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How AI and Blockchain are Converging: A Look into IVS Crypto 2024's Innovative Approach

এআই এবং ব্লকচেইন কীভাবে একত্রিত হচ্ছে: IVS ক্রিপ্টো 2024-এর উদ্ভাবনী পদ্ধতির দিকে একটি নজর

Wie KI und Blockchain zusammenwachsen: Ein Blick auf den innovativen Ansatz von IVS Crypto 2024

Cómo convergen la IA y Blockchain: una mirada al enfoque innovador de IVS Crypto 2024

Comment l'IA et la blockchain convergent : un aperçu de l'approche innovante d'IVS Crypto 2024

एआई और ब्लॉकचेन कैसे एक दूसरे से जुड़ रहे हैं: आईवीएस क्रिप्टो 2024 के अभिनव दृष्टिकोण पर एक नज़र

AIとブロックチェーンの融合: IVS Crypto 2024の革新的なアプローチを検証

AI와 블록체인이 융합되는 방식: IVS Crypto 2024의 혁신적인 접근 방식 살펴보기

Como a IA e o Blockchain estão convergindo: uma análise da abordagem inovadora do IVS Crypto 2024

Как ИИ и блокчейн объединяются: взгляд на инновационный подход IVS Crypto 2024

Yapay Zeka ve Blockchain Nasıl Birleşiyor: IVS Crypto 2024'ün Yenilikçi Yaklaşımına Bir Bakış

AI và Blockchain đang hội tụ như thế nào: Nhìn vào phương pháp tiếp cận đổi mới của IVS Crypto 2024

人工智能与区块链如何融合：了解 IVS Crypto 2024 的创新方法

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi;
(2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory;
(3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences
Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound
Low-temperature Reheating
Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments and References 4. Low-temperature Reheating where T corresponds to the temperature of the SM bath. It follows that the Hubble expansion rate H is therefore the SM entropy density implies that the temperature of the SM bath scales as However, it is interesting to emphasize that the standard cosmological scenario is not granted and that alternative cosmologies could also have occurred [121]. In the following, we focus on cases characterized by low-temperature reheating. This reheating could correspond to the period just after the end of inflation, or to a secondary period in which an extra component beyond SM radiation dominated the energy density of the universe. In particular, two scenarios will be reviewed: one where the extra component ϕ that dominated the expansion of the universe has an energy density that gets diluted faster than radiation and does not decay (that is, a kination-like scenario), and the other where ϕ scales as nonrelativistic matter and decays into SM particles (that is, an early matter-dominated scenario). These two scenarios will be described below. 4.1. Kination-like In this scenario, the universe was dominated by a component ϕ whose energy density redshifts faster than free radiation [113], as with n > 0. A typical example of this scenario corresponds to kination [122, 123], where n = 2. However, larger values for n are also possible, appearing, for example, in the context of ekpyrotic [124, 125] or cyclic scenarios [126–129]. where we have taken into account that, as ϕ is not decaying, the SM entropy is conserved, and therefore the SM temperature follows the standard scaling shown in Eq. (4.4). 4.2. Early matter domination It follows that the Hubble expansion rate is Having settled the evolution of the background, in the next section the dynamics of the thermal DM in such alternative cosmological scenarios, and in particular the impact on the unitarity limit, will be carefully studied. [4] It is worth mentioning that, in general, the non-adiabatic period could have been preceded by an adiabatic period with ϕ-domination, and by another era dominated by SM radiation. Here, however, we assume that the DM freeze-out happens in the non-adiabatic period so that previous stages of the universe play no role. This is true if ϕ is identified with the inflaton or simply if the nonadiabatic era is long enough. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References 4. Low-temperature Reheating where T corresponds to the temperature of the SM bath. It follows that the Hubble expansion rate H is therefore T H the SM entropy density implies that the temperature of the SM bath scales as However, it is interesting to emphasize that the standard cosmological scenario is not granted and that alternative cosmologies could also have occurred [121]. In the following, we focus on cases characterized by low-temperature reheating. This reheating could correspond to the period just after the end of inflation, or to a secondary period in which an extra component beyond SM radiation dominated the energy density of the universe. In particular, two scenarios will be reviewed: one where the extra component ϕ that dominated the expansion of the universe has an energy density that gets diluted faster than radiation and does not decay (that is, a kination-like scenario), and the other where ϕ scales as nonrelativistic matter and decays into SM particles (that is, an early matter-dominated scenario). These two scenarios will be described below. 4.1. Kination-like In this scenario, the universe was dominated by a component ϕ whose energy density redshifts faster than free radiation [113], as with n > 0. A typical example of this scenario corresponds to kination [122, 123], where n = 2. However, larger values for n are also possible, appearing, for example, in the context of ekpyrotic [124, 125] or cyclic scenarios [126–129]. where we have taken into account that, as ϕ is not decaying, the SM entropy is conserved, and therefore the SM temperature follows the standard scaling shown in Eq. (4.4). 4.2. Early matter domination It follows that the Hubble expansion rate is Having settled the evolution of the background, in the next section the dynamics of the thermal DM in such alternative cosmological scenarios, and in particular the impact on the unitarity limit, will be carefully studied. [4] It is worth mentioning that, in general, the non-adiabatic period could have been preceded by an adiabatic period with ϕ-domination, and by another era dominated by SM radiation. Here, however, we assume that the DM freeze-out happens in the non-adiabatic period so that previous stages of the universe play no role. This is true if ϕ is identified with the inflaton or simply if the nonadiabatic era is long enough.

Unitarity Bound on Dark Matter: Low-temperature Reheating

ডার্ক ম্যাটারে ঐক্যবদ্ধতা: নিম্ন-তাপমাত্রা পুনরায় গরম করা

Unitaritätsgrenze für Dunkle Materie: Wiedererwärmung bei niedrigen Temperaturen

Unitaridad unida a la materia oscura: recalentamiento a baja temperatura

Unitarité liée à la matière noire : réchauffage à basse température

डार्क मैटर पर यूनिटैरिटी बाउंड: कम तापमान पर पुनः गर्म करना

暗黒物質のユニタリー性限界：低温再加熱

암흑물질의 단일성: 저온 재가열

Unitariedade vinculada à matéria escura: reaquecimento em baixa temperatura

Унитарность, связанная с темной материей: низкотемпературный разогрев

Karanlık Maddeye Bağlı Birlik: Düşük Sıcaklıkta Yeniden Isıtma

Sự thống nhất bị ràng buộc trên vật chất tối: Làm nóng lại ở nhiệt độ thấp

暗物质的幺正性界限：低温再加热

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi;
(2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory;
(3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences
Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound
Low-temperature Reheating
Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments and References 2. S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences For the sake of simplicity, here we will focus on the collisions of nonidentical spin-0 particles. However, the case of other spins can be generalized simply by using Refs. [13, 114]. We carry out the basis transformation from the momentum eigenstates to a general basis state by using rotational invariance. Now, we derive the total cross section, the sum of the elastic and inelastic cross sections, in the channel n with the help of the optical theorem in Eq. (2.1) and the general expression of the matrix element in Eq. (2.2) Then, one can easily obtain the inelastic cross section by subtracting the elastic in Eq. (2.3) from the total cross sections in Eq. (2.4) Finally, we note that for a collision among identical particles, an additional multiplicative factor of 2 in the cross section is required to avoid double counting [114]. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References 2. S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences For the sake of simplicity, here we will focus on the collisions of nonidentical spin-0 particles. However, the case of other spins can be generalized simply by using Refs. [13, 114]. We carry out the basis transformation from the momentum eigenstates to a general basis state by using rotational invariance. Now, we derive the total cross section, the sum of the elastic and inelastic cross sections, in the channel n with the help of the optical theorem in Eq. (2.1) and the general expression of the matrix element in Eq. (2.2) Then, one can easily obtain the inelastic cross section by subtracting the elastic in Eq. (2.3) from the total cross sections in Eq. (2.4) Finally, we note that for a collision among identical particles, an additional multiplicative factor of 2 in the cross section is required to avoid double counting [114].

Unitarity Bound on Dark Matter: S-matrix - Unitarity and its Consequences

ডার্ক ম্যাটারে একতা আবদ্ধ: এস-ম্যাট্রিক্স - একতা এবং এর পরিণতি

Unitaritätsgrenze für Dunkle Materie: S-Matrix - Unitarität und ihre Konsequenzen

La unitaridad unida a la materia oscura: S-matrix - La unitaridad y sus consecuencias

L'Unitarité liée à la matière noire : matrice S - L'Unitarité et ses conséquences

डार्क मैटर पर यूनिटैरिटी बाउंड: एस-मैट्रिक्स - यूनिटैरिटी और इसके परिणाम

暗黒物質のユニタリー性限界: S 行列 - ユニタリー性とその結果

암흑 물질에 결합된 단일성: S-행렬 - 단일성과 그 결과

Unitariedade vinculada à matéria escura: matriz S - Unitariedade e suas consequências

Унитарность, связанная с темной материей: S-матрица - Унитарность и ее последствия

Karanlık Maddeye Bağlı Birlik: S-matrisi - Birlik ve Sonuçları

Tính đơn nhất bị ràng buộc trên vật chất tối: Ma trận S - Tính đơn nhất và hệ quả của nó

暗物质的幺正性界限：S 矩阵 - 幺正性及其后果

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi;
(2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory;
(3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences
Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound
Low-temperature Reheating
Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments and References 5. Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating In this section, two cases for the DM freeze-out are considered. The first corresponds to the visible freeze-out, where a couple of DM particles annihilate into a couple of SM states, with a total thermally-averaged annihilation cross section ⟨σv⟩. The evolution of the DM number density n can be described with the Boltzmann equation [20] 5.1. Kination-like In the following, Eqs. (5.6) and (5.7) will be analytically solved in the context of a kination-like cosmology. For convenience, we start with the case corresponding to the dark freeze-out. 5.1.1. Dark freeze-out If the freeze-out occurs during the radiation-dominated era, Eq. (5.7) can be analytically solved, from the DM freeze-out until today (i.e., small temperature and therefore large x) To match the whole observed DM relic density, it is required that Alternatively, if the freeze-out happens during reheating the integral has been split into two pieces, to emphasize the two regimes of H in Eq. (4.6). Therefore 5.1.2. Visible freeze-out The case of the visible freeze-out in Eq. (5.6) can be computed following the same procedure presented in the previous subsection. However, one could also derive it by fixing r = 2 in Eqs. (5.10) and (5.13), which gives for the freeze-out in the radiation-dominated era, or during reheating. 5.2. Early matter domination The freeze-out temperature can be estimated by comparing Eqs. (4.8) and (5.4) or (5.5), and is given by Next, analytical solutions are presented for Eqs. (5.16) and (5.17) in the context of an early matter-dominated scenario. We will begin with the case corresponding to the dark freeze-out for convenience. 5.2.1. Dark freeze-out If the freeze-out occurs during the radiation era, the solution of Eq. (5.17), or equivalently of Eq. (5.7), is the one presented in Eq. (5.10). Instead, if it occurs during the reheating period, one has that 5.2.2. Visible freeze-out If the freeze-out occurs during radiation domination, the solution of Eq. (5.16) is the same as the one of Eq. (5.14). Alternatively, if it occurs during reheating, one has instead simply corresponding to the limit r = 2 of Eq. (5.20). This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References 5. Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating In this section, two cases for the DM freeze-out are considered. The first corresponds to the visible freeze-out, where a couple of DM particles annihilate into a couple of SM states, with a total thermally-averaged annihilation cross section ⟨σv⟩. The evolution of the DM number density n can be described with the Boltzmann equation [20] 5.1. Kination-like In the following, Eqs. (5.6) and (5.7) will be analytically solved in the context of a kination-like cosmology. For convenience, we start with the case corresponding to the dark freeze-out. 5.1.1. Dark freeze-out If the freeze-out occurs during the radiation-dominated era, Eq. (5.7) can be analytically solved, from the DM freeze-out until today (i.e., small temperature and therefore large x) To match the whole observed DM relic density, it is required that Alternatively, if the freeze-out happens during reheating the integral has been split into two pieces, to emphasize the two regimes of H in Eq. (4.6). Therefore 5.1.2. Visible freeze-out The case of the visible freeze-out in Eq. (5.6) can be computed following the same procedure presented in the previous subsection. However, one could also derive it by fixing r = 2 in Eqs. (5.10) and (5.13), which gives for the freeze-out in the radiation-dominated era, or during reheating. 5.2. Early matter domination The freeze-out temperature can be estimated by comparing Eqs. (4.8) and (5.4) or (5.5), and is given by Next, analytical solutions are presented for Eqs. (5.16) and (5.17) in the context of an early matter-dominated scenario. We will begin with the case corresponding to the dark freeze-out for convenience. 5.2.1. Dark freeze-out If the freeze-out occurs during the radiation era, the solution of Eq. (5.17), or equivalently of Eq. (5.7), is the one presented in Eq. (5.10). Instead, if it occurs during the reheating period, one has that 5.2.2. Visible freeze-out If the freeze-out occurs during radiation domination, the solution of Eq. (5.16) is the same as the one of Eq. (5.14). Alternatively, if it occurs during reheating, one has instead simply corresponding to the limit r = 2 of Eq. (5.20).

