the time, you might not even realize when you're using a closure. Basically, anytime you're using a variable that is outside a function from inside the function, you are using a closure. So, These are some practical use cases for closures: Limiting the access to certain variables Limiting the access to call certain functions Keeping track of values across function calls Logging function calls Optimizing the memory usage of function calls Creating different variations of the same function Remembering values with asynchronous functions that get executed later Closures can cause performance issues While closures can be pretty useful when you use them intentionally. Sometimes they can also lead to memory issues, because closures are stored in memory. If we create unnecessary closures frequently, then it can cause a memory leak. We need to make sure we're actually using the variables that are being stored in the memory. We should not create unnecessary closures too much. Let's take a look at our example from earlier to see how closures can cause too much memory usage. function createFindAdLinkById() {
  const adMap = {
    'e645-2456': 'https://link.com/path',
    '2282-3238': 'https://another-link.com/another-path',
    // 1000 more items
    
    '2901-2192': 'https://one-more-link.com/path'
  }
  return (id) => adMap[id]
} 


// now instead of having just one closure, we have 2000 closures
for (let i = 0; i <= 2000; i++) {
  const findAdLinkById = createFindAdLinkById()
  const firstAd = findAdLinkById('e645-2456')
  const secondAd = findAdLinkById('2282-3238')
  const thirdAd = findAdLinkById('2901-2192')
} So, Whenever you are creating closures, you need to be aware of how much memory you are actually using. Let me know if you have any other questions about closures. This article was originally written as a . blog post on my personal site

Understanding JavaScript closure and JavaScript scope

This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Prajwal Niraula, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; (2) Julien de Wit, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; (3) Benjamin V. Rackham, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; (4) Elsa Ducrot, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege; (5) Artem Burdanov, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; (6) Ian J. M. Crossfield, Kansas University Department of Physics and Astronomy; (7) Valerie Van Grootel´, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Li`ege; (8) Catriona Murray, 5Cavendish Laboratory; (9) Lionel J. Garcia, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege; (10) Roi Alonso, Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias & Dpto. de Astrof´ısica, Universidad de La Laguna; (11) Corey Beard, Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of California; (12) Yilen Gomez Maqueo Chew, Instituto de Astronom´ıa, Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico, Ciudad Universitaria; (13) Laetitia Delrez, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Li`ege & 0Observatoire de lUniversit´e de Gen`eve; (14) Brice-Olivier Demory, University of Bern, Center for Space and Habitability; (15) Benjamin J. Fulton, NASA Exoplanet Science Institute/Caltech-IPAC; (16) Michael Gillon, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege; (17) Maximilian N. Gunther, Department of Physics, and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; (18) Andrew W. Howard, California Institute of Technology; (19) Howard Issacson, Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley; (20) Emmanuel Jehin, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Li`ege; (21) Peter P. Pedersen, Cavendish Laboratory; (22) Francisco J. Pozuelos, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege & Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, University of Li`ege; (23) Didier Queloz, Cavendish Laboratory; (24) Rafael Rebolo-Lopez, Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias & Dpto. de Astrof´ısica, Universidad de La Laguna'; (25) Sairam Lalitha, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham; (26) Daniel Sebastian, Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Li`ege (27) Samantha Thompson, Cavendish Laboratory; (28) Amaury H.M.J. Triaud, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Observation Analysis and Validation Future Prospects & References 4. FUTURE PROSPECTS The search for transiting planets around small stars has been motivated in large part by their potential for atmospheric characterization. Owing to the size and proximity of its host, K2-315b is thus one of the few known terrestrial exoplanets possibly amenable for atmospheric characterization in the next two decades. In order to quantify and contextualize its prospects for atmospheric study, we followed the same approach as for TRAPPIST-1 in Gillon et al. (2016) (see de Wit & Seager 2013), focusing here on all known terrestrial planets. We selected terrestrial planets as planets with a reported radius below 1.6 R⊕ in the NASA Exoplanet Archive[4] (Rogers 2015; Fulton et al. 2017). We thus derive the amplitude of the planets’ signals in transmission as: where Rp is the planetary radius, R∗ is the stellar radius, and heff is the effective atmospheric height, µ is the atmospheric mean molecular mass, T is the atmospheric temperature and g is the local gravity. We assume heff to cover seven atmospheric scale heights, µ the atmospheric mean molecular mass to be 20 amu, and the atmospheric temperature to be the equilibrium temperature for a Bond albedo of 0. For the planets with missing masses, we estimated g using the model of Chen & Kipping (2017). The signal amplitudes are reported in Figure 7 together with the SNR relative to TRAPPIST-1 b’s, calculated by scaling the signal amplitude with the hosts’ brightness in J band. We find that K2-315b fares closely to the outer planets of TRAPPIST-1 in terms of potential for atmospheric exploration with JWST— its warmer and thus larger atmosphere compensating for its larger star. In fact, its relative SNR for transmission spectroscopy is half those of TRAPPIST-1 f–h, meaning that assessing the presence of a µ ∼ 20 atmosphere around the planet would require of the order of 40 transits—four times the ∼10 transits required for a similar assessment for TRAPPIST-1 f–h (Lustig-Yaeger et al. 2019). K2-315b is thus at the very edge of JWST’s capability for atmospheric characterization, mostly due to its “large” host star. The derivation above allows us to rank planets in terms of relative potential for atmospheric characterization, assuming a similar atmospheric scenario. In practice, a significant difference in atmospheric mean molecular mass, surface pressure, and/or cloud/haze altitude will strongly affect the actual potential of a planet for characterization (Lustig-Yaeger et al. 2019). For example, in some cases clouds could render the characterization of the favorable TRAPPIST-1 e difficult even with the generation of instruments following the JWST (i.e., LUVOIR, Pidhorodetska et al. 2020). With an estimated radial velocity semi-amplitude of 1.3 m s−1 (assuming a mass comparable to that of Earth), the planet could be accessible for mass measurements using modern ultra-precise radial velocity instruments. Such possibilities and a ranking amongst the 10 best-suited Earth-sized planets for atmospheric study, EPIC 249631677 b will therefore play an important role in the upcoming era of comparative exoplanetology for terrestrial worlds. It will surely be a prime target for the generation of observatories to follow JWST and bring the field fully into this new era. This project makes use of publicly available K2 data. P.N. would like to acknowledge funding for Kerr Fellowship and Elliot Fellowship at MIT. J.d.W. and MIT gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Heising-Simons Foundation, Dr. and Mrs. Colin Masson and Dr. Peter A. Gilman for Artemis, the first telescope of the SPECULOOS network situated in Tenerife, Spain. B.V.R. thanks the Heising-Simons Foundation for support. V.V.G. is a F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. M.G. and E.J. are F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associates. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127), and funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) ERC Grant Agreement Number 336480, from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation, from the Balzan Prize Foundation, from F.R.S-FNRS (Research Project ID T010920F), from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n◦ 803193/BEBOP), and from a Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant n◦ RPG-2018-418. 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π Earth: a 3.14-day Earth-sized Planet from K2's Kitchen Served Warm: Future Prospects & References

