Today's challenge to train machine learning models is not to get the data itself - but to get the clean labelled data - to avoid having a \"garbage in garbage out\" loop

Kili Technology

The Challenges, Costs, and Considerations of Building or Fine-Tuning an LLM

এলএলএম নির্মাণ বা ফাইন-টিউনিংয়ের চ্যালেঞ্জ, খরচ এবং বিবেচনা

Die Herausforderungen, Kosten und Überlegungen beim Aufbau oder der Feinabstimmung eines LLM

Los desafíos, costos y consideraciones de crear o perfeccionar un LLM

Les défis, les coûts et les considérations liées à la création ou à la mise au point d'un LLM

एलएलएम के निर्माण या फाइन-ट्यूनिंग की चुनौतियाँ, लागत और विचार

LLM の構築または微調整における課題、コスト、考慮事項

LLM 구축 또는 미세 조정에 대한 과제, 비용 및 고려 사항

Os desafios, custos e considerações de construir ou ajustar um LLM

Yüksek Lisans (LLM) Oluşturmanın veya İnce Ayar Yapmanın Zorlukları, Maliyetleri ve Dikkat Edilmesi Gereken Hususlar

Những thách thức, chi phí và những cân nhắc khi xây dựng hoặc tinh chỉnh một LLM

建立或微调法学硕士的挑战、成本和注意事项

Entrepreneurs are known to run into dozens of ideas on a daily basis, if not more. While most of them seem to border on absurdity in the beginning, it is often difficult to determine whether or not they would work out in the long run. That’s why the best way of ensuring your idea is worth developing is to learn at the fastest possible pace and have the willingness to try out different experiments. Based on our proven knowledge on product development and experience, we have developed a template document relating to the process of idea validation, and wrote the guide to explain each question and step in a simple, understandable manner. How’s this helpful? Avoid wasting time and resources on something that’s certainly not worth it. Learn proactively and pivot your idea at a much quicker pace. Validate your product idea without actual budget/coding skills. Answering all the questions posed in this guide means it can serve as a worthwhile investor deck. Couple this with running some experiments and you’re well poised to raise money from investors! Most critically, it provides a credible framework to separate good ideas from bad ones. Value Proposition What important truth does your idea uncover that is not mainstream? The following would be a business version of this question: what is that valuable company that nobody is building? Every correct answer is necessarily a secret: something important and unknown, something hard to do but doable ( ). by Peter Thiel It is important for your idea to reveal some unknown, unconventional truth in order to create something of value. Something nobody chooses to talk about aloud, but will become evident to all after it’s unraveled. For more interesting nuggets and insights on read book. startups that attract VC investors Zero to One Define fundamental value assumptions Here at datarockets, we classify three kinds of assumptions: Value assumptions: To define the value of your idea and future product. Business model assumptions: This affects the manner in which you get your product monetized. Growth assumptions: How you’ll ensure growth of your product and continue to attract new customers. Let’s begin with the basics: the value assumptions! What are your fundamental value assumptions? How does it help to resolve real-world problems? On the basis of the previous chapter’s statement, it’s best to define the fundamental value assumptions and experiment with them in the fastest possible manner. is another popular term for fundamental value assumptions. Leap of faith assumptions If your leap of faith assumptions are not true, the whole idea is not viable. This means that if your failed assumption won’t end up ruining the whole idea, then it’s not vitally important to begin with, thus implying that it can no longer be your fundamental value assumption. Growth evaluation Does your idea grow with the advancements of supporting technologies (durability)? Before taking the next step, confirm whether a new, upcoming technology won’t kill your promising idea. Ex: If you’re intending to develop a startup that teaches people how to drive vehicles, it may make sense to assume that with the advance of self-driving cars your business might get destroyed. Existing Solutions Research Has anyone implemented your idea / tried to implement it before? Although a typical process begins with communicating with people whose pain points will be addressed with your product/service, it makes a lot of sense to first research your idea and determine if similar services/solutions are already available in the market. After ensuring that the competition is not excessively intense or your idea provides breakthrough value with its uniqueness, it’s time to proceed further. Find communities that may potentially be facing the problem you’re looking to resolve. Ask how they’re currently dealing with it and if they’d be interested in trying out your way. More often than not, other people may already be solving the problem you plan to solve. They may be doing that using some tricks or manual solutions. Identify and talk to them about how they tackle such challenges, what is it that they struggle with, and whether or not they’d like to explore your way of doing that. Based on who your target audience is, join Facebook groups where your target audience is likely to assemble, gather feedback from your own network, or even consider talking to people on the streets. Remember, whenever you wish to solve someone's problem or fulfil an unmet need in the market, the first step is to get people to stop using other solutions or make changes in lifestyles. After ensuring the problem is worthy of being solved and something that people wouldn’t mind paying for, you’re ready to take the next step. Why do you think your solution is better? After taking the above steps, focus on the advantages and the distinguishing features of your solutions that set them apart from others. List them in a logical order and then explain why people will find more value in your solution. What value will it bring to them? Market Analysis Previously, we’d been assessing and validating our Value Assumptions. Ensuring the viability of your idea was their core purpose. Unfortunately, merely having a good idea to create a long-term profitable product does not suffice. Think about the different ways in which you make money out of your solution via Market Analysis and Business Model Assumptions. Define your potential target market 1. Narrow down your potential target market. Who is your ideal customer? Why should they pay for your solution? Targeting everyone essentially means that you’re not targeting anyone in particular. Concentrating on the appropriate target market is a good approach because it lets you maximize your returns on the time, money and energy you’ve invested. Secondly, it’s far easier to conduct  experiments in a narrow market. Try and define specific groups you wish to target with your service/product alongside their potential sources of revenue. Depending on your idea, you can even group them by job, interests, demographics, etc. Ensure that your target audience will be able to buy your products as the revenue source of each target will be different. Now, there are some industries where people are very unlikely to pay for additional services. As a case in point, the probability of people paying to use social media for communication purposes is very low. In such scenarios, use your discretion and prepare a draft of your . While it needn’t be your final blueprint, it will greatly simplify your task by helping you select more attractive markets. monetization strategy 2. Use Google Trends/Semrush to see how many people google solutions for the problem you are trying to solve Tools like Google Trends or Semrush give you an accurate picture of just how many people are seeking solutions to the problem you’re attempting to resolve. Most importantly, such tools allow you to check who these people are, know what their trends are, and provide a reasonable accurate estimate of the size of your target market. 3. Reach out to five well-known people in the market and ask for feedback on your idea After gathering the necessary information based on the previous steps, select a market (or a couple of them) that seems most promising. The next step in this phase is to gather feedback from specific groups of people relevant to your market. Doing this will give you plenty of actionable insights and the opportunity to further examine your idea from different perspectives. Create a portrait of your target audience In this phase, try to be as specific as possible about all relevant attributes of your target audience that describe them/their lives accurately and narrow them down further - age, gender, interests, position, personality, daily schedule, reading patterns, etc. Regardless of whether you describe a person or a company, depending on your sales model (B2B or B2C), the approach will remain unchanged. Consider the example from the . "1-Page Marketing Plan" book Conduct target user interviews According to Eric Migicovsky, a Y Combinator partner, the best firms are those whose founders establish a direct connection with their users. If you happen to be a founder, consider talking directly to the users of your product or solution. Eric cites a useful example of a structure that can be used to hold your user interviews. After tailoring the structure based on our needs and priorities, this is what we’ve come up with: In his talk, What makes the problem difficult for them? When did they last face it? What have they done to solve the problem? What are the things about existing solutions that they don’t like? How much would