Unitarity Bound on Dark Matter: Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating

ডার্ক ম্যাটারে একতাবদ্ধতা: নিম্ন-তাপমাত্রা পুনরায় গরম করার সাথে ফ্রিজ-আউট

Unitaritätsgrenze für Dunkle Materie: Einfrieren durch Wiedererwärmung bei niedrigen Temperaturen

Unitaridad unida a la materia oscura: congelación con recalentamiento a baja temperatura

Unitarité liée à la matière noire : gel avec réchauffement à basse température

डार्क मैटर पर यूनिटैरिटी बाउंड: कम तापमान पर पुनः गर्म करने से फ्रीज-आउट

暗黒物質のユニタリー性限界：低温再加熱による凍結

암흑 물질에 결합된 단일성: 저온 재가열로 인한 동결

Unitariedade vinculada à matéria escura: congelamento com reaquecimento em baixa temperatura

Унитарность, связанная с темной материей: замерзание с низкотемпературным разогревом

Karanlık Maddeye Bağlı Birlik: Düşük Sıcaklıkta Yeniden Isıtma ile Donma

Sự thống nhất bị ràng buộc trên vật chất tối: Đóng băng khi hâm nóng ở nhiệt độ thấp

暗物质的幺正性界限：低温再加热冻结

Unitarity Bound on Dark Matter in Low-temperature Reheating Scenarios: Acknowledgments and Reference

নিম্ন-তাপমাত্রা পুনঃউষ্ণকরণের পরিস্থিতিতে ডার্ক ম্যাটারে ঐক্যবদ্ধতা: স্বীকৃতি এবং রেফারেন্স

Unitaritätsgrenze für Dunkle Materie in Niedertemperatur-Wiedererwärmungsszenarien: Danksagungen und Referenz

Unitaridad unida a la materia oscura en escenarios de recalentamiento a baja temperatura: reconocimientos y referencias

Unitarité liée à la matière noire dans les scénarios de réchauffage à basse température : remerciements et référence

निम्न-तापमान पुनःतापन परिदृश्यों में डार्क मैटर पर यूनिटैरिटी बाउंड: आभार और संदर्भ

低温再加熱シナリオにおける暗黒物質のユニタリー性限界: 謝辞と参考文献

저온 재가열 시나리오에서 암흑물질에 결합된 단일성: 승인 및 참고자료

Unitariedade vinculada à matéria escura em cenários de reaquecimento de baixa temperatura: reconhecimentos e referências

Унитарность, связанная с темной материей в сценариях низкотемпературного разогрева: благодарности и ссылки

Düşük Sıcaklıkta Yeniden Isıtma Senaryolarında Karanlık Maddeye Bağlı Üniterlik: Teşekkür ve Referans

Tính thống nhất bị ràng buộc đối với Vật chất tối trong các kịch bản hâm nóng ở nhiệt độ thấp: Lời cảm ơn và tài liệu tham khảo

低温再加热场景中暗物质的幺正性界限：致谢和参考文献

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi;
(2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory;
(3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences
Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound
Low-temperature Reheating
Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments and References Abstract Model-independent theoretical upper bound on the thermal dark matter (DM) mass can be derived from the maximum inelastic DM cross-section featuring the whole observed DM abundance. We deploy partial-wave unitarity of the scattering matrix to derive the maximal thermally-averaged cross-section for general number-changing processes r → 2 (with r ≥ 2), which may involve standard model particles or occur solely within the dark sector. The usual upper limit on the DM mass for s-wave annihilation is around 130 TeV (1 GeV) for r = 2 (3), only applies in the case of a freeze out occurring in the standard cosmological scenario. We consider the effects of two nonstandard cosmological evolutions, characterized by low-temperature reheating: i) a kination-like scenario and ii) an early matter-dominated scenario. In the first case, the early freeze-out strengthens the unitarity bound to few TeVs for WIMPs; while in the second case, WIMP DM can be as heavy as ∼ 1010 GeV due to a large entropy dilution. 1. Introduction Consideration of a specific DM production paradigm in the early stage of the universe may further constrain the mass range for a viable DM candidate. For instance, the number-changing pair annihilation of DM to SM particles determines its present mass density, where it maintains the chemical and kinetic equilibrium with the thermal soup in the early universe. Interestingly, the requirement of the unitarity of the S-matrix sets a model-independent upper bound on the DM mass for this scenario [12, 13]. The implication of unitarity offers the maximum inelastic cross-section, which fixes the minimum number density of the frozen-out DM. Using this number density, one can establish the maximum allowed DM mass by fulfilling the observed relic density of it. In the theories of DM with long-range forces, bound states of DM can form and therefore relax the unitarity bound by suppressing the inelastic annihilation rate [14–16]. In addition, dark sectors with particle-antiparticle asymmetry enforce the apprehend of the nonzero equilibrium chemical potential for DM, further constraining the unitarity limits due to the demand for an increased effective DM number density at the time of freeze-out [15, 17]. Furthermore, different indirect searches for DM may put a lower limit on DM mass for some specified scenarios. A strong model-independent lower bound for the thermal DM that is annihilating to visible states through an s-wave process is about 20 GeV [18]. In addition, a more restrictive lower limit has recently been found. It has been shown that the lower bound is 200 GeV, considering H.E.S.S. and other updated observational data [19]. In particular, all the DM scenarios mentioned so far pay attention to the 2 → 2 number-changing process where a DM pair annihilates into a pair of SM particles, that is, the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) paradigm [20–22].[1] Moreover, it is not necessary that the number-changing processes involve SM particles, so they may also occur within the dark sector. The minimalistic realization of this scenario is the 3 → 2 process, where this kind of number-changing reaction involves a single DM species. In general, such processes arise in DM theories with new sizable self-interactions, and in several contexts as self-interacting DM [29–31], the Strongly Interacting Massive Particle (SIMP) paradigm [32–49], or even the ELastically DEcoupling Relic (ELDER) scenario [50, 51]. It is essential to mention that the early history of the universe plays a crucial role in DM genesis, since the decoupling of thermal DM occurred at that time. Generally, the studies of DM consider the standard cosmological picture in which the radiation energy density is assumed to dominate the energy budget before the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). However, there is no direct evidence for the energy content at very high temperatures. Therefore, it is vital to look at the effects of modified cosmology on the production of DM. In recent times, the evolution of the DM in the period of non-standard expansion usually triggered by the decay of a long-lived massive particle [48, 52–71] or by Hawking evaporation of primordial black holes [72–95] is receiving increasing attention.[2] All such studies point towards the fact that non-standard cosmology alters the value of the thermally averaged cross section needed to satisfy the observed relic of DM. Such a modification in the thermally averaged cross-section may also change the unitarity mass bound of DM. In a recent article, the authors studied the impact of early matter domination on unitarity limits [112]. This article is decorated as follows. In Sections 2 and 3, we present the detailed derivation of the maximum thermally-averaged cross-section allowed by the unitarity of the Smatrix. We discuss two different non-standard cosmological pictures: kination-like and late-time reheating in Section 4. Section 5 shows the analytical expressions for freeze-out and cross sections for the radiation-dominated universe and the mentioned modified cosmologies, and we also demonstrate our results. Finally, we summarize our findings in Section 6. [1] Alternatively, one can also have in the final state a DM and a SM particle (semi-annihilations) [23–27], or in the initial state a DM and another particle of the dark sector (coannihilations) [28]. [2] For studies on baryogenesis with a low reheating temperature or during an early matter-dominated phase, see Refs. [52, 96–100] and [101–104], respectively. Furthermore, the production of primordial gravitational waves in scenarios with an early matter era has recently received particular attention [105–111]. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References Abstract Model-independent theoretical upper bound on the thermal dark matter (DM) mass can be derived from the maximum inelastic DM cross-section featuring the whole observed DM abundance. We deploy partial-wave unitarity of the scattering matrix to derive the maximal thermally-averaged cross-section for general number-changing processes r → 2 (with r ≥ 2), which may involve standard model particles or occur solely within the dark sector. The usual upper limit on the DM mass for s-wave annihilation is around 130 TeV (1 GeV) for r = 2 (3), only applies in the case of a freeze out occurring in the standard cosmological scenario. We consider the effects of two nonstandard cosmological evolutions, characterized by low-temperature reheating: i) a kination-like scenario and ii) an early matter-dominated scenario. In the first case, the early freeze-out strengthens the unitarity bound to few TeVs for WIMPs; while in the second case, WIMP DM can be as heavy as ∼ 1010 GeV due to a large entropy dilution. 1. Introduction Consideration of a specific DM production paradigm in the early stage of the universe may further constrain the mass range for a viable DM candidate. For instance, the number-changing pair annihilation of DM to SM particles determines its present mass density, where it maintains the chemical and kinetic equilibrium with the thermal soup in the early universe. Interestingly, the requirement of the unitarity of the S-matrix sets a model-independent upper bound on the DM mass for this scenario [12, 13]. The implication of unitarity offers the maximum inelastic cross-section, which fixes the minimum number density of the frozen-out DM. Using this number density, one can establish the maximum allowed DM mass by fulfilling the observed relic density of it. In the theories of DM with long-range forces, bound states of DM can form and therefore relax the unitarity bound by suppressing the inelastic annihilation rate [14–16]. In addition, dark sectors with particle-antiparticle asymmetry enforce the apprehend of the nonzero equilibrium chemical potential for DM, further constraining the unitarity limits due to the demand for an increased effective DM number density at the time of freeze-out [15, 17]. Furthermore, different indirect searches for DM may put a lower limit on DM mass for some specified scenarios. A strong model-independent lower bound for the thermal DM that is annihilating to visible states through an s-wave process is about 20 GeV [18]. In addition, a more restrictive lower limit has recently been found. It has been shown that the lower bound is 200 GeV, considering H.E.S.S. and other updated observational data [19]. In particular, all the DM scenarios mentioned so far pay attention to the 2 → 2 number-changing process where a DM pair annihilates into a pair of SM particles, that is, the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) paradigm [20–22].[1] Moreover, it is not necessary that the number-changing processes involve SM particles, so they may also occur within the dark sector. The minimalistic realization of this scenario is the 3 → 2 process, where this kind of number-changing reaction involves a single DM species. In general, such processes arise in DM theories with new sizable self-interactions, and in several contexts as self-interacting DM [29–31], the Strongly Interacting Massive Particle (SIMP) paradigm [32–49], or even the ELastically DEcoupling Relic (ELDER) scenario [50, 51]. It is essential to mention that the early history of the universe plays a crucial role in DM genesis, since the decoupling of thermal DM occurred at that time. Generally, the studies of DM consider the standard cosmological picture in which the radiation energy density is assumed to dominate the energy budget before the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). However, there is no direct evidence for the energy content at very high temperatures. Therefore, it is vital to look at the effects of modified cosmology on the production of DM. In recent times, the evolution of the DM in the period of non-standard expansion usually triggered by the decay of a long-lived massive particle [48, 52–71] or by Hawking evaporation of primordial black holes [72–95] is receiving increasing attention.[2] All such studies point towards the fact that non-standard cosmology alters the value of the thermally averaged cross section needed to satisfy the observed relic of DM. Such a modification in the thermally averaged cross-section may also change the unitarity mass bound of DM. In a recent article, the authors studied the impact of early matter domination on unitarity limits [112]. This article is decorated as follows. In Sections 2 and 3, we present the detailed derivation of the maximum thermally-averaged cross-section allowed by the unitarity of the Smatrix. We discuss two different non-standard cosmological pictures: kination-like and late-time reheating in Section 4. Section 5 shows the analytical expressions for freeze-out and cross sections for the radiation-dominated universe and the mentioned modified cosmologies, and we also demonstrate our results. Finally, we summarize our findings in Section 6. [1] Alternatively, one can also have in the final state a DM and a SM particle (semi-annihilations) [23–27], or in the initial state a DM and another particle of the dark sector (coannihilations) [28]. [2] For studies on baryogenesis with a low reheating temperature or during an early matter-dominated phase, see Refs. [52, 96–100] and [101–104], respectively. Furthermore, the production of primordial gravitational waves in scenarios with an early matter era has recently received particular attention [105–111].

Unitarity Bound on Dark Matter in Low-temperature Reheating Scenarios: Abstract and Intro

নিম্ন-তাপমাত্রা পুনঃউষ্ণকরণের দৃশ্যে ডার্ক ম্যাটারে ঐক্যবদ্ধতা: বিমূর্ত এবং ভূমিকা

Unitaritätsgrenze für Dunkle Materie in Niedertemperatur-Wiedererwärmungsszenarien: Zusammenfassung und Einführung

Unitaridad ligada a la materia oscura en escenarios de recalentamiento a baja temperatura: resumen e introducción

Unitarité liée à la matière noire dans des scénarios de réchauffage à basse température : résumé et introduction

निम्न-तापमान पुनःतापन परिदृश्यों में डार्क मैटर पर यूनिटैरिटी बाउंड: सार और परिचय

低温再加熱シナリオにおける暗黒物質のユニタリー性限界：概要と序論

저온 재가열 시나리오에서 암흑물질에 결합된 단일성: 개요 및 소개

Unitariedade vinculada à matéria escura em cenários de reaquecimento em baixa temperatura: resumo e introdução

Унитарность, связанная с темной материей в сценариях низкотемпературного повторного нагрева: Аннотация и введение

Düşük Sıcaklıkta Yeniden Isıtma Senaryolarında Karanlık Maddeye Bağlı Birlik: Özet ve Giriş

Tính đơn nhất bị ràng buộc đối với Vật chất tối trong các kịch bản hâm nóng ở nhiệt độ thấp: Tóm tắt và giới thiệu