This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Bartosz Kusmierz, IOTA Foundation 10405 Berlin, Germany & Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland bartosz.kusmierz@pwr.edu.pl; (2) Roman Overko, IOTA Foundation 10405 Berlin, Germany roman.overko@iota.org. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Related Work and Methodology Results Summary and References II. RELATED WORK AND METHODOLOGY One of the first works analyzing Bitcoin using network characteristics over time (as well as the wealth statistics and the temporal patterns of transactions) is presented in [6]. The authors showed that the wealth of top Bitcoin holders grows faster than the wealth of low balance accounts—this phenomenon is well known as preferential attachment, and it plays an essential role in the formation of the wealth distribution. Additionally, the Gini coefficients were also computed to measure wealth inequality. Analysis of the Bitcoin network from a perspective of mining pools can be found in [20], in which the authors studied how characteristics of mining pools such as computing power, hash rate, mining revenue, transaction collection strategies, and block size affect the security of the network, transaction delays, and fees. Their measurement results showed that more than 50% of the blocks were created by the top 5 mining pools, which may raise security and centralization concerns for the Bitcoin network. The results of similar research to our work were presented in [11]. Specifically, the authors provided their analysis using three different metrics (Gini coefficient, Shannon entropy, and Nakamoto coefficient) and their evolution over time. It was found that the degree of decentralization in Bitcoin is higher and more volatile, while the degree of decentralization in Ethereum is smaller and more stable. Jensen et al. [4] analyzed decentralization of governance token distribution in four decentralized finance (DeFi) applications on the Ethereum blockchain using Gini and Nakamoto coefficients. Their results indicated that the token distributions for all four DeFi applications are characterized by high Gini coefficients. Similar methods were used in [10], where PoW and PoS-based cryptocurrencies were compared. The authors analyzed the decentralization of Bitcoin and Steem using Shannon entropy. However, their analysis was limited to only two cryptocurrencies and did not account for time changes in the distribution. The authors of [22] constructed a growth model for a market capitalization of cryptocurrencies using Gibrat’s law. They also pointed out that crypto coins (which operate on their own independent DLT network) and crypto tokens (which operate on top of another coin platform) follow Zipf’s law for their capitalization. Although, the parameter of Zipf’s law is quantitatively different for coins and tokens. A large part of research in such literature has been devoted to the analysis of the properties of cryptocurrencies networks from a graph perspective where each transaction is represented by a link in a graph of addresses [2], [9]–[11], [15], [16], [19]. For example, Lehnberg [9] aimed to determine whether the relationships between the users of ERC20 token networks and their valuations follow Metcalfe’s law. It was found that only two tokens of 50 seem to obey Metcalfe’s law, while the rest follow a linear or sub-linear law. A. Data collection and cryptocurrency wallets Many blockchain networks do not store balances associated with addresses; however, balances can be calculated from the sum of sent and received assets (i.e., coins or tokens) for each address. In this work, we use public blockchain datasets available on Google BigQuery[1]. Starting from the genesis block of a particular blockchain, we collected historical transaction/transfer data until January 16, 2022, inclusive. In the case of some ERC20 tokens, the first few weeks of the data had been skipped before the analysis due to the insufficient number of transactions. This early period could have been devoted to testing or marketing. Including these data could bring artifacts[2] It is important to note that the data presented in this paper does not represent the wealth of individual cryptocurrency owners but rather the wealth distribution among the cryptocurrency wallets. Cryptocurrency wallets are not unique to a user, and one user can be in possession of multiple such wallets. The true identity of addresses owners is hard to establish and might be problematic even for entities that have access to the cryptocurrency exchanges’ data. Aware of these limits, we find the distribution of wealth in the richest cryptocurrency wallets to be still interesting as the basis of identity systems in PoS systems and DAOs are wallets (see section II-B). B. Sample size N In this paper, we analyze the properties of the empirical distribution function for the top N richest accounts. Such empirical distributions are discrete, and the value of the ith entry is the ratio of the i-th richest account balance to the sum of N richest account balances. We focus on a relatively small sample size N between 30—100. These numbers might seem arbitrary and small, especially in the face of thousands and tens of thousands of cryptocurrency users. However, this interval is interesting for applications in DPoS DLTs based on Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) [1], [12], [17] consensus mechanisms. In the most standard versions of BFT consensus mechanisms, the number of consensus participants is fixed, and their identities are known. Such systems are permissioned and not suitable for direct use in fully permissionless DLTs. However, an interesting modification to BFT design is used by a series of DPoS blockchains. These projects use an intermediary step between open and permissionless networks. Any user is allowed to set up a node and collect tokens, but only the most reliable nodes with the most stake contribute to the consensus directly. An illustration of the procedure of establishing consensus based on the fixed-size closed committee in open and permissionless systems is depicted in Fig. 1. An example of a DPoS protocol is EOS[3] , in which blocks are produced by a committee of 21 validators who collectively sign the new blocks using an asynchronous version of the BFT consensus mechanism [8]. Committee members are selected and periodically rotated based on the amount of stake which was delegated to them by other network users. Other examples include Lisk[4] , which uses 101 nodes, and Internet Computer (ICP)[5] with the 101 nodes in the Neural Nervous System (ICP’s main blockchain). In theory, the size of block producing committee can be unbounded. However, in practice, the procedure of signing new blocks is limited by the bandwidth—the number of messages exchanged among the committee members grows like a square of its size. In the most practical applications, the block-producing committee has from 10 to 50 committee members. Some of the multiblockchain protocols might afford to use up to 100 nodes in some parts of their protocol; however, in these cases, the block production time suffers. These limits explain our interest in a relatively small interval of the sample size of N, namely 30— 100, which might be used to model the token distribution among block validators or improve the committee selection process. C. Zipf ’s law The Zipf’s distribution is a discrete distribution commonly found in physics and social sciences. It was empirically confirmed that the Zipf’s law describes a variety of effects in quantitative linguistics [23], the study of country and city population [3], and web sites references and other effects. Perhaps the most relevant for this paper are applications of the Zipf’s law in modeling the wealth in societies [5], and the distribution of token holders in various cryptocurrencies [6], [7], [10]. D. Centralization metrics In this paper, we discuss multiple centralization metrics like Gini and Nakamoto coefficient. We want to stress again that analyzed sample size N is relatively small and can significantly influence values of these metrics due to the normalization factor H(s, N) in Eq. (1). In the general case, the values of entropy are unbounded. However, when the number of available states N is fixed, then the entropy takes values from an interval [0, log(N)]. Maximal centralization corresponds to the entropy equal to zero, and decentralization grows with entropy. 2) Gini Coefficient: The Gini coefficient G is an inequality measure widely used in economics and social statistics: which is the minimal number of actors who control more than half of the network resources. It was originally introduced to assess the feasibility of a 51% attack on the Bitcoin network. [1] https://bigquery.cloud.google.com/dataset/bigquery-public-data [2] For example, there were no token transfers for the first few weeks after the inception of the Tether (USDT) smart contract. [3] https://eos.io/ [4] https://lisk.com/ [5] https://dfinity.org/