they pay to resolve the problem? Business Model Assumptions List your business model assumptions (based on the assumptions on what you assume your customers are going to pay and how much) After defining the problem to be solved, doing user interviews and knowing more about the target audience, it’s now time to brainstorm ways of monetizing your product. It’s a good idea to first get better informed about various before jotting down your assumptions about how your customers would be paying and how much. Put every idea on your mind on the table. Consider these two examples: types of business models I assume users will pay $15 per month to gain unlimited access to music on my platform (Subscription-based model) I assume concert managers will not mind paying $50 to promote their event on my platform if I implement advertising. (Ad-based) Growth Assumptions List your growth assumptions (what is your plan to rope in new users and how much cost would that involve) To survive and thrive, it’s critical to ensure your product grows smoothly and plan out ways in which you’ll attract new users or enter into new deals (partnerships). You’ll have a far better picture of your future marketing investment by writing down all possible growth hacking and marketing ideas. (prepare to get startled by the fact that budgets for marketing are often bigger than those for development purposes ;)) Does your growth engine generate new users from the actions of existing users? List out your acquisition loops. Getting new users effortlessly without spending any money is always a pleasant feeling. In that context, consider exploring which will make a great addition for your monetization strategies. acquisition loops The core idea behind acquisition loops is as follows: The more users you have, the more users are attracted. You can implement acquisition loops in the form of referral programs (e.g. Airbnb and Uber offer free coupons/rides for each referred user) or content loops that are user generated (Reddit, social networks, etc.). Natural acquisition loops are extremely important when you’re planning to execute an Ad-based business model, because the average revenue per user (ARPU) of ad-based models are lower in comparison to let’s say SaaS. That's why they must acquire new users cheaply to generate sustainable profits and reap massive profits. What’s your assumed revenue source? How would your profits/expenses grow as the number of customers grows (scalability assumption)? Needless to say, it’s not easy to accurately predict your expenses and profits. Some startups have funding to cover their expenses for two years or so until the venture starts making profits. If that’s not your case, pay close attention to this aspect and foresee your potential scalability issues and expenses. Competitor Analysis High-level SEO analysis This step needs us to continue working with product positioning and simultaneously address several key questions: How many people are interested in this? How difficult is it to rank on the first page of Google? What keywords should I use to promote my product or service? As you begin to answer these questions, it will become crystal clear that some keywords are more popular as compared to others. Some find it really hard to attain a high ranking on Google. Here, our objective is to compare word combinations that translate your business model to identify keywords with a balanced volume and keyword difficulty (KD). Utilize tools like Semrush, Ahrefs Keyword Finder, Google Ads Keyword tool, etc. to collect the information about Volume, CPC, KD and leading websites that rank by these keywords. Competitor overview Competitor overview is an extremely important step to undertake before proceeding further and it requires you to gather information about your competitors’ users, business models, revenue, etc. We this guide, we want to draw your attention to three attributes: Your Advantage How Hard to Replicate Your Advantage Why Should Customers Buy from You From these characteristics, it’s clear that you’ll compare your value proposition with your competitors and know what your unique selling proposition is. Learn more about your competitors Usually, you’ll get more insights from a personal interaction with your rivals than from conducting a basic competitor overview. It’s a good idea to reach out to them and know more about how their business is shaping up and the struggles they’re going through. Some effective ways of doing this include: Scheduling a demo as a user. When it comes to small startups, you’re more likely to be able to engage in a personal talk with product owners that are very interested in collecting user feedback. Contact product owners directly as their competitor. Generally, experienced startup owners are not opposed to the idea of talking to competitors and others from within the same industry. In most cases, they’ll frankly talk about their experiences/struggles, caution you about some pitfalls and share some additional information that you may find relevant. Conduct in-depth research on their personal pages and blogs. In some rare cases, founders openly reveal such as conversions, active users, revenue, etc. all the information about the product and its metrics Experimental Plan Definition Until now, you’re likely to have collected several interesting ideas of business models as well as growth assumptions. Now is the time to get them tested. How are you going to test your business and product positioning assumptions? Let’s face it. It’s not viable to build MVPs for every different assumption. Do the smart thing, instead. There are many tricks that you can implement to test ideas without actual development. We covered some of them in our blog post on the : Lean Startup approach Landing page. After using builders to develop simple websites with your value proposition, collect early-bird invites or sign-ups for testing the app. This is an effective way of evaluating the interest of users. Demo video. Several startups received funding only for the video that explained their vision because the product had already been built. Crowdfunding platform. This can be a useful option not only to validate your ideas, but also to identify early adopters and receive payments before you actually develop the product. Concierge MVP. Sometimes, you can test the idea manually rather than having a web platform or application. Where can you find your early adopters? Now you must locate people who’re facing the problem you plan to solve and get them to test your product/solution. They will not only give you valuable feedback, but also spread the word. By now, you should know how to find them because you’ve already talked to them in the Value Proposition stage. Crowdfunding platforms Facebook / Reddit / Telegram groups Current clients (if your business is running offline for now), etc. How are you going to collect feedback? Put differently, how will you communicate with your early adopters? Feedback forms Facebook groups / Telegram channels Email campaigns Experimenting Experimentation time! At this stage, you would have every information you need to test the assumptions and begin data collection to identify your product positioning and go-to-market business model. After launching your demo videos/ landing pages, go ahead and collect some data. Not every idea is explained in the same way, so you may want to quickly run a couple of Google ads to see people’s reaction to various keywords for product positioning. Putting the metrics on the table will let you see what experiment turned out to be most successful. Although we offer to check these metrics, it’s your call on whether or not to make changes in this list: Impressions CTR Visits Signups Conversion rate Cost per Signup Assumed Average Revenue per User You may also want to check our massive, extremely helpful guide on . Startup Metrics MVP Scope Definition If you’ve successfully reached this stage, congratulate yourself for making good progress! You now have a very good reason to believe that your idea is worth developing. Time to define the scope of work by preparing for MVP building: Define your go-to-market business model. Conduct interviews with customers who have signed up. Ask about their expectations and top-3 features they’re looking to implement in the product. Match their expectations with your pricing model. Do a cross-analysis of the interviews in order to find out most desirable features. Consider writing simple User Stories. Predict revenues for 100/1000/10000 paying customers and calculate your business model’s unit-economics Obtain estimates on the numerous features and determine the ones you wish to include in the MVP. Make it a point to only include the most important features that help validate your key assumptions. You can always add the rest at a later stage. Ensure that your budget for MVP is less than 30k-40k. Conclusion Yeah, it does look like a long, tedious process. But here’s the good news for you! You can test your ideas quickly and effectively after gaining some experience. Another piece of good news: if you happen to fail at any stage, there’s no reason to be upset about it, because it basically means that you successfully prevented your money from being wasted on developing a product that was likely to fail in the first place. Sometimes, a back-up option for a not-so-strong idea is to pivot it and repeat the cycle. Besides, we’re always ready to help in whatever way we can with the idea validation process and product development insights. All you need to do is to drop us a line and we’ll be happy to talk! Previously published at https://datarockets.com/blog/business/validate-startup-idea/