低温再加热场景中暗物质的幺正性界限：摘要和简介

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi;
(2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory;
(3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences
Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound
Low-temperature Reheating
Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments and References 6. Summary and Conclusion The requirement of the de Broglie wavelength of dark matter (DM) to hold it inside galaxies and the stability of the stellar galaxy cluster collectively put a broad allowed mass range for DM by providing the lower and upper bound of DM mass, respectively. Specifying some properties of DM can further tighten the mass range. Interestingly, one can put the model-independent upper bound by specifying the thermal production of DM in the early universe. The observed DM abundance and unitarity of partial waves from the scattering matrix jointly place an upper limit on DM mass. Primarily, the upper limits on the inelastic cross section for a general number-changing process 2 → r can be derived with the help of the optical theorem, the matrix elements and the elastic scattering cross section for the process. After that, one can obtain the thermally averaged cross section for the r → 2 process by invoking the principle of detailed balance. Finally, the unitarity bounds on the thermally averaged cross section translate to the upper limits on the DM mass satisfying the relic density constraints. It is known that the maximum allowed DM mass for the 2 → 2 and 3 → 2 DM annihilation processes is around 130 TeV and 1 GeV, respectively. However, these bounds not only depend on the particle physics model, but have a strong dependence on the cosmological evolution of the universe, being valid only if the universe followed the so-called “standard cosmological scenario”. Instead, this article explores the DM mass bound in nonstandard cosmological setups characterized by low-temperature reheating. In particular, we focus on i) kination-like scenarios, where the early universe was dominated by a fluid with an energy density that gets diluted faster than free radiation, and ii) early matter-dominated scenarios, where a component with an energy density that scales as nonrelativistic matter dominates the early universe and eventually decays into SM particles. First, we study the kination-like universe, which demands a larger thermally-averaged annihilation cross section to saturate the observed abundance of DM compared to the standard radiation-dominated picture since, in this case, freeze-out occurs early. As a result, the upper bound on the DM mass becomes more stringent than in the standard case. For example, if the reheating temperature is as low as a few MeVs (corresponding to the start of the Big Bang nucleosynthesis epoch), the usual bound of the DM mass m ≲ 130 TeV can be reduced to a few TeVs for WIMPs. Before closing, we want to emphasize that the evolution of the early universe is largely unknown. The standard assumption of a universe dominated by standard-model radiation from the end of cosmological inflation until matter-radiation equality, together with a transition from an inflaton-dominated to a radiation-dominated universe occurring at a very early time, cannot be taken for granted. Having that in mind, here we have studied the impact of the unitarity bound on DM in the case of low-temperature reheating scenarios. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References 6. Summary and Conclusion The requirement of the de Broglie wavelength of dark matter (DM) to hold it inside galaxies and the stability of the stellar galaxy cluster collectively put a broad allowed mass range for DM by providing the lower and upper bound of DM mass, respectively. Specifying some properties of DM can further tighten the mass range. Interestingly, one can put the model-independent upper bound by specifying the thermal production of DM in the early universe. The observed DM abundance and unitarity of partial waves from the scattering matrix jointly place an upper limit on DM mass. Primarily, the upper limits on the inelastic cross section for a general number-changing process 2 → r can be derived with the help of the optical theorem, the matrix elements and the elastic scattering cross section for the process. After that, one can obtain the thermally averaged cross section for the r → 2 process by invoking the principle of detailed balance. Finally, the unitarity bounds on the thermally averaged cross section translate to the upper limits on the DM mass satisfying the relic density constraints. It is known that the maximum allowed DM mass for the 2 → 2 and 3 → 2 DM annihilation processes is around 130 TeV and 1 GeV, respectively. However, these bounds not only depend on the particle physics model, but have a strong dependence on the cosmological evolution of the universe, being valid only if the universe followed the so-called “standard cosmological scenario”. Instead, this article explores the DM mass bound in nonstandard cosmological setups characterized by low-temperature reheating. In particular, we focus on i ) kination-like scenarios, where the early universe was dominated by a fluid with an energy density that gets diluted faster than free radiation, and ii ) early matter-dominated scenarios, where a component with an energy density that scales as nonrelativistic matter dominates the early universe and eventually decays into SM particles. i ii First, we study the kination-like universe, which demands a larger thermally-averaged annihilation cross section to saturate the observed abundance of DM compared to the standard radiation-dominated picture since, in this case, freeze-out occurs early. As a result, the upper bound on the DM mass becomes more stringent than in the standard case. For example, if the reheating temperature is as low as a few MeVs (corresponding to the start of the Big Bang nucleosynthesis epoch), the usual bound of the DM mass m ≲ 130 TeV can be reduced to a few TeVs for WIMPs. Before closing, we want to emphasize that the evolution of the early universe is largely unknown. The standard assumption of a universe dominated by standard-model radiation from the end of cosmological inflation until matter-radiation equality, together with a transition from an inflaton-dominated to a radiation-dominated universe occurring at a very early time, cannot be taken for granted. Having that in mind, here we have studied the impact of the unitarity bound on DM in the case of low-temperature reheating scenarios.

Unitarity Bound on Dark Matter in Low-temperature Reheating Scenarios: Summary and Conclusion

নিম্ন-তাপমাত্রা পুনঃউষ্ণকরণের পরিস্থিতিতে ডার্ক ম্যাটারে একতা আবদ্ধ: সারাংশ এবং উপসংহার

Unitaritätsgrenze für Dunkle Materie in Niedertemperatur-Wiedererwärmungsszenarien: Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerung

Unitaridad unida a la materia oscura en escenarios de recalentamiento a baja temperatura: resumen y conclusión

Unitarité liée à la matière noire dans les scénarios de réchauffage à basse température : résumé et conclusion

निम्न-तापमान पुनःतापन परिदृश्यों में डार्क मैटर पर यूनिटैरिटी बाउंड: सारांश और निष्कर्ष

低温再加熱シナリオにおける暗黒物質のユニタリー性限界：要約と結論

저온 재가열 시나리오에서 암흑물질에 결합된 단일성: 요약 및 결론

Limitação de unitaridade na matéria escura em cenários de reaquecimento em baixa temperatura: resumo e conclusão

Унитарность, связанная с темной материей в сценариях низкотемпературного разогрева: итоги и выводы

Düşük Sıcaklıkta Yeniden Isıtma Senaryolarında Karanlık Maddeye Bağlı Üniterlik: Özet ve Sonuç

Tính đơn nhất bị ràng buộc đối với Vật chất tối trong các kịch bản hâm nóng ở nhiệt độ thấp: Tóm tắt và kết luận

低温再加热场景中暗物质的幺正性界限：总结和结论

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi;
(2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory;
(3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro
S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences
Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound
Low-temperature Reheating
Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating
Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments and References 3. Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Now, the Boltzmann equation boils down to the following simplified form Now, we can obtain the maximum thermally averaged rate for the r → 2 process using Eq. (3.2), as where g stands for the internal degrees of freedom of the DM. Therefore, the maximum value of the thermally averaged s-wave annihilation cross section for 3 → 2 can be written as Likewise, one can also express the maximum value of the thermally average s-wave annihilation cross section for 4 → 2 as [3] Although the expression of Eq. (3.5) is derived considering equal mass for all the particles involved in the interaction; it provides maximum thermally-averaged cross section for WIMPs in the case r = 2 where the mass of the final-state particles can be different from the same of the initial-state particles. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Nicolas Bernal, New York University Abu Dhabi; (2) Partha Konar, Physical Research Laboratory; (3) Sudipta Show, Physical Research Laboratory. Table of Links Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Abstract and Intro Abstract and Intro S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences S-matrix: Unitarity and its Consequences Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Low-temperature Reheating Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Freeze-out with a Low-temperature Reheating Summary and Conclusion Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments and References Acknowledgments and References 3. Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound Now, the Boltzmann equation boils down to the following simplified form Now, we can obtain the maximum thermally averaged rate for the r → 2 process using Eq. (3.2), as where g stands for the internal degrees of freedom of the DM. Therefore, the maximum value of the thermally averaged s-wave annihilation cross section for 3 → 2 can be written as Likewise, one can also express the maximum value of the thermally average s-wave annihilation cross section for 4 → 2 as [3] Although the expression of Eq. (3.5) is derived considering equal mass for all the particles involved in the interaction; it provides maximum thermally-averaged cross section for WIMPs in the case r = 2 where the mass of the final-state particles can be different from the same of the initial-state particles.

Unitarity Bound on Dark Matter: Dark Matter Annihilation and Unitarity Bound

ডার্ক ম্যাটারে একতা আবদ্ধ: ডার্ক ম্যাটার অ্যানিহিলেশন এবং ইউনিটারিটি বাউন্ড

Unitaritätsgrenze für Dunkle Materie: Vernichtung Dunkler Materie und Unitaritätsgrenze

Unitaridad unida a la materia oscura: aniquilación de la materia oscura y unitaridad unida

L'unité liée à la matière noire : l'annihilation de la matière noire et l'unité liée

डार्क मैटर पर यूनिटैरिटी बाउंड: डार्क मैटर का विनाश और यूनिटैरिटी बाउंड

暗黒物質のユニタリー性限界: 暗黒物質の消滅とユニタリー性限界

암흑 물질에 결합된 단일성: 암흑 물질 소멸 및 결합된 단일성

Limite de unidade à matéria escura: aniquilação da matéria escura e limite de unidade

Унитарность, связанная с темной материей: Аннигиляция темной материи и граница унитарности

Karanlık Maddeye Bağlı Üniterlik: Karanlık Maddenin Yok Edilmesi ve Üniterliğe Bağlı

Giới hạn đơn nhất trên vật chất tối: Sự hủy diệt vật chất tối và giới hạn đơn nhất

