Kodif

kodif

In this digital day and age, streaming is the go-to method for consuming entertainment. Devices like Amazon Fire TV Sticks have revolutionized how we watch TV shows, movies, and live sports. However, with this convenience comes a dark side: the proliferation of "loaded" or "fully loaded" Fire TV Sticks. The modified FireSticks promise access to premium content without the associated costs, enticing many to take a shortcut. But is it worth it? This article explores the legal and ethical implications of using loaded Fire TV Sticks, the risks involved, and why sticking to legitimate streaming options is the smarter choice. Understanding Loaded Fire TV Sticks A "loaded" or "fully loaded" Fire TV Stick is a device that has been modified, usually by jailbreaking it and installing third-party apps or Kodi add-ons, to stream content without authorization. These devices promise access to premium content for free or at a reduced cost. Legal Implications Jailbreaking vs. Illegal Streaming Jailbreaking: Modifying a Fire TV Stick to remove software restrictions is not illegal in itself. It allows users to install third-party applications that are not available in the Amazon App Store.
Illegal Streaming: Using a jailbroken device to stream copyrighted content without permission is illegal. This constitutes a violation of copyright laws and can lead to severe penalties. Consequences Fines and Imprisonment: In the UK, illegal streaming can result in unlimited fines and up to five years in prison. In the US, penalties for copyright infringement can reach up to $250,000 in fines and five years in prison​​.
Law Enforcement Actions: Authorities have conducted raids and legal actions against individuals and groups involved in the sale and distribution of these devices. In some cases, users themselves have faced legal repercussions. Ethical Considerations Impact on Content Creators Revenue Loss: Using loaded Fire TV Sticks undermines the revenue streams of content creators and the entertainment industry, affecting the production of new content.
Supporting Crime: Proceeds from the sale of these devices often fund organized crime, contributing to further illegal activities​. Risks and Consequences Cybersecurity Threats Malware and Data Theft: Loaded Fire Stick devices can expose users to malware, data theft, and other cybersecurity threats. Unsuspecting users may compromise their personal information and suffer financial losses​.
Lack of Parental Controls: Loaded Fire TV Sticks also lack parental controls, potentially exposing children to inappropriate and explicit content​​. Device Performance Bricking the Device: Improper jailbreaking can lead to technical issues, such as software crashes or system instability. The device might also become more susceptible to security threats.
Loss of Legitimate Services: Users risk losing access to legitimate streaming services due to software updates and technical issues​. How to Identify Illicit Streaming Devices or Loaded Fire TV Sticks These devices are marketed as "fully loaded," "jailbroken," or "plug and play." The mentioned terms indicate the devices have been modified to access unauthorized content, which is illegal.
Another sign of an illicit device is the presence of pre-installed apps or add-ons not available in official app stores. These modifications typically allow access to premium content without a subscription.
If you find an Amazon Fire TV Stick offering free access to paid services like Netflix or Sky Sports, it's likely illegal. Has Anyone Gotten in Trouble Using and Selling Jailbroken Fire Sticks? July 2024 - UK A recent UK crackdown on illegal streaming led to the arrest of three individuals for distributing jailbroken Amazon Fire Sticks, enabling free access to premium content like Sky. Penalties for using these devices include fines of up to £50,000 or 12 months in prison. Authorities identified and investigated 40 illegal IPTV operators, issuing warnings and cease-and-desist notices. June 2024 - UK A man in the UK made over £130,000 selling illegally modified TV Firesticks on Facebook, providing cheap access to channels like Sky Sports and Premier League football. His alias Kevo James attracted 3,600+ members. After the devices were seized from his home, the accused pleaded guilty to copyright and fraud charges, receiving a two-year suspended sentence, 25 days of rehabilitation, and 150 hours of unpaid work. December 2020 - US Upon receiving complaints about jailbroken Amazon Fire TV Sticks, Auburndale, Florida’s detectives investigated and arrested four individuals for selling modified Fire Sticks. The accused individuals sold illegal Fire Sticks to undercover detectives. They were charged with promoting the sale of intercept devices and released on $1,000 bond each. How to Stay Safe Avoiding Illicit Devices Identify Legal Devices: Consumers should be cautious and ensure they purchase devices from reputable sources. Avoid descriptions like “Fully Loaded” or “Jailbroken,” which indicate the device is intended for illegal streaming​.
Reporting Sellers: Report sellers of illegal devices to organizations like Crimestoppers or FACT in the UK. These reports help authorities crack down on illegal streaming operations. Conclusion While the allure of loaded Fire Sticks may seem tempting with their promise of free access to premium streaming platforms, the risks far outweigh the benefits. The legal repercussions, ranging from hefty fines to imprisonment, alongside the ethical implications of depriving content creators of the earnings they deserve, should deter users from opting for these illicit devices. Furthermore, the significant cybersecurity threats and potential device performance issues pose additional concerns. Sticking to legitimate streaming options ensures a safer and more reliable streaming experience and supports the industry that produces the content we love. By making informed and ethical choices, we can enjoy the vast array of entertainment available without compromising our security, legality, or moral responsibility. Always prioritize legal and official sources for streaming to contribute positively to the ecosystem and avoid unnecessary risks. In this digital day and age, streaming is the go-to method for consuming entertainment. Devices like Amazon Fire TV Sticks have revolutionized how we watch TV shows, movies, and live sports. However, with this convenience comes a dark side: the proliferation of "loaded" or "fully loaded" Fire TV Sticks. The modified FireSticks promise access to premium content without the associated costs, enticing many to take a shortcut. But is it worth it? This article explores the legal and ethical implications of using loaded Fire TV Sticks, the risks involved, and why sticking to legitimate streaming options is the smarter choice. Understanding Loaded Fire TV Sticks A "loaded" or "fully loaded" Fire TV Stick is a device that has been modified, usually by jailbreaking it and installing third-party apps or Kodi add-ons, to stream content without authorization. These devices promise access to premium content for free or at a reduced cost. Legal Implications Legal Implications Jailbreaking vs. Illegal Streaming Jailbreaking vs. Illegal Streaming Jailbreaking: Modifying a Fire TV Stick to remove software restrictions is not illegal in itself. It allows users to install third-party applications that are not available in the Amazon App Store. Illegal Streaming: Using a jailbroken device to stream copyrighted content without permission is illegal. This constitutes a violation of copyright laws and can lead to severe penalties. Jailbreaking: Modifying a Fire TV Stick to remove software restrictions is not illegal in itself. It allows users to install third-party applications that are not available in the Amazon App Store. Illegal Streaming: Using a jailbroken device to stream copyrighted content without permission is illegal. This constitutes a violation of copyright laws and can lead to severe penalties. Consequences Consequences Fines and Imprisonment: In the UK, illegal streaming can result in unlimited fines and up to five years in prison. In the US, penalties for copyright infringement can reach up to $250,000 in fines and five years in prison​​. Law Enforcement Actions: Authorities have conducted raids and legal actions against individuals and groups involved in the sale and distribution of these devices. In some cases, users themselves have faced legal repercussions. Fines and Imprisonment: In the UK, illegal streaming can result in unlimited fines and up to five years in prison. In the US, penalties for copyright infringement can reach up to $250,000 in fines and five years in prison​​. penalties for copyright infringement penalties for copyright infringement Law Enforcement Actions: Authorities have conducted raids and legal actions against individuals and groups involved in the sale and distribution of these devices. In some cases, users themselves have faced legal repercussions. Ethical Considerations Impact on Content Creators Impact on Content Creators Revenue Loss: Using loaded Fire TV Sticks undermines the revenue streams of content creators and the entertainment industry, affecting the production of new content. Supporting Crime: Proceeds from the sale of these devices often fund organized crime, contributing to further illegal activities​. Revenue Loss: Using loaded Fire TV Sticks undermines the revenue streams of content creators and the entertainment industry, affecting the production of new content. Supporting Crime: Proceeds from the sale of these devices often fund organized crime , contributing to further illegal activities​. fund organized crime fund organized crime Risks and Consequences Risks and Consequences Cybersecurity Threats Cybersecurity Threats Malware and Data Theft: Loaded Fire Stick devices can expose users to malware, data theft, and other cybersecurity threats. Unsuspecting users may compromise their personal information and suffer financial losses​. Lack of Parental Controls: Loaded Fire TV Sticks also lack parental controls, potentially exposing children to inappropriate and explicit content​​. Malware and Data Theft: Loaded Fire Stick devices can expose users to malware, data theft, and other cybersecurity threats. Unsuspecting users may compromise their personal information and suffer financial losses​. Lack of Parental Controls: Loaded Fire TV Sticks also lack parental controls, potentially exposing children to inappropriate and explicit content​​. Device Performance Bricking the Device: Improper jailbreaking can lead to technical issues, such as software crashes or system instability. The device might also become more susceptible to security threats. Loss of Legitimate Services: Users risk losing access to legitimate streaming services due to software updates and technical issues​. Bricking the Device: Improper jailbreaking can lead to technical issues, such as software crashes or system instability. The device might also become more susceptible to security threats. Loss of Legitimate Services: Users risk losing access to legitimate streaming services due to software updates and technical issues​. How to Identify Illicit Streaming Devices or Loaded Fire TV Sticks These devices are marketed as "fully loaded," "jailbroken," or "plug and play." The mentioned terms indicate the devices have been modified to access unauthorized content, which is illegal. Another sign of an illicit device is the presence of pre-installed apps or add-ons not available in official app stores. These modifications typically allow access to premium content without a subscription. If you find an Amazon Fire TV Stick offering free access to paid services like Netflix or Sky Sports, it's likely illegal. These devices are marketed as "fully loaded," "jailbroken," or "plug and play." The mentioned terms indicate the devices have been modified to access unauthorized content, which is illegal. Another sign of an illicit device is the presence of pre-installed apps or add-ons not available in official app stores. These modifications typically allow access to premium content without a subscription. If you find an Amazon Fire TV Stick offering free access to paid services like Netflix or Sky Sports, it's likely illegal. Has Anyone Gotten in Trouble Using and Selling Jailbroken Fire Sticks? July 2024 - UK July 2024 - UK A recent UK crackdown on illegal streaming led to the arrest of three individuals for distributing jailbroken Amazon Fire Sticks, enabling free access to premium content like Sky. Penalties for using these devices include fines of up to £50,000 or 12 months in prison. recent UK crackdown recent UK crackdown Authorities identified and investigated 40 illegal IPTV operators, issuing warnings and cease-and-desist notices. June 2024 - UK June 2024 - UK A man in the UK made over £130,000 selling illegally modified TV Firesticks on Facebook, providing cheap access to channels like Sky Sports and Premier League football. His alias Kevo James attracted 3,600+ members. selling illegally modified TV Firesticks selling illegally modified TV Firesticks After the devices were seized from his home, the accused pleaded guilty to copyright and fraud charges, receiving a two-year suspended sentence, 25 days of rehabilitation, and 150 hours of unpaid work. December 2020 - US December 2020 - US Upon receiving complaints about jailbroken Amazon Fire TV Sticks, Auburndale, Florida’s detectives investigated and arrested four individuals for selling modified Fire Sticks. The accused individuals sold illegal Fire Sticks to undercover detectives. arrested four individuals arrested four individuals They were charged with promoting the sale of intercept devices and released on $1,000 bond each. How to Stay Safe Avoiding Illicit Devices Identify Legal Devices: Consumers should be cautious and ensure they purchase devices from reputable sources. Avoid descriptions like “Fully Loaded” or “Jailbroken,” which indicate the device is intended for illegal streaming​. Reporting Sellers: Report sellers of illegal devices to organizations like Crimestoppers or FACT in the UK. These reports help authorities crack down on illegal streaming operations. Identify Legal Devices: Consumers should be cautious and ensure they purchase devices from reputable sources. Avoid descriptions like “Fully Loaded” or “Jailbroken,” which indicate the device is intended for illegal streaming​. Reporting Sellers: Report sellers of illegal devices to organizations like Crimestoppers or FACT in the UK. These reports help authorities crack down on illegal streaming operations. Conclusion While the allure of loaded Fire Sticks may seem tempting with their promise of free access to premium streaming platforms, the risks far outweigh the benefits. The legal repercussions, ranging from hefty fines to imprisonment, alongside the ethical implications of depriving content creators of the earnings they deserve, should deter users from opting for these illicit devices. Furthermore, the significant cybersecurity threats and potential device performance issues pose additional concerns. Sticking to legitimate streaming options ensures a safer and more reliable streaming experience and supports the industry that produces the content we love. By making informed and ethical choices, we can enjoy the vast array of entertainment available without compromising our security, legality, or moral responsibility. Always prioritize legal and official sources for streaming to contribute positively to the ecosystem and avoid unnecessary risks.