A Credible Framework to Validate Startup Ideas

What do you think of as “essential” when building a new product? Well, you need a login system, CMS system, good user flows, and analytics hookups, among other things. But what about the more human aspects of the product? Those small touches and unanticipated experiences which make customers happy and (fondly) remember and share the experience they had with your product? actually What I’m talking about here are the sort of hidden gems you often come across in the gaming industry, like the “invincible frying pan tactic” made famous in PUBG, or the seemingly endless secret rooms or easter eggs players stumble upon in Super Mario. These are the kinds of surprises which become sensations on YouTube and in threads on Reddit. These are what make these games truly memorable, shareable, and replayable. And the reason they’re so valuable is that they resonate with customers on a more personal level — they intrigue and excite them in a fundamentally different way. Creating this sense of is an absolute must in game development. delight But it’s also applicable to any consumer-oriented product, hardware or software. And it’s the companies that have built this delight into their products, giving their users the unexpected and just plain fun, that are emerging as the winners today. So, how do you go about creating this kind of delight? Well, that’s easier said than done. The first step is to constantly remind yourself that you are building products for people, not machines. When founders, including myself, typically start building new apps, games, or tools — especially when they are scrambling to release an MVP or V1 of their product — we always seem to forget about infusing them with personality. But that, ultimately, is what delighting your customers comes down to. We’re building for people — people who are emotional, desiring of connection and humor. And when people encounter experiences in technology which make them laugh, or make them feel understood, what delights them. that’s People want products that resonate. And when engaging with a new product, people want to feel that it was made for them . by people just like them . People want to be delighted It’s that produces the sort of genuine virality all technology companies kill for. The best companies, in fact, optimize for it. delight Although adding “delight” or some “fun” to your product may seem like a frivolous waste of time when you’re scrambling during the dev process, I’m telling you from first-hand experience that the shareability and emotional connection you may get from these small touches is one of the best business decisions you can make. Nevermind the fact that it gives your team a time to have some fun, express their creativity and personalities, and do something truly unique that they will remember and tell their friends, “Hey, that was my idea.” Here are some companies who, in my opinion, do an amazing job adding to their products: delight You don’t need to be a tech company to add to your products — FYI :). One of my favorite examples of is the fun facts underneath the Snapple bottle cap. This small touch set them apart from every other drink company, and in the process, carved out a unique space in each new customer’s heart. Drinks are a standard commodity, but customers to this day take pictures of the Snapple Facts on their bottle caps, share them with friends, and even take a bit of personal delight in reading them. That little “extra” has gone a long way. Snapple’s “Fun Facts.” delight delight Who would have thought anybody would look forward to a service outage? Twitter could have just used some standard error page, but instead they injected some human touch and fun factor to create what we now call the “ .” Twitter’s #FailWhale. Fail Whale Slack does an amazing job of injecting humor and humanity into its product to make it more than just a mere messaging app, which, ultimately, is exactly what it is. Slack made messaging at work not actually feel like “messaging at work.” Do you really need so many emoticons or quirky loading messages? No. But given you are surrounded by your colleagues day-in and day-out (and oftentimes, these colleagues inevitably become your close friends), why not allow you to communicate in a more personal and fun way with them? This soul is what, in my opinion, has helped Slack stand out in comparison to apps like Microsoft Office Messenger or Hipchat, which make you feel like you are definitely “at work.” Slack. Nintendo has always done an incredible job hiding easter eggs and secret experiences in their games. From Pokemon to Super Mario, users spend exploring Nintendo’s games trying to discover something new and unexpected. They connect offline to talk about it and share what they’ve found. There are even entire subreddits dedicated to finding easter eggs in the original Super Mario for NES! Their games, in this way, extend the experience of playing. And that explains, at least in part, why so many of Nintendo’s offerings have such loyal followings and why their games have such a long staying power. Nintendo’s Super Mario Easter Eggs. hours beyond Google’s Doodles, while starting off as just a fun little experiment, have actually been shown to increase engagement with their brand as well as traffic to their search engine. People will go to Google to see what they’ve done to commemorate the Olympics, July 4th, or any major holiday or event. Is it necessary for a search engine to customize its logo sometimes daily? No. But it conveys above everything else that there are real people on the other side of the screen, and they’re putting thought into (and themselves take delight in determining) how they present their product to the world. Google Doodles. Uber is a commodity, like Snapple. There’s nothing fundamental that separates them from Lyft. They’re a ride-sharing company. But they routinely engage in marketing efforts which separate them from their competitors. Consider their Kitten Delivery back in the day, in which users could send kittens to their friends through the app. Now a great way to delight your customers. Uber’s “Kitten Delivery.” do that’s Apple may be the best example of this. No, they don’t redesign their logo every day, and no, they don’t send kittens to your doorstep, but they go the extra mile in ensuring that each time you interact with an Apple product or step into an Apple store, the interaction is itself a memorable and delightful experience. Consider the feeling you get when you open the box of a new iPhone — it makes the perfect sound when you take your phone out of the box. And that’s not an accident. There were hundreds (maybe thousands) of man-hours poured into getting that sound just right because, after all, opening the box of a luxury product is also a major part of the experience. Apple’s Package-Open Sound. Swoosh swoosh While these embellishments are not often “necessary,” they make a big difference when it comes to appealing to the end consumer. Consider what makes the companies above stand out. In many cases, it comes down to how they make users when interacting with their tools and services. feel There’s no secret to building products that delight. It’s just a matter of approaching the design process with empathy, strategy, and a genuine desire to excite. So when you’re building out your next “bare bones” MVP, remember to at least find one piece of delight to add to it. Your team and your end customer will both undoubtedly appreciate it — and remember it.