暗物质的幺正界限：暗物质湮灭与幺正界限

**KYOTO, Japan, May 13th, 2024/Chainwire/--**The IVS KYOTO Executive Committee is delighted to announce it will host one of the largest and most celebrated annual crypto conferences in Japan in the coming weeks. The three-day IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO event will be held at the Kyoto Pulse Plaza alongside this year’s Japan Blockchain Week Summit, from Thursday, July 4 to Saturday until July 6, 2024. The previous edition of IVS Kyoto stood out as the largest crypto event on Japan’s 2023 calendar, acclaimed for delivering a multifaceted and exhilarating experience that drew more than 10,500 attendees, 300 speakers and over 150 side events under the theme of “What’s your new adventures”. In the wake of last year’s success, the theme for IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO is centered on the concept of “Cross the Boundaries”. Attendees, exhibitors and speakers alike, from both Japan and around the world, are asked to focus on the evolution and application of blockchain technology and explore the future of Web 3.0 through games, entertainment, AI, and more. The event will run simultaneously alongside the highly anticipated Japan Blockchain Week Summit, and this year’s program promises to be even more comprehensive than before, with a record-breaking number of blockchain and Web 3.0 pioneers present. Japan Blockchain Week 2024 will play host to events staged all over Japan, and is expected to attract more than 50,000 attendees in all. Transcending The Barrier Between Web 3.0 & Reality At Kyoto Pulse Plaza IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO will span four entire floors at the Kyoto Pulse Plaza, with the 1st Floor given over to exhibits designed to promote the practical application of blockchain technology, with visitors able to explore how Web 3.0 is already being integrated into our daily lives. Visitors will be able to experience sessions dissecting themes such as “Blockchain Data & AI”, “SocialFi & Entertainment”, “Game-Specific Chains & Gaming Industry”, and “DeFi and Financial Efficiency”, among many others. Headline speakers gracing the stage on the first floor include Mo Shaikh (CEO and Co-Founder of Aptos Labs), Sebastien Borget (Co-founder of the  Sandbox), Joichi Ito (President of Chiba Institute of Technology), Mai Fujimoto (Co-founder of  INTMAX ), Genki Oda (Representative Director of JVCEA), Hidekazu Kondo (CEO of Japan  Open Chain), Waka Itagaki (Deputy Director of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry), Ken  Kanetomo (web3 Division Manager of Konami Digital Entertainment), and Hideto Kawasaki  (Director-General of web3PT of Liberal Democratic Party. The floor will be populated by the booths of dozens of cutting-edge blockchain companies, intersected by seven exclusive experience zones, with each one designed to introduce visitors to Web 3.0 from a totally different perspective. These include The Web3 Entertainment Zone, organized by SHAKE Entertainment and YGG Japan, which will showcase how the gaming industry is embracing Web 3.0. Another highlight will be the Crypto Village powered by MURA and run by Shinsekai Technologies, which is set to host a range of side events based on various themes held at different times of the day, providing a dynamic environment for meetups and communication. Inamori Hall on the 3rd Floor at Kyoto Pulse Plaza will be given over to a series of projects that bring together innovative ideas and projects in an effort to match creators and developers who aim to drive the future of Web 3.0. The projects include the eagerly-awaited AI & Web 3.0 Animation Contest, which will see young creators compete against one another to create short animations managed by blockchain, using AI and the Unreal Engine, plus tools supplied by Animechain.ai. WaveHack Global Demo Day is another highlight, with the winning hackathon teams set to win prizes totaling $500,000 and the opportunity to present their Web 3.0 projects at future events such as EDCON and WebX. Finally, the 2nd and 5th Floors are exclusive zones that will provide an opportunity for entrepreneurs and innovators to meet and share their vision with some of the most renowned venture capital investors in the crypto industry. Japan Blockchain Week 2024: A Spectacular Series Of Web 3.0 Events Japan Blockchain Week Summit is the new name for the annual Non Fungible Tokyo event that was first held back in 2018, and it is expanding to become one of the top crypto events on the planet, with more than 50,000 attendees due to show up at this year’s revamped edition. The event will run for two days within IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO, co-hosted by JapanBlockchainWeek and N.Avenue, the operator of CoinDesk JAPAN. As the showcase event at IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO, Japan Blockchain Week Summit will kick off this year’s Japan Blockchain Week 2024, which is set to run from July 4 to July 31 and will see multiple experiences popping up at locations all over the country. Some of the most eagerly anticipated events include "Web3 Future 2024”, which will take place on July 16, hosted by GInco Inc., and “DCENTRAL Tokyo 2024”, a three-day event that’s set to run from July 17 to July 19. Moreover, De University of Ethereum will host the "EDCON TOKYO 2024" event from July 26 to 30, with IVS Crypto/JBW Summit attendees receiving a ticket that includes a number of special perks. Last year’s IVS Crypto was a spectacular success, with more than 150 side events taking place at Kyoto’s famed Nijo Castle, Yasaka Shrine and Heian Shrine. This year’s edition is sure to be even more exciting, with over 300 events planned to take place across Japan, and the IVS KYOTO Executive Committee is delighted to reveal that it’s now looking for additional event organizers to expand what will surely be one of the most monumental shindigs in the history of Web 3.0. Those interested in participating can visit this link to find out more: https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/IVS2024-SIDE-EVENT-Guide-5903e36440cf474f8e13373d81d4211d. IVS Crypto 2024 is made possible by numerous partnerships and sponsorships with some of the biggest names in Japan’s Web 3.0 industry. Platinum partners Aptos and Animechain.ai, will be joined by a host of Gold partners, including Oasys, double jump.tokyo, Avalanche, Alibaba Cloud,  Japan Open Chain, SBI Holdings, LINE NEXT/DOSI/kaia, and Vyvo Smart Chain, as they work together to build the next generation of the (decentralized) internet. Companies and organizations interested in sponsoring can check details and make inquiries through a dedicated form on the official website. For other partners, please use our dedicated partner application form. Sponsorship inquiry form: https://www.ivs.events/about-sponsorship. Media partner, community partner, and VC partner guidebook: https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/English-Guidance-for-Partners-of-IVS2024-26c7790de96045ba9645f68672601561. For discounted tickets visit: https://www.ivs.events/crypto. Coupon code: MarketAcross About the IVS KYOTO Executive Committee Headline Japan, Inc. was established with Kyoto Prefecture and Kyoto City for the purpose of  further developing the startup ecosystem and promoting the local industry through IVS in Kyoto.  We will promote the fusion of startups with Kyoto's corporate, university, research, and cultural  resources, leading to the creation of new industries and the emergence of startups that can  compete on a global scale. Contact Fukaya, Kurita, Togawa & Yoshida ivs-pr@vectorinc.co.jp +81 3-5572-6063 This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. **KYOTO, Japan, May 13th, 2024/Chainwire/--**The IVS KYOTO Executive Committee is delighted to announce it will host one of the largest and most celebrated annual crypto conferences in Japan in the coming weeks. The three-day IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO event will be held at the Kyoto Pulse Plaza alongside this year’s Japan Blockchain Week Summit, from Thursday, July 4 to Saturday until July 6, 2024. IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO The previous edition of IVS Kyoto stood out as the largest crypto event on Japan’s 2023 calendar, acclaimed for delivering a multifaceted and exhilarating experience that drew more than 10,500 attendees, 300 speakers and over 150 side events under the theme of “What’s your new adventures”. In the wake of last year’s success, the theme for IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO is centered on the concept of “Cross the Boundaries”. Attendees, exhibitors and speakers alike, from both Japan and around the world, are asked to focus on the evolution and application of blockchain technology and explore the future of Web 3.0 through games, entertainment, AI, and more. The event will run simultaneously alongside the highly anticipated Japan Blockchain Week Summit, and this year’s program promises to be even more comprehensive than before, with a record-breaking number of blockchain and Web 3.0 pioneers present. Japan Blockchain Week 2024 will play host to events staged all over Japan, and is expected to attract more than 50,000 attendees in all. Transcending The Barrier Between Web 3.0 & Reality At Kyoto Pulse Plaza IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO will span four entire floors at the Kyoto Pulse Plaza, with the 1st Floor given over to exhibits designed to promote the practical application of blockchain technology, with visitors able to explore how Web 3.0 is already being integrated into our daily lives. Visitors will be able to experience sessions dissecting themes such as “Blockchain Data & AI”, “SocialFi & Entertainment”, “Game-Specific Chains & Gaming Industry”, and “DeFi and Financial Efficiency”, among many others. Headline speakers gracing the stage on the first floor include Mo Shaikh (CEO and Co-Founder of Aptos Labs), Sebastien Borget (Co-founder of the  Sandbox), Joichi Ito (President of Chiba Institute of Technology), Mai Fujimoto (Co-founder of  INTMAX ), Genki Oda (Representative Director of JVCEA), Hidekazu Kondo (CEO of Japan  Open Chain), Waka Itagaki (Deputy Director of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry), Ken  Kanetomo (web3 Division Manager of Konami Digital Entertainment), and Hideto Kawasaki  (Director-General of web3PT of Liberal Democratic Party. The floor will be populated by the booths of dozens of cutting-edge blockchain companies, intersected by seven exclusive experience zones, with each one designed to introduce visitors to Web 3.0 from a totally different perspective. These include The Web3 Entertainment Zone, organized by SHAKE Entertainment and YGG Japan, which will showcase how the gaming industry is embracing Web 3.0. Another highlight will be the Crypto Village powered by MURA and run by Shinsekai Technologies, which is set to host a range of side events based on various themes held at different times of the day, providing a dynamic environment for meetups and communication. Inamori Hall on the 3rd Floor at Kyoto Pulse Plaza will be given over to a series of projects that bring together innovative ideas and projects in an effort to match creators and developers who aim to drive the future of Web 3.0. The projects include the eagerly-awaited AI & Web 3.0 Animation Contest, which will see young creators compete against one another to create short animations managed by blockchain, using AI and the Unreal Engine, plus tools supplied by Animechain.ai. WaveHack Global Demo Day is another highlight, with the winning hackathon teams set to win prizes totaling $500,000 and the opportunity to present their Web 3.0 projects at future events such as EDCON and WebX. Finally, the 2nd and 5th Floors are exclusive zones that will provide an opportunity for entrepreneurs and innovators to meet and share their vision with some of the most renowned venture capital investors in the crypto industry. Japan Blockchain Week 2024: A Spectacular Series Of Web 3.0 Events Japan Blockchain Week Summit is the new name for the annual Non Fungible Tokyo event that was first held back in 2018, and it is expanding to become one of the top crypto events on the planet, with more than 50,000 attendees due to show up at this year’s revamped edition. The event will run for two days within IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO, co-hosted by JapanBlockchainWeek and N.Avenue, the operator of CoinDesk JAPAN. As the showcase event at IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO, Japan Blockchain Week Summit will kick off this year’s Japan Blockchain Week 2024, which is set to run from July 4 to July 31 and will see multiple experiences popping up at locations all over the country. Some of the most eagerly anticipated events include "Web3 Future 2024”, which will take place on July 16, hosted by GInco Inc., and “DCENTRAL Tokyo 2024”, a three-day event that’s set to run from July 17 to July 19. Moreover, De University of Ethereum will host the "EDCON TOKYO 2024" event from July 26 to 30, with IVS Crypto/JBW Summit attendees receiving a ticket that includes a number of special perks. Last year’s IVS Crypto was a spectacular success, with more than 150 side events taking place at Kyoto’s famed Nijo Castle, Yasaka Shrine and Heian Shrine. This year’s edition is sure to be even more exciting, with over 300 events planned to take place across Japan, and the IVS KYOTO Executive Committee is delighted to reveal that it’s now looking for additional event organizers to expand what will surely be one of the most monumental shindigs in the history of Web 3.0. Those interested in participating can visit this link to find out more: https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/IVS2024-SIDE-EVENT-Guide-5903e36440cf474f8e13373d81d4211d . https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/IVS2024-SIDE-EVENT-Guide-5903e36440cf474f8e13373d81d4211d https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/IVS2024-SIDE-EVENT-Guide-5903e36440cf474f8e13373d81d4211d IVS Crypto 2024 is made possible by numerous partnerships and sponsorships with some of the biggest names in Japan’s Web 3.0 industry. Platinum partners Aptos and Animechain.ai, will be joined by a host of Gold partners, including Oasys, double jump.tokyo, Avalanche, Alibaba Cloud,  Japan Open Chain, SBI Holdings, LINE NEXT/DOSI/kaia, and Vyvo Smart Chain, as they work together to build the next generation of the (decentralized) internet. Companies and organizations interested in sponsoring can check details and make inquiries through a dedicated form on the official website. For other partners, please use our dedicated partner application form. Sponsorship inquiry form: https://www.ivs.events/about-sponsorship . https://www.ivs.events/about-sponsorship https://www.ivs.events/about-sponsorship Media partner, community partner, and VC partner guidebook: https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/English-Guidance-for-Partners-of-IVS2024-26c7790de96045ba9645f68672601561 . https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/English-Guidance-for-Partners-of-IVS2024-26c7790de96045ba9645f68672601561 https://www.notion.so/headlineasia/English-Guidance-for-Partners-of-IVS2024-26c7790de96045ba9645f68672601561 For discounted tickets visit: https://www.ivs.events/crypto . https://www.ivs.events/crypto https://www.ivs.events/crypto Coupon code: MarketAcross About the IVS KYOTO Executive Committee Headline Japan, Inc. was established with Kyoto Prefecture and Kyoto City for the purpose of  further developing the startup ecosystem and promoting the local industry through IVS in Kyoto.  We will promote the fusion of startups with Kyoto's corporate, university, research, and cultural  resources, leading to the creation of new industries and the emergence of startups that can  compete on a global scale. Contact Fukaya, Kurita, Togawa & Yoshida ivs-pr@vectorinc.co.jp +81 3-5572-6063 This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

Announcing IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO And Japan Blockchain Week Summit

IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO এবং জাপান ব্লকচেইন উইক সামিট ঘোষণা করা হচ্ছে

Ankündigung von IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO und Japan Blockchain Week Summit

Anuncio de IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO y la Cumbre de la Semana Blockchain de Japón

Annonce du sommet IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO et Japan Blockchain Week

IVS क्रिप्टो 2024 क्योटो और जापान ब्लॉकचेन सप्ताह शिखर सम्मेलन की घोषणा

IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTOとJapan Blockchain Week Summitのお知らせ

IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO 및 Japan Blockchain Week Summit 발표

Anunciando IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO e Japan Blockchain Week Summit

Анонсируем саммит IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO и Japan Blockchain Week

IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO ve Japonya Blockchain Haftası Zirvesi Duyurusu

Công bố Hội nghị thượng đỉnh Tuần lễ Blockchain của KYOTO và Nhật Bản IVS Crypto 2024

宣布 IVS Crypto 2024 KYOTO 和日本区块链周峰会

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Amit Kumar Chatterjee, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University & Department of Physics, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira; (2) Satoshi Takada, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering and Institute of Engineering; (3) Hisao Hayakawa, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University. Table of Links Introduction Model and Protocol Different Regimes in d˜− Γ˜ Plain and Multiple QMPE QMPE in Region (d): Second-order Ep QMPE in Region (a1): Oscillations Summary Appendix A: Eigenvectors of L in region (d) Appendix B: Eigenvectors of L in region (a1) Appendix C: QMPE in region (b): purely exponential relaxation Appendix D: QMPE in region (e): 3rd order EP References References [1] N. C. Keim, J. D. Paulsen, Z. Zeravcic, S. Sastry and S. R. Nagel, Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 035002 (2019).. [2] J. Gill, Solid State Commun. 39, 1203 (1981). [3] R. M. Fleming and L. F. Schneemeyer, Phys. Rev. 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Multiple Quantum Mpemba Effect: Exceptional Points and Oscillations: References

Welcome to HackerNoon’s Writing Prompts! Would you like to take a stab at answering some of these questions? The link for the template is . HERE A quiet revolution recently occurred on our roads—the rise of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs have shifted from a niche interest to a global sensation, from super city cars to robust SUVs. However, myths and misconceptions have dimmed the true potential of EVs. Clearing these misconceptions is essential for cars and trusting individuals to make informed choices for a sustainable future. Our journey starts with recognizing that debunking these myths enables people to make decisions aligned with a forward-thinking and eco-friendly future. We'll explore the unknown parts of electric mobility, uncovering stories, breakthroughs, and innovations driving this dynamic evolution. Join us in this adventure—a journey that reveals the truths behind the wheels, quietly steering us into a cleaner, greener, and electrifying future. Myth #1: Electric Vehicles Have a Short Driving Range In the old times, electric cars didn't go too far. They were like short-distance runners, not built for long trips. It made people wonder if they were really practical for everyday use. But then, something cool happened. Scientists improved the batteries, especially with a thing called lithium-ion. These new batteries turned electric cars into long-distance champs, giving them the power to cover long distances on just one charge. Look at cars like the Tesla Model S and the Chevrolet Bolt. These cars can go over 300 miles without needing more charge. Even the Nissan Leaf and Hyundai Kona Electric are joining the club, showing that electric cars are now way better than in the old days. Electric cars are not just for short trips. Nowadays, they can handle all kinds of journeys, from city streets to country roads. Say goodbye to worrying about running out of power. It's time to zoom into the future, where distance is no problem for electric vehicles. Myth #2: Charging an Electric Vehicle Takes Too Long Let's tackle this myth: the idea that charging an electric vehicle (EV) takes forever. In the past, waiting for an EV to charge felt like watching paint dry, but times have changed. Say hello to a world of charging options. We've got Level 2 chargers, like your smartphone charger but faster, and then there are the fast charging stations. These chargers are like pit stops for your EV, charging it up in a fraction of the time. The future is even faster. Rapid-charging technologies are popping up, promising to shorten your EV break times. Imagine grabbing a coffee, and by the time you finish, your car is ready for the next part of the journey. Modern charging infrastructure is like having gas stations but cooler. Charging points are popping up everywhere, from malls to parking lots. You can plug in while grabbing groceries or shopping, turning your regular stops into EV power-ups. It makes charging more convenient and efficient. Myth #3: Electric Vehicles Are Not Environmentally Friendly Due to the Electricity Source Let's clear the air on this one: some people think electric vehicles (EVs) aren't eco-friendly because of where their power comes from. It's time to break down this myth and understand the bigger picture. EVs are still doing better than their gas-guzzling vehicles. A closer look at the numbers shows that EVs tend to produce fewer emissions than traditional vehicles, even when charged with electricity from not-so-green sources. It's a step in the right direction for cleaner air. The world is shifting towards cleaner energy sources. Solar, wind, and other renewables are becoming bigger players in the energy game. As the electricity grid gets greener, the environmental footprint of EVs gets even smaller. It's a win-win for the planet. EVs are part of a solution, not the problem. They are contributing to cleaner air and a healthier planet. Electric vehicles have a smaller environmental impact from manufacturing to daily use than traditional vehicles. It's time to see EVs as cars and champions for a more sustainable future. Myth #4: Electric Vehicles Have High Initial Cost The idea is that electric vehicles (EVs) are too expensive to be practical. It's time to break down this myth and show there's more to the story than the upfront cost. The government is on board with electric dreams. Some incentives and tax credits can make getting an EV a lot friendlier on your wallet. These perks are like a little bonus for choosing a more sustainable ride. As technology advances, batteries are becoming more affordable. That means the overall price tag of electric vehicles is getting more budget-friendly, making them a smart choice for consumers. The starting price might surprise you, but think about the overall situation. Electric vehicles are money-saving in the long run. They have fewer parts to wear out, which means lower maintenance costs. Plus, charging up with electricity is kinder to your wallet than filling up with gas. It's time to see EVs as an upfront investment and a smart financial move for the road ahead. Now, there are tools that can decrease maintenance costs, such as Torque360. It's a complete auto repair management software that helps repair shops fix vehicles more efficiently and quickly. Myth #5: Electric Vehicles Are Impractical for Long-Distance Travel The idea that electric vehicles (EVs) are impractical for long-distance adventures. It's time to navigate through this misconception and discover the truth. Say goodbye to old-school thinking. Modern EVs are your travel buddies. Manufacturers have equipped them with features designed for the open road. Today's electric cars are made for people who love the freedom of the open road, with advanced battery systems and energy-efficient designs. Are you worried about getting left in the middle of nowhere? Fear not. EVs are smarter than ever, with built-in navigation systems that map out charging stations along your route. It's like having a co-pilot who always knows where the next pit stop for a quick charge is. Long drives got a lot more convenient. So, buckle up and get ready to rewrite the story. Electric vehicles are not just for short hops around town – they are the companions you need for those epic road trips. It's time to redefine what's possible on the open road and end the myth that EVs can't go far. Conclusion We've dismissed the myth of limited driving range, proving that today's electric vehicles are quick and constant champions, ready for the longest drives. Do we have a charging concern? Consider it a dead issue as we explored the swiftly advancing charging infrastructure, turning regular breaks into power refills. We've seen the powerful shift towards cleaner energy sources, highlighting that electric vehicles lead the way to a greener future. EVs aren't just suitable for city drives but are ideal companions for road trips. As we drive into tomorrow, it's clear that electric vehicles are changing and steering us toward a more sustainable, efficient, and exciting era on the roads. So, whether you're considering your first electric vehicle or have long been a part of the EV movement, remember: the myths are dead, and the reality is enlightening. Strap in, power up, and welcome to the age of electric clarity!