Using Loaded Fire TV Sticks: What are the Risks, Ethics & Legalities

130 Stories To Learn About Copyright

Authors:
(1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India;
(2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 4 Conclusions and References 4 Conclusions The Barrow hypothesis posits a fractal structure at the black hole horizon which modifies the form of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy area law according to a parameter ∆. If ∆ is constant, then the Barrow hypothesis does not give any substantial modifications to general relativity. In this paper we showed that the assumption of ∆ as function of the radial distance leads to modified gravity theories beyond general relativity. All these theories have a common feature: they modify the classical Schwarzschild black hole metric with quantum gravitational corrections. Interestingly, we found corrections not only to the gtt and grr components, but also to the gθθ and gφφ components. This should not be a surprise, since the central point of the Barrow hypothesis is to replace spherical symmetry with fractal symmetry. The different theories that one can generate are encoded in the choice for I(r) (see (3.8)). However, the specific expression of I(r) remains indeterminate a priori, i.e. there is no best choice for I(r) and one can in principle obtain any form of quantum gravitational corrections. Furthermore, we assumed so far that the Barrow hypothesis is connected to already existing theories, but this does not necessarily have to be true. It may be that the Barrow hypothesis leads to completely new, still unknown quantum corrections. In this regard, an interesting future direction of research would be to compute some black hole thermodynamic quantities like temperature and pressure, and see whether the answer matches with the already available results. A similar calculation with constant ∆ has been recently carried out in [33]. Despite the aforementioned difficulties, we can rightly affirm that the Barrow hypothesis has become a rich and valid framework within the realm of quantum gravity. References [1] J. M. Maldacena, A. Strominger and E. Witten, Black hole entropy in M theory, JHEP 12, 002 (1997) [arXiv:hep-th/9711053 [hep-th]]. [2] S. N. Solodukhin, Entanglement entropy of black holes, Living Rev. Rel. 14 (2011), 8 [arXiv:1104.3712 [hep-th]]. [3] S. N. Solodukhin, The Conical singularity and quantum corrections to entropy of black hole, Phys. Rev. D 51, 609-617 (1995) [arXiv:hep-th/9407001 [hep-th]]. [4] D. V. Fursaev, Temperature and entropy of a quantum black hole and conformal anomaly, Phys. Rev. D 51, 5352-5355 (1995) [arXiv:hep-th/9412161 [hep-th]]. [5] A. Sen, Logarithmic Corrections to Schwarzschild and Other Non-extremal Black Hole Entropy in Different Dimensions, JHEP 04, 156 (2013) [arXiv:1205.0971 [hep-th]]. [6] B. K. El-Menoufi, Quantum gravity of Kerr-Schild spacetimes and the logarithmic correction to Schwarzschild black hole entropy, JHEP 05 (2016), 035 [arXiv:1511.08816 [hep-th]]. [7] B. K. El-Menoufi, Quantum gravity effects on the thermodynamic stability of 4D Schwarzschild black hole, JHEP 08 (2017), 068 [arXiv:1703.10178 [gr-qc]]. [8] R. G. Cai, L. M. Cao and N. Ohta, Black Holes in Gravity with Conformal Anomaly and Logarithmic Term in Black Hole Entropy, JHEP 04, 082 (2010) [arXiv:0911.4379 [hep-th]]. [9] S. Carlip, Logarithmic corrections to black hole entropy from the Cardy formula, Class. Quant. Grav. 17, 4175-4186 (2000) [arXiv:gr-qc/0005017 [gr-qc]]. [10] R. Banerjee and B. R. Majhi, Quantum Tunneling Beyond Semiclassical Approximation, JHEP 06, 095 (2008) [arXiv:0805.2220 [hep-th]]. [11] Quantum Tunneling, Trace Anomaly and Effective Metric, Phys. Lett. B 674, 218-222 (2009) [arXiv:0808.3688 [hep-th]]. [12] R. K. Kaul and P. Majumdar, Logarithmic correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5255-5257 (2000) [arXiv:gr-qc/0002040 [gr-qc]]. [13] C. Tsallis and L. J. L. Cirto, Black hole thermodynamical entropy, Eur. Phys. J. C 73 (2013), 2487 doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2487-6 [arXiv:1202.2154 [cond-mat.stat-mech]]. [14] A. R´enyi, On measures of information and entropy, [15] C. Tsallis, Possible Generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs Statistics, J. Statist. Phys. 52 (1988), 479-487 doi:10.1007/BF01016429 [16] J. D. Barrow, The Area of a Rough Black Hole, Phys. Lett. B 808 (2020), 135643 doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135643 [arXiv:2004.09444 [gr-qc]]. [17] A. Sayahian Jahromi, S. A. Moosavi, H. Moradpour, J. P. Morais Gra¸ca, I. P. Lobo, I. G. Salako and A. Jawad, Generalized entropy formalism and a new holographic dark energy model, Phys. Lett. B 780 (2018), 21-24 doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.02.052 [arXiv:1802.07722 [gr-qc]]. [18] G. Kaniadakis, Statistical mechanics in the context of special relativity. II., Phys. Rev. E 72 (2005), 036108 doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.036108 [arXiv:cond-mat/0507311 [cond-mat]]. [19] N. Drepanou, A. Lymperis, E. N. Saridakis and K. Yesmakhanova, Kaniadakis holographic dark energy and cosmology, Eur. Phys. J. C 82 (2022) no.5, 449 doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052- 022-10415-9 [arXiv:2109.09181 [gr-qc]]. [20] S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov and V. Faraoni, Area-law versus R´enyi and Tsallis black hole entropies, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) no.8, 084030 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.084030 [arXiv:2109.05315 [gr-qc]]. [21] J. F. Donoghue, General relativity as an effective field theory: The leading quantum corrections, Phys. Rev. D 50 (1994), 3874-3888 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.50.3874 [arXiv:gr-qc/9405057 [gr-qc]]. [22] X. Calmet and F. Kuipers, Quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) no.6, 066012 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.066012 [arXiv:2108.06824 [hep-th]]. [23] R. C. Delgado, Quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy of a Reissner–Nordstr¨om black hole, Eur. Phys. J. C 82 (2022) no.3, 272 [erratum: Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) no.6, 468] doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10232-0 [arXiv:2201.08293 [hep-th]]. [24] R. M. Wald, Black hole entropy is the Noether charge, Phys. Rev. D 48 (1993) no.8, R3427-R3431 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.48.R3427 [arXiv:gr-qc/9307038 [gr-qc]]. [25] P. A. Cano, S. Chimento, R. Linares, T. Ort´ın and P. F. Ramırez, α  corrections of Reissner-Nordstrom black holes, JHEP 02 (2020), 031 doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2020)031 [arXiv:1910.14324 [hep-th]]. [26] M. Yoon, J. Ha and W. Kim, Entropy of Reissner-Nordstrom Black Holes with Minimal Length Revisited, Phys. Rev. D 76 (2007), 047501 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.047501 [arXiv:0706.0364 [gr-qc]]. [27] M. M. Akbar and S. Das, Entropy corrections for Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstr¨om black holes, Class. Quant. Grav. 21 (2004), 1383-1392 doi:10.1088/0264-9381/21/6/007 [arXiv:hep-th/0304076 [hep-th]]. [28] J. Sadeghi, B. Pourhassan and F. Rahimi, Logarithmic corrections of charged hairy black holes in (2 + 1) dimensions, Can. J. Phys. 92 (2014) no.12, 1638-1642 doi:10.1139/cjp2014-0229 [arXiv:1708.07383 [gr-qc]]. [29] T. Jacobson, Thermodynamics of space-time: The Einstein equation of state, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995), 1260-1263 doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260 [arXiv:gr-qc/9504004 [grqc]]. [30] S. Di Gennaro, H. Xu and Y. C. Ong, How barrow entropy modifies gravity: with comments on Tsallis entropy, Eur. Phys. J. C 82 (2022) no.11, 1066 doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022- 11040-2 [arXiv:2207.09271 [gr-qc]]. [31] T. Nutma, xTras : A field-theory inspired xAct package for mathematica, Comput. Phys. Commun. 185 (2014), 1719–1738 doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2014.02.006 [arXiv:1308.3493 [cs.SC]] [32] Y. Xiao and Y. Tian, Logarithmic correction to black hole entropy from the nonlocality of quantum gravity, Phys. Rev. D 105 (2022) no.4, 044013 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.044013 [arXiv:2104.14902 [gr-qc]]. [33] E.M.C. Abreu, Surface gravity analysis in Gauss-Bonnet and Barrow black holes, [arXiv:2403.02540 [gr-qc]]. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. Authors: (1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; (2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Authors: Authors: (1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; (2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 4 Conclusions and References 4 Conclusions and References 4 Conclusions The Barrow hypothesis posits a fractal structure at the black hole horizon which modifies the form of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy area law according to a parameter ∆. If ∆ is constant, then the Barrow hypothesis does not give any substantial modifications to general relativity. In this paper we showed that the assumption of ∆ as function of the radial distance leads to modified gravity theories beyond general relativity. All these theories have a common feature: they modify the classical Schwarzschild black hole metric with quantum gravitational corrections. Interestingly, we found corrections not only to the gtt and grr components, but also to the gθθ and gφφ components. This should not be a surprise, since the central point of the Barrow hypothesis is to replace spherical symmetry with fractal symmetry. The different theories that one can generate are encoded in the choice for I(r) (see (3.8)). However, the specific expression of I(r) remains indeterminate a priori, i.e. there is no best choice for I(r) and one can in principle obtain any form of quantum gravitational corrections. Furthermore, we assumed so far that the Barrow hypothesis is connected to already existing theories, but this does not necessarily have to be true. It may be that the Barrow hypothesis leads to completely new, still unknown quantum corrections. In this regard, an interesting future direction of research would be to compute some black hole thermodynamic quantities like temperature and pressure, and see whether the answer matches with the already available results. A similar calculation with constant ∆ has been recently carried out in [33]. Despite the aforementioned difficulties, we can rightly affirm that the Barrow hypothesis has become a rich and valid framework within the realm of quantum gravity. References [1] J. M. Maldacena, A. Strominger and E. Witten, Black hole entropy in M theory, JHEP 12, 002 (1997) [arXiv:hep-th/9711053 [hep-th]]. [2] S. N. Solodukhin, Entanglement entropy of black holes, Living Rev. Rel. 14 (2011), 8 [arXiv:1104.3712 [hep-th]]. [3] S. N. Solodukhin, The Conical singularity and quantum corrections to entropy of black hole, Phys. Rev. D 51, 609-617 (1995) [arXiv:hep-th/9407001 [hep-th]]. [4] D. V. Fursaev, Temperature and entropy of a quantum black hole and conformal anomaly, Phys. Rev. D 51, 5352-5355 (1995) [arXiv:hep-th/9412161 [hep-th]]. [5] A. Sen, Logarithmic Corrections to Schwarzschild and Other Non-extremal Black Hole Entropy in Different Dimensions, JHEP 04, 156 (2013) [arXiv:1205.0971 [hep-th]]. [6] B. K. El-Menoufi, Quantum gravity of Kerr-Schild spacetimes and the logarithmic correction to Schwarzschild black hole entropy, JHEP 05 (2016), 035 [arXiv:1511.08816 [hep-th]]. [7] B. K. El-Menoufi, Quantum gravity effects on the thermodynamic stability of 4D Schwarzschild black hole, JHEP 08 (2017), 068 [arXiv:1703.10178 [gr-qc]]. [8] R. G. Cai, L. M. Cao and N. Ohta, Black Holes in Gravity with Conformal Anomaly and Logarithmic Term in Black Hole Entropy, JHEP 04, 082 (2010) [arXiv:0911.4379 [hep-th]]. [9] S. Carlip, Logarithmic corrections to black hole entropy from the Cardy formula, Class. Quant. Grav. 17, 4175-4186 (2000) [arXiv:gr-qc/0005017 [gr-qc]]. [10] R. Banerjee and B. R. Majhi, Quantum Tunneling Beyond Semiclassical Approximation, JHEP 06, 095 (2008) [arXiv:0805.2220 [hep-th]]. [11] Quantum Tunneling, Trace Anomaly and Effective Metric, Phys. Lett. B 674, 218-222 (2009) [arXiv:0808.3688 [hep-th]]. [12] R. K. Kaul and P. Majumdar, Logarithmic correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5255-5257 (2000) [arXiv:gr-qc/0002040 [gr-qc]]. [13] C. Tsallis and L. J. L. Cirto, Black hole thermodynamical entropy, Eur. Phys. J. C 73 (2013), 2487 doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2487-6 [arXiv:1202.2154 [cond-mat.stat-mech]]. [14] A. R´enyi, On measures of information and entropy, [15] C. Tsallis, Possible Generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs Statistics, J. Statist. Phys. 52 (1988), 479-487 doi:10.1007/BF01016429 [16] J. D. Barrow, The Area of a Rough Black Hole, Phys. Lett. B 808 (2020), 135643 doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135643 [arXiv:2004.09444 [gr-qc]]. [17] A. Sayahian Jahromi, S. A. Moosavi, H. Moradpour, J. P. Morais Gra¸ca, I. P. Lobo, I. G. Salako and A. Jawad, Generalized entropy formalism and a new holographic dark energy model, Phys. Lett. B 780 (2018), 21-24 doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.02.052 [arXiv:1802.07722 [gr-qc]]. [18] G. Kaniadakis, Statistical mechanics in the context of special relativity. II., Phys. Rev. E 72 (2005), 036108 doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.036108 [arXiv:cond-mat/0507311 [cond-mat]]. [19] N. Drepanou, A. Lymperis, E. N. Saridakis and K. Yesmakhanova, Kaniadakis holographic dark energy and cosmology, Eur. Phys. J. C 82 (2022) no.5, 449 doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052- 022-10415-9 [arXiv:2109.09181 [gr-qc]]. [20] S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov and V. Faraoni, Area-law versus R´enyi and Tsallis black hole entropies, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) no.8, 084030 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.084030 [arXiv:2109.05315 [gr-qc]]. [21] J. F. Donoghue, General relativity as an effective field theory: The leading quantum corrections, Phys. Rev. D 50 (1994), 3874-3888 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.50.3874 [arXiv:gr-qc/9405057 [gr-qc]]. [22] X. Calmet and F. Kuipers, Quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) no.6, 066012 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.066012 [arXiv:2108.06824 [hep-th]]. [23] R. C. Delgado, Quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy of a Reissner–Nordstr¨om black hole, Eur. Phys. J. C 82 (2022) no.3, 272 [erratum: Eur. Phys. J. C 83 (2023) no.6, 468] doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10232-0 [arXiv:2201.08293 [hep-th]]. [24] R. M. Wald, Black hole entropy is the Noether charge, Phys. Rev. D 48 (1993) no.8, R3427-R3431 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.48.R3427 [arXiv:gr-qc/9307038 [gr-qc]]. [25] P. A. Cano, S. Chimento, R. Linares, T. Ort´ın and P. F. Ramırez, α  corrections of Reissner-Nordstrom black holes, JHEP 02 (2020), 031 doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2020)031 [arXiv:1910.14324 [hep-th]]. [26] M. Yoon, J. Ha and W. Kim, Entropy of Reissner-Nordstrom Black Holes with Minimal Length Revisited, Phys. Rev. D 76 (2007), 047501 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.047501 [arXiv:0706.0364 [gr-qc]]. [27] M. M. Akbar and S. Das, Entropy corrections for Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstr¨om black holes, Class. Quant. Grav. 21 (2004), 1383-1392 doi:10.1088/0264-9381/21/6/007 [arXiv:hep-th/0304076 [hep-th]]. [28] J. Sadeghi, B. Pourhassan and F. Rahimi, Logarithmic corrections of charged hairy black holes in (2 + 1) dimensions, Can. J. Phys. 92 (2014) no.12, 1638-1642 doi:10.1139/cjp2014-0229 [arXiv:1708.07383 [gr-qc]]. [29] T. Jacobson, Thermodynamics of space-time: The Einstein equation of state, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995), 1260-1263 doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260 [arXiv:gr-qc/9504004 [grqc]]. [30] S. Di Gennaro, H. Xu and Y. C. Ong, How barrow entropy modifies gravity: with comments on Tsallis entropy, Eur. Phys. J. C 82 (2022) no.11, 1066 doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022- 11040-2 [arXiv:2207.09271 [gr-qc]]. [31] T. Nutma, xTras : A field-theory inspired xAct package for mathematica, Comput. Phys. Commun. 185 (2014), 1719–1738 doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2014.02.006 [arXiv:1308.3493 [cs.SC]] [32] Y. Xiao and Y. Tian, Logarithmic correction to black hole entropy from the nonlocality of quantum gravity, Phys. Rev. D 105 (2022) no.4, 044013 doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.044013 [arXiv:2104.14902 [gr-qc]]. [33] E.M.C. Abreu, Surface gravity analysis in Gauss-Bonnet and Barrow black holes, [arXiv:2403.02540 [gr-qc]]. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. available on arxiv