Where’s The Love? Build Some Delight Into Your Product

Canada is moving forward with great initiatives to support the as the government well understood it is a technology race that will promote the country’s image and create opportunities to sell and promote our technologies abroad. What amaze me is the social and community dimension of this revolution as a citizen, way of life and environment are put together at the center of the strategy. smart cities development We are in the merge of a new world population distribution and countries have to face the inevitable city growth and prepare an adequate, intelligent and scalable infrastructure. Energy, waste, pollution, methods of communication, interactivity, transportation, traffic, and government services are the big challenges to manage environmental and human impacts. This transformation will be influenced by the population itself based on the acquaintance of technology, preferences, way of life, community, office location or work status. Media and marketing agencies already acquire the voice of the people through surveys and buyer’s persona analysis. Although, I believe organizations can definitely tenfold their effort to reach “the voice of customers”. The areas of applications were already covered in many published articles such as, Energy Savings, Traffic Management Systems., etc. No need to reiterate, instead, for the first part of this article, I will only discuss 2 domains where the potential is huge and full of startup opportunities: . Secondly, I will open the debate on . Building and Public transportation 3 major element organizations need to focus on for a successful smart city development Let’s start by my favorite smart domains: Smart buildings: The obvious objective is to transform and utilize buildings to improve people’s lives. In another word, implementation of intelligent control system interacting with the environment and user habits. For example, an office building with a regulated temperature control system taking all factors into consideration such as, sensing the number of people in a given room, the hours of operation., etc. These buildings would be connected with other useful applications to exchange data. We can install intelligent display as media signage giving local city and national news with relevant citizen information based on business team profile, weather, traffic conditions depending on the day of the week., etc. A system that facilitate the data accessibility to optimize citizen life and activities during working hours and afterwork hours. Today, some partnership already exist with Siemens and Microsoft ABB racing to reduce energy costs for companies. Building management system applications are so wide that a simple article would not be enough to give you what it is already in the pipeline as many domains of the industries are involved. In this example, we already have an idea of the future complexity and the amount of data to manage which require lots of storage, efficiency and AI! Smart Transportations: Smart public transit is essential to meet the challenges of urbanization. The first action is already in progress in Europe to integrate public transport into other services such as connected infrastructure (e.g. traffic lights, traffic monitoring and parking). The inner-city buses in Stockholm communicate with traffic lights to be granted priority if they are running late and information boards provide travellers with information about delays and alternate routes. A startup company now offers citizens in Helsinki multimodal means of transportation including car pools, bikes and taxis. In Canada Smart traffic Signal has been implemented in Waterloo (Ontario) and Brossard (Quebec) with already positive results on Road capacity, greenhouse gas emissions, accident and road conditions. MaaS Global TrafficLink As you can see through this 2 examples, ** **The new city era will focus on benefits for the citizens everything from reducing friction, stress, pollution in cities where population is increasing fast, but not limited to only big cities. Small cities is already testing and or deploying quick wins. We are just at the beginning of the journey and challenges will appear from anywhere. Market opportunity is huge and will request a synergy of technologies such as, and not limited to, AI, Website, mobile applications, IoT, Media, security, community blogs, software supports and the list goes on… For a good and high level perspective, I noticed : 4 major elements to carefully manage in order to get a successful smart city ecosystem 1 / Education I think it is the most important thing. This is not only a business matter for lucrative market for big corporations and startup. This is an ecosystem that will work with and by the citizens. Education and awareness are the basic tools to create traction, understanding and initiatives. Canadian government are already doing a lot to emulate the ecosystem by creating the Smart City Challenge. This is only the first step of the Smart City. More people, engineers, association members, entrepreneurs and industries should participate more in workshops and Meetups. Impact on the job market is crucial. We have to prepare for the new resources to sustain the new market needs. We need coders, marketers, experts in infrastructure & system security and new partnerships. Companies such as IBM and Microsoft are already working on it but this will not replace the intelligence to integrate the city and the creative intelligence to develop new concepts. I will finalize this first point by what I consider the top priority: . We need to get all the insights, experiences, needs, day to day challenges and make an intelligent analysis based on technology knowledge, social class, living area, commuting profile., etc. This will be a really rich and helpful information to create useful solution and support the traction and the engagement. People 2 / An Agile Ecosystem This is an Human Transformation with collateral damages: Technology will kill jobs but will create more jobs. No doubt about that. It means, this need to be anticipated to help people change their career in order to reduce the unemployment rate. There is place for everyone in this new technology world and the startup and government have a huge role to play. As a new Ecosystem, Social and human behaviour will evolve and will create a fragile and continuous changing environment. I think the profile of the future citizen will be definitely changed as he/she will be continuously interacting with a system, obviously keeping a high demand of tailored services. A big challenge for companies, city services and startups will be to create a stability in a real complex world with a higher competitive market. In such entropic environment, the citizen will have to be the winner. We have to develop a technology maturity and good level of integration to align with citizen needs and environment requirements. 3 / Data Management and Security We are talking about a huge amount of data from consumers and producers. A hyper connected ecosystem, complex with a huge risk to manage a mess… Boundaries seems unreachable and scalability issues will have to be addressed at the beginning (Intelligent homes, autonomous vehicles, traffic systems, transportations., etc). Storage, property, intelligence data management will depend on the channel used and from where and to who the data is addressed (Media & advertisement, Police department, Real Estate, City services, Private citizen data…). Solutions are already existing but I truly believe that we still are in the MVP level and we will face huge . It raises a very important question of : How to provide a sufficient level of security for storage and exchange of data? Some project such as Blockchain are in progress with some existing solutions (IOTA is one of the famous example). problem of scalability data security shows that specific data security requirements and solutions could be approached in a four-layer framework to make better decisions in security design and management. These elements are considered to be critical and require a close control: Smart Things, Smart Spaces, Smart Systems and Smart Citizens. An interesting study 4 / Governance My favorite element! The city authority have to be well informed about all the problems related to smart things, spaces, services and citizen security; “Research Centers” and “Local clusters” could be used as “Center of Excellence” and depending on a national central HQ. . The aim of this governance would be to promote and nurture initiatives at national and local level and make sure to spread and coordinate global effort over the country with the government collaboration. This is already the case in the industries with lean six sigma methodologies. Topics covered by this type of extraordinary governance should be focused but not limited to security and privacy protection, network protocols, identity management, standardization, regulation, trusted architecture, voice of citizens and quality of life (such as stress level and others indicators). A top council covering a decentralized network with nodes which would represent big cities or a group of small cities It is essential to create an Agile and Integrative Council Organization. This is my first article about the Smart City and my humble goal is not to reinvent the wheel but to try to give the readers the high potential of this domain, the opportunity to future entrepreneur to make a difference and analyse how we can leverage the city transformation in many aspects. I am pleased to see Government and Mayors doing the first step by taking the lead and giving more power and funding to services to support and accelerate Canadian startups. I truly believe this is just the beginning and we have to move forward as the competition is already here not so far from our country. sm_all with quick win to get the buy off of the population and key stakeholder (City services and government)_ Begin Small City can do also big and amazing smart thing and could be used as laboratory for big cities. Citizen will always be a major part of the equation. Listening to their needs, frictions, frustrations will definitely help to make greater smart things. Thanks for taking the time to read my article and don’t hesitate to contact me or leave a comment. My next article will cover specific technologic solutions related to transportation, data management and media. Cheers. Hugo.

