Keepe

keepe

Blockchain 101: Why Will Web3 Gaming Take Over Web2 In my opinion, Web3 gaming has the potential to take over Web2 gaming. For starters, it offers a new level of player ownership and control, giving gamers the ability to truly own their in-game assets, such as weapons, armor, and collectibles. This creates a new level of engagement and investment for players, as they have a tangible stake in the game, , which is currently not possible in Web2 gaming. Web3 gaming also enables new forms of economic activity and marketplaces, such as player-driven trading and secondary markets. This opens up new opportunities for players to monetize their in-game assets and for game developers to create new revenue streams. Additionally, Web3 gaming allows for the creation of decentralized, autonomous game worlds where players can interact with each other and the game in a trustless and decentralized way. This creates new opportunities for player-driven content and game mechanics, such as user-generated quests and player-run economies. How Top-Tier Game Production Houses Coming to Web3 Can Change Player Dynamics Top-tier game production companies entering the industry can play a significant role in driving adoption of Web3 because they bring  a wealth of experience in game design, development, and marketing. This experience can be leveraged to create high-quality, engaging, and immersive Web3 games that appeal to a wide audience. Game production companies also have access to large existing player bases and communities that can be transitioned to Web3 games, helping quickly build a critical mass of users. Combine that with their resources and infrastructure, and they’re better able to support and market their games to help raise awareness of Web3 and its capabilities, driving more people to explore and adopt the technology. As a side note, these companies can then act as thought leaders and evangelists within the industry, driving more innovation and investment in the ecosystem. Cimu Games is Bringing Runestone Keeper Game to Web3 One such production company is , which is using Ready Games' web3 game development tools to re-release its million-selling Runestone Keeper — an important development for the Web3 ecosystem. This shows that established game developers and companies are recognizing the potential of Web3 technology and are actively exploring ways to incorporate it into their existing games and franchises. This can help to drive wider adoption of Web3 and increase the number of high-quality, engaging games available on the platform. Cimu Games Further, the fact that Cimu Games has chosen to use Ready Games' multi-platform tech stack to re-release Runestone Keeper on PC, console, and mobile is significant as it represents one of the first examples of a Web3 game being made available on multiple platforms. This is important because it demonstrates the potential for Web3 games to reach a wider audience and could help to drive more mainstream adoption of the technology. : Vested Interest Disclosure The author is an independent contributor publishing via our . Be it through direct compensation, media partnerships, or networking, the author has a vested interest in the company/ies mentioned in this story. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR brand-as-author program Don’t forget to like and share the story! Image credits: . Axville