How Centralized is Decentralized -Related Work and Methodology

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is an open-source multi-language test reporting tool. It builds a detailed representation of what has been tested end extracts maximum of from the everyday tests execution. Allure Report In this guide, we’ll take a journey through the main steps to creating your first Allure report and discover all the fancy features that it brings to routine automated testing reports. As far as Allure Report has various integrations with various testing frameworks on different programming languages, there is a chance that some steps will vary for each reader, so feel free to jump into the for details. official documentation page Installing Allure Report As always, the first step is to install Allure library. The exact steps vary depending on your OS: Linux For debian-based repositories, a PPA is provided: sudo apt-add-repository ppa:qameta/allure
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install allure Mac OS X For Maс OS, automated installation is available via Homebrew brew install allure Windows For Windows, Allure is available from the commandline-installer. Scoop To install Allure, download and install Scoop, and then execute in the Powershell: scoop install allure Manual Installation Download the latest version as a zip archive from . GitHub releases Unpack the archive to the allure-commandline directory. Navigate to directory. bin Use for Windows or for Unix platforms. allure.bat allure Add to system PATH. allure Allure CLI requires Java Runtime Environment to be installed. Plugging Allure Into The Code Next step is to provide all the necessary dependencies within the configuration file, so the build tool would be able to use Allure. Each framework and build tool has its own configuration settings, so the best way to get a clue on adding dependencies is to look for an example at or get an . the documentation page example at GitHub Good news, everyone! Qameta Software, the Allure Report maintainer, is developing a GUI-based template projects generator. The templates will be standalone examples with a number of mock tests and all the infrastructure preset! Stay tuned and subscribe to our blog to get your hands on the tool among the first. Adding Annotations to The Allure Report After plugging the Allure Report into the codebase, we can run it. However, the report will be empty. In order to provide all the necessary data to Allure, we need to annotate the tests. There are several types of annotations: Descriptive annotations that provide as much information about the test case and its context Step annotation, the one that allows Allure to build nice and detailed test scenarios Parameterizing annotations that allow you to specify Allure Report Descriptive Annotations @Epic, @Feature, @Story A set of annotations designed to make test-case tree grouping more flexible and informative. The annotations follow Agile approach for tasks definition. These annotations may be implemented on the class or on the method level. Epic defines the highest-level task that will be decomposed into features. Features will group specific stories, providing an easily-readable structure. As story is the lowest part of epic-feature-story hierarchy, the class-level story adds data to all methods of the class. @Description An annotation that provides a detailed description of a test method/class to be displayed in the Allure Report. @Owner Simple annotation to highlight a person behind the exact test case, so everyone would know whom to ask for a fix in case of a broken/failed test. Quite useful for large teams. @Severity In Allure, any @Test can be defined with a @Severity annotation with any of these values like BLOCKER, CRITICAL, NORMAL, MINOR, TRIVIAL. The severity level will be displayed in the Report, so the tester understands the severity level of a test if Failed. Sample Tests You may find the example of all these annotation usage in Java code, annotations for any other technology will look quite similar: public class AllureExampleTest {

    @Test
		@Epic("Sign In flow")
		@Feature("Login form")
		@Story("User enters wrong password")
		@Owner("Nicola Tesla")
		@Severity(SeverityLevel.BLOCKER)
    @Description("Test that verifies a user cannot enter the page without logging in")
    public void annotationDescriptionTest() {
    }

    /**
     * JavaDoc description
     */
    @Test
    @Description(useJavaDoc = true)
    public void javadocDescriptionTest() {
    }
} Allure Report Step Annotation Detailed reporting with steps is one of the features people love about Allure Report. It is the @Step annotation that makes it possible by providing a human-readable description of any action within a test. Steps can be used in various testing scenarios. They can: be parametrized, make checks, have nested steps, and create attachments. Each step has a name. In order to define steps in code, each method should have a annotation with String description; otherwise the step name is equal to the annotated method name. @Step Note that steps’ mechanics were revised and now it supports smart fields analysis. In Allure 1, users had to specify indexes to refer to which args’ values they wanted to inject into a step. Allure 2 uses a reflection-based approach, which provides deep fields’ extraction by their names. In code, the Step annotation will look like this: package io.qameta.allure.examples.junit5;

import io.qameta.allure.Allure;
import io.qameta.allure.Step;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

public class AllureStepTest {

    private static final String GLOBAL_PARAMETER = "global value";

    @Test
    public void annotatedStepTest() {
        annotatedStep("local value");
    }

    @Test
    public void lambdaStepTest() {
        final String localParameter = "parameter value";
        Allure.step(String.format("Parent lambda step with parameter [%s]", localParameter), (step) -> {
            step.parameter("parameter", localParameter);
            Allure.step(String.format("Nested lambda step with global parameter [%s]", GLOBAL_PARAMETER));
        });
    }

    @Step("Parent annotated step with parameter [{parameter}]")
    public void annotatedStep(final String parameter) {
        nestedAnnotatedStep();
    }

    @Step("Nested annotated step with global parameter [{this.GLOBAL_PARAMETER}]")
    public void nestedAnnotatedStep() {

    } Allure Report Parameters Annotations Attachment The annotation allows attaching a String or Byte array to the report. The annotation is used to attach a screenshot or a failure stack trace to the result. Link / Links Well, that’s simple. If you need to add a link to the test, be it a reference or It takes a number of parameters: : link text name : an actual link url : type of link type : similar to name value Muted An annotation that excludes a test from a report. TmsLink A way to link a result with a TMS object, if you use any. Allows entering of just test case id that will be added to the pre-configured (via ) URL. The annotation takes a String value, which is the link to the management system. For example, if our test case on TMS link is , then we can use as value. allure.link.tms.pattern https://tms.yourcompany.com/browse/tc-12 tc-12 Allure Report Launch Local A great way to get started with Allure Report is to run it locally. Local execution does not provide execution and results history, as well as the trend graphs. The best way to give Allure Report a try is to open with an IDE. Check all the dependencies and build the project with Gradle. an example After that, we need to run the tests with the command. When the tests are executed, Gradle will store the results in the target directory. ./gradlew test Let’s take the data and build a report! With the command, we start the Allure Report instance and build a local web-report which automatically opens as a page. allure serve /path/to/the/project/allure-example/build/allure-results CI (Jenkins, TeamCity and Bamboo) Allure Report has several neat integrations with different CI-systems. Each system setup has its specificities, so we won’t cover them in this post. Follow the Documentation page for steps to create a report with a CI-System. Allure Report Features Parameterized tests Allure knows how to work with parameterized automated tests. Let’s take a JUnit test as an example. First, let’s create a test class with parameterized tests of the following kind: @Layer("rest")
@Owner("baev")
@Feature("Issues")
public class IssuesRestTest {

    private static final String OWNER = "allure-framework";
    private static final String REPO = "allure2";

    private final RestSteps steps = new RestSteps();

    @TM4J("AE-T1")
    @Story("Create new issue")
    @Microservice("Billing")
    @Tags({@Tag("api"), @Tag("smoke")})