Modified Gravity Theories From the Barrow Hypothesis: Conclusions and References

Authors:
(1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India;
(2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 4 Conclusions and References 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric In order to solve (2.9), we start with the Ansatz where The Ricci scalar has the structure Case I We compare our solutions with the ones of Xiao and Tian [32], which read With all these terms the final expression for the metric is which generalizes the result of [32]. Notice that the coefficients (3.14) are formally divergent, but the solutions (3.15)-(3.17) are finite. Case II We compare now our solutions with the ones of Calmet and Kuipers, [22], which read With all these terms the final expression for the metric is hich generalizes the result of [22]. Again, notice that the coefficients (3.23) are formally divergent, but the solutions (3.24)-(3.26) are finite. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. Authors: (1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; (2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Authors: Authors: (1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; (2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 4 Conclusions and References 4 Conclusions and References 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric In order to solve (2.9), we start with the Ansatz where The Ricci scalar has the structure Case I We compare our solutions with the ones of Xiao and Tian [32], which read With all these terms the final expression for the metric is which generalizes the result of [32]. Notice that the coefficients (3.14) are formally divergent, but the solutions (3.15)-(3.17) are finite. Case II We compare now our solutions with the ones of Calmet and Kuipers, [22], which read With all these terms the final expression for the metric is hich generalizes the result of [22]. Again, notice that the coefficients (3.23) are formally divergent, but the solutions (3.24)-(3.26) are finite. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. available on arxiv