Cimu Games to Bring its Million Selling Runestone Keeper Game to Web3

Nature + Biomimicry + Bitcoin: Mutually Beneficial Partnership

Naturaleza + Biomimetismo + Bitcoin: una alianza mutuamente beneficiosa

Luonto + Biomimikri + Bitcoin: molemminpuolisesti hyödyllinen kumppanuus

प्रकृति + बायोमिमिक्री + बिटकॉइन: पारस्परिक रूप से लाभकारी साझेदारी

Nature + Biomimicry + Bitcoin. փոխշահավետ գործընկերություն

自然 + バイオミミクリー + ビットコイン: 相互に利益のあるパートナーシップ

Nature + Biomimicry + Bitcoin: ორმხრივად მომგებიანი პარტნიორობა

ធម្មជាតិ + Biomimicry + Bitcoin៖ ភាពជាដៃគូដែលមានអត្ថប្រយោជន៍ទៅវិញទៅមក

Natiora + Biomimicry + Bitcoin: Fiaraha-miombon'antoka

Masikirwo + Biomimicry + Bitcoin: Kudyidzana Kunobatsira Kudyidzana

Природа + биомимикрија + биткоин: обострано корисно партнерство

இயற்கை + பயோமிமிக்ரி + பிட்காயின்: பரஸ்பர நன்மை பயக்கும் கூட்டாண்மை

Tabiat + Biomimicry + Bitcoin: O'zaro manfaatli hamkorlik

The Isekai Archetypes of Computer Programming

With thousands of Chrome extensions available, it is often overwhelming to see them all and find the ones that improve your browsing experience. Too many of them tend to get overlooked despite being useful in your daily workflow. I have handpicked 17 lesser-known Chrome extensions into one compilation, covering a wide range of categories, from productivity boosters to automation of tasks, tab managing, screen recorders, drawing tools, and time managers. Whether you want to make your daily routine easier, manage your tabs more efficiently, or protect your eyes from the late-night work session, this article should cover various areas to make your browsing experience better. Each extension selected is targeted at enhancing your efficiency. Hopefully, you will discover a few hidden gems that change how you work by saving you time and boosting your productivity. 1. Anori - Tab Productivity A clean, minimalistic new tab extension to help boost productivity. It is also fully distraction-free; it gives quick access to to-dos, calendar, bookmarks, weather, etc. Great for those who appreciate a clean and functional new tab without cluttered widgets or distractions they may not need. 2. Automa - Workflow Automation The Automa extension can automate just about anything: web scraping, form filling, and so on, right within Chrome itself. Ideal for users who want to automate workflows or undertake mundane tasks without manual user intervention. 3. Tab Keeper - Tab Management Tab Keeper organizes opened tabs and saves them, and cleans up your browser. It also remembers the layout of screens, useful if you are working on multiple monitors. Great for users who always have to work with a large number of tabs and need an easy way to manage and later retrieve saved tabs. 4. Bonjourr - Minimal Home Page Bonjourr is a minimalist new tab page designed to be used by those who want focus and simplicity. It replaces the new tab page with a nice-looking dashboard showing time, weather, and quick links. Best for users who want a customized homepage experience without any distractions. 5. Protect Eye - Eye Health Protect Eye is a Chrome extension that reduces the amount of blue light emitted to minimize eye fatigue during long hours of browsing. Great for those who spend hours on their computers and find a way to protect their eyes from the damage of blue light. 6. Vizam - Screenshot/Screen Recording Vizam is a full-featured screenshot/screencast tool, annotation, and sharing tool. Best for those who tend to take screenshots to share in a personal portfolio, business presentation, or any other creative project. 7. Tango - Step-by-Step Tutorials With Tango, you can make step-by-step guides to make workflow documentation easier. It records your clicks and screenshots as you proceed with the tasks. Useful for those who want process documentation for training or sharing purposes without having to write instructions themselves. 8. Screely - Browser Mockup Tool What Screely does is take what is normally a very time-consuming job of turning screenshots into nice-looking mockups. All you need to do is take a screenshot, upload it, and Screely will transform it into all these browser frames and backgrounds. Ideal for designers or content creators looking to present screenshots with minimal possible effort. 9. Detailed SEO Extension - SEO Insights The extension details in-depth SEO information, including on-page data, schema, and performance metrics, at a click. Best for SEO professionals looking to have quick, actionable data on website optimization without having to leave the browser. 