    **@ParameterizedTest(name = "Create issue via api")**

    @ValueSource(strings = {"First Note", "Second Note"})
    public void shouldCreateUserNote(String title) {
        parameter("owner", OWNER);
        parameter("repo", REPO);
        parameter("title", title);

        steps.createIssueWithTitle(OWNER, REPO, title);
        steps.shouldSeeIssueWithTitle(OWNER, REPO, title);
    } As you can see, after execution, Allure provides the parameterized test run results as a set of tests. If any of the tests fails, Allure provides detailed information about that particular case. Categories Categories is one of the most time-saving features of Allure Report. It provides simple automation for fail resolution. There are two categories of defects by default: Product defects (failed tests) Test defects (broken tests) It is fully customizable via simple json configuration. To create custom defects classification add file to directory before report generation. categories.json allure-results Open json template [ { "name": "Ignored tests", "matchedStatuses": ["skipped"] }, { "name": "Infrastructure problems", "matchedStatuses": ["broken", "failed"], "messageRegex": ".*bye-bye.*" }, { "name": "Outdated tests", "matchedStatuses": ["broken"], "traceRegex": ".*FileNotFoundException.*" }, { "name": "Product defects", "matchedStatuses": ["failed"] }, { "name": "Test defects", "matchedStatuses": ["broken"] } ] The json includes the following data: (mandatory) category name (optional) list of suitable test statuses. Default [“failed”, “broken”, “passed”, “skipped”, “unknown”] (optional) regex pattern to check test error message. Default “. “ (optional) regex pattern to check stack trace. Default “.” Test result falls into the category if its status is in the list and both error message and stack trace match the pattern. In case of using or plugins, file can be stored in test resources directory. allure-maven allure-gradle categories.json Retries Retires are executions of the same test cases (signature is calculated based on test method name and parameters as well) within one test suite execution, e.g. when we are using TestNG IRetryAnalyzer or JUnit retry Rules. Not supported for local runs. Test History Allure 2 supports history for tests in the report. At each report generation during the build, Jenkins, Allure Plugin will try to access working directory of the previous build and copy contents of folder to the current report. allure-report\\history At the moment history entry for test case stores information about up to 5 previous results. Not supported for local runs. Dashboards Report Structure and Overview The default page would be the ‘Overview’ page with dashboards and widgets. The page has several default widgets representing basic characteristics of your project and test environment: Statistics – overall report statistics. Launches – if this report represents several test launches, statistics per launch will be shown here. Behaviors – information on results aggregated according to stories and features. Executors – information on test executors that were used to run the tests. History Trend – if tests accumulate some historical data, it’s trend will be calculated and shown on the graph. Environment – information on test environment. Home page widgets are draggable and configurable. Also, Allure supports it’s own plugin system, so quite different widget layouts are possible. Categories The page shows total defects. If the test is an assertion failure, it reports as ‘Product defect’ and if a test has failed because of some exception, it shows the report as ‘Test defect’. Suites, Behaviors and Packages Three tabs that show the test case tree built on various Suites display test cases based on the suite executed. Behaviors tab builds the tree based on stories and features annotations. Packages tab shows the test cases grouped by package names. Graphs The tab for testing results visualization with charts. The default configurations provide: General execution results pie chart. Test Case execution duration and duration trend. Nice feature to investigate which tests take more time and need optimization. Retries and Categories trends show Timeline The view displays timeline of executed tests, quite a self-explaining graph. Learn more about Allure tools Qameta Software focuses on developing amazing tools that help software testers. Learn more about , lightweight automation reporting tool, and , the all-in-one DevOps-ready testing platform. Allure Framework Allure TestOps Also published . here

How to Build Your First Allure Report From Scratch

In this article I will show you how you can make your own url shortener. Before really starting to make a free url shortener. Let’s first understand a few basics. What is a URL shortener? A URL shortener is actually a service that is provided by a website. This service turns your long and ugly URLs into short and easy-to-remember URLs. You might have come across with a few URL shorteners like bitly, cuttly and some others. They all have the same purpose which is to shorten a URL. What you will be making? This is what we are making, the style is not outstanding, I know that. I am focusing more on the functionality and the basics so that you could understand the true concept of making a free URL shortener. Steps needed to make free URL shortener We have to follow these steps to make our free URL shortener HTML – for markup CSS – for styling our free URL shortener JavaScript – to make our free URL shortener functional by calling API and listening events Step 1: HTML Now Let’s start adding html. Now I am going for a simple page with a form that has a button and an input field where user can paste the original URL. That’s all we need and then I will enclose the form in a parent div just to add a background and make form align perfectly in the center. index.html <!DOCTYPE html > < html lang = "en" > < head > < meta charset = "UTF-8" > < meta http-equiv = "X-UA-Compatible" content = "IE=edge" > < meta name = "viewport" content = "width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" > < title > URL Shortener </ title > < link rel = "stylesheet" href = "style.css" > </ head > < body > < div class = "wrapper" > < h1 > URL Shortener </ h1 > < form id = "form" > < input id = "link" type = "text" placeholder = "Enter your link" > < input type = "submit" value = "shorten it!" > </ form > < ul id = "parent" class = "shortLinks" > </ ul > </ div > < script src = "script.js" > </ script > </ body > </ html > Step 2: CSS Now that we have written the html now we have to add CSS file to the html file. And you can do that by using link tag inside your head tags in html as explained in the snippet below. < head > < link rel = ”stylesheet” href = ”style.css” > </ head > Now lets start writing CSS. First thing that I do in my CSS file is remove the margin and padding of all the elements. And I do that using which represents all the elements in html and I set margin and padding to zero. “*” style.css } @import url( 'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:wght@900&display=swap' ); *{ margin : 0 ; padding : 0 ; box-sizing :border-box; Now I will style the parent by giving it width and height and a display of flex. I am setting display flex so that I can align the form in the center by setting justify-content to center. } .wrapper { width : 100% ; min-height : 100vh ; display :flex; align-items :center; flex-direction :column; background-image : linear-gradient ( 135deg , rgb ( 30 , 110 , 162 ), salmon); padding : 50px 0 ; I decided to add a gradient because that makes it look cooler. Now lets style the other elements I have written the code for that here it is: } } } } } } ul { list-style-type :none; li { margin : 30px 0 ; font-size : 2em ; font-family : 'Source Sans Pro' , sans-serif; color :lightblue; a { color :inherit;} form { margin : 50px 0 ; width : 100% ; max-width : 500px ; input { margin : 0 15px ; font-size : 20px ; padding : 10px ; border : 5px solid lightgrey; outline :none; input [type=submit] { padding-left : 30px ; padding-right : 30px ; input :focus { outline :none;} h1 { font-size : 50px ; font-family : 'Source Sans Pro' , sans-serif; color :white; font-weight : 900 ; font-size : 5em ; text-transform :uppercase; Step 3: JavaScript Ok so now we have added the html and CSS to make it look good. Now we also have to add JavaScript to make it functional. With the help of JavaScript we will be able to get user input and process it. We will be using fetch to send a get request to an API service. The API service that I am using is "shortcode". First of all lets get user input from the form. And we also have to select the container where we want to output the short link. script.js const form = document .getElementById( "form" ); const linkInput = document .getElementById( "link" ); const parent = document .getElementById( "parent" ); Now we have to add an event listener on form. e.preventDefault(); parent.prepend (link); }
  