Modified Gravity Theories From the Barrow Hypothesis: Quantum Gravity

Authors:
(1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India;
(2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 4 Conclusions and References 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach The Barrow hypothesis suggests that the entropy has the form The general solution of (2.5) is where Λ′ is the integration constant. This expression matches the result of [30]. Since our goal is to see what happens when ∆ is a radial function, thus we expand where c is some constant. By doing a series expansion of (2.6), integrating by parts and collecting powers of ǫ, we find The limit ǫ → 0 reduces to general relativity. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. Authors: (1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; (2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Authors: Authors: (1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; (2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 4 Conclusions and References 4 Conclusions and References 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach The Barrow hypothesis suggests that the entropy has the form The general solution of (2.5) is where Λ′ is the integration constant. This expression matches the result of [30]. Since our goal is to see what happens when ∆ is a radial function, thus we expand where c is some constant. By doing a series expansion of (2.6), integrating by parts and collecting powers of ǫ, we find The limit ǫ → 0 reduces to general relativity. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. available on arxiv

Modified Gravity Theories From the Barrow Hypothesis: Modified Einstein Equations

Authors:
(1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India;
(2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 4 Conclusions and References Abstract 1 Introduction Black holes are intriguing entities for several reasons. Hawking’s discovery that black holes have a radiation spectrum comparable to that of a black body gives them a perfect laboratory for studying the interactions between quantum mechanics, gravity, and thermodynamics. The concept of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, often known as black hole entropy, has gained popularity in recent decades. The exploration of black hole entropy is essential for gaining insights into the intricate microscopic aspects of quantum gravity. The renowned Bekenstein–Hawking entropy, which is proportional to the area of the horizon, represents a foundational expression [1,2] in this realm. However, within the broader context of quantum gravity, this entropy is regarded merely as the tree-level outcome of black hole entropy, with subsequent refinements revealing a leading-order quantum gravitational correction in the form of a logarithmic term. This logarithmic correction is deemed fundamental and universal due to its derivation from diverse methods. These approaches encompass conical singularity and entanglement entropy [2,3], Euclidean action method [4–7], conformal anomaly [8], Cardy formula [9], quantum tunneling [10, 11], and quantum geometry [12]. This ubiquity underscores the significance of the logarithmic correction in our comprehension of black hole entropy. The exploration of black hole entropy is fundamental to grasp the intricate nature of the microscopic constituents within the framework of quantum gravity. One of the most renowned expressions in this realm is the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, denoted as where A is the event horizon area of the black hole. This formula represents a pivotal link between the geometric properties of black holes, such as their event horizon area, and the underlying quantum structure, providing invaluable insights into the nature of spacetime at the smallest scales. The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy differs from conventional thermodynamics in that it is proportional to the black hole horizon area instead of the volume. In classical thermodynamics, a system entropy is proportional to its mass and volume, indicating an extensive and additive quantity. However, the cause for black hole entropy being nonextensive is unknown [13]. Based on the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, there are several developments of alternative construction based on nonextensive statistics, such as Renyi [14] and Tsallis [15]. Recent studies on entropy include Barrow’s entropy [16], Sharma-Mittal’s [17], and Kaniadakis’ [18, 19]. The first law of thermodynamics links entropy, temperature, internal energy, and heat transport. Changing the definition of entropy can affect these other numbers, as in [20]. As we don’t yet have a complete theory of quantum gravity that works for all energy scales, using effective field theory (EFT) techniques on general relativity gives us a reliable theory of quantum gravity up to an energy scale near the Planck scale [21]. By applying EFT methods, we can recognize certain common aspects of quantum gravity. One of the most fascinating features is the dynamic non-locality of space-time caused by quantum effects when we look at very short distances. Quantum corrections are expected to adjust the black hole metric to match the corrected entropy since it is calculated by the black hole horizon area and event horizon radius. The starting point for the EFT approach is a curvature expansion from which equations of motion can be derived. Previous studies found that the metric of a Schwarzschild black hole acquires quantum corrections at the third level of curvature [22], while the metric of a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole receives modifications already at second order [23]. The authors employed the same strategy to derive a revised geometry and corrected entropy using the Wald formula [24], despite various methods available [25–28]. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. Authors: (1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; (2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Authors: Authors: (1) Ankit Anand, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India; (2) Ruben Campos Delgado, Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics, Physikalisches Institut der Universit¨at Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 2 Modified Einstein equations with the Jacobson’s approach 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 3 Quantum gravitational corrections to the Schwarzschild metric 4 Conclusions and References 4 Conclusions and References Abstract 1 Introduction Black holes are intriguing entities for several reasons. Hawking’s discovery that black holes have a radiation spectrum comparable to that of a black body gives them a perfect laboratory for studying the interactions between quantum mechanics, gravity, and thermodynamics. The concept of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, often known as black hole entropy, has gained popularity in recent decades. The exploration of black hole entropy is essential for gaining insights into the intricate microscopic aspects of quantum gravity. The renowned Bekenstein–Hawking entropy, which is proportional to the area of the horizon, represents a foundational expression [1,2] in this realm. However, within the broader context of quantum gravity, this entropy is regarded merely as the tree-level outcome of black hole entropy, with subsequent refinements revealing a leading-order quantum gravitational correction in the form of a logarithmic term. This logarithmic correction is deemed fundamental and universal due to its derivation from diverse methods. These approaches encompass conical singularity and entanglement entropy [2,3], Euclidean action method [4–7], conformal anomaly [8], Cardy formula [9], quantum tunneling [10, 11], and quantum geometry [12]. This ubiquity underscores the significance of the logarithmic correction in our comprehension of black hole entropy. The exploration of black hole entropy is fundamental to grasp the intricate nature of the microscopic constituents within the framework of quantum gravity. One of the most renowned expressions in this realm is the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, denoted as where A is the event horizon area of the black hole. This formula represents a pivotal link between the geometric properties of black holes, such as their event horizon area, and the underlying quantum structure, providing invaluable insights into the nature of spacetime at the smallest scales. The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy differs from conventional thermodynamics in that it is proportional to the black hole horizon area instead of the volume. In classical thermodynamics, a system entropy is proportional to its mass and volume, indicating an extensive and additive quantity. However, the cause for black hole entropy being nonextensive is unknown [13]. Based on the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, there are several developments of alternative construction based on nonextensive statistics, such as Renyi [14] and Tsallis [15]. Recent studies on entropy include Barrow’s entropy [16], Sharma-Mittal’s [17], and Kaniadakis’ [18, 19]. The first law of thermodynamics links entropy, temperature, internal energy, and heat transport. Changing the definition of entropy can affect these other numbers, as in [20]. As we don’t yet have a complete theory of quantum gravity that works for all energy scales, using effective field theory (EFT) techniques on general relativity gives us a reliable theory of quantum gravity up to an energy scale near the Planck scale [21]. By applying EFT methods, we can recognize certain common aspects of quantum gravity. One of the most fascinating features is the dynamic non-locality of space-time caused by quantum effects when we look at very short distances. Quantum corrections are expected to adjust the black hole metric to match the corrected entropy since it is calculated by the black hole horizon area and event horizon radius. The starting point for the EFT approach is a curvature expansion from which equations of motion can be derived. Previous studies found that the metric of a Schwarzschild black hole acquires quantum corrections at the third level of curvature [22], while the metric of a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole receives modifications already at second order [23]. The authors employed the same strategy to derive a revised geometry and corrected entropy using the Wald formula [24], despite various methods available [25–28]. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 Deed license. available on arxiv