Breaking Down the Myths About Electric Vehicles

The resilience of Web3 gaming, bolstered by an emerging crypto bull market, is paving the way for what industry experts are forecasting as a defining year in 2024. The sector, which has weathered the volatility of crypto bear markets, is now positioned at the brink of a potential upswing, fueled by both market dynamics and technological advancements. Crypto market excitement, coupled with the anticipated commercial release of several high-profile blockchain games, is set to usher an unprecedented number of gamers into the Web3 space. Dmitrii Morozov, CEO of , notes, "The groundwork laid in 2022 and 2023 with alpha and beta stages is coming to fruition, with many titles set for commercial release in 2024, potentially bringing Web3 gaming to new heights." GG MetaGame Recent highlights the momentum, showing about 1 million unique active wallets engaging with Web3 games daily in recent months. However, these numbers might just be a prelude to a much larger movement. Siu projects an influx of up to 100 million gamers by next year, a surge driven by the transition of numerous titles from their alpha and beta stages in 2022 and 2023 to full commercial launches in 2024. data from DappRadar "2024 is a growth year in terms of bringing people on to Web3," commented Yat Siu, co-founder of gaming and venture firm Animoca Brands, in a Cointelegraph interview. The casual Web3 gaming space, especially mobile games, is poised to be at the forefront of this wave. Siu envisions "tens of millions, maybe even 100 million gamers" being introduced to blockchain gaming through these accessible platforms. This article delves into 7 key predictions for the Web3 Gaming industry that might become realities in the next twelve months. Are you game? Read on! 1. Web2 game giants leap into Web3 The upcoming year is poised to established Web2 gaming giants making their foray into Web3. Already, industry stalwarts like Nexon, Netmarble, Krafton, and Come2uS, along with Western powerhouses such as Square Enix, Konami, Ubisoft, CCP Games, Scopely, EA, and Zynga, have started exploring the Web3 space. witness more In this regard, Dmitrii comments: "The entrance of these giants is a clear indication of the untapped potential in Web3 gaming, signaling a paradigm shift in the industry." 2. Expanding presence on major app stores Policies on major platforms like Apple App Store, Google Play Store, and Epic Games Store are evolving, making room for more Web3 games. In light of the EU Digital Markets Act, it's anticipated that mobile games on these platforms will begin incorporating stablecoins as a payment option, particularly benefiting European gamers. The U.S. market is also likely to see similar trends, owing to developments like Epic's victory over Google. 3. Growth of the gaming token market The market cap for gaming tokens currently stands at approximately . Given the recent growth rates in the gaming industry, it's plausible that this figure could soar to $40 billion or more in 2024. This growth would not only reflect the increasing monetary value but also signify the burgeoning interest and investment in Web3 gaming. $18 billion 4. Web2 brands embracing Web3 mechanics The trend of traditional, renowned brands integrating Web3 gamification is . Post-2022, brands like Nike, Starbucks, Gucci, Adidas, Dior, Louis Vuitton, Balmain, and Prada have either launched or intensified their Web3 initiatives. "The coming year could easily see a doubling of such Forever Brand activations in the Web3 domain," predicts Morozov. This movement indicates a broader acceptance and integration of Web3 concepts beyond the gaming sector alone. expected to continue 5. Play-to-Earn: about time for a natural evolution Play-to-earn (P2E) gaming emerged as a dominant trend in 2022, captivating a broad spectrum of users with the allure of earning real-world value through in-game activities. However, this model faced scrutiny as both game developers and players overly focused on the 'earn' aspect, often at the expense of genuine gaming experiences. A paradigm shift is now underway. A by the Blockchain Game Alliance (BGA) highlighted that improving game quality should take precedence over simply implementing P2E mechanisms. This sentiment is echoed by Oasys Games director Daiki Moriyama, who, in an , acknowledged the significance of P2E but emphasized its overemphasis in the current landscape. Moriyama suggests that leveraging well-known IPs and significantly enhancing user experience could recalibrate the focus. 2023 report interview Can Azizoglu, CEO of Web3 startup incubator Coinoxs, concurs with this evolving perspective. “The Web3 gaming landscape is diversifying. Players are seeking varied gaming experiences, not just P2E,” he stated. While P2E remains a popular model, the growth of the sector is increasingly inclusive of a broader array of gaming experiences. The shift in focus from P2E to more diverse gaming experiences marks a maturing of the Web3 gaming industry. Players are looking for games that prioritize engaging gameplay, indicating a move towards more sustainable and player-centric gaming models in the future. 6. NFTs: a shift from speculation to integral technology The role of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in the gaming industry is undergoing a significant transformation. Moving beyond mere speculative assets, NFTs are being re-envisioned as foundational elements within business models. Uluç Yuca, co-founder of Curator Studios, sheds light on this shift, noting that NFTs are transitioning from being just a form of currency to becoming a core part of the gaming business model. This evolution means that game studios are now looking beyond traditional in-game purchases and downloadable content. Instead, they are exploring player-driven economies that are facilitated by NFTs and royalties. Yuca elaborates, “NFTs offer players a financial stake in the game, akin to the founders and employees. This alignment with the game’s success transforms players into passionate advocates for games they love.” This changing perspective on NFTs signals a deeper, more intrinsic integration of blockchain technology within the gaming sector. Instead of being an afterthought or a supplementary feature, NFTs are becoming central to the gaming experience, fostering a community of players who are financially and emotionally invested in the game's success. This trend is a step towards creating more robust, player-centric economies within the gaming world, promising a future where players are key stakeholders in the games they engage with. 7. Games before prices: sustained growth beyond the next bull run The fluctuating nature of the crypto market often raises questions about the long-term viability of Web3 gaming. According to Yuca, there's a possibility that interest in Web3 gaming might wane during a bull run as investors pivot their focus to other market areas. However, he believes that the core technology and potential of Web3 gaming could continue to draw users and developers, leading to sustained interest over the long term. "The integration of blockchain technology into traditional gaming could also fuel continuous interest in Web3 gaming, even during a bull run," Yuca adds. "Ultimately, the success of Web3 gaming will hinge on its ability to offer unique and engaging experiences to users, irrespective of the market conditions." Echoing this sentiment, Morozov from GG MetaGame, opines that the allure of Web3 gaming is unlikely to diminish with market fluctuations. "We're witnessing a growing influx of players from traditional gaming backgrounds. With only a fraction of the global gaming population currently engaged in Web3 gaming, there's immense potential for growth," he asserts. Michael Powell, product marketing lead at Immutable, with this optimistic outlook. "Gaming is one of the sectors where blockchain technology has the most immediate applications and utility," he observes. "With active investments pouring into Web3 gaming, interest from major gaming companies, and improvements in developer tools, we're on the cusp of a major expansion in diverse game types across different ecosystems." concurs Powell also highlights the current upward trend in gaming tokens and strategic partnerships as indicators that the sector is primed for significant growth in the near future. "The momentum we're seeing now is a strong signal of the sector's readiness for major expansion," he concludes. In a nutshell In summary, while market conditions will continue to influence the Web3 gaming landscape, the consensus among industry leaders is clear: the future of Web3 gaming rests on its ability to deliver compelling and unique gaming experiences, transcending market trends and investor priorities. This focus on the gaming experience itself, rather than just financial aspects, could be the key to unlocking sustained growth and enduring success in the Web3 gaming domain.