  }); form.addEventListener( "submit" , async (e) => { const originalLink = linkInput.value; const apiUrl = `https://api.shrtco.de/v2/shorten?url= ${originalLink} ` ; try { const response = await fetch(apiUrl); const data = await response.json(); console .log(data); let link = document .createElement( "li" ); link.className = "output" link.innerHTML = `<a href=" ${data.result.full_short_link} " target="_blank"> ${data.result.full_short_link} </a>` ; } catch (e){ console .error(e); There are a lot of things that are happening in this code. Let me explain you what this is. First of all we are sending a get request using . Then we are converting the response from JSON to JavaScript object. We are doing this because initially our response is in JSON format and we have to convert it into a JavaScript object to be able to use it. So we do that using method. This is what our object looks like after conversion from JSON. fetch .json(); You can also check that in your console by using . console.log() Now to display the short link nicely we are making another element using this will create an element dynamically whenever a user requests a short link and then we will give it a class by using )After that we have to add the text and we can do that by using method and set it equal to the short link from the object. document.create() ( link.className = “output”; link.innerHTML And at the end we will prepend it the parent container so that new short links appear first using . Instead of using prepend you can also use method which will add the new element at the end. .prepend(link) .appendChild(link); Resources for making free URL shortener Now if you have followed all the steps that I mentioned, your final result will look like this. I have shared my result using so you will be able to see all the things that I have done. And if you have missed something you can check in my code and fix the issues. codepen API service: https://shrtco.de/ Font: https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Source+Sans+Pro?query=Source+Sans+Pro Codepen: url shortener Feel free to use the code and do some experiments. Or you can make your own version of free URL shortener by making changes to layout or design and maybe add more functionality to it. First published here

How to Build Your own Rick-roll URL Shortener App

In this post, our gaming writers discuss the new OLED Nintendo Switch, whether it is worth the money and if its upgrades merit a purchase. slogging This Slogging thread by Jack Boreham, Mónica Freitas, Limarc Ambalina, Adrian Morales, Blake Cram and Jose Hernandez occurred in slogging's official #gaming channel, and has been edited for readability. Jack Boreham Oct 26, 2021, 7:21 AM Will any of you get the OLED Switch? Why or why not?  Is it worth the money? Do you think Nintendo is stingy with the upgrades? Mónica Freitas Oct 26, 2021, 1:48 PM Jack Boreham Just found this article comparing its features with the Switch Lite. I haven't held one, but from everything I've read, the main perk is the screen and image quality. However, the price difference between the new model versus the old one is maybe too great just for a better screen? Here it studies the pros and cons of OLED Switch: https://www.techtimes.com/articles/262557/20210707/nintendo-switch-oled-why-buy-it.htm https://www.techspot.com/products/audio-video/nintendo-switch-oled.241423/ Limarc Ambalina Oct 26, 2021, 1:53 PM I have got to say I love the OLED PS Vita, so I'd probably like this too. I know the pros and cons of OLED vs LCD, but the OLED Vita graphics look crisp. That said, no, I just bought my Switch last year. I don't need a screen update. When you say is it worth the money, is it more expensive or the normal retail switch price? Adrian Morales Oct 26, 2021, 2:58 PM I'm still using my original Switch from the first run in 2017, and I don't think I need an upgrade. I love OLED and would love to OLED my whole life, but I mostly play in docked mode anyway, so I may as well pocket that money and buy a better TV instead. Also, with the Steam Deck coming out soon, I see myself using my Switch far less when I get my hands on that bad boy. Jack Boreham Oct 27, 2021, 1:47 PM Mónica Freitas, yeah, so from what I know, the new switch has an upgraded screen, better stand and is larger. I do agree. I don't think the price difference is justified due to the minimal upgrades. Rumour has it though Nintendo wanted to upgrade the switches resolution and framerate but couldn't due to chip shortages. Jack Boreham Oct 27, 2021, 1:51 PM Limarc Ambalina, the new switch is about $350, making it $50 more expensive than the base model. Not sure it's worth the money, but it could be for first-time buyers. What I wanted for an upgraded Switch were higher framerates and better performance. Games like Pokemon: Legends Arceus need it. I know you are looking forward to that game. Are you concerned about the switch’s power? That's interesting because I usually play in handheld mode. It makes sense if you play handheld; this upgrade might be more for you. Can you tell me a bit about the steam deck? I don't know much about it. Adrian Morales Oct 27, 2021, 3:10 PM The Steam Deck is a super exciting new product from Valve. It is a hybrid console like the Nintendo Switch but beefed up with the latest AMD chip architecture that is also present in PS5 and Xbox Series X|S.  Valve is reportedly testing every game on Steam to ensure you can play every game on the platform and support other storefronts like Epic Games and EA Play. It is the Switch Pro that I wish we got but with the most extensive back catalogue of games for any console ever. https://store.steampowered.com/steamdeck Limarc Ambalina Oct 27, 2021, 5:12 PM Yeah, I'm with Adrian here. I'd buy a steam deck over a Switch upgrade. Like we bought the switch for portability, we know that it is less powerful than other systems. It doesn't make sense to me to pay $50 more for a slightly better screen. Jack Boreham Oct 28, 2021, 7:48 AM That's very interesting. I like the sound of that! Are Xbox games pass on steam yet? That would be big if you could play Xbox games on the steam deck. I'm guessing games run at 60. Can it run higher than that? Jack Boreham Oct 28, 2021, 7:50 AM Limarc Ambalina Agreed. What do you think about this? https://www.pocket-lint.com/games/news/nintendo/158700-nintendo-switch-oled-dock-is-4k-ready-even-if-the-console-isn-t Limarc Ambalina Oct 28, 2021, 8:11 AM Yeah, I have to be honest, man I don’t care about it, haha. Again, if I wanted peak performance, I’d upgrade my PC graphics card. You buy Nintendo for the exclusive games and the portability! That’s my take at least. Jack Boreham Oct 28, 2021, 5:08 PM Hahaha, Limarc Ambalina, but what if Legends Arceus runs choppy. Don't you think Nintendo might be pushing its hardware over the top? Limarc Ambalina Oct 28, 2021, 5:10 PM Ah, that's a whole other discussion,  though It's on Nintendo if they make a game that the base model on the Nintendo Switch can't handle. The onus should not be on the consumer to upgrade their console if Nintendo didn't optimize well. Limarc Ambalina Oct 28, 2021, 5:11 PM I'd be super pissed if the base model switch couldn't run new games.  For example, the PS Vita has 2 models, 1000 - 2000. But all games work on PS Vita 1000. They load faster on  2000. Jack Boreham Oct 29, 2021, 3:30 PM Limarc Ambalina, I do think that could be the case, though. From what I've seen legends Arceus looks like it has frame rate issues. Evidence is piling up that the semiconductor shortage might have made Nintendo pull the plug on the Pro. I guess only time will tell. Without COVID, we definitely would have had a pro by now. Jack Boreham Oct 29, 2021, 3:31 PM Nicolas Ng Jose Hernandez Blake Cram what do you guys think? Adrian Morales Oct 29, 2021, 3:49 PM Jack Boreham, the team at Valve, has stated that it will support multiple storefronts, with Xbox and Xbox Game Pass supported. So yes, you can take your Xbox games on the go AND also take all the PlayStation games coming to Steam these next couple of years on the go too! The Steam Deck screen is only 720p and 60 fps which is fine by me. For a portable gaming system, I think that is perfect, and if I want higher fps, I'll sit and play at my PC anyways. Blake Cram Oct 29, 2021, 11:21 PM Jack Boreham, I agree with much of what everyone said here. If I didn't have a switch, I would prefer the OLED for sure, but it's not near enough of an upgrade to bother trading my base Switch in. Honestly, I want more battery life more than anything. I also agree that the Steam Deck seems like a better option if I want to upgrade. It's what a Switch Pro be. It's more powerful and far more consumer-friendly. I don't want another handheld console, so I'm stuck between giving up on Nintendo exclusives for something better or just sticking with my base Switch until Nintendo figures out a Pro model. I feel like they are the kings of "two steps forward, one awkward steps back." The OLED should be like a competitor to the Steam Deck, but I don't think it's even close. should Jack Boreham Oct 30, 2021, 12:23 AM Blimey, that's mad! Yeah, I think 60fps is perfect; as you said, you don't need fps anymore on a handheld. Blake Cram, yeah, I think it's a case of that. It seems the OLED is a half attempt at getting the job done. Why do you think Nintendo made a move like this?  Do you believe the semiconductor shortage might be the reason? Jose Hernandez Oct 30, 2021, 12:45 AM Jack Boreham, I think I will have to agree with everyone in this thread; I don't think a better screen is worth the price. The Switch I bought years ago is still chugging away just fine. Blake Cram Oct 30, 2021, 10:48 PM Jack Boreham I think it may be the semiconductor shortage, but more than that, I think it's just the ethos of Nintendo to be a toy company. They haven't tried to push the fold of tech since the Super Nintendo, and I don't think they are interested anymore. They're just trying to make something fun to use, which sometimes leads to confusing decisions like the OLED Switch with only a few upgrades. And because it's Nintendo and the Switch already sells like hotcakes, I don't think they're worried about selling this thing. People will buy it regardless.