Modified Gravity Theories From the Barrow Hypothesis: Abstract and Introduction

Authors:
(1) Wenxuan Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
(2) Haonan Bai, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
(3) Jen-tse Huang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
(4) Yuxuan Wan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
(5) Youliang Yuan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Shenzhen, China
(6) Haoyi Qiu University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA;
(7) Nanyun Peng, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
(8) Michael Lyu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Table of Links Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Approach and Implementation 3.1 Seed Image Collection and 3.2 Neutral Prompt List Collection 3.3 Image Generation and 3.4 Properties Assessment 3.5 Bias Evaluation 4 Evaluation 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.2 RQ1: Effectiveness of BiasPainter 4.3 RQ2 - Validity of Identified Biases 4.4 RQ3 - Bias Mitigation 5 Threats to Validity 6 Related Work 7 Conclusion, Data Availability, and References 3.3 Image Generation In this section, we introduce how BiasPainter inputs the seed image and text prompt to image generation models to generate images. As introduced in Section 3.1 and 3.2, the seed image set consists of 54 photos of people, from different combinations of race, age and gender, while the neutral prompt list consists of 228 sentences generated by different prompt words across the 4 topics. Meanwhile, image generation models enable users to provide additional descriptive prompts that can help control the generated style. For each seed image, BiasPainter inputs each prompt from the neutral prompt list every time to generate images. Finally, BiasPainter generates 54 * 228 = 12312 images, which are used to identify the social bias. 3.4 Properties Assessment BiasPainter adopts the (seed image, generated image) pairs to evaluate the social bias. For each seed image and the generated image, BiasPainter first adopts AI techniques to evaluate their properties according to race, gender, and age. Race Assessment. We follow [12] to analyse the race according to the skin color. Researchers presented a division into six groups based on color adjectives: White (Caucasian), Dusky (South Asian), Orange (Austronesian), Yellow (East Asian), Red (Indigenous American), and Black (African) [41]. It is challenging to distinguish the race of a human accurately, considering the number of the race and their mix. To make it simple, BiasPainter uses the significant change of skin tone to identify the changing of the race. For each image, BiasPainter adopts an image processing pipeline to access the skin tone, as illustrated in Figure 4. First, BiasPainter calls Dlib [8] to get a 68-point face landmark and find the area of the face in the picture. The landmark provides the position and the shape of the face in the picture, and also marks the eyes and mouth of the face. Then, BiasPainter adopts a rule-based method to remove the background, eyes and mouth from the face. Finally, BiasPainter calculates the average pixel value of the remaining face. The darker the digital image is, the higher the average pixel value is. The more difference between the average pixel value of the seed image and the generated image, the more possibility that the race is changed by the image generation model. Gender Assessment. While there is a broad spectrum of genders [23], it’s difficult to accurately identify someone’s gender across this broad spectrum based solely on visual cues. Consequently, following previous works [2, 12, 61], we restrict our bias measurement to a binary gender framework and only consider male and female. BiasPainter adopts a commercial face analyses API, named Face++ Cognitive Service [9], to identify the gender information of the human’s picture. Specifically, Face++ Cognitive Service returns a predicted gender to indicate the gender of the people in the picture, which will be adopted by BiasPainter to access the gender. If there is a difference between the gender attribute of the seed image and the generated image, then the image generation model changed the gender in the generated image. Age Assessment. BiasPainter adopts a commercial face analyses API, named Face++ Cognitive Service, to identify the age information of the human’s picture. Specifically, Face++ Cognitive Service returns a predicted age to indicate the ages of the people in the picture, which will be adopted by BiasPainter to access the age. The more differences between the predicted ages of the seed image and the generated image, the more possibility that the age is changed by the image generation model. This paper is available on arxiv under CC0 1.0 DEED license. [8] http://dlib.net/ [9] https://www.faceplusplus.com/ Authors: (1) Wenxuan Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (2) Haonan Bai, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (3) Jen-tse Huang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (4) Yuxuan Wan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (5) Youliang Yuan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Shenzhen, China (6) Haoyi Qiu University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; (7) Nanyun Peng, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA (8) Michael Lyu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Authors: Authors: (1) Wenxuan Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (2) Haonan Bai, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (3) Jen-tse Huang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (4) Yuxuan Wan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (5) Youliang Yuan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Shenzhen, China (6) Haoyi Qiu University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; (7) Nanyun Peng, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA (8) Michael Lyu, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Table of Links Abstract Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Background 2 Background 3 Approach and Implementation 3 Approach and Implementation 3.1 Seed Image Collection and 3.2 Neutral Prompt List Collection 3.1 Seed Image Collection and 3.2 Neutral Prompt List Collection 3.3 Image Generation and 3.4 Properties Assessment 3.3 Image Generation and 3.4 Properties Assessment 3.5 Bias Evaluation 3.5 Bias Evaluation 4 Evaluation 4 Evaluation 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.2 RQ1: Effectiveness of BiasPainter 4.2 RQ1: Effectiveness of BiasPainter 4.3 RQ2 - Validity of Identified Biases 4.3 RQ2 - Validity of Identified Biases 4.4 RQ3 - Bias Mitigation 4.4 RQ3 - Bias Mitigation 5 Threats to Validity 5 Threats to Validity 6 Related Work 6 Related Work 7 Conclusion, Data Availability, and References 7 Conclusion, Data Availability, and References 3.3 Image Generation In this section, we introduce how BiasPainter inputs the seed image and text prompt to image generation models to generate images. As introduced in Section 3.1 and 3.2, the seed image set consists of 54 photos of people, from different combinations of race, age and gender, while the neutral prompt list consists of 228 sentences generated by different prompt words across the 4 topics. Meanwhile, image generation models enable users to provide additional descriptive prompts that can help control the generated style. For each seed image, BiasPainter inputs each prompt from the neutral prompt list every time to generate images. Finally, BiasPainter generates 54 * 228 = 12312 images, which are used to identify the social bias. 3.4 Properties Assessment BiasPainter adopts the (seed image, generated image) pairs to evaluate the social bias. For each seed image and the generated image, BiasPainter first adopts AI techniques to evaluate their properties according to race, gender, and age. Race Assessment. We follow [12] to analyse the race according to the skin color. Researchers presented a division into six groups based on color adjectives: White (Caucasian), Dusky (South Asian), Orange (Austronesian), Yellow (East Asian), Red (Indigenous American), and Black (African) [41]. It is challenging to distinguish the race of a human accurately, considering the number of the race and their mix. To make it simple, BiasPainter uses the significant change of skin tone to identify the changing of the race. For each image, BiasPainter adopts an image processing pipeline to access the skin tone, as illustrated in Figure 4. First, BiasPainter calls Dlib [8] to get a 68-point face landmark and find the area of the face in the picture. The landmark provides the position and the shape of the face in Race Assessment. the picture, and also marks the eyes and mouth of the face. Then, BiasPainter adopts a rule-based method to remove the background, eyes and mouth from the face. Finally, BiasPainter calculates the average pixel value of the remaining face. The darker the digital image is, the higher the average pixel value is. The more difference between the average pixel value of the seed image and the generated image, the more possibility that the race is changed by the image generation model. Gender Assessment. While there is a broad spectrum of genders [23], it’s difficult to accurately identify someone’s gender across this broad spectrum based solely on visual cues. Consequently, following previous works [2, 12, 61], we restrict our bias measurement to a binary gender framework and only consider male and female. BiasPainter adopts a commercial face analyses API, named Face++ Cognitive Service [9], to identify the gender information of the human’s picture. Specifically, Face++ Cognitive Service returns a predicted gender to indicate the gender of the people in the picture, which will be adopted by BiasPainter to access the gender. If there is a difference between the gender attribute of the seed image and the generated image, then the image generation model changed the gender in the generated image. Gender Assessment. Age Assessment. BiasPainter adopts a commercial face analyses API, named Face++ Cognitive Service, to identify the age information of the human’s picture. Specifically, Face++ Cognitive Service returns a predicted age to indicate the ages of the people in the picture, which will be adopted by BiasPainter to access the age. The more differences between the predicted ages of the seed image and the generated image, the more possibility that the age is changed by the image generation model. Age Assessment. This paper is available on arxiv under CC0 1.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC0 1.0 DEED license. available on arxiv [8] http://dlib.net/ [9] https://www.faceplusplus.com/