10. Email Finder - Outreach Assistant Email Finder finds email addresses and contact information from LinkedIn and other valuable online sources. Ideal for recruiters, salesmen, and outreach needing verified contacts in the shortest time. 11. Vocably - Language Flashcards Vocably teaches the user new vocabulary through interactive flashcards and supports several languages for learning with spaced repetition. Ideal for language learners and students looking to retain their vocabulary. 12. Painty - Page Marker/Highlighter This extension has a very minimalistic and easy-to-use interface that allows drawings on web pages. It provides basic drawing tools like a pencil, highlighter, and eraser. Useful for any user who needs to annotate or draw directly onto the web content for presentations or during brainstorming sessions. 13. SuperX - Twitter/X Analytics SuperX is a Twitter analytics extension. It provides details about the tweet performance, tweet engagement, and follower growth. What you need, as a social media manager or influencer, to get real-time analytics that will help optimize your Twitter game. 14. Modern HN - Custom Hacker News UI This extension beautifies Hacker News user interface and makes it more readable and even more usable with features such as infinite scrolling. For avid readers of Hacker News, this is perfect for those wanting the browsing experience to be smoother and easier to use. 15. Toggl Track - Time Management Toggl Track is a time-tracking tool that helps users record hours spent on tasks, projects, and activities in thorough reports to track productivity. Ideal for freelancers, teams, or individuals looking to track their time and raise productivity to a whole new level. 16. Webtime Tracker - Productivity Tracker Webtime Tracker keeps track of your web browsing and shows detailed insights where exactly you spent how much time. Great for users who seek to enhance productivity by gaining insight and a handle on their online habits. 17. StayFree - Block Distracting Websites StayFree allows users to block distracting websites, set time limits for specified websites or apps, and track the time spent on them. It sends notifications whenever the set limits have been reached. Ideal for those seeking to keep focused, not spend too much time on particular sites, and hence manage screen time. Did you like the resources? Here is more 👇 Join 6000+ others to receive the best DEV resources, tools, productivity tips, and career growth advice I discover by subscribing to my newsletter! Also, connect with me on Twitter, LinkedIn, and GitHub! Writing has always been my passion and it gives me pleasure to help and inspire people. If you want to get featured or partner up, feel free to get in touch! With thousands of Chrome extensions available, it is often overwhelming to see them all and find the ones that improve your browsing experience. Too many of them tend to get overlooked despite being useful in your daily workflow. I have handpicked 17 lesser-known Chrome extensions into one compilation, covering a wide range of categories, from productivity boosters to automation of tasks, tab managing, screen recorders, drawing tools, and time managers. Whether you want to make your daily routine easier, manage your tabs more efficiently, or protect your eyes from the late-night work session, this article should cover various areas to make your browsing experience better. Each extension selected is targeted at enhancing your efficiency. Hopefully, you will discover a few hidden gems that change how you work by saving you time and boosting your productivity. 1. Anori - Tab Productivity Anori A clean, minimalistic new tab extension to help boost productivity. It is also fully distraction-free; it gives quick access to to-dos, calendar, bookmarks, weather, etc. Great for those who appreciate a clean and functional new tab without cluttered widgets or distractions they may not need. 2. Automa - Workflow Automation Automa The Automa extension can automate just about anything: web scraping, form filling, and so on, right within Chrome itself. Ideal for users who want to automate workflows or undertake mundane tasks without manual user intervention. 3. Tab Keeper - Tab Management Tab Keeper Tab Keeper organizes opened tabs and saves them, and cleans up your browser. It also remembers the layout of screens, useful if you are working on multiple monitors. Great for users who always have to work with a large number of tabs and need an easy way to manage and later retrieve saved tabs. 4. Bonjourr - Minimal Home Page Bonjourr Bonjourr is a minimalist new tab page designed to be used by those who want focus and simplicity. It replaces the new tab page with a nice-looking dashboard showing time, weather, and quick links. Best for users who want a customized homepage experience without any distractions. 