The OLED Nintendo Switch: Is it Worth It?

Are you looking for a career in but don't have the time or money to go back to school/college to get a degree in Digital Marketing? Digital Marketing This post will give you 10 ways to become a digital marketing professional without getting a degree. 1. Figure out your niche The most important thing to do when starting without a degree is to find your niche. There are many different niches to explore within the digital marketing world, so it's up to you. One of the easiest ways to find your niche is to use and look at what words people are searching for the most on Google. Google Trend "If you still have no clue where to go from there, use some of the other resources at hand: your personal interests, your location (do you have friends or family in a city with growth potential? go there), and even your hobbies. 2. Learn to use social media If there is one thing that everyone does, it's using social media. So, if you want to become a digital marketing professional without going to school, you will need to learn how to use social media platforms effectively. Exercise caution in which sites you choose to seek employment on because some have better reputations than others. Choose at least one site with a high reputation, and that turns out to be true. It's also important to remember when talking about social media platforms; there are bound to be differences in how people use them. The most obvious difference is between digital natives (those born into the technology) and digital immigrants (people like you and me). Differences also occur based on genders. You can learn more about how different social media sites can aid your career by reading this article. 3. Take on freelance jobs in your field of interest Another way to get experience in a field that might be lacking formal schooling is to take on freelance jobs. What's great about this option is that you can find freelance jobs from home and not have to leave the comfort of your own bed. To get started, do some research online to see what is out there in terms of opportunities, specifically in your field of interest. There are many different ways to find freelance jobs, and not all of them involve taking surveys and answering ads in the newspaper or on craigslist, so look around a bit and see what you can find! If you choose one of these methods over another, ask yourself why that was. Was it because the pay was better? Or did you feel it was easier and more foolproof? Maybe it was because the company had a higher reputation. Once you find an opportunity that seems promising, contact the employer and see if they are interested in hiring without formal education. If not, move on to another option! 4. Join a networking group or company that is related to digital marketing If you want to become a digital marketing professional without going back to school, joining a group or company in the same field is important. Many people might not know this, but LinkedIn has an awesome business directory for businesses worldwide to post their own profile and information about how they operate. LinkedIn is a great way to find companies in your area related to the digital marketing world. There are many different ways that you can search for these companies, but one of the easiest ways to do this is by searching somewhere like Google or LinkedIn and typing in keywords such as "digital marketing company" or "social media marketing company." Companies like LinkConnector are also an amazing resource for digital marketing professionals that aren't in school. They offer many different ways to market yourself and your business as a freelance professional. For example, they provide access to groups of people who can be potential clients, such as Facebook Groups, which you could never see if you aren't a group member yourself. is also a good resource to find companies that might be looking for freelancers in your area, such as LinkConnector, because they have an awesome business directory and over 50 million users! LinkedIn 5.Attend conferences and seminars about the industry you are interested in One of the best ways to keep up with the latest digital marketing and technology trends is by attending conferences and seminars. If you are lucky enough to live close by, consider going to an event nearby. If not, there are many online options that allow you to learn from a distance, such as webinars. 6) Read blogs and articles from professionals who are already in the digital marketing business. Part of your learning process will be becoming informed about what consensus is about certain topics, such as SEO or social media? There are many different blogs and articles that you can find online to give you a better understanding of what is going on in the digital marketing world. This will be a great way to learn about different, new, and trending things in digital marketing. There is no doubt that the best place to find updated information from professionals in this industry is through online forums. There are many different places on the internet where you can ask questions and communicate with other professionals who have similar interests and goals to yours. To find these forums, you can search online by typing in keywords such as "social media marketing forum" or "digital marketing forum." If you want to become a digital marketer without going back to school, then it is important to read blogs and articles from professionals who are already in the digital marketing world. This will be a great way to learn about different, new, and trending things in digital marketing. There is no doubt that the best place to find updated information from professionals who work in this industry is through online forums. There are many different places on the internet to ask questions and communicate with other professionals who have similar interests and goals to yours. 7) Create an online portfolio with examples of work and experience I would suggest creating an online portfolio. This will allow you to display examples of your work and experience, so the company can see what your capabilities are. You might also want to include a resume in this portfolio or an educational summary. If you need help with this process, plenty of articles and guides are available on the internet to teach you how to create a professional-looking online portfolio. "Build Your Own Website" by Steve Krug provides instructions on building a website from scratch. 8) Make sure you have business cards for networking events, conferences, etc. Always bring business cards to networking events, conferences, corporate events, and other activities that allow you the chance to meet new people. Business cards will allow you to keep in touch with the people who you meet. You can ask them for their contact information and then follow up with them afterward. You can email or call them and ask if you can help in any way after an event is over, whether it's by providing them with additional information or offering to connect them with someone else who can help. You should also have business cards if you want to work with a recruiter or you're trying to get a job. 9) Be confident when talking about yourself - don't be afraid to talk about what you know! You shouldn't be afraid to talk about your skills and experiences when talking to someone who can help you with your career. You can never assume that they will know everything about you, so you should always provide them with the information they need! For example, If you're talking to a recruiter and they ask you to explain your experience in programming languages, tell them exactly which languages you know. Tell them how long it has been exactly if they ask how many years of experience you have with the language. You should also try to remember details about your work history and any other experiences that you may have. You can also use your work history as leverage for negotiations if someone is trying to hire you. 10) Know how to answer questions like "what do you do?" or "where did you go to school?" (e.g., I'm a freelancer who specializes in SEO...) It's important to know how to answer these questions if someone asks you about them at a networking event, corporate event, or meeting new people. If they ask, what do you do? Tell them exactly what your job is (even if it's more than one thing), and don't be afraid to talk about your skills! You might be asked, "where did you go to school?" This is a commonly used question when asking someone about their education, so be prepared to talk about it! It's important to know how to answer these questions if someone asks you about them at a networking event, corporate event, or meeting new people. There are many paths to becoming a digital marketing professional without having a degree too. If you want to get into digital marketing and don't have the time or resources for a traditional four-year degree program, there are other options at your disposal. There are many programs that will allow you to learn digital marketing skills online, and they can give you the training you need to get started in this field without having a degree. The point is: even if you don't have an education, go ahead and build up your experience as much as possible! You never know how you can apply it until you experience life and see where the opportunities are. Final Thoughts: If you want to get into digital marketing and don't have the time or resources for a traditional four-year degree program, there are other options at your disposal. Many programs will allow you to learn digital marketing skills online, and they can give you the training you need to get started in this field without having a degree. The point is: even if you don't have an education, go ahead and build up your experience as much as possible! You never know how you can apply it until you experience life and see where the opportunities are. Here are some FAQs about getting into digital marketing without a degree. Can I do digital marketing without a degree? Digital marketing is an excellent career choice for many without a degree. The following Ten methods will get you started, but be sure to do your research and find out what's best for you. The digital marketing industry is still young, which means that it's open to people from all walks of life. You don't have to be a master's degree student, sitting in an office with no windows and studying until 2 AM every night---you can get into this industry while still maintaining an active, exciting lifestyle. What qualifications do I need for digital marketing? That's a good question! You might find that you don't actually need any qualifications at all. When I started in digital marketing, I was a high school dropout, and I built my business from the ground up---but that's all in the past now. Nowadays, I'm a digital marketing consultant who helps companies all over the world improve their online presence to grow their revenues. If you are genuinely interested in digital marketing and you're willing to work hard---you can start a career without a degree. What do I need to know before embarking on a career in digital marketing? You don't need to be an expert, but you need some basic knowledge of the industry. How do I start a career in digital marketing with no experience? ! If you've been dreaming about working in digital marketing, but you don't have the experience---don't worry. There are many ways to start a career in this industry if you're willing to work hard and put the effort in. I started my digital marketing career with no experience. I taught myself everything that I needed to know about digital marketing, and over time---I became an expert in the field. How do I start a career in digital marketing with little or no money? That's an excellent question! If you're just getting started and don't have a lot of money, don't worry. You can still get started and work your way up into the industry. Opportunities are open to everyone.