Web3 Gaming: 7 Predictions for 2024

ওয়েব3 গেমিং: 2024 সালের জন্য 7টি ভবিষ্যদ্বাণী

Web3 Gaming: 7 Vorhersagen für 2024

Web3 Gaming: 7 predicciones para 2024

Web3 Gaming : 7 prédictions pour 2024

वेब3 गेमिंग: 2024 के लिए 7 भविष्यवाणियाँ

Web3 ゲーム: 2024 年の 7 つの予測

Web3 게이밍: 2024년 7가지 예측

Web3 Gaming: 7 previsões para 2024

Web3 Gaming: 7 прогнозов на 2024 год

Web3 Gaming: 2024 İçin 7 Tahmin

Trò chơi Web3: 7 dự đoán cho năm 2024

Web3 游戏：2024 年 7 个预测

Let's learn about via these 66 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Software Design /Learn Repo 1. Resolving the Blocked a Frame with Origin "null" From Accessing a Cross-Origin Frame Error Learn how to resolve the "blocked a frame with origin "null" from accessing a cross-origin frame error." 2. Saying No - A Five-Point Framework Learn how to identify the signals that it’s time to say no 3. The Goals of Software Design A misguided software design can hurt both the business and the technology. It is therefore vital to understand an organizations goals and optimize accordingly. 4. Design Pattern: Strategy Pattern in Practice Learn strategy design patterns with practical examples. Why and how to use strategy patterns in software design. 5. Common Mistakes Made by Developers While Redesigning Mistakes made during software redesign - Perfection, following a trend, hitting with a big hammer 6. How Loop Is Building A Virtual Restaurant Operating System Sundar Annamalai and Vinod Pachipulusu about starting Loop as a virtual restaurant platform to help restaurants with their business. 7. How I Gather Technical Requirements before Building Systems Learn about how to gather technical requirements for the systems you build. 8. How to Use Low-code Tools to Fill Your Developer Talent Gap The demand for enterprise applications is growing faster than IT capacity due to the need for digitalization everywhere. Low-code is here to help! 9. Understanding Domain Driven Design (DDD) DDD is not about technology. Instead, it's about understanding the problem you’re trying to solve in a business context. 10. How Experienced Software Engineers Evaluate Designs Experienced software engineers learn what works after maintaining their work for years. 11. How to WOW Users With Intuitive UX Design 70% of online businesses fail because of bad usability. The solution to this challenge is an approach known as Intuitive UX Design 12. Python Interfaces: Abandon ABC and Switch to Protocols Reasons to use Python Protocols instead of ABC library for Python interfaces. 13. Write Great Unit Tests by Writing Unit Tests that Fail Any test that has never failed has no value, and therefore, can be deleted. In order for any test to add value, it must have failed at least once. 14. Redefining Serverless: A Change in Approach and Architecture Serverless is a fantastic way of building applications, but there is a lot more to consider than simply Lambda functions. 15. Distributed Computing: Illusion of Single System What is common between streaming movies on Netflix, searching for information on Google, buying clothes on Amazon? You interacted with data services built on distributed systems. You interact with the largest distributed system daily: the Internet. 16. What is Design Debt and Why is it Important? Design debt is a common yet rarely discussed problem startups face in iterative and incremental software development. Learn what it is, where it comes from, and why it is so important to prevent it. 17. How to Become a Better Engineer: Steel Threads Learn a software design approach that will make you a better engineer. 18. Software Design Principles: Doing Little Things Right Designing software systems is about tradeoffs and making tradeoff decisions is hard. You always feel like you are loosing one thing or the other but that’s not what we are going to talk about today. 19. 5 Main Things That Will Help You Understand Why Technology Is Important In Business Technology in business is a phenomenon that is taking over the world. Business is certainly not going anywhere anytime soon; technology is the only way to go. Business needs to have the right tools in place to compete in a competitive corporate environment. 20. The Complete Guide to Becoming a Software Architect "I want to become a solution architect. What are the resources to learn more about architecture?" - We are all asking the wrong question. 21. 5 Essential Software Architecture Design Principles This post will talk about popular design principles used in the software architecture world. Architecture is about the decisions you wish you could get right early in a product or project lifecycle. 22. From Monoliths to Microservices: Migration in Practice This isn't another "break down the monolith" article. This post is about making the applicable decisions, measuring and verifying the results 23. Software Architecture Basics: What, How & Why Software architecture, design and process of architecting explained using a case study. 24. The Clean Code Book for JavaScript Developers: A Quick Summary This blog post summarizes the book “Clean Code” written by Robert Martin on how to write a readable and maintainable code. 25. 10 Reasons Why You Should Learn How To Develop Video Games If you ask any software developer, there’s a decent chance that they have tried their hand at game development. It seems like a natural fit since it uses many of the same skills. What’s more, programmers come into it with the knowledge that most aspiring game makers lack: how to write good code and create effective software. 26. How to Test UX Design: UX Problem, Validation & User Testing The process of testing design is becoming more and more important in the UX world. It allows you to determine if your design will work for your users and solve 27. How to Build High-Performing Product Teams A product team is the backbone of any company with a digital offering. They're responsible for constructing goods or a service that not only provides value to users but is also a reflection of the organization they work for. Product teams spin many plates at once, spanning duties from product management, product marketing, user experience, and product analytics. In the below article, we talk through the 4 characteristics that make up a high-performing product team. 28. A Guide to Bidirectional Scrolling in Responsive Designs Incessant scrolling while using an application is perceived as a flaw on both mobile and desktop. To address this concern, a shift to horizontal scrolling of elements is in trend now. 29. Figuring Out When Not To Use DI, IoC, and IoC Containers in .NET C# Learn the best practice on when to use Dependency Injection (DI), Inversion of Control (IoC) and IoC Containers. DotNet .NET CSharp C# Design Architecture 30. How to Stop String.GetHashCode() in .NET C# from Driving You Crazy Know when to depend on String.GetHashCode() in DotNet (.NET) CSharp (C#), and when not. Coding Programming Software Development Engineering Architecture 31. Progress From Coding Software To Engineering It Before I learned how to build apps with code, I thought software development would be like building something out of wood... you learn a couple of basic skills, 32. Is it Enough to Define IMyInterface<T>? Do I Need IMyInterface as Well? Best Practice for designing Interfaces in DotNet (.NET) CSharp (C#). When to define a non-generic interface in addition to the generic interface. 33. The One and Only Software Design Principle If we build our entire paradigm on a single rule, we can keep it simple and make excellent models. 34. Major Aspects of Software Cost Estimation It is well-known that software engineering is at the lead of the services that use outsourcing and outside contractors. 35. Solar Architecture:  A New Perspective on Enterprise Software Development The development life cycles of applications in an enterprise environment often follow a common theme. An application begins life with a clear purpose in mind and over time has requirements brought in that cause incremental additions to the scope of the original concept. These additions could either be completely in sync with the original concept or perhaps the requirement just had no better home to belong in. As the application matures to an end-of-life state it has now grown far past its original intended purpose and is in dire need of a refactor — breaking down the monolithic beast into smaller and more succinct components. 36. Exclusive Integrated Development Environments to Code The Best In 2020 Software development or programming is not easy until you are a hardcore programmer. A while back, programmers had to code on dull command prompt screens, run the code on a separate compiler then debug it on some third platform. Today, although, programming needs the same dedication and efforts, it has become easier to code, compile, and debug in the same environment. All thanks to IDE-Integrated Development Environment platforms, which enable coders to perform all the major functions of programming in one place. 37. Technical Debt or Technical Fraud Technical Debt is one thing, but when let to fester for too long, it can become Technical Fraud. A much more dangerous and much more insidious predator. 38. The Untold Truth of Test Driven Development Your Practical Introduction to Test Driven Development 39. How ARTH Stablecoin Was Built and Designed to Protect The User's Purchasing Power Mitul Gajera, designer of the stable value coin ARTH explains and gives insight into how the cryptocurrency was designed to protect the user's purchasing power. 40. AI Graphic Design Software: The Top 7 Available Eye-catching and beautiful graphics rule digital media. Any business requires graphics in its brand promotion creatives to showcase their brand and convey their message clearly. Whether you wish to make a featured image for your blog or edit product photos for posting on social media, you need the best graphic design software to make or edit your graphics. 41. Coupling: The One and Only Software Designing Problem A root cause analysis of all failures of our software will find a single culprit with multiple costumes. The enemy is always there. Many times disguised as laziness, sometimes simplification, and very frequently with the optimization outfit. 42. Exception Handling with Examples Exception handling is common to most programming languages, and the mechanism and behaviors are similar in most languages: try\catch\finally. It is well documented. We are not going to discuss that. 43. NULL: The Billion Dollar Mistake He is not our friend. It does not simplify life or make us more efficient. Just more lazy. It is time to stop using null. 44. Mastering APIs: A Complete Guide for Beginners What actually are APIs and how do they work? Find out by looking at important APIs across the software stack and learn some computer science along the way! 45. What is (wrong with) software? Software is eating the world. Those of us who work, live and love software do not usually stop by to think about its meaning. 46. The 5 Principles of Agile Software Development Agile methodology breaks up the project into many phases and distributes the workloads across the teams. 47. Creating a React Application to Solving Every Sudoku Puzzle Peter Norvig, the legendary Google mogul and AI titan, wrote a python essay to solve every Sudoku puzzle 10 years ago. Back then, he may not have expected that his code will inspire so many other posts and to be ported to so many different languages. For JavaScript, the latest version of the solver that I found was einaregilsson/sudoku from 2014 48. Demystifying Software Engineering: Being Approached to Build a Feature or Tool (Part 1) The aim of this series of posts is to help demystify what it’s like to do software work and tasks in a professional environment. 49. Writing Software from the Outside In Whenever you’re developing software, a certain amount of refactoring and rewriting is inevitable. This is sometimes due to a new idea that will simplify the design or a change to the project requirements. But unfortunately, it often also happens because of a misunderstanding about how the software will connect and interact with its external environment. While it’s impossible to completely avoid such miscommunication, you can minimize it by using a principle I call writing software from the outside in. 50. Software Design Patterns Explained Software design patterns have been used to package solutions to many common design conundrums. Each one has its own advantages and drawbacks to consider. 51. Nude Models - Part I : Setters Ye olde Reliable Data Structures and Their Controversial (Write) Access. 52. How To Design Domain Model in Kotlin Type-safe domain modeling in Kotlin. If it compiles, it works. With Valiktor and Konad 53. Test-driven Development: How to Write Unit Tests Tests are a way to explicitly set expectations about code. You establish them to allow the machine to check whether your code meets the expectations. 54. A Better Implementation of Enhanced Repository Pattern in .NET C# Implement a better enhanced Repository Pattern in DotNet (.NET ) CSharp (C# ) following best practices Dependency Injection (DI) Inversion of Control (IoC) 55. The Main Equations That Can Make Paging/Partitioning Easy Learn paging/partitioning mathematical equations and how to apply them in JavaScript (JS) and DotNet (.NET) CSharp (C#) code. Coding Programming Development 56. Is it Crystal Clear for Everybody That a Date Should Not Mutate? To mutate is to evolve. It was proposed by Sir Charles Darwin and we use it in the software industry. But how mutable should software be? 57. Fail Fast Philosophy, Explained Failure is fashionable. Making is much easier than thinking and failures are not stigma, let’s take this idea to our code. 58. The Era of Opinionated Productivity Software: Superhuman, Roam, What’s Next? Productivity software is indispensable for all of us. Dedicated tools for creating spreadsheets, writing down notes, managing our to-dos etc. ensure that we are productive in our professions. Incumbent vendors (e.g. Microsoft, Google) have dominated this space for many years — yet, there is a chance for new players to enter the stage. New challengers such as the E-Mail client Superhuman or the note-taking tool Roam Research can compete by developing highly opinionated products which deliberately omit flexibility. Instead, the software is stringently crafted around a very particular way of approaching a process, which is inherently seen as superior by the firm. 59. 40+ Thought-Provoking Software Engineering Quotes Sometimes a short thought can bring amazing ideas. There are some great quotes I’ve been collecting. I use them as inspiration or motto for some articles. 60. 7 Best Product Design Tools Every Team Should Consider Yes, we've finally reached a point where design is such a huge piece of a product's creation and maintenance that a whole paraphernalia of software will definitely be an essential asset to your projects. Each program will fill different needs and facilitate the best and most efficient work deliveries, be it structure, visual design, illustrations, interactions or animations. 61. 7 Best AI Logo Maker Software Available Online For any brand, creating its own identity is a challenging task. Especially for a start-up and small businesses, brand recognition is even more essential. Brand recognition can go a long way in influencing the success of a business. Every scale business spends a huge amount on marketing their brand and creating their imprint in people’s minds. 62. Using the Builder Design Pattern in .NET C# to Develop a Fluent API A step-by-step guide to developing a Fluent API from scratch in .NET C# using the Builder Design Pattern. 63. How to Find the Stinky Parts of Your Code (Part V) Are we done on code smells? Probably never! 64. Difference Between Inheritance And Composition With the introduction of OOPs, Inheritance and Composition entered our senses and still confusing us. 65. Let's Build It: Real-time Session Invalidation How would we build an experience like the one above? Demo Repo Some applications need to limit users to a single client or browser instance. This post covers how to build, improve, and scale this feature. We begin with a simple web app with two API endpoints: 66. Singleton Pattern: The Root of All Evil Allowed global variables and supposed memory savings Thank you for checking out the 66 most read stories about Software Design on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

66 Stories To Learn About Software Design

Mark Twain's Speeches by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . WELCOME HOME here WELCOME HOME ADDRESS AT THE DINNER IN HIS HONOR AT THE LOTOS CLUB,
          NOVEMBER 10, 1900

      In August, 1895, just before sailing for Australia, Mr. Clemens
      issued the following statement: “It has been reported that I sacrificed, for the benefit of the creditors, the property of the publishing firm whose financial backer I was, and that I am now lecturing for my own benefit. “This is an error. I intend the lectures, as well as the property, for the creditors. The law recognizes no mortgage on a man’s brains, and a merchant who has given up all he has may take advantage of the laws of insolvency and may start free again for himself. But I am not a business man, and honor is a harder master than the law. It cannot compromise for less than one hundred cents on a dollar, and its debts are never outlawed. “I had a two-thirds interest in the publishing firm whose capital I furnished. If the firm had prospered I would have expected to collect two-thirds of the profits. As it is, I expect to pay all the debts. My partner has no resources, and I do not look for assistance to my wife, whose contributions in cash from her own means have nearly equalled the claims of all the creditors combined. She has taken nothing; on the contrary, she has helped and intends to help me to satisfy the obligations due to the rest of the creditors. “It is my intention to ask my creditors to accept that as a legal discharge, and trust to my honor to pay the other fifty per cent. as fast as I can earn it. From my reception thus far on my lecturing tour, I am confident that if I live I can pay off the last debt within four years. “After which, at the age of sixty-four, I can make a fresh and unincumbered start in life. I am going to Australia, India, and South Africa, and next year I hope to make a tour of the great cities of the United States.” I thank you all out of my heart for this fraternal welcome, and it seems almost too fine, almost too magnificent, for a humble Missourian such as I am, far from his native haunts on the banks of the Mississippi; yet my modesty is in a degree fortified by observing that I am not the only Missourian who has been honored here to-night, for I see at this very table-here is a Missourian [indicating Mr. McKelway], and there is a Missourian [indicating Mr. Depew], and there is another Missourian—and Hendrix and Clemens; and last but not least, the greatest Missourian of them all—here he sits—Tom Reed, who has always concealed his birth till now. And since I have been away I know what has been happening in his case: he has deserted politics, and now is leading a creditable life. He has reformed, and God prosper him; and I judge, by a remark which he made up-stairs awhile ago, that he had found a new business that is utterly suited to his make and constitution, and all he is doing now is that he is around raising the average of personal beauty. But I am grateful to the president for the kind words which he has said of me, and it is not for me to say whether these praises were deserved or not. I prefer to accept them just as they stand, without concerning myself with the statistics upon which they have been built, but only with that large matter, that essential matter, the good-fellowship, the kindliness, the magnanimity, and generosity that prompted their utterance. Well, many things have happened since I sat here before, and now that I think of it, the president’s reference to the debts which were left by the bankrupt firm of Charles L. Webster & Co. gives me an opportunity to say a word which I very much wish to say, not for myself, but for ninety-five men and women whom I shall always hold in high esteem and in pleasant remembrance—the creditors of that firm. They treated me well; they treated me handsomely. There were ninety-six of them, and by not a finger’s weight did ninety-five of them add to the burden of that time for me. Ninety-five out of the ninety-six—they didn’t indicate by any word or sign that they were anxious about their money. They treated me well, and I shall not forget it; I could not forget it if I wanted to. Many of them said, “Don’t you worry, don’t you hurry”; that’s what they said. Why, if I could have that kind of creditors always, and that experience, I would recognize it as a personal loss to be out of debt. I owe those ninety-five creditors a debt of homage, and I pay it now in such measure as one may pay so fine a debt in mere words. Yes, they said that very thing. I was not personally acquainted with ten of them, and yet they said, “Don’t you worry, and don’t you hurry.” I know that phrase by heart, and if all the other music should perish out of the world it would still sing to me. I appreciate that; I am glad to say this word; people say so much about me, and they forget those creditors. They were handsomer than I was—or Tom Reed. Oh, you have been doing many things in this time that I have been absent; you have done lots of things, some that are well worth remembering, too. Now, we have fought a righteous war since I have gone, and that is rare in history—a righteous war is so rare that it is almost unknown in history; but by the grace of that war we set Cuba free, and we joined her to those three or four nations that exist on this earth; and we started out to set those poor Filipinos free, too, and why, why, why that most righteous purpose of ours has apparently miscarried I suppose I never shall know. But we have made a most creditable record in China in these days—our sound and level-headed administration has made a most creditable record over there, and there are some of the Powers that cannot say that by any means. The Yellow Terror is threatening this world to-day. It is looming vast and ominous on that distant horizon. I do not know what is going to be the result of that Yellow Terror, but our government has had no hand in evoking it, and let’s be happy in that and proud of it. We have nursed free silver, we watched by its cradle; we have done the best we could to raise that child, but those pestiferous Republicans have—well, they keep giving it the measles every chance they get, and we never shall raise that child. Well, that’s no matter—there’s plenty of other things to do, and we must think of something else. Well, we have tried a President four years, criticised him and found fault with him the whole time, and turned around a day or two ago with votes enough to spare to elect another. O consistency! consistency! thy name—I don’t know what thy name is—Thompson will do—any name will do—but you see there is the fact, there is the consistency. Then we have tried for governor an illustrious Rough Rider, and we liked him so much in that great office that now we have made him Vice-President—not in order that that office shall give him distinction, but that he may confer distinction upon that office. And it’s needed, too—it’s needed. And now, for a while anyway, we shall not be stammering and embarrassed when a stranger asks us, “What is the name of the Vice-President?” This one is known; this one is pretty well known, pretty widely known, and in some quarters favorably. I am not accustomed to dealing in these fulsome compliments, and I am probably overdoing it a little; but—well, my old affectionate admiration for Governor Roosevelt has probably betrayed me into the complimentary excess; but I know him, and you know him; and if you give him rope enough—I mean if—oh yes, he will justify that compliment; leave it just as it is. And now we have put in his place Mr. Odell, another Rough Rider, I suppose; all the fat things go to that profession now. Why, I could have been a Rough Rider myself if I had known that this political Klondike was going to open up, and I would have been a Rough Rider if I could have gone to war on an automobile but not on a horse! No, I know the horse too well; I have known the horse in war and in peace, and there is no place where a horse is comfortable. The horse has too many caprices, and he is too much given to initiative. He invents too many new ideas. No, I don’t want anything to do with a horse. And then we have taken Chauncey Depew out of a useful and active life and made him a Senator—embalmed him, corked him up. And I am not grieving. That man has said many a true thing about me in his time, and I always said something would happen to him. Look at that [pointing to Mr. Depew] gilded mummy! He has made my life a sorrow to me at many a banquet on both sides of the ocean, and now he has got it. Perish the hand that pulls that cork! All these things have happened, all these things have come to pass, while I have been away, and it just shows how little a Mugwump can be missed in a cold, unfeeling world, even when he is the last one that is left—a GRAND OLD PARTY all by himself. And there is another thing that has happened, perhaps the most imposing event of them all: the institution called the Daughters of the—Crown—the Daughters of the Royal Crown—has established itself and gone into business. Now, there’s an American idea for you; there’s an idea born of God knows what kind of specialized insanity, but not softening of the brain—you cannot soften a thing that doesn’t exist—the Daughters of the Royal Crown! Nobody eligible but American descendants of Charles II. Dear me, how the fancy product of that old harem still holds out! Well, I am truly glad to foregather with you again, and partake of the bread and salt of this hospitable house once more. Seven years ago, when I was your guest here, when I was old and despondent, you gave me the grip and the word that lift a man up and make him glad to be alive; and now I come back from my exile young again, fresh and alive, and ready to begin life once more, and your welcome puts the finishing touch upon my restored youth and makes it real to me, and not a gracious dream that must vanish with the morning. I thank you. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Mark Twain's Speeches. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3188/pg3188-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