5. Protect Eye - Eye Health Protect Eye Protect Eye is a Chrome extension that reduces the amount of blue light emitted to minimize eye fatigue during long hours of browsing. Great for those who spend hours on their computers and find a way to protect their eyes from the damage of blue light. 6. Vizam - Screenshot/Screen Recording Vizam Vizam is a full-featured screenshot/screencast tool, annotation, and sharing tool. Best for those who tend to take screenshots to share in a personal portfolio, business presentation, or any other creative project. 7. Tango - Step-by-Step Tutorials Tango With Tango, you can make step-by-step guides to make workflow documentation easier. It records your clicks and screenshots as you proceed with the tasks. Useful for those who want process documentation for training or sharing purposes without having to write instructions themselves. 8. Screely - Browser Mockup Tool Screely What Screely does is take what is normally a very time-consuming job of turning screenshots into nice-looking mockups. All you need to do is take a screenshot, upload it, and Screely will transform it into all these browser frames and backgrounds. Ideal for designers or content creators looking to present screenshots with minimal possible effort. 9. Detailed SEO Extension - SEO Insights Detailed SEO Extension The extension details in-depth SEO information, including on-page data, schema, and performance metrics, at a click. Best for SEO professionals looking to have quick, actionable data on website optimization without having to leave the browser. 10. Email Finder - Outreach Assistant Email Finder Email Finder finds email addresses and contact information from LinkedIn and other valuable online sources. Ideal for recruiters, salesmen, and outreach needing verified contacts in the shortest time. 11. Vocably - Language Flashcards Vocably Vocably teaches the user new vocabulary through interactive flashcards and supports several languages for learning with spaced repetition. Ideal for language learners and students looking to retain their vocabulary. 12. Painty - Page Marker/Highlighter Painty This extension has a very minimalistic and easy-to-use interface that allows drawings on web pages. It provides basic drawing tools like a pencil, highlighter, and eraser. Useful for any user who needs to annotate or draw directly onto the web content for presentations or during brainstorming sessions. 13. SuperX - Twitter/X Analytics SuperX SuperX is a Twitter analytics extension. It provides details about the tweet performance, tweet engagement, and follower growth. What you need, as a social media manager or influencer, to get real-time analytics that will help optimize your Twitter game. 14. Modern HN - Custom Hacker News UI Modern HN This extension beautifies Hacker News user interface and makes it more readable and even more usable with features such as infinite scrolling. For avid readers of Hacker News, this is perfect for those wanting the browsing experience to be smoother and easier to use. 15. Toggl Track - Time Management Toggl Track Toggl Track is a time-tracking tool that helps users record hours spent on tasks, projects, and activities in thorough reports to track productivity. Ideal for freelancers, teams, or individuals looking to track their time and raise productivity to a whole new level. 16. Webtime Tracker - Productivity Tracker Webtime Tracker Webtime Tracker keeps track of your web browsing and shows detailed insights where exactly you spent how much time. Great for users who seek to enhance productivity by gaining insight and a handle on their online habits. 17. StayFree - Block Distracting Websites StayFree StayFree allows users to block distracting websites, set time limits for specified websites or apps, and track the time spent on them. It sends notifications whenever the set limits have been reached. Ideal for those seeking to keep focused, not spend too much time on particular sites, and hence manage screen time. Did you like the resources? Here is more 👇 Join 6000+ others to receive the best DEV resources, tools, productivity tips, and career growth advice I discover by subscribing to my newsletter ! my newsletter my newsletter my newsletter Also, connect with me on Twitter, LinkedIn, and GitHub ! Twitter , LinkedIn , Twitter Twitter LinkedIn LinkedIn GitHub GitHub GitHub Writing has always been my passion and it gives me pleasure to help and inspire people. If you want to get featured or partner up, feel free to get in touch ! get in touch get in touch get in touch