The Four Essential Elements of the Smart City Revolution

"We’re designing the first neural chip implant that will let you control a computer or mobile device anywhere you go." -Neuralink We've all probably watched movies like , and __ where there's always a crazy smart guy who creates a smart computer and then eventually can't control it anymore. Then the robot sees humans and decides the best way to solve the problems humans pose would be to kill every human on earth (like that will ever work). Matrix Terminator I Robot But luckily there comes some ordinary guy whose life is suckish at the beginning of the movie but then suddenly the ordinary guy 'amazingly' gets to know that computers want to kill humans and he has the responsibility to save the world (sometimes he gets powers) and so with some trepidation he goes after the robots with a suckish plan. But he almost fails because of the suckish plan or whatever and the robots win but then the hero discovers his inner strength and then can save the world and he gets to kiss the hot girl (lucky dude) he would never have been able to kiss if he was still the ordinary guy. The movie ends with the guy becoming more sure of himself and well his life changes (and all this happens within 2hrs, cool huh). Well, these days the stuff we only thought happened in movies are happening in real life from self-driving cars, to Siri, Google Assistant and generally AI, and well let's be honest we're all scared that our devices are going to come after us someday the same way they do in the movies (I mean after terminator who wouldn't). But I'm hoping that after reading all this, you'll know your technology will not kill you and I'll be doing that with something called BMIs...... robot dogs But First WHAT IS A BMI? BMI is an acronym that stands for Brain-Machine Interface also Known as Brain-Computer Interface(BCI). According to Brain-Machine Interface(BMI) "Is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device". In simple words, BMIs are simply a machine's ability to talk to and understand commands from the human brain due to a connection between the two of them. In other words, it is simply the ability to talk to your computer using your brain...... , Wikipedia Now we are going to talk about a very popular BMI company Neuralink, what they do, how they do what they do and why. But first What is Neuralink? Neuralink is an American BMI company- that means they create Brain-Machine Interface systems. The company was made popular because of its association with (Yup the billionaire, Elon Musk). According to the company's Neuralink is a team of exceptionally talented people who are creating the future of brain Interfaces... Elon Musk , Website HOW THE BRAIN WORKS The brain is made up of nerve cells called neurons which are responsible for processing thought. There are many types of neurons but all neurons generally have 3 parts: Dendrites, Soma and Axon. The dendrite is responsible for receiving electrical signals. The Soma is responsible for computing / Processing electrical signals. The Axon is responsible for passing out computed electrical signals to the next Dendrite in the chain. The brain communicates information through the use of electrical signals. The brain is made up of 86 billion neurons, and when processing a particular event (Action Potential) it uses a chain of neurons to process events. For instance, when you see a car coming towards you your eyes immediately send electrical signals to your brain through the optical nerve, and then the brain forms a chain of neurons to make sense of the incoming signal and so the first neuron in the chain collects the signal through its Dendrites and sends it to the Soma to process the signal. After the Soma finishes with its task it sends the signal to the Axon which then sends it to the Dendrite of the next neurone in the chain, the connection between Axons and Dendrites when passing on information is called a Synapse. So the entire process continues until the brain finds a Sapiotemporal Synaptic Input(that's scientific Lingo for the brain continues processing until it finds an optimal response to the signal sent to it) and then it sends signals to the necessary effectors eg, you're legs and then the brain sends a signal to your legs to run away from the oncoming car. Why Does Neuralink Want to Put A Chip in my Head? Now you must understand that for Neuralink's BMI to work they don't actually need to put the chip into your head. But it would make the BMI technology more effective, putting a chip outside the head is like watching a football game outside the stadium. You'd hear the noises from those inside the stadium and know when something good happens but you wouldn't be able to know exactly how a player scored or missed. So putting a chip into the human head is really for no other reason apart from the clarity it gives. Because for the chip to be able to efficiently decode the electrical signals being used by the brain to communicate and then send to the computer it has to be able to receive the exact waves being generated by the brain and this cannot be achieved efficiently when the chip is placed outside the brain. How Neuralink Puts the Chip Into our Brain The electrode threads in the Neuralink chip (AKA N1 chip) are extremely small (roughly 23 millimeters in diameter). So it is almost impossible for it to be surgically placed into the brain by human hands. The guys at Neuralink (remember they are brilliant) built an automated precision robot (picture is above) that surgically places the chip into the human brain. Now you might be wondering how many chips you need to have in your brain, a single neural link chip can cover up to 1000 brain cells and we have billions of brain cells so you do the math. How the Chip in Your Head Allows You to communicate with your Computer The Neuralink chip is placed into the parts of the brain that monitor movement. The chip contains tiny fibre threads called neural threads and each small thread contains many electrodes. The electrodes are responsible for receiving electrical signals from the brain and then sending them to the chip. The chip then turns the electrical signals it receives into the binary that the computer can understand. For instance, if you have a neuralink chip implanted into you and you want to move your computer mouse cursor all you have to do is think about moving your arm and then your brain sends electrical signals to your hands and in the process. The fibre threads in the N1 chip receive those signals using the electrodes and the chip then turns those electrical signals into binary and then sends the binary to your computer using a wireless connection and your computer mouse cursor. The same thing happens when you want to charge your chip, the charger is compact inductive (That just means it can wirelessly detect your chip while it's in your head! ) and so it wirelessly connects to your chip and charges in from the outside (cool huh). How does Having a Chip in our Brains Help Humanity? The N1 chip will help humanity in a lot of ways. Picture for a moment that crippled man on the street, that deaf person or that blind guy who can't join WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter or play video games simply because they can't operate a computer. Well to put it simply Neuralink gives them that opportunity. It also helps healthy human beings by making it possible for us to access our technology more easily. How Safe is the Technology? From the beginning of time, man has misused technology from guns, ships to planes, and cars but that hasn't stopped us from using technology has it some people use guns to defend themselves. While some use guns to rob others, others use them to defend the innocent. Some people use airplanes to travel but others use them to commit terrorism; some people use smartphones to connect with friends and family and some people use them to plan criminal activities. , it is the people who use them to do bad things that are evil. The main point is: technology isn’t inherently evil And let me ask you: what is the difference between Neuralink today and the smartphone to your great grandfather? Technology has always improved and people have always abused it but it is the people and not the technology that is evil, and it is our responsibility as humans to fight against those who want to limit technology. Don't we owe it to future generations to do this? After all: who are we to stand in the way of the future?

Should You Let Them Put a Chip in Your Brain?