10 Tips to Help You Become a Digital Marketing Professional Without a Degree

The Lisk Mainnet will migrate soon to the updated Lisk protocol, which includes all the . Lisk Improvement Proposals (LIPs) from 0001 - 0036 The network will migrate by updating to Lisk Core 3.0.0, which will result in a hard fork, and will be the largest network migration to occur in the Lisk network so far. The launch of the new Lisk Mainnet will introduce various substantial changes in the Lisk blockchain, more information can be found in the previous blog posts: There are various updates and adjustments that need to be performed by the different stakeholders in the Lisk ecosystem to remain compatible with the Lisk Core 3.0.0 blockchain. This blog post explains how to prepare for the Mainnet launch of Lisk Core 3.0.0, in order to achieve a smooth and easy migration to the updated network. Tool & Service Migration Tools and services relying on the Lisk blockchain will need important updates to stay compatible with the Lisk network after the hard fork. This is particularly important for , and other , e.g. payment providers. exchanges, wallets, staking services, blockchain explorers third-party services The resources mentioned below are intended to provide an overview of the most important changes and how to update your tools & services accordingly. The Lisk community has developed a lot of helpful community tools in the past, which provided various useful services to other community members. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of you for the variety of unique and outstanding contributions, and further to encourage you to prepare for the upcoming hard fork, and finally ensure all of your tools are upgraded to be compatible with the new protocol changes. For everyone who developed a proof of concept blockchain application with the Lisk SDK on versions 4.0.0 and below, it is highly recommended to update your applications to version 5.1.0, to be prepared for the upcoming interoperability solution. The following proof of concept blockchain applications are great examples which were financially supported by the Lisk Foundation to be migrated to the latest version of the Lisk SDK: Collabolancer ( ) GitHub Lisk Ticketing  ( ) GitHub Lisk DAO ( ) GitHub LiskCrowd ( ) GitHub Nash Stablecoin ( ) GitHub As already explained in the blog post , the Lisk Explorer will be discontinued after the Mainnet launch. It is replaced by various alternatives, such as the explorer functionalities in Lisk Desktop, the dashboard plugin for the Lisk SDK, and the browser-based Lisk blockchain explorers and . Replacing the Lisk Explorer Lisk Observer LiskScan Tools & Services that run their own Lisk Core Node Services that require running one or multiple Lisk Core nodes, will need to update their Lisk Core v2.1.6 node(s) to the latest version of Lisk Core v3.0.0. After the announced snapshot height is passed, it is recommended to stop and remove Lisk Core v2.1.6 and to perform a fresh installation of Lisk Core v3.0.0. When Lisk Core v3.0.0 is started for the first time, it will automatically start to sync with the network. The new Lisk Core comes with a brand new command-line interface (CLI), which greatly simplifies the management of the node. For example, it can be used to , to , or to to your Lisk Core node. In addition, a process manager such as PM2 can be deployed to . start Lisk Core enable forging create and send transactions run Lisk Core in the background Tools & Services Relying on Data from the Legacy Blockchain The Lisk Foundation will maintain a certain set of frozen Lisk Core v2.1.6 legacy nodes, which will serve as an archive for all data present on the Lisk Mainnet previous to Lisk Core v3.0.0. A corresponding legacy version of the Lisk Explorer is also accessible for at least one year. The final links for the Lisk Core v2.1.6 legacy nodes and the legacy version of the Lisk Explorer will be announced some time before the Lisk Mainnet v3 migration. Tools & Services Relying on the Lisk Core API Services that rely on the Lisk Core API will need to be updated to be compatible with the new API. As the Lisk Core HTTP API endpoints have been reduced, it is recommended to consider using the Lisk Service HTTP API and the new WebSocket-based APIs which are described in the following paragraphs below. Lisk Service HTTP API The Lisk Service HTTP API is intended to provide additional endpoints and enriched data about the Lisk network in addition to the Lisk Core HTTP API. To use the extended HTTP API, install Lisk Service and connect it to a Lisk Core node. Alternatively, you can also use the Lisk Foundation’s public API. Public Mainnet API: http://service.lisk.io/api Public Testnet API: http://testnet-service.lisk.io/api/ Check out the for more information. Lisk Service 0.3.0 HTTP API reference Lisk Service RPC API Lisk Service provides an RPC API that allows sending remote procedure calls via WebSockets to Lisk Service. This can be an efficient alternative to the HTTP API, especially if many requests need to be processed. Check out the for more information. Lisk Service 0.3.0 RPC API reference Lisk Service Subscribe API In addition to the RPC API, which allows sending API requests actively to Lisk Service, it is also possible to subscribe to various events of Lisk Service by utilizing the Subscribe API. Once you subscribe to an event such as update.block, Lisk Service will notify you instantly if the event occurred. Check out the for more information. Lisk Service 0.3.0 Subscribe API reference Lisk Core HTTP API The HTTP API received an extensive overhaul and as a result, numerous endpoints have changed or have been removed completely. Additionally, the HTTP API has become an optional plugin of Lisk Core. Set up your own Lisk Core node and enable the HTTP API plugin if you still wish to use the minimized Lisk Core HTTP API. Check out the new for more information. Lisk Core 3.0.0 HTTP API reference Lisk Core WebSocket API In addition to the HTTP API, it is now possible to send API requests via WebSockets, if WebSockets are enabled on the node. Listen to network events by subscribing to events and invoking actions on a Lisk Core node. The can be used to conveniently connect to the Lisk Core WebSocket API. Lisk API client Summary of the Most Important Protocol Changes A list of the most important changes in the Lisk protocol that will most likely affect your tools and services is shown below. For a complete overview of the implemented changes, it is recommended to study the . Lisk Improvement Proposals 0001 - 0036 Protocol Changes Related to Accounts : longer account address with checksum included. Lisk32 address . No account initialization is required for new Lisk Accounts anymore of 0.05 LSK. Accounts need to have a minimum balance Protocol Changes Related to Blocks & Transactions instead of static fees. Dynamic fees to mitigate transaction replay attacks. Added network ID of the sender account. Timestamp in transactions is replaced with the nonce need to be signed by all required signatories first before sending them to a node. Multisignature transactions . . New block ID format New transaction ID format Protocol Changes in the Consensus Algorithm (DPoS & BFT) when voting for delegates. Tokens are locked . 