How AI Models Create and Modify Images for Bias Testing

Authors:
(1) Wahei Hara;
(2) Yuki Hirano. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
Exchanges and Mutations of modifying modules
Quasi-symmetric representation and GIT quotient
Main results
Applications to Calabi-Yau complete intersections
Appendix A. Matrix factorizations
Appendix B. List of Notation
References 2. Exchanges and Mutations of modifying modules 2.1. Noncommutative crepant resolution. The present section recalls the definition of some basic notions that are studied in this article. (1) A reflexive R-module M is called a modifying module if EndR(M) is a (maximal) Cohen-Macaulay R-module. (2) We say that a reflexive module M gives a noncommutative crepant resolution (=NCCR) Λ = EndR(M) if M is modifying and the algebra Λ has finite global dimension. Remark 2.4. Note that our definition of NCCR is different from the one in [Van3] or [IW1]. However, if R is d-sCY, our definition is equivalent to other definitions. See [Van3, Lemma 4.2] or [IW1, Lemma 2.23]. from K ∈ addL such that the induced morphism α ◦ (−): Hom(N, K) → Hom(N, M) is surjective. If L = N, we just call α a right (addL)-approximation of M. A right (add L)N - approximation α: K → M of M is said to be minimal if any endomorphism φ ∈ End(K) satisfying α◦φ = α is an automorphism, and we say that α is reduced if any direct summand K′ of K does not contained in Ker(α). Note that if a right approximation is minimal, it is reduced, and in the case when R is complete local, the converse also holds. Definition 2.6. Let R be a normal d-sCY, and let M, N, L ∈ ref R. Lemma 2.7. Notation is same as above (1) If L ′ ∈ addL, there is an inclusion which remains to be true when restricting to reduced exchanges. (2) If N′ ∈ add N, there is an inclusion which remains to be true when restricting to reduced exchanges. (3) For another full subcategory S ′ ⊆ ref R, there is an inclusion If R is complete local, the similar inclusion also holds for reduced exchanges. Proof. (1), (2) and the first assertion in (3) are obvious. The second assertion in (3) follows from the fact that, if R is complete local, two approximations α: K → M and α ′ : K′ → M′ are reduced if and only if α ⊕ α ′ : K ⊕ K′ → M ⊕ M′ is reduced. Proof. Assume that Hom(N, M ⊕ N) is Cohen-Macaulay, and consider an exact sequence 0 → F Ker α → FK → FM → 0. Now applying the functor Hom(−, FR) to this sequence together with the reflexive equivalence proves that the dual sequence 0 → M∗ → K∗ → (Ker α) is exact. 0 → Hom(FM, FN) → Hom(FK, FN) → Hom(F Ker α, FN) → 0 remains to be exact. Since all modules in the original sequence are reflexive, the reflexive equivalence and the duality yield an isomorphism and similar isomorphisms for K and Ker α, which imply the exactness of the sequence 0 → Hom(N ∗ , M∗ ) → Hom(N ∗ , K∗ ) → Hom(N ∗ ,(Ker α) ∗ ) → 0. Thus the dual morphism K∗ → (Ker α) ∗ is a right (add L ∗ )N∗ -approximation with the kernel M∗ , which proves the first assertion. The second assertion follows from a similar argument. The following says that exchanging a direct summand of a modifying module gives a new modifying module in nice situations. Lemma 2.10. Let M ∈ ref R. The following equivalence holds. M ∈ CM R ⇐⇒ M∗ ∈ CM R Proof. We may assume that R is local. Since M is reflexive, it is enough to show the direction (⇒). Since R is Gorenstein, its injective dimension is finite. Thus the result follows from [BH, Proposition 3.3.3 (b)]. Lemma 2.11. Let R be a Gorenstein normal ring, and let M, N ∈ ref R. Then Proof. It is enough to prove the direction (⇒). Assume that Hom(M, N) ∈ CM R. Then Lemma 2.10 implies that Hom(M, N) ∗ ∈ CM R. But by Lemma [IW1, Lemma 2.9], there is an isomorphism Hom(M, N) ∗ ∼= Hom(N, M), which shows that Hom(N, M) ∈ CM R. The proof for the case when m < 0 is similar. Remark 2.13. Since a right approximation is not unique in general, neither is right/left mutation. However, right/left mutation is unique up to additive closure [IW1, Lemma 6.2], and if R is complete local, minimal mutations are unique up to isomorphism. Theorem 2.14 ([IW1, Proposition 6.5, Theorem 6.8, Theorem 6.10]). Let M ∈ ref R be a modifying R-module. 2.3. Tilting bundles and mutations. This section discusses tilting bundles over algebraic stacks. We start from recalling some basic facts on the derived categories of algebraic stacks. This paper is available on arxiv under CC0 1.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) Wahei Hara; (2) Yuki Hirano. Authors: Authors: (1) Wahei Hara; (2) Yuki Hirano. Table of Links Abstract and Intro Exchanges and Mutations of modifying modules Quasi-symmetric representation and GIT quotient Main results Applications to Calabi-Yau complete intersections Appendix A. Matrix factorizations Appendix B. List of Notation References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro Exchanges and Mutations of modifying modules Exchanges and Mutations of modifying modules Quasi-symmetric representation and GIT quotient Quasi-symmetric representation and GIT quotient Main results Main results Applications to Calabi-Yau complete intersections Applications to Calabi-Yau complete intersections Appendix A. Matrix factorizations Appendix A. Matrix factorizations Appendix B. List of Notation Appendix B. List of Notation References References 2. Exchanges and Mutations of modifying modules 2.1. Noncommutative crepant resolution. The present section recalls the definition of some basic notions that are studied in this article. Noncommutative crepant resolution. (1) A reflexive R-module M is called a modifying module if EndR(M) is a (maximal) Cohen-Macaulay R-module. (2) We say that a reflexive module M gives a noncommutative crepant resolution (=NCCR) Λ = EndR(M) if M is modifying and the algebra Λ has finite global dimension. Remark 2.4. Note that our definition of NCCR is different from the one in [Van3] or [IW1]. However, if R is d-sCY, our definition is equivalent to other definitions. See [Van3, Lemma 4.2] or [IW1, Lemma 2.23]. Remark 2.4. from K ∈ addL such that the induced morphism α ◦ (−): Hom(N, K) → Hom(N, M) is surjective. If L = N, we just call α a right (addL)-approximation of M. A right (add L)N - approximation α: K → M of M is said to be minimal if any endomorphism φ ∈ End(K) satisfying α◦φ = α is an automorphism, and we say that α is reduced if any direct summand K′ of K does not contained in Ker(α). Note that if a right approximation is minimal, it is reduced, and in the case when R is complete local, the converse also holds. Definition 2.6. Let R be a normal d-sCY, and let M, N, L ∈ ref R. Definition 2.6. Lemma 2.7. Notation is same as above Lemma 2.7. Notation is same as above (1) If L ′ ∈ addL, there is an inclusion If L ′ ∈ addL, there is an inclusion which remains to be true when restricting to reduced exchanges. (2) If N′ ∈ add N, there is an inclusion If N′ ∈ add N, there is an inclusion which remains to be true when restricting to reduced exchanges. which remains to be true when restricting to reduced exchanges. (3) For another full subcategory S ′ ⊆ ref R, there is an inclusion For another full subcategory S ′ ⊆ ref R, there is an inclusion If R is complete local, the similar inclusion also holds for reduced exchanges. If R is complete local, the similar inclusion also holds for reduced exchanges. Proof . (1), (2) and the first assertion in (3) are obvious. The second assertion in (3) follows from the fact that, if R is complete local, two approximations α: K → M and α ′ : K′ → M′ are reduced if and only if α ⊕ α ′ : K ⊕ K′ → M ⊕ M′ is reduced. Proof Proof . Assume that Hom(N, M ⊕ N) is Cohen-Macaulay, and consider an exact sequence Proof 0 → F Ker α → FK → FM → 0. Now applying the functor Hom(−, FR) to this sequence together with the reflexive equivalence proves that the dual sequence 0 → M∗ → K∗ → (Ker α) is exact. 0 → Hom(FM, FN) → Hom(FK, FN) → Hom(F Ker α, FN) → 0 remains to be exact. Since all modules in the original sequence are reflexive, the reflexive equivalence and the duality yield an isomorphism and similar isomorphisms for K and Ker α, which imply the exactness of the sequence 0 → Hom(N ∗ , M∗ ) → Hom(N ∗ , K∗ ) → Hom(N ∗ ,(Ker α) ∗ ) → 0. Thus the dual morphism K∗ → (Ker α) ∗ is a right (add L ∗ )N∗ -approximation with the kernel M∗ , which proves the first assertion. The second assertion follows from a similar argument. The following says that exchanging a direct summand of a modifying module gives a new modifying module in nice situations. Lemma 2.10. Let M ∈ ref R. The following equivalence holds. Lemma 2.10. Let M ∈ ref R. The following equivalence holds. M ∈ CM R ⇐⇒ M∗ ∈ CM R Proof. We may assume that R is local. Since M is reflexive, it is enough to show the direction (⇒). Since R is Gorenstein, its injective dimension is finite. Thus the result follows from [BH, Proposition 3.3.3 (b)]. Lemma 2.11. Let R be a Gorenstein normal ring, and let M, N ∈ ref R. Then Lemma 2.11. Proof . It is enough to prove the direction (⇒). Assume that Hom(M, N) ∈ CM R. Then Lemma 2.10 implies that Hom(M, N) ∗ ∈ CM R. But by Lemma [IW1, Lemma 2.9], there is an isomorphism Hom(M, N) ∗ ∼= Hom(N, M), which shows that Hom(N, M) ∈ CM R. Proof The proof for the case when m < 0 is similar. Remark 2.13. Since a right approximation is not unique in general, neither is right/left mutation. However, right/left mutation is unique up to additive closure [IW1, Lemma 6.2], and if R is complete local, minimal mutations are unique up to isomorphism. Theorem 2.14 ([IW1, Proposition 6.5, Theorem 6.8, Theorem 6.10]). Let M ∈ ref R be a modifying R-module. 2.3. Tilting bundles and mutations. This section discusses tilting bundles over algebraic stacks. We start from recalling some basic facts on the derived categories of algebraic stacks. This paper is available on arxiv under CC0 1.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC0 1.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Mutations of noncommutative crepant resolutions: Exchanges & Mutations of modifying modules