17 Lesser Known Chrome Extensions You Need Right Now 🤩⚡

In today's digital age, cybersecurity is no longer just a technical issue, but a critical component of our daily lives. As technology evolves, so too do the methods employed by cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities, often focusing on the human element of security. This article outlines several common types of cybersecurity attacks that individuals and organizations should be aware of in order to better protect themselves. Social Engineering
Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but when individuals are targeted, the criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software—that will give them access to your passwords and bank information as well as giving them control over your computer.
https://youtu.be/Vo1urF6S4u0?si=To_pZ2TH6fVdbAEPMore advanced reading:https://phoenixnap.com/blog/social-engineering-examples


Phishing
Phishing attacks are the process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Typically carried out through email or instant messaging, it often directs users to enter personal information at a fake website which matches the look and feel of the legitimate site. https://youtu.be/gWGhUdHItto?si=Wh7_ZwbyiNPScsaS&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.verizon.com/business/resources/articles/s/the-history-of-phishing/ Spear Phishing
Spear phishing is a more sophisticated form of phishing, where the attack is tailored and directed towards specific individuals or companies. These emails may appear to come from a trusted source and often incorporate personal information to bypass initial skepticism. https://youtu.be/fZc2oXfz9Qs?si=omkiy3KiQhCOM8Bf&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://hempsteadny.gov/635/Famous-Phishing-Incidents-from-History Whaling
A whaling attack is a form of phishing targeted at senior executives and other high-profile targets within businesses. Here, the content will be crafted to target an upper manager and the message might look like a legal subpoena, customer complaint, or executive issue. https://youtu.be/BU8h9GzdlSw?si=VIM2mKfiIUqLVtpW&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/whaling-attack Vishing
Vishing is the telephone equivalent of phishing. It is described as using voice communication to scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft. The scammer usually pretends to be a legitimate business, and fools the victim into thinking they will profit. https://youtu.be/xuYoMs6CLEw?si=Bkxk-kM9T5iCG_Sr&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-vishing.html Tailgating and Piggybacking
These methods involve an unauthorized person physically following an authorized person into a restricted area. In tailgating, the unauthorized person follows without the authorized person’s knowledge; in piggybacking, the authorized person actually helps the unauthorized one gain access. https://youtu.be/jksOir0WGM8?si=Q3B8OCtlOhGpVPd4&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/internet-security/what-are-tailgating-attacks Impersonation: Fake Identities
This involves an attacker pretending to be someone else to gain unauthorized access to systems, data, or networks. Impersonation can be as simple as stealing a user ID and password or as complex as creating a fabricated identity to infiltrate an organization. https://youtu.be/ePBkx7MDloY?si=n20q0TA7UKOpOFwq&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.upguard.com/blog/impersonation-attack Dumpster Diving
In this attack, hackers sift through trash bins to find discarded but sensitive information that can be used in further attacks—this could include paperwork containing personal details, passwords, corporate information, etc. https://youtu.be/h0UfLMy_Fq0?si=g-7mfQGyNpAIhoKL&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.palisade.email/resources-post/understanding-dumpster-diving-a-comprehensive-guide-to-this-cybersecurity-threat Shoulder Surfing
This occurs when someone watches you enter sensitive information on a keypad or computer screen. It is a direct observation technique, such as looking over someone's shoulder, to get information like passwords and PIN numbers. https://youtu.be/P9P07OgIkWY?si=CHUCIenU6jpRb6Ve&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.keepersecurity.com/blog/2023/07/26/what-is-shoulder-surfing/ Hoaxes and Watering Hole Attacks
Hoaxes are messages that trick the recipient into believing something false and often prompt them to part with confidential information or infect their systems with malware. Meanwhile, watering hole attacks target entire groups by infecting websites they are known to use with malware. https://youtu.be/RNWiqj_lkcs?si=pCZl1171oV6Ibd29&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_hoax Understanding these types of cybersecurity threats is the first step in protecting yourself from them. Awareness, combined with proactive measures and good security practices, can significantly reduce the risk of falling victim to cyber attacks. References Human generated text revision by ChatGPT
Various videos from youtube.com - links provided above
Cybersecurity articles as linked above In today's digital age, cybersecurity is no longer just a technical issue, but a critical component of our daily lives. As technology evolves, so too do the methods employed by cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities, often focusing on the human element of security. This article outlines several common types of cybersecurity attacks that individuals and organizations should be aware of in order to better protect themselves. Social Engineering
Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but when individuals are targeted, the criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software—that will give them access to your passwords and bank information as well as giving them control over your computer.