1 token can only be used to vote for 1 delegate can forge during each forging round. 2 random standby delegates with at least 10% of their total vote weight, otherwise, the vote weight is capped. Delegates need to self-vote The instead of 33. delegate vote transaction can include a maximum of 20 votes/unvotes by the network. Misbehavior of delegates (e.g. double forging) is punished ( ) Verify the finality of a block via API Average time to finality: ~155 blocks / 25min How to Migrate as a Delegate Delegates who are currently in active forging positions, and other node operators who want to migrate their node(s) need to adhere to the following steps: Wait until the snapshot height for the network migration is announced on and our social media channels. Lisk.com Follow the to migrate from Lisk Core v2.1.6 to v3.0.0 and enable forging for your delegate in the new network. migration guide your delegate. Self-vote All delegates who are not in the 101 active forging positions will now have the opportunity to forge blocks in the new protocol. Two random standby delegates are chosen for each forging round and can also participate in the forging process, making each round 103 blocks long. This also creates an incentive for standby delegates to run a node and enable forging on it for their delegate. Old address format Lisk Core v2.1.6 and lower: 946075738761018629L Corresponding public key: 0xe877c250d725ac7ca6c5d9d83b39645de7eebe6c4ae6e076da7163434d297c7d New address format from Lisk Core v3.0.0 onwards: lskzkfw7ofgp3uusknbetemrey4aeatgf2ntbhcds The new address format, which is also called Lisk32 representation, is always 41 characters long, contains decimal digits and lower-case letters from the Latin alphabet, and starts with the prefix ‘lsk’. The last 30 bits of the address represent a checksum, which allows a user to mistype up to 4 characters in the address and it is guaranteed that the application will detect it. . For more information about the new address system, read our blog post New Lisk ID system Accounts with a second passphrase will be converted to multisignature accounts which always require two signatures to validate transactions. To view your new address after the migration, update Lisk Desktop to version 2.0.0 and log in as usual with your passphrase, then the new address of the account will be displayed. After the network migration, the new protocol changes for the DPoS system will be implemented in the network. This requires all accounts in the network to reassign their votes. To guarantee a smooth transition of the new DPoS consensus algorithm, there will be a one-week transition period after the network migration, giving accounts in the network enough time to cast their votes in the new DPoS consensus algorithm. At this point, it’s not certain that hardware wallets will be immediately supported after the migration. If users wish to access their LSK tokens immediately after the migration, they should move them to a regular Lisk account before the migration. We will collaborate with all relevant parties to bring hardware wallet support back as soon as possible. Once we have more information on when hardware wallet support will be available, we will send an update on our social media channels. Please be also aware that Lisk Mobile will not be supported right after the migration. Support for Lisk Core 3.0.0 will be added as soon as possible afterwards. Alternative wallet implementations from third parties might also not be supported right after the migration. We recommend using the Lisk Desktop wallet until then. How to Vote for Delegates The voting of all delegates will be reset after the Mainnet hard fork so everyone who wants to participate in the new DPoS voting system will need to recast their votes. There is a one week period starting from the network hard fork, whereby votes should be reassigned. After one week has passed, the new DPoS consensus algorithm will become fully active and a new top 101 delegates selection will start forging blocks. Lisk Desktop v2.0.0 continues to provide a convenient user interface to cast votes for delegates, just as before the hard fork, however, the voting process works in a significantly different manner now. The tokens used to vote for delegates will now be locked and can be unlocked if required, by unvoting the delegate again. For instance, let's assume you hold an account with a balance of 100 LSK. It is possible to use only a part of your tokens for voting, but let’s assume you want to vote with all 100 LSK. It is possible to split your tokens amongst multiple delegates or to use all of them to vote for only one delegate. For example, it is now possible to vote for 10 delegates with 10 LSK, or alternatively just for one delegate with the full amount of 100 LSK. The amount of tokens used for voting is locked and cannot be used for any other transactions. This includes but is not limited to further voting, balance transfers, or transaction fees. To use the locked tokens again, the account has to submit a delegate unvote transaction. This will start the unlocking procedure and the LSK tokens will be ready for unlocking 2,000 blocks later (approximately 5 hours and 30 minutes). After a 2,000 block period has passed, the tokens can be unlocked. This is done with a new unlock transaction. The token unlock transaction specifies which tokens have to be unlocked and added back to the balance. This mechanism is required to allow blocks to be reverted, however, future improvements of the Lisk blockchain could remove the need for this unlock transaction. How to Migrate an Uninitialized Account If you have an uninitialized Lisk account, it is highly recommended to as soon as possible, by sending one outgoing transaction. If you have already initialized your account before the Mainnet migration, then no other steps are necessary. initialize it In the case whereby an account was not initialized before the migration, the following steps need to be performed to migrate your legacy account to the new network: Update Lisk Desktop to the latest version 2.0.0. Login with your passphrase and check the new address format for your account. Fund your account with some LSK tokens (e.g. 1 LSK), for example by transferring the tokens from an exchange. Perform the reclaim transaction from within Lisk Desktop. Summary In short, the upcoming launch of the new Lisk Mainnet will be the largest network migration in the Lisk network so far, and if you have a service which is relying on data from the Lisk blockchain, it will be mandatory to make the corresponding updates to stay compatible with the network after the hard fork. Developers: Ensure your services and applications will be compatible with the new protocol changes by setting up a node with the latest beta version of Lisk Core v3.0.0. The public is already running a beta version of Lisk Core v3.0.0 and it can be used for testing purposes before the Testnet and Mainnet launch. Lisk Betanet Delegates: Make sure to follow the in the documentation. Lisk Core migration guide Normal users: Ensure to reassign your votes in Lisk Desktop during the first week after the network migration. Everyone: Grab some popcorn and enjoy the Lisk network entering a new era! \o/

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