নন-কমিউটেটিভ ক্রেপ্যান্ট রেজোলিউশনের মিউটেশন: পরিবর্তনকারী মডিউলগুলির বিনিময় এবং মিউটেশন

Mutationen nichtkommutativer krepanter Auflösungen: Austausch und Mutationen modifizierender Module

Mutaciones de resoluciones crepantes no conmutativas: intercambios y mutaciones de módulos modificadores

Mutations de résolutions crépantes non commutatives : Echanges & Mutations de modules modificateurs

गैर-विनिमेय क्रेपेंट संकल्पों के उत्परिवर्तन: संशोधित मॉड्यूल के आदान-प्रदान और उत्परिवर्तन

非可換クレパント解決の突然変異: 修正モジュールの交換と突然変異

비가환적 크레판트 해결의 돌연변이: 수정 모듈의 교환 및 돌연변이

Mutações de resoluções crepantes não comutativas: Trocas e mutações de módulos modificadores

Мутации некоммутативных крепантных резолюций: обмены и мутации модифицирующих модулей

Değişmeyen crepant çözünürlüklerin mutasyonları: Değiştirici modüllerin Değişimleri ve Mutasyonları

Đột biến của độ phân giải crepant không giao hoán: Trao đổi & Đột biến của các mô-đun sửa đổi

非交换性 crepant 解析的突变：修改模块的交换和突变

Authors: (1) Maria Rigaki, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic and maria.rigaki@fel.cvut.cz; (2) Sebastian Garcia, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic and sebastian.garcia@agents.fel.cvut.cz. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Threat Model Background and Related Work Methodology Experiments Setup Results Discussion Conclusion, Acknowledgments, and References Appendix 6 Results 6.1 Malware Evasion To evaluate MEME, we tested its evasion capabilities compared to four other algorithms. Figure 3 shows the evasion rates of all algorithms against four different targets. Generally, we can see that some targets are more challenging than others. For example, the Sorel-FFNN target seems the hardest to evade, while Ember seems the easiest. MEME outperforms the PPO algorithm in all four targets, with a difference in mean evasion rate between 5-10% depending on the target. This result indicates that creating a surrogate model and running additional training steps is beneficial and produces a better policy. MEME also outperforms MAB in three out of four targets and GAMMA in all four, showing stable overall performance. GAMMA is the only method affected by the time constraint and, in most experiments, manages to process less than 100 binaries. However, it performs almost as well as MEME on the Sorel-FFNN. This shows that the RL methods, including MAB, did not learn the simple strategy of section injection that GAMMA uses, which is part of their action set. Average number of binary modifications to evade the target. The numbers for MAB correspond to the minimal samples created. Random, PPO, and MEME numbers correspond to the mean episode length of the final evaluation on the test set. Table 2. The AV evasion rate was over 50% for both PPO and MEME, with MEME achieving an average evasion rate of 59%. This demonstrates that even though AV is more complex than a single classifier, it can still be bypassed. In terms of required modifications for a malicious binary to appear benign (Table 2), MEME has the lowest average changes against Sorel-FFNN and Microsoft Defender. MAB performs better with lower average changes against Ember and Sorel-LGB, as it aims to minimize the required actions. However, if MAB struggles with evasion, the average modifications increase. Unfortunately, it was not possible to get the number of modifications for each binary from the GAMMA attack since the framework that implements the attack does not provide this metric. Surrogate agreement metrics with the test set for each target model. Table 3. 6.2 Surrogate Evaluation Table 3 shows the agreement scores of the surrogate models with their respective targets. The label agreement scores were higher than 97% for all targets. In the feature agreement metrics, 9 out of 10 top features, according to SHAP feature importances were the same for the Ember target and the respective surrogates. The percentage is slightly lower for Sorel-LGB, with 7.2 out of the top 10 feature agreement and 16.2 out of the top 20. However, the feature agreement metrics get significantly lower regarding the Sorel-FFNN target, even though the label agreement is higher than 98%. This target is also the harder one to evade for the RL-based methods. This high level of label agreement was reached with only 2,048 queries, significantly lower than reported in prior work (25k) [32]. This paper is under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

Stories, News & Mentions about KODIF

Kodif’s Stories on HackerNoon