https://youtu.be/Vo1urF6S4u0?si=To_pZ2TH6fVdbAEPMore advanced reading:https://phoenixnap.com/blog/social-engineering-examples Phishing
Phishing attacks are the process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Typically carried out through email or instant messaging, it often directs users to enter personal information at a fake website which matches the look and feel of the legitimate site. Social Engineering Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but when individuals are targeted, the criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software—that will give them access to your passwords and bank information as well as giving them control over your computer. https://youtu.be/Vo1urF6S4u0?si=To_pZ2TH6fVdbAEP More advanced reading:https://phoenixnap.com/blog/social-engineering-examples Social Engineering Social Engineering Social engineering is the art of manipulating people so they give up confidential information. The types of information these criminals are seeking can vary, but when individuals are targeted, the criminals are usually trying to trick you into giving them your passwords or bank information, or access your computer to secretly install malicious software—that will give them access to your passwords and bank information as well as giving them control over your computer. https://youtu.be/Vo1urF6S4u0?si=To_pZ2TH6fVdbAEP https://youtu.be/Vo1urF6S4u0?si=To_pZ2TH6fVdbAEP https://youtu.be/Vo1urF6S4u0?si=To_pZ2TH6fVdbAEP More advanced reading: https://phoenixnap.com/blog/social-engineering-examples https://phoenixnap.com/blog/social-engineering-examples Phishing
Phishing attacks are the process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Typically carried out through email or instant messaging, it often directs users to enter personal information at a fake website which matches the look and feel of the legitimate site. Phishing Phishing attacks are the process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Typically carried out through email or instant messaging, it often directs users to enter personal information at a fake website which matches the look and feel of the legitimate site. Phishing https://youtu.be/gWGhUdHItto?si=Wh7_ZwbyiNPScsaS&embedable=true https://youtu.be/gWGhUdHItto?si=Wh7_ZwbyiNPScsaS&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.verizon.com/business/resources/articles/s/the-history-of-phishing/ https://www.verizon.com/business/resources/articles/s/the-history-of-phishing/ Spear Phishing
Spear phishing is a more sophisticated form of phishing, where the attack is tailored and directed towards specific individuals or companies. These emails may appear to come from a trusted source and often incorporate personal information to bypass initial skepticism. Spear Phishing Spear phishing is a more sophisticated form of phishing, where the attack is tailored and directed towards specific individuals or companies. These emails may appear to come from a trusted source and often incorporate personal information to bypass initial skepticism. Spear Phishing https://youtu.be/fZc2oXfz9Qs?si=omkiy3KiQhCOM8Bf&embedable=true https://youtu.be/fZc2oXfz9Qs?si=omkiy3KiQhCOM8Bf&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://hempsteadny.gov/635/Famous-Phishing-Incidents-from-History https://hempsteadny.gov/635/Famous-Phishing-Incidents-from-History Whaling
A whaling attack is a form of phishing targeted at senior executives and other high-profile targets within businesses. Here, the content will be crafted to target an upper manager and the message might look like a legal subpoena, customer complaint, or executive issue. Whaling
A whaling attack is a form of phishing targeted at senior executives and other high-profile targets within businesses. Here, the content will be crafted to target an upper manager and the message might look like a legal subpoena, customer complaint, or executive issue. Whaling A whaling attack is a form of phishing targeted at senior executives and other high-profile targets within businesses. Here, the content will be crafted to target an upper manager and the message might look like a legal subpoena, customer complaint, or executive issue. Whaling https://youtu.be/BU8h9GzdlSw?si=VIM2mKfiIUqLVtpW&embedable=true https://youtu.be/BU8h9GzdlSw?si=VIM2mKfiIUqLVtpW&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/whaling-attack https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/whaling-attack Vishing
Vishing is the telephone equivalent of phishing. It is described as using voice communication to scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft. The scammer usually pretends to be a legitimate business, and fools the victim into thinking they will profit. Vishing
Vishing is the telephone equivalent of phishing. It is described as using voice communication to scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft. The scammer usually pretends to be a legitimate business, and fools the victim into thinking they will profit. Vishing Vishing is the telephone equivalent of phishing. It is described as using voice communication to scam the user into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft. The scammer usually pretends to be a legitimate business, and fools the victim into thinking they will profit. Vishing https://youtu.be/xuYoMs6CLEw?si=Bkxk-kM9T5iCG_Sr&embedable=true https://youtu.be/xuYoMs6CLEw?si=Bkxk-kM9T5iCG_Sr&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-vishing.html https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-vishing.html Tailgating and Piggybacking
These methods involve an unauthorized person physically following an authorized person into a restricted area. In tailgating, the unauthorized person follows without the authorized person’s knowledge; in piggybacking, the authorized person actually helps the unauthorized one gain access. Tailgating and Piggybacking