WELCOME HOME

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTERS AND CONVEYERS

Everyone’s favorite punching bag, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996, made its way to the Supreme Court this week in . Gonzalez v. Google The case confronts the scope of Section 230, and in particular examines whether platforms are liable for algorithms that target users and recommend content. Gonzalez The stakes are high: Recommendation algorithms underpin much of our experience online (search! social media! online commerce!)—so the case spawned dozens of , hundreds of webinars and tweet threads, and new wrinkles for people who love the internet. So basically, it’s my idea of a good time. friend-of-the-court briefs Marie Kondo: "I'm so excited because I love mess" On that note: Hi! I’m Nabiha Syed, CEO of The Markup and a media lawyer by training. I like unanswered questions and moments where we confront the messiness of our lives as mediated by technology. The sprawling two hour and 41 minute oral argument in pulled a lot of threads, some of which were clarifying and others that were, well, about thumbnails and rice pilaf. ( .) My takeaway is that the court is unlikely to gut Section 230, but it might nibble at its scope in chaotic ways. Gonzalez Seriously To help make sense of it all, I turned to two of my favorite legal scholars and old colleagues of mine from the Yale Information Society Project: James Grimmelmann, professor at Cornell Law School and Cornell Tech, and Kate Klonick, law professor at St. John’s University and fellow at the Berkman Klein Center at Harvard. Here’s what they had to share, edited for brevity and clarity. Nabiha: Let’s take a minute to revisit the history and legislative intent of Section 230: What was it meant to incentivize? : It seems paradoxical, but Section 230 was intended to internet platforms to moderate the content they carry. Several court decisions in the years before Section 230 was enacted had created a perverse legal regime in which the more effort a platform put into moderating harmful content, the stricter a standard it would be held to. James encourage By creating a blanket immunity, Section 230 ensured that platforms can remove the harmful content that they find without worrying that they will be held liable for the harmful content that they miss. In the years since then, the consensus about Section 230’s purpose has shifted a bit. The leading theory now is that Section 230 prevents “ .” Without some kind of immunity for user-posted content, platforms will overmoderate. Anytime content has even the slightest whiff of harmfulness or illegality, platforms will take it down to avoid legal risk. collateral censorship Lots of socially valuable content will be taken down along with the actually harmful stuff, throwing the baby out with the bathwater. On this theory, Section 230 reflects a belief that there is more good content out there than bad content, and that platforms will settle on moderation policies that keep their users happy even without the threat of liability. It is a constant surprise to me that Section 230 has become this black hole for big tech agita, and I think it’s most constructive to focus on its . Kate: history and legislative intent In the mid-1990s, there was a bit of a moral panic over the amount of pornography that was available on the internet, fueled by a (since debunked) article in the Georgetown Law Journal and things like this classic Time magazine cover: That caused Congress to start what would be called in modern-terms a “Make the Internet Decent Again” campaign. The result was the Communications Decency Act (CDA)—which was a very broad piece of legislation that tried to bring “decency” to the internet. At the same time, courts heard different types of tort claims against internet companies for speech posted on their sites—and the rulings are all over the place. essentially told online intermediaries that they were liable, and said that they weren’t. The result was a lot of confusion. One decision another one If platform providers were liable for people said on their platforms, they should just take down everything but the sweetest of cat photos. And if they liable for anything people said on their platforms, then why even bother spending resources taking down swastikas or other offensive content? anything weren’t Fast-forward a bit: The CDA is passed (including Section 230, which essentially makes online intermediaries immune from tort liability), and it is almost immediately challenged on First Amendment grounds. That case, , was heard by the Supreme Court in 1997, and it struck down all of the CDA for First Amendment reasons for Section 230, which survived. Reno v. ACLU except Shortly thereafter, in , the 4th Circuit broadly construed the immunity for platforms—which became precedent for courts all over the United States for the last 25 years. So that’s the story of how we got Section 230, kept Section 230, and then strengthened Section 230. Zeran v. AOL Nabiha: The argument revealed some confusion over what counts as publishing—namely, whether it includes recommending, endorsing, organizing, prioritizing, or presenting information. Why is it so important to get this scope right? And what does this mean for search? Gonzalez If I post a video to YouTube, where other people view it, it is obvious that is the kind of activity that Section 230 protects. But on Tuesday the justices went around in circles for two and a half hours trying to figure out what else fits in that category. James: They seemed to agree that a straightforward search engine, like Google or Bing, should also be covered: It provides a filtered list of websites that are relevant to the user’s query. They had a harder time with when a site makes recommendations, which also provide a filtered list of relevant content. The problem in both cases is that without giving some kind of immunity, it is not clear that the feature could exist. It might be possible to imagine a YouTube without recommendations; it is not possible to imagine a Google Search without search results. Even worse, there’s not a sharp dividing line between search and recommendation; Google and Bing use lots of signals besides the user’s query (e.g., geographic location and search history). I think the goal of legal policy in this area should be to , but the arguments on Tuesday focused more on what platforms do than on what users want. help users find what they want Without giving some kind of immunity, it is not clear that [filtering features] could exist. It might be possible to imagine a YouTube without recommendations; it is not possible to imagine a Google Search without search results. James Grimmelmann The plain meaning of Section 230’s publishing definition is already given in the statute, specifically, 47 USC § 230(f)(4)—and full disclosure, I was on an centered on this point. It literally includes the words “pick, choose, analyze, or digest content.” Did they know in 1996 that we’d be contemplating the scale of targeting that modern algorithms allow? Kate: amicus brief No, of course not. But they explicitly considered that would exist to play that curation role of picking, choosing, analyzing, or digesting content. And this isn’t a constitutional issue. If that meaning has changed, it’s not the court’s job to change it. That’s Congress’s job. something Nabiha: At various points, the justices danced with the idea of “neutral” algorithms and “neutrality” as a way to approach the question presented. I find the idea of a neutral algorithm slightly absurd, but you do see an analysis of “neutral tools” pop up in Section 230 jurisprudence. What’s going on here? There are definitely contexts in which strict neutrality is coherent and defensible. Offline, public accommodation laws require neutral, even-handed treatment: Madison Square Garden can’t kick you out of a Mariah Carey concert because of your race or because you . James: work for a law firm the owner doesn’t like Online, network neutrality laws (where they exist) require ISPs to treat traffic from different sites identically. These work because there’s a clear definition of what neutrality means: Anyone can buy a ticket and be seated. At the content layer, strict neutrality is often either incoherent or unimaginably awful. I happen to like a chronological feed, but if you follow thousands of people on Twitter, a strictly chronological feed is impossible to keep up with. A would have to rank every website the same, which is impossible, or use some kind of completely arbitrary criterion, like page size or alphabetical order. . truly neutral search engine That doesn’t work When people—including Supreme Court justices and tech billionaires who genuinely should know better—float this idea of “neutrality,” I think one of two things is going on. Sometimes they’re reasoning by analogy from offline contexts, without realizing how pervasive indispensable algorithmic ranking is online. And sometimes they have in mind a weaker notion of neutrality, one in which the platform doing the ranking is -neutral: It doesn’t try to press any particular agenda on its users. viewpoint Unfortunately, while viewpoint neutrality can be an appealing goal when it comes to First Amendment law and speech regulation by governments, it doesn’t work in the content-moderation space because there are viewpoints embedded in almost every widely used content moderation practice. “Death threats are bad” is a viewpoint. And even viewpoint-neutral moderation policies, like “don’t send unsolicited fundraising emails that users didn’t sign up for and don’t want” can look discriminatory in application if it turns out that one of the two major political parties disproportionately sends . spammy fundraising emails Your instinct is right, and I’m going to cheat and borrow from what , summarizing the oral arguments: “ and always discriminate.” Eric is exactly right here, and I hope these questions start to deconstruct some of the technology myths that we’ve been suffering under for the last 20 years: Kate: professor Eric Goldman wrote Gonzalez Algorithms are never neutral . “AI is biased”—no, humans who build it contain bias and the human data it trains on contains bias. The AI just reflects that back to us. Describing technology as the origin of intent “Neutral tools” is exactly this idea. Technology is objective or neutral. This reminds me a lot about the brief hope in the early 2000s as fMRIs came into regular use that we could “solve” questions of intent or culpability in the law by being able to see how a brain “worked”—of course we can’t, even seeing how a brain works or that a tumor “made” someone do something doesn’t mean we don’t have to ask the hard philosophical questions about what to about it. We can fix algorithms with transparency. do Nabiha: The magic (and the mayhem) of Section 230 is that it redirects liability to an individual speaker, rather than a third party who is amplifying that speech. In the absence of 230, do you foresee courts limiting third-party liability on First Amendment grounds? In the absence of Section 230, two things would happen. James: First, courts would have to ask whether the First Amendment does some of the same work that Section 230 does. While the full breadth of Section 230 probably isn’t constitutionally required, some degree of protection probably is. For the same reason that requires actual malice in defamation claims brought by public figures, it’s hard to see how strict liability against platforms could be constitutional. Unless they have some fair reason to know that particular content is illegal, it strains basic notions of justice to hold them liable for it. New York Times v. Sullivan Second, courts would also have to work through the details of specific crimes and torts. Defamation, invasion of privacy, wire fraud, promotion of unregistered securities, the practice of medicine without a license … you name it, the courts would have to figure out how it applies to platforms. The existence of Section 230 has prevented the development of substantive law of platform liability. If Section 230 goes away, the courts would have to invent it, in a hurry. In a lot of cases, they might well end up with rules that protect platforms much of the time. The same policy reasons that support Section 230 currently would still be good policy reasons not to hold platforms liable for every harmful piece of content users post. You can interpret that as meaning that Section 230 isn’t indispensable; it could be repealed without breaking the internet. But I think it would be more accurate to say that Section 230 is a load-bearing wall. If it’s demolished, something else will need to hold up that weight. Nabiha: It’s 2023, so of course AI has entered the chat. What are the implications of this case for generative AI? If the Supreme Court holds that algorithmic recommendations aren’t protected by Section 230, then generative AI is likely to be categorically ineligible for Section 230. That has to be a scary prospect for the companies currently giving users access to chatbots that meet the DSM-5 criteria for multiple serious mental disorders. James: If the Supreme Court rules for Google, matters will be more complicated. In some ways these AIs simply replicate patterns in their training data; in other ways, they synthesize outputs that can’t be traced back to specific third-party training data. It wouldn’t be a bad thing if the courts had to work this out, one case at a time, over the course of several years. Generative AI is really complicated, and we barely understand how it works and how it will be used. Taking time to work out the legal rules gives us more of a chance of getting them right. Nabiha: Predictions are a fool’s game, but what’s your gut say about the future of Section 230—in one emoji? Kate: 💬 James: 🤞 The fun doesn’t stop here. The Supreme Court will rule on the case by this summer. Gonzalez And if there’s one thing we can bet on, the coming months will see more twists and turns in the laws that affect the internet. If getting into the nerdy, legal bits of technology is something you’re interested in, and you have additional questions you’d like answered, send them to me at . newsletter@themarkup.org If we get enough questions, we’ll answer them in a future issue. And you can always reach out to me at . nabiha@themarkup.org Finally, if you’re interested in diving deeper into what Kate and James have worked on, Kate writes a newsletter called , which you can subscribe to if you like reading about free speech, law, and technology. And James literally wrote textbook on internet law, which . The Klonickles the you can get here Thanks for reading! Always, Nabiha Syed Chief Executive Officer The Markup By Nabiha Syed Also published here Photo by on Henry & Co. Unsplash

Section 230: What Is It and Does It Need to Change?