The year is 2025. A woman takes one last bite of toast and swig of OJ before heading out the door. She slides into her autonomous car and tells it to head for the office. This businesswoman settles in, glancing at her tablet for the morning news as the car pulls into the street. A green light — the car proceeds through the intersection. Just then, a ball bounces onto the road and a child darts into traffic to retrieve it — too little too late. The car’s onboard computer quickly calculates a crash is imminent. There are two outcomes. The car can try to slow, but will hit and kill the child. Or the car can swerve to avoid the child, but will ram into the median and kill its passenger. What should the car do? Save the woman who purchased the car or the innocent child? What would you do? _A platform for public participation in and discussion of the human perspective on machine-made moral decisions_moralmachine.mit.edu Moral Machine Welcome to the ethics of driverless cars. But the car won’t really be making a choice; it will do as its algorithms dictate. The choice will be made years earlier when the algorithm is designed. That real choice is now. We are the ones to decide who holds the power to determine who will live and who will die. real If you need proof that this is a choice for right now, Ford recently reported it will have completely autonomous vehicles . Tesla has been selling cars that have the hardware needed for full autonomy since . by 2021 last year But with fully autonomous vehicles years away for the majority of consumers, news stories today focus on the positives a driverless future will create: , , and . fewer accidents reshaping our cities insurance cost savings While these are only a few examples of the massive impact that will precipitate, news coverage tends to leave out potential negative externalities. Consumers, media, and business are all to blame — images of a wonderful future just sell better than handling necessary practicalities. As is life. The only problem being one of these practicalities — an ethical algorithm — may very well decide to kill you. self-driving technology Companies developing self-driving are the one’s determining that ‘practicality’ without consumer input. Let’s emphasize that: Privately held companies are currently determining who self-driving cars will allow to live and choose to kill. In fact, it’s already happening with AI more generally. Over 2000 preeminent academic and business leaders in AI research have signed the . There is even a section on Ethics and Values. But who determines what ethical system to follow? This literally affects our ability to live. We have less than 5 years by Ford’s count. Now is the time to decide who will create driverless car ethics. Will it be business with a profit incentive, government with a political incentive, or larger society with our actual lives at stake? Ultimately government and business will implement it, but we can force there to be a transparent and honest conversation where our voices are heard. Asilomar AI Principles This is an inflection point in public morality. From a macro perspective this is the opportunity for us to select the moral code we want for our society, written down for all to see. Hitherto individuals, businesses, and governments have been guided by moral ideas to be sure, but they have not been transparent. When I cut you in line, you do not know what moral code I used to justify that. But when a car chooses to kill its passenger, we will all know what moral code it used. Once written, software will determine how cars react in unavoidable accidents with deadly consequences. Those lines of code will follow an ethical principle. A principle we will have agreed to whether through intentional dialogue or by remaining silent. This generation is uniquely situated in time to have a society-wide discourse on what ethical principles we want to live by. For the first time, these will be hardcoded into our products and services. These will affect how cars determine which life to save, but more importantly they will direct and determine society’s moral compass for how other technology is developed. Ethical debate needs to venture forth beyond the walls of academia and enter the colloquial world. Now we can either choose to participate in this moment of change or let others — governments and businesses — do it for us. What will we choose? follow on here or for more Matthew Biggins LinkedIn

Self-Driving: Who decides who will die?

Let's learn about via these 32 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Publishing /Learn Repo 1. Diving into NFTs in the Publishing World with Amelia Tomasicchio In this NFC interview, we spoke with Amelia Tomasicchio, the Co-Founder and Editor Chief at The Cryptonomist. We discussed NFTs and the publishing world. 2. How You Can Self-Publish a Book in 4 Easy Steps: The Ultimate Guide Are you thinking about writing a book? Self-publishing can be a great way to get your work out there, and it's easier than you might think! 3. Can AI Tools Help the Book Publishing Industry Evolve Publishing is in desperate need of new tools. Can AI help? Maybe, but there's a catch... 4. Learnings From Managing a News Publishing Platform There are many options when it comes to publishing a news product. Some publishers choose to collaborate with other publishers to develop their own platform, 5. Are Publisher Sales Really Suffering Due to Internet Archives? In June 2020, major publishers Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley and Penguin Random House sued the Internet Archive. 6. How to Retitle Republished Posts GIF by CARLOTTA NOTARO 7. How to Become a Successful Published eBook Author In one week, I sold 1,000 copies of my eBook (and maybe you can too). I made $7,990 in a week with the eBook and $225 through affiliate network connections. 8. How to Print Your Tweets onto Tshirts Tech Startup Allows Customers to Easily Print Any Tweet on a T-Shirt 9. Why I Switched to Ghost as My Blogging Platform of Choice My take on why I switched to Ghost for my independent publication and newsletters, compared with Substack, Medium or Wordpress. 10. Hyper Casual Gaming Trends for 2022 A summary for hyper casual market as of 2021 with statistics and analytics for downloads, trends, revenues and overall situation. And some forecasts for 2022. 11. This Article Was Featured In… What is the "This Article Was Featured In..." section found in HackerNoon's articles? How can readers and writers make use of this feature? 12. How Improving Writing Skills Can Help Software Developers Succeed I started writing because the generous community of programmers had helped me by sharing their knowledge freely over the Internet. I wanted to contribute to this incredible trend so I could be a part of something bigger than myself. 13. The New Blockchain Publishing Platform That Could Kill Medium and Steemit [14. Generative AI is Coming for Publishing, But It's Not as Clear-Cut as It Looks](https://hackernoon.com/generative-ai-is-coming-for-publishing-but-its-not-as-clear-cut-as-it-looks) A look at the future of generative AI. 15. How Will Gen Z Pay for The Content They Consume? They never had to directly pay for the news, but Gen Z won’t kill off the digital publisher. Technology is giving publishers the tools to engage the ‘lost’ generation. 16. 8 Ways Artificial Intelligence Takes Publishing to the Next Level Publishers are the gatekeepers of modern literature. As technology advances, both traditional publishing houses and self-publishing authors benefit from technology-enabled tools and analytics which were previously not available. 17. 5 Tips for PR Managers How to Get Published in Forbes Working in the field of cybersecurity has been one long lesson about outreach and promotion. I worked with an Abstract Stylist magazine for a year and CyberNews media outlet for half a year, and I managed to reach the world's biggest media outlets on my own. How to do it if you're a new business? 18. How to Insert Jump Anchors on Headings with PugJS I'm definitely a fan of cats 😺️ in real life, but when it comes to
code this reverses and I've got a preference for Pug 🐶️ For those who
aren't coders: PugJS is a JavaScript template engine. It converts
Pug-lang into HTML. I know there is more power in PugJS, besides the
simple turning the Pug-lang into HTML. At the moment I'm not using the
potential of the language - I use PugJS mostly to hold my content. Let's
look at some ways to get more out of Pug I've learned about recently. 19. Public Relations Basics for Your Employer Branding The degree of employer’s brand relevance is reflected in the latest statistics: according to Employer Branding Insights Report 2019, 90% of candidates consider HR brand of an employer when applying, 95% of respondents say company’s reputation matters a lot for them. As per Talentnow, 50% of candidates would never work for a company with bad reputation even if they are offered more in terms of salary. The dominant majority of HR specialists agree that recruitment increasingly acquires features of marketing: the ability to sell a company as an outstanding employer has a direct impact on talent acquisition. People is the most valuable asset of any business. Our clients are pursuing the goal of building an HR- / employer’s brand. We are witnessing the steady growth of market demand. Companies are willing to invest in people and their employer’s brand. In view of this, I offer to discuss the topic from PR perspective. 20. Dear Substack Writers Who've Been Approached by TechBullion TechBullion.com has a budget for approaching authors on Substack. Here's how I responded. 21. What is The Next Printing Press? Trying to predict where the next revolution in publishing will come from is difficult. But one thing is certain–publishing of the future will be complicated. 22. Explore the HackerNoon Brand Manual Thank you for checking out HackerNoon's Brand Manual. 23. I am a Big Believer in Deep Work - Interview With Omri Hurwitz, Tech Marketer & Media Strategist An Interview with Omri Hurwitz, Tech Marketer & Media Strategist 24. How to Get Your Dev Blog Noticed in 2021 How to write and share technical software development articles in 2021. 25. PR for Crypto Projects: What You Need to Know PR coupled with a strong product and well-functioning teamwork can bring good results: increase investor interest, and attract an audience. 26. Slogging #24: The Dentist Suicide Rate Myth and a Moment When Google Doesn't Autosuggest This Slack discussion by David Smooke and Utsav Jaiswal occurred in slogging's official #expert-interviews channel, and has been edited for readability. 27. Through a browser, darkly Exposing dark patterns in digital publishing 28. State of Hacker Noon 2019-2020 Photo Credit, Giphy.com/HackerNoon, where we have 1.7M impressions since creating our account in October. 29. How Improving Writing Skills Can Help Software Developers Succeed I started writing because the generous community of programmers had helped me by sharing their knowledge freely over the Internet. I wanted to contribute to this incredible trend so I could be a part of something bigger than myself. 30. The Second Human Rule This is a term I invented to improve the quality of content published online. 31. Goodhart's Law is Killing Free Journalism and Calls For a Third Business Model of the Internet Free journalism is struggling and Substack is thriving. Bundles can help bridge the gap and make quality journalism accessible. 32. How Can We Democratize Publishing Online? This Slack discussion by Anna Bleker, Linh, David, Dane and Austin occurred in hackernoon's official #slogging-beta channel. Thank you for checking out the 32 most read stories about Publishing on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

32 Stories To Learn About Publishing

And how to kill, killer AI! By ( Chief Technology Officer at Nodle) Eliott Teissonniere & ( Co-Founder at Nodle, Science fiction author) Garrett Kinsman - As Civilization rapidly expands off earth, we must ask how we will govern ourselves. With a new space race set off between the US and China, people, cargo, and information will travel across the void. But what does this look like exactly? How exactly will the basic underpinnings of an interplanetary civilization be architected and governed? In our last article we explored how an would operate, and its implications. We also surmised that the economic driver for Martian exploration may not be resources or manufacturing, but simple tax “optimization”. interplanetary financial system The nearly $100 Billion USD that the top six Silicon Valley Giants underpaid in taxes (Amazon, Facebook, Google, Netflix, Apple and Microsoft) between 2011 and 2020, is close to the costs of the entire Apollo Program adjusted for inflation! ( $146.7 Billion 2020 USD, $25.4 billion in 1973 , ). source source As countries band together to make corporations pay their taxes, and the cost of spaceflight reduces exponentially, our push to the heavens begins to look more financially sound. It just might be cheaper to set foot on Mars and declare tax residency there than it could be for an interconnected group of organizations to pay their taxes.  You can write off the expenses as well! Governing Mars as a Tax Haven As the Silicon Valley Monarchy uproots itself from the grounds of San Hill Road and impales itself upon the Martian dunes, questions of interplanetary governance come to rise. Under 1966 The Outer Space Treaty, Mars has been declared ungovernable. “Outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.” Considering the current state of international law, we don't expect the Outer Space Treaty to last long. Historically speaking, almost every land that has been settled upon has been declared independent from the colonizing party. Look at America, Africa, or India. As soon as a Martian colony maintains some semblance of self sufficiency, it quickly declares independence.  Even if a Martian Colony is not independent, there is nothing in the 1966 treaty stating it cannot declare a special economic zone. The Treaty does not even mention the word “tax” once. While the US-China cold war intensifies, we can assume that Martian colonies will be governed by two models, a highly centralized capitalist- communist approach, and a more decentralized capitalist - democratic approach. For this article we will assume that civilization will adopt a blockchain based, democratic decentralized autonomous organization model, also known as a DAO. A DAO brings people together to vote on “proposals” using decentralized technology. Such proposals can do quite a few things and are generally followed by an automated execution, a few non exhaustive examples are below: Funds management: a proposal could suggest spending funds, re-allocating the portfolio of a treasury fund, or even kickstart a colony in the form of martian tokenized bonds Constitutional, and legal management: a proposal could propose to amend a constitution, or a set of bylaws Dispute resolution: a DAO based jury system, like Kleros.io could be put in place in order to resolve disputes and limit escalations Elect Council members: In the case of a representative democracy. Command and Control: Direct and manage international policy and kinetic action. ** ** We suggest leveraging a “one-person-one-vote” governance model in order to  guarantee that each citizen of the colony would have a voice of its own, without falling into the trap of establishing a plutocratic system. Each citizen could be added to a registry tracking their right to vote or not, this registry entry would be tied to their public address used on the local colony’s blockchain used to settle transactions and take decisions at scale. Thanks to the use of , it would even be possible to preserve the privacy of voters and thus limit biases when debating on sensitive proposals. zero knowledge proofs Governance Between Bases International Law is generally more of an art today than a solidified rule of law. The compelling fact about decentralized governance is that it can allow for two opposing forces to exchange without trust. An example would be trading energy for stablecoins. One could imagine governance interoperability standards in place for Decentralized Finance, energy and resource agreements, combat, or even Nuclear Command and Control (assuming civilization is still trapped within the current deterrence theory of mutually assured destruction). We would feel far more comfortable with autonomous, decentralized mutually assured destruction versus the current human controlled model. As civilization is not generally stable, and history is defined by conflict,  let’s assume we end up in all out, interplanetary war. Martian bases will find themselves isolated, at war with each other, and under attack. DAO Threat Modeling Despite the tremendous command and control issues that decentralized governance poses to a real world settlement, there are many non-kinetic attacks that can be played out. We see later in this piece how these attack vectors could be critical to the survival of the human race. : Whichever voting system is supported by the Martian colony, it will need to take in account the risk of vote buying, where extraordinarily wealthy individuals could provide people a monetary compensation for voting in favor of certain proposals. This is another case where the use of privacy enhancing technologies, such as Zero Knowledge cryptography, could improve the status quo by making it incredibly hard to organize vote buying attacks at scale. For instance, it wouldn’t be possible to prove that somebody actually voted for a certain option, thus it would be incredibly hard to verify that somebody actually did the correct vote and later compensate them, which would make the economics of vote buying attacks collapse. 1) Vote Buying, Sybil attacks : But what if your cryptography has underlying problems? While this opinion is highly controversial, during an interplanetary conflict we should assume that our cryptographic primitives may come under attack through backdoors or advances in computing theory. Cryptography is based on one way functions, essentially math that makes information easy to “encrypt” in one direction, but very hard to “decrypt” the output unless you know the right variables. The only issue, as described it best, is that  “none of the functions currently in use have ever been definitively proved to be one-way functions — we don’t even know for sure that true one-way functions exist.” This means that cryptography is not provably secure, it is only “Hard” to attack. With the right computer, some presume that a quantum computer, or even a galactic computer, could create cryptographic vulnerabilities. In addition, some people believe that modern cryptographic standards, which are designed by the same agency created to break codes (The NSA), may have included cryptographic backdoors in the mathematics they selected for common cryptographic standards. Because of this, decentralized Protocols like Polkadot are using non NSA cryptographic primitives (Polkadot even goes so far to describes their reasoning ). Assuming the Internet is still online during an interplanetary conflict, a simple runtime update should be able to solve non hardware based backdoors or cryptographic vulnerabilities (Assuming you can detect such a cryptographic attack is even taking place, and fix it swiftly). 