These methods involve an unauthorized person physically following an authorized person into a restricted area. In tailgating, the unauthorized person follows without the authorized person’s knowledge; in piggybacking, the authorized person actually helps the unauthorized one gain access. Tailgating and Piggybacking These methods involve an unauthorized person physically following an authorized person into a restricted area. In tailgating, the unauthorized person follows without the authorized person’s knowledge; in piggybacking, the authorized person actually helps the unauthorized one gain access. Tailgating and Piggybacking https://youtu.be/jksOir0WGM8?si=Q3B8OCtlOhGpVPd4&embedable=true https://youtu.be/jksOir0WGM8?si=Q3B8OCtlOhGpVPd4&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/internet-security/what-are-tailgating-attacks https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/internet-security/what-are-tailgating-attacks Impersonation: Fake Identities
This involves an attacker pretending to be someone else to gain unauthorized access to systems, data, or networks. Impersonation can be as simple as stealing a user ID and password or as complex as creating a fabricated identity to infiltrate an organization. Impersonation: Fake Identities
This involves an attacker pretending to be someone else to gain unauthorized access to systems, data, or networks. Impersonation can be as simple as stealing a user ID and password or as complex as creating a fabricated identity to infiltrate an organization. Impersonation: Fake Identities This involves an attacker pretending to be someone else to gain unauthorized access to systems, data, or networks. Impersonation can be as simple as stealing a user ID and password or as complex as creating a fabricated identity to infiltrate an organization. Impersonation: Fake Identities https://youtu.be/ePBkx7MDloY?si=n20q0TA7UKOpOFwq&embedable=true https://youtu.be/ePBkx7MDloY?si=n20q0TA7UKOpOFwq&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.upguard.com/blog/impersonation-attack https://www.upguard.com/blog/impersonation-attack Dumpster Diving
In this attack, hackers sift through trash bins to find discarded but sensitive information that can be used in further attacks—this could include paperwork containing personal details, passwords, corporate information, etc. Dumpster Diving
In this attack, hackers sift through trash bins to find discarded but sensitive information that can be used in further attacks—this could include paperwork containing personal details, passwords, corporate information, etc. Dumpster Diving In this attack, hackers sift through trash bins to find discarded but sensitive information that can be used in further attacks—this could include paperwork containing personal details, passwords, corporate information, etc. Dumpster Diving https://youtu.be/h0UfLMy_Fq0?si=g-7mfQGyNpAIhoKL&embedable=true https://youtu.be/h0UfLMy_Fq0?si=g-7mfQGyNpAIhoKL&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.palisade.email/resources-post/understanding-dumpster-diving-a-comprehensive-guide-to-this-cybersecurity-threat https://www.palisade.email/resources-post/understanding-dumpster-diving-a-comprehensive-guide-to-this-cybersecurity-threat Shoulder Surfing
This occurs when someone watches you enter sensitive information on a keypad or computer screen. It is a direct observation technique, such as looking over someone's shoulder, to get information like passwords and PIN numbers. Shoulder Surfing
This occurs when someone watches you enter sensitive information on a keypad or computer screen. It is a direct observation technique, such as looking over someone's shoulder, to get information like passwords and PIN numbers. Shoulder Surfing This occurs when someone watches you enter sensitive information on a keypad or computer screen. It is a direct observation technique, such as looking over someone's shoulder, to get information like passwords and PIN numbers. Shoulder Surfing https://youtu.be/P9P07OgIkWY?si=CHUCIenU6jpRb6Ve&embedable=true https://youtu.be/P9P07OgIkWY?si=CHUCIenU6jpRb6Ve&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://www.keepersecurity.com/blog/2023/07/26/what-is-shoulder-surfing/ https://www.keepersecurity.com/blog/2023/07/26/what-is-shoulder-surfing/ Hoaxes and Watering Hole Attacks
Hoaxes are messages that trick the recipient into believing something false and often prompt them to part with confidential information or infect their systems with malware. Meanwhile, watering hole attacks target entire groups by infecting websites they are known to use with malware. Hoaxes and Watering Hole Attacks Hoaxes are messages that trick the recipient into believing something false and often prompt them to part with confidential information or infect their systems with malware. Meanwhile, watering hole attacks target entire groups by infecting websites they are known to use with malware. Hoaxes and Watering Hole Attacks https://youtu.be/RNWiqj_lkcs?si=pCZl1171oV6Ibd29&embedable=true https://youtu.be/RNWiqj_lkcs?si=pCZl1171oV6Ibd29&embedable=true More advanced reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_hoax https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_hoax Understanding these types of cybersecurity threats is the first step in protecting yourself from them. Awareness, combined with proactive measures and good security practices, can significantly reduce the risk of falling victim to cyber attacks. References References Human generated text revision by ChatGPT Various videos from youtube.com - links provided above Cybersecurity articles as linked above Human generated text revision by ChatGPT Various videos from youtube.com - links provided above youtube.com Cybersecurity articles as linked above