The $30,000 Bequest, and Other Stories by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER VI here CHAPTER VI It were a weariness to follow in detail the leaps and bounds the Foster fictitious finances took from this time forth. It was marvelous, it was dizzying, it was dazzling. Everything Aleck touched turned to fairy gold, and heaped itself glittering toward the firmament. Millions upon millions poured in, and still the mighty stream flowed thundering along, still its vast volume increased. Five millions—ten millions—twenty—thirty—was there never to be an end? Two years swept by in a splendid delirium, the intoxicated Fosters scarcely noticing the flight of time. They were now worth three hundred million dollars; they were in every board of directors of every prodigious combine in the country; and still as time drifted along, the millions went on piling up, five at a time, ten at a time, as fast as they could tally them off, almost. The three hundred double itself—then doubled again—and yet again—and yet once more. Twenty-four hundred millions! The business was getting a little confused. It was necessary to take an account of stock, and straighten it out. The Fosters knew it, they felt it, they realized that it was imperative; but they also knew that to do it properly and perfectly the task must be carried to a finish without a break when once it was begun. A ten-hours' job; and where could find ten leisure hours in a bunch? Sally was selling pins and sugar and calico all day and every day; Aleck was cooking and washing dishes and sweeping and making beds all day and every day, with none to help, for the daughters were being saved up for high society. The Fosters knew there was one way to get the ten hours, and only one. Both were ashamed to name it; each waited for the other to do it. Finally Sally said: they “Somebody's got to give in. It's up to me. Consider that I've named it—never mind pronouncing it out aloud.” Aleck colored, but was grateful. Without further remark, they fell. Fell, and—broke the Sabbath. For that was their only free ten-hour stretch. It was but another step in the downward path. Others would follow. Vast wealth has temptations which fatally and surely undermine the moral structure of persons not habituated to its possession. They pulled down the shades and broke the Sabbath. With hard and patient labor they overhauled their holdings and listed them. And a long-drawn procession of formidable names it was! Starting with the Railway Systems, Steamer Lines, Standard Oil, Ocean Cables, Diluted Telegraph, and all the rest, and winding up with Klondike, De Beers, Tammany Graft, and Shady Privileges in the Post-office Department. Twenty-four hundred millions, and all safely planted in Good Things, gilt-edged and interest-bearing. Income, $120,000,000 a year. Aleck fetched a long purr of soft delight, and said: “Is it enough?” “It is, Aleck.” “What shall we do?” “Stand pat.” “Retire from business?” “That's it.” “I am agreed. The good work is finished; we will take a long rest and enjoy the money.” “Good! Aleck!” “Yes, dear?” “How much of the income can we spend?” “The whole of it.” It seemed to her husband that a ton of chains fell from his limbs. He did not say a word; he was happy beyond the power of speech. After that, they broke the Sabbaths right along as fast as they turned up. It is the first wrong step that counts. Every Sunday they put in the whole day, after morning service, on inventions—inventions of ways to spend the money. They got to continuing this delicious dissipation until past midnight; and at every seance Aleck lavished millions upon great charities and religious enterprises, and Sally lavished like sums upon matters to which (at first) he gave definite names. Only at first. Later the names gradually lost sharpness of outline, and eventually faded into “sundries,” thus becoming entirely—but safely—undescriptive. For Sally was crumbling. The placing of these millions added seriously and most uncomfortably to the family expenses—in tallow candles. For a while Aleck was worried. Then, after a little, she ceased to worry, for the occasion of it was gone. She was pained, she was grieved, she was ashamed; but she said nothing, and so became an accessory. Sally was taking candles; he was robbing the store. It is ever thus. Vast wealth, to the person unaccustomed to it, is a bane; it eats into the flesh and bone of his morals. When the Fosters were poor, they could have been trusted with untold candles. But now they—but let us not dwell upon it. From candles to apples is but a step: Sally got to taking apples; then soap; then maple-sugar; then canned goods; then crockery. How easy it is to go from bad to worse, when once we have started upon a downward course! Meantime, other effects had been milestoning the course of the Fosters' splendid financial march. The fictitious brick dwelling had given place to an imaginary granite one with a checker-board mansard roof; in time this one disappeared and gave place to a still grander home—and so on and so on. Mansion after mansion, made of air, rose, higher, broader, finer, and each in its turn vanished away; until now in these latter great days, our dreamers were in fancy housed, in a distant region, in a sumptuous vast palace which looked out from a leafy summit upon a noble prospect of vale and river and receding hills steeped in tinted mists—and all private, all the property of the dreamers; a palace swarming with liveried servants, and populous with guests of fame and power, hailing from all the world's capitals, foreign and domestic. This palace was far, far away toward the rising sun, immeasurably remote, astronomically remote, in Newport, Rhode Island, Holy Land of High Society, ineffable Domain of the American Aristocracy. As a rule they spent a part of every Sabbath—after morning service—in this sumptuous home, the rest of it they spent in Europe, or in dawdling around in their private yacht. Six days of sordid and plodding fact life at home on the ragged edge of Lakeside and straitened means, the seventh in Fairyland—such had been their program and their habit. In their sternly restricted fact life they remained as of old—plodding, diligent, careful, practical, economical. They stuck loyally to the little Presbyterian Church, and labored faithfully in its interests and stood by its high and tough doctrines with all their mental and spiritual energies. But in their dream life they obeyed the invitations of their fancies, whatever they might be, and howsoever the fancies might change. Aleck's fancies were not very capricious, and not frequent, but Sally's scattered a good deal. Aleck, in her dream life, went over to the Episcopal camp, on account of its large official titles; next she became High-church on account of the candles and shows; and next she naturally changed to Rome, where there were cardinals and more candles. But these excursions were a nothing to Sally's. His dream life was a glowing and continuous and persistent excitement, and he kept every part of it fresh and sparkling by frequent changes, the religious part along with the rest. He worked his religions hard, and changed them with his shirt. The liberal spendings of the Fosters upon their fancies began early in their prosperities, and grew in prodigality step by step with their advancing fortunes. In time they became truly enormous. Aleck built a university or two per Sunday; also a hospital or two; also a Rowton hotel or so; also a batch of churches; now and then a cathedral; and once, with untimely and ill-chosen playfulness, Sally said, “It was a cold day when she didn't ship a cargo of missionaries to persuade unreflecting Chinamen to trade off twenty-four carat Confucianism for counterfeit Christianity.” This rude and unfeeling language hurt Aleck to the heart, and she went from the presence crying. That spectacle went to his own heart, and in his pain and shame he would have given worlds to have those unkind words back. She had uttered no syllable of reproach—and that cut him. Not one suggestion that he look at his own record—and she could have made, oh, so many, and such blistering ones! Her generous silence brought a swift revenge, for it turned his thoughts upon himself, it summoned before him a spectral procession, a moving vision of his life as he had been leading it these past few years of limitless prosperity, and as he sat there reviewing it his cheeks burned and his soul was steeped in humiliation. Look at her life—how fair it was, and tending ever upward; and look at his own—how frivolous, how charged with mean vanities, how selfish, how empty, how ignoble! And its trend—never upward, but downward, ever downward! He instituted comparisons between her record and his own. He had found fault with her—so he mused— ! And what could he say for himself? When she built her first church what was he doing? Gathering other blase multimillionaires into a Poker Club; defiling his own palace with it; losing hundreds of thousands to it at every sitting, and sillily vain of the admiring notoriety it made for him. When she was building her first university, what was he doing? Polluting himself with a gay and dissipated secret life in the company of other fast bloods, multimillionaires in money and paupers in character. When she was building her first foundling asylum, what was he doing? Alas! When she was projecting her noble Society for the Purifying of the Sex, what was he doing? Ah, what, indeed! When she and the W. C. T. U. and the Woman with the Hatchet, moving with resistless march, were sweeping the fatal bottle from the land, what was he doing? Getting drunk three times a day. When she, builder of a hundred cathedrals, was being gratefully welcomed and blest in papal Rome and decorated with the Golden Rose which she had so honorably earned, what was he doing? Breaking the bank at Monte Carlo. he He stopped. He could go no farther; he could not bear the rest. He rose up, with a great resolution upon his lips: this secret life should be revealed, and confessed; no longer would he live it clandestinely, he would go and tell her All. And that is what he did. He told her All; and wept upon her bosom; wept, and moaned, and begged for her forgiveness. It was a profound shock, and she staggered under the blow, but he was her own, the core of her heart, the blessing of her eyes, her all in all, she could deny him nothing, and she forgave him. She felt that he could never again be quite to her what he had been before; she knew that he could only repent, and not reform; yet all morally defaced and decayed as he was, was he not her own, her very own, the idol of her deathless worship? She said she was his serf, his slave, and she opened her yearning heart and took him in. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). The $30,000 Bequest, and Other Stories. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/142/pg142-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Two years swept by in a splendid delirium

Christian Science by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER I here CHAPTER I JANUARY, 1903. When we do not know a public man personally, we guess him out by the facts of his career. When it is Washington, we all arrive at about one and the same result. We agree that his words and his acts clearly interpret his character to us, and that they never leave us in doubt as to the motives whence the words and acts proceeded. It is the same with Joan of Arc, it is the same with two or three or five or six others among the immortals. But in the matter of motives and of a few details of character we agree to disagree upon Napoleon, Cromwell, and all the rest; and to this list we must add Mrs. Eddy. I think we can peacefully agree as to two or three extraordinary features of her make-up, but not upon the other features of it. We cannot peacefully agree as to her motives, therefore her character must remain crooked to some of us and straight to the others. No matter, she is interesting enough without an amicable agreement. In several ways she is the most interesting woman that ever lived, and the most extraordinary. The same may be said of her career, and the same may be said of its chief result. She started from nothing. Her enemies charge that she surreptitiously took from Quimby a peculiar system of healing which was mind-cure with a Biblical basis. She and her friends deny that she took anything from him. This is a matter which we can discuss by-and-by. Whether she took it or invented it, it was—materially—a sawdust mine when she got it, and she has turned it into a Klondike; its spiritual dock had next to no custom, if any at all: from it she has launched a world-religion which has now six hundred and sixty-three churches, and she charters a new one every four days. When we do not know a person—and also when we do—we have to judge his size by the size and nature of his achievements, as compared with the achievements of others in his special line of business—there is no other way. Measured by this standard, it is thirteen hundred years since the world has produced any one who could reach up to Mrs. Eddy's waistbelt. Figuratively speaking, Mrs. Eddy is already as tall as the Eiffel tower. She is adding surprisingly to her stature every day. It is quite within the probabilities that a century hence she will be the most imposing figure that has cast its shadow across the globe since the inauguration of our era. I grant that after saying these strong things, it is necessary that I offer some details calculated to satisfactorily demonstrate the proportions which I have claimed for her. I will do that presently; but before exhibiting the matured sequoia gigantea, I believe it will be best to exhibit the sprout from which it sprang. It may save the reader from making miscalculations. The person who imagines that a Big Tree sprout is bigger than other kinds of sprouts is quite mistaken. It is the ordinary thing; it makes no show, it compels no notice, it hasn't a detectible quality in it that entitles it to attention, or suggests the future giant its sap is suckling. That is the kind of sprout Mrs. Eddy was. From her childhood days up to where she was running a half-century a close race and gaining on it, she was most humanly commonplace. She is the witness I am drawing this from. She has revealed it in her autobiography not intentionally, of course—I am not claiming that. An autobiography is the most treacherous thing there is. It lets out every secret its author is trying to keep; it lets the truth shine unobstructed through every harmless little deception he tries to play; it pitilessly exposes him as a tin hero worshipping himself as Big Metal every time he tries to do the modest-unconsciousness act before the reader. This is not guessing; I am speaking from autobiographical personal experience; I was never able to refrain from mentioning, with a studied casualness that could deceive none but the most incautious reader, that an ancestor of mine was sent ambassador to Spain by Charles I., nor that in a remote branch of my family there exists a claimant to an earldom, nor that an uncle of mine used to own a dog that was descended from the dog that was in the Ark; and at the same time I was never able to persuade myself to call a gibbet by its right name when accounting for other ancestors of mine, but always spoke of it as the “platform”—puerilely intimating that they were out lecturing when it happened. It is Mrs. Eddy over again. As regards her minor half, she is as commonplace as the rest of us. Vain of trivial things all the first half of her life, and still vain of them at seventy and recording them with naive satisfaction—even rescuing some early rhymes of hers of the sort that we all scribble in the innocent days of our youth—rescuing them and printing them without pity or apology, just as the weakest and commonest of us do in our gray age. More—she still frankly admires them; and in her introduction of them profanely confers upon them the holy name of “poetry.” Sample: “And laud the land whose talents rock
     The cradle of her power,
     And wreaths are twined round Plymouth Rock
     From erudition's bower.”

     “Minerva's silver sandals still
     Are loosed and not effete.” You note it is not a shade above the thing which all human beings churn out in their youth. You would not think that in a little wee primer—for that is what the Autobiography is—a person with a tumultuous career of seventy years behind her could find room for two or three pages of padding of this kind, but such is the case. She evidently puts narrative together with difficulty and is not at home in it, and is glad to have something ready-made to fill in with. Another sample: “Here fame-honored Hickory rears his bold form,
     And bears a brave breast to the lightning and storm,
     While Palm, Bay, and Laurel in classical glee,
     Chase Tulip, Magnolia, and fragrant Fringe-tree.” Vivid? You can fairly see those trees galloping around. That she could still treasure up, and print, and manifestly admire those Poems, indicates that the most daring and masculine and masterful woman that has appeared in the earth in centuries has the same soft, girly-girly places in her that the rest of us have. When it comes to selecting her ancestors she is still human, natural, vain, commonplace—as commonplace as I am myself when I am sorting ancestors for my autobiography. She combs out some creditable Scots, and labels them and sets them aside for use, not overlooking the one to whom Sir William Wallace gave “a heavy sword encased in a brass scabbard,” and naively explaining which Sir William Wallace it was, lest we get the wrong one by the hassock; this is the one “from whose patriotism and bravery comes that heart-stirring air, 'Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled.'” Hannah More was related to her ancestors. She explains who Hannah More was. Whenever a person informs us who Sir William Wallace was, or who wrote “Hamlet,” or where the Declaration of Independence was fought, it fills us with a suspicion wellnigh amounting to conviction, that that person would not suspect us of being so empty of knowledge if he wasn't suffering from the same “claim” himself. Then we turn to page 20 of the Autobiography and happen upon this passage, and that hasty suspicion stands rebuked: “I gained book-knowledge with far less labor than is usually requisite. At ten years of age I was as familiar with Lindley Murray's Grammar as with the Westminster Catechism; and the latter I had to repeat every Sunday. My favorite studies were Natural Philosophy, Logic, and Moral Science. From my brother Albert I received lessons in the ancient tongues, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.” You catch your breath in astonishment, and feel again and still again the pang of that rebuke. But then your eye falls upon the next sentence but one, and the pain passes away and you set up the suspicion again with evil satisfaction: “After my discovery of Christian Science, most of the knowledge I had gleaned from school-books vanished like a dream.” That disappearance accounts for much in her miscellaneous writings. As I was saying, she handles her “ancestral shadows,” as she calls them, just as I do mine. It is remarkable. When she runs across “a relative of my Grandfather Baker, General Henry Knox, of Revolutionary fame,” she sets him down; when she finds another good one, “the late Sir John Macneill, in the line of my Grandfather Baker's family,” she sets him down, and remembers that he “was prominent in British politics, and at one time held the position of ambassador to Persia”; when she discovers that her grandparents “were likewise connected with Captain John Lovewell, whose gallant leadership and death in the Indian troubles of 1722-25 caused that prolonged contest to be known historically as Lovewell's War,” she sets the Captain down; when it turns out that a cousin of her grandmother “was John Macneill, the New Hampshire general, who fought at Lundy's Lane and won distinction in 1814 at the battle of Chippewa,” she catalogues the General. (And tells where Chippewa was.) And then she skips all her platform people; never mentions one of them. It shows that she is just as human as any of us. Yet, after all, there is something very touching in her pride in these worthy small-fry, and something large and fine in her modesty in not caring to remember that their kinship to her can confer no distinction upon her, whereas her mere mention of their names has conferred upon them a faceless earthly immortality. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Christian Science. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3187/pg3187-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

JANUARY, 1903

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