2) Quantum Key attacks Quanta Magazine here Malicious code caused to crash the network could be inserted into a governance or blockchain update proposal. Unless properly audited, could be used to take down or harm the network if voted into effect. 3) Malicious Governance proposals: Another way to attack a DAO is to attack the hardware on which it runs. This can be through hacking, or even backdoors inserted into the hardware itself. Significant work these days is going into securing hardware based voting machines. DARPA is doing some really incredible work here with the , and we are going to assume this technology, combined with open source HSMs, will be integrated into most consumer hardware by the time we are voting on Mars.  With decentralized roots of trust, and potentially billions of nodes, we can make hardware attacks very expensive to perform. 4) Hardware attacks: SSITH Program The Internet as we know it has a fairly centralized key scheme and could be fairly easily shut down. We should assume that some of these issues would be solved when deploying an interplanetary internet (mostly to improve scalability and efficiency). Nonetheless, an angry ICANN could certainly revoke the certificates or change the routing tables of core interplanetary governance components. We hope that ICANN adopts more decentralized governance models (like ENS support) in the future, and they have adopted a during the recent war in Ukraine. 5) Internet attack: neutral stance While NTP has been before, Network time protocol attacks can pose threats to interplanetary governance. The Primary time contributor of NTP is the US Navy. We should assume Mars would have its own clocks, not relying on the US Navy. Interplanetary NTP poses some interesting issues and . 6) Attacking time. weaponized research As DAOs evolve and move off earth, we will begin to see new types of DAOs emerge, and this is where things truly get interesting. Muskian Governance Lord Elon Musk proposed a simple tweak to the classical direct democracy approach, which we will call Muskian Governance. We can modify our democratic governance with a core constitution. This approach then includes proposals that when voted into block are time bound. Amendments to this constitution are proposed in governance proposals (EMIPs) which are then voted upon periodically. These proposals once voted onto place have an expiration date based on the block. After a set number of time (As determined by number of blocks, or decentralized time protocol) the proposal will expire. ** ** Dark DAOs As we mentioned before, Zero knowledge (Zk) voting will be essential to preserving the privacy of individuals participating in governance. The participants, functions and potentially even the existence itself of a Dark DAO can be nearly impossible to detect. Previously we coined the term DAO of Devices, where the DAO itself incentivizes hardware like base stations, sensors or servers to be deployed. Hardware that runs Dark DAOs can be hidden in the form of disposable computers, subsea servers, satellites on Lagrange points, and even base stations on distant planets. Distributing blockchain consensus across space and time creates many challenges in performance, of which we dove into in our previous post on interplanetary finance. Distributing blockchain validator nodes across the solar system would make such a Dark DAO extremely difficult to attack. Autonomous DAOs As Artificial intelligence advances exponentially, we will quickly see humans electing AI as core members of a governance committee. These AIs will submit proposals, and eventually be elected to vote on proposals. There is some incredible based around this concept, and it makes one ponder as to what kinds of proposals and votes that an AI would make in regards to current geopolitical events. anime As a first step, AI would leverage big data to create proposals that humans could then vote on. For example leveraging climate models to propose changes to energy and economic policy. AI and humans could further compete on proposals, with competing AI ranking these proposals and modeling their potential implications. This poses a great possibility of enhancing and improving democratic functions. As systems become increasingly relevant, autonomous command and control become key topics to debate. Distributed AI (multiparty neural networks) is a growing field where many different AI powered “nodes” work together to solve problems. Distributed AI helps preserve privacy by processing data locally, and sharing what is learned throughout the network. Startups are working to bring distributed AI on-chain, allowing AI to participate in trustless, decentralized governance models. The most interesting aspect of distributed AI running on-chain is that it is nearly impossible to kill. autonomous swarm weapons While we are still some years away from general, on-chain AI, we imagine a great amount of conflict brewing between AI governance mechanisms and human controlled elements. How would humans stop an AI DAO, distributed across a solar system or galaxy? Intergalactic DAOs Since the invention of the airplane in 1903, the speed of controlled flight has increased exponentially. As civilization expands beyond our host star, and AI helps us solve , we imagine a space opera of intergalactic DAOs spreading out across the heavens.  AIs governing billions of inhabitants will make peace, and go to battle with each other, and they may not be human controlled. key civilizational issues Due to limitations on speed of light, simply communicating between the closest DAOs could take decades. Without an Intergalactic transdimensional DAO ( ) how will governance proposals be synchronized across the galaxy? Based on the speed of light we might even be able to calculate the size of a DAO could grow before communication breakdowns lead to new ones being formed. History would tell us that even a few days of communication delay can cause empires to fall apart.  Could an AI DAO replicate itself and govern societies across a wide area? see Tachyonic antitelephone We like to think that AI and humans will live constructively towards a common goals of abundance. In order to map our threat model we must have to imagine a malicious AI taking control over a DAO. You cannot simply “pull the plug” on a distributed network with billions, or potentially trillions of nodes. This has given us an interesting topic to speculate upon. How do you go to war with an intergalactic DAO? Our best guess so far is to hack the blockchain itself. We can assume that key nodes will be relatively localized due to speed of light performance limitations.  These would be wise old nodes with centuries of high ranking proposals. If such a system can be compromised, and a malicious proposal can be crafted in such a way to take down the network (Likely with the help of other AIs), then AI based DAOs could be attacked from within. Trustless operating environments and autonomous error recovery would make such an attack truly of epic proportions. We envision a science fiction epic where future elite hackers fly to distant and ancient rainforest temples, on the hunt to locate and disassemble subterranean governance infrastructure. Perhaps the hackers communicate with other compromised nodes within the solar system using a portable, free space optics, x-ray datalink. Such hackers would have to time the attack with the motions of the planets, maintaining line of sight beneath the forest canopy to execute the proposed governance update at just the right time. We liked the idea so much, we contributed to on the idea. a science fiction trilogy Whatever happens, the future of DAOs will be incredibly exciting, as we push what it means to be democratic, spread across space and time.

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