Cybersecurity basics: common types of cybersecurity attacks

ZKBase is a high-performance ZK-Rollup based on ZK Stack and multi-gpu prover. This solution enhances transaction processing capability and provides a cost-effective network experience. Its key advantage lies in the adoption of zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology, allowing off-chain transactions to be quickly verified and confirmed while maintaining transaction privacy and data integrity. Since all validity proofs are verified on Ethereum, users can enjoy the same security guarantees as in L1. ZKBase operates similarly to Ethereum but with higher throughput and lower fees. Smart contracts are written in Solidity/Vyper and can be invoked using the same clients as other EVM-compatible chains. This article will introduce the core engineering and technical implementation of ZKBase. 1. Key Components of ZKBase Tree and TreeBackup: These components use RocksDB to maintain local copies of the L2 storage tree. The database stays synchronized with the latest state root hash, continuously reflecting the current system state. StateKeeper/VM: Executes transactions and securely stores the enclosed blocks in the local RocksDB database, ensuring data integrity and continuous state updates. Smart Contract: Deployed on the Ethereum mainnet, these smart contracts verify the zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) submitted from off-chain. Upon successful verification, these contracts update the account states on the Ethereum network. GPU Prover: A ZK-Rollup technology that ensures secure and efficient transaction verification through zero-knowledge proofs. When a batch of transactions occurs off the Ethereum mainnet, the ZK aggregation system compresses multiple transactions into a single "validity proof" calculated by the Prover, demonstrating the correctness of the batch. This proof is then submitted to the Ethereum network, enabling the rapid and secure confirmation of a large volume of transactions happening off-chain. Bridge: ZKBase provides a bridging mechanism for securely transferring assets between ZKBase and the Ethereum mainnet, ensuring interoperability and asset liquidity between the two platforms 2. ZKBase Workflow Users can initiate L2 requests either through an application programming interface (API) or via contracts deployed on L1. Once submitted, these requests enter a mempool, awaiting execution. Notably, transactions originating from L1 (such as deposits) are stored in a dedicated L1 priority queue to ensure they are processed promptly. The mempool storage structure is a btreeset (a set implemented by a btree). The indexing structure is as follows: Here, fee_data is not involved in the actual score calculation but helps filter out transactions that do not meet the fee requirements. The score is sorted by timestamp, and if timestamps are identical, then by address. Transactions in the mempool are managed by the mempool fetcher component within the State Keeper. Except for expired transactions, standard transactions are fetched from the mempool in the order defined by the btree traversal and recorded in the database. They are then processed by the State Keeper/VM, executed, and used to update the state tree. The block layout diagram shows the organization of transactions within a block and the arrangement of L2 blocks within an L1 batch. To initiate each L1 batch, the operator needs to input key details: the timestamp of the batch, its position in the sequence, and the hash value of the previous batch. The Merkle tree root hash serves as the foundational root hash in this process to ensure the validity of the batch and the authenticity of the transactions. Simultaneously, the State Keeper has the authority to decide when to finalize a specific L2 block or L1 batch, thereby determining its state. This decision is governed by a set of predefined criteria managed by the conditional_sealer module. These criteria include parameters such as transaction count, size limits, and gas usage thresholds. After processing a transaction, the State Keeper checks which sealing condition is met. The conditional_sealer maintains a SealCriteria registry that includes: Transaction count limits,


L2 gas limits,


Upper limits on the amount of published data, among other regulations. There are four decision scenarios: NoSeal, IncludeAndSeal, ExcludeAndSeal, and Unexecutable. In the first two cases, the process is the same, with the post-execution state being updated in the State Keeper. ExcludeAndSeal handles transactions that exceed the predefined batch limits by rolling back the transaction execution and placing it back in the queue to be included in the next L2 block. If an Unexecutable situation occurs, the transaction cannot be executed and will be rejected. At the end of each batch, the bootloader generates a placeholder L2 block to complete the transactions and prepare for the next cycle. Although mostly empty, this block is crucial for internal operations and includes a Transfer event log to record fee movements between the bootloader and the operator. To ensure time accuracy, the timestamps of the batch and the last sub-block are cross-checked with the expected L1 time frame to enhance the system's resilience to time-related issues. Once a batch is finalized, the prover generates a cryptographic proof to verify the block's execution. In ZKBase, the prover's responsibility is to prove the accurate execution of the ZKBase Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This proof is then verified by a smart contract on the Ethereum network. Once the proof is generated, the prover packages it into an L1 transaction and sends it to the ETH_Sender. The ETH_Sender forwards the transaction to the ZKBase contract deployed on the Ethereum mainnet for further processing. The Ethereum mainnet verifies the proof's correctness and, upon successful verification, updates the state accordingly. Throughout the process, EthWatcher continuously monitors specific L1 events, such as deposits and system upgrades, to ensure synchronization with the Ethereum mainnet. 3. Multiple GPU Prover Architecture The architecture leverages a Postgres Database to share data, enabling parallel computation across multiple GPU Provers to enhance proof generation efficiency. The key components include: Operator: The server that provides Layer 2 services. Prover Gateway: A communication module that connects the operator with the proving subsystem. Witness Generator: Generates proof computation tasks and stores intermediate artifacts. Vector Generator: Aggregates all computation tasks into a vector format suitable for GPU computation and sends them to the provers. Prover: Performs the actual computation and verification of proofs. Compressor: Compresses the final proof into SNARK form. Proof Generation Workflow Batch Generation: The Operator collects transactions and generates a new batch. Batch Reception: The Prover Gateway retrieves the new batch from the Operator and begins preparing to generate the zero-knowledge proof. Database Insertion: The Prover Gateway inserts the batch information into the Postgres database. Subsequent data processing directly interacts with the database, retrieving data from the corresponding input tables and placing processed data into the relevant output tables. Witness Generation: This initial stage occurs when a user initiates a transaction, generating a witness. The witness proves the transaction's validity based on network consensus rules without revealing any transaction details. New transaction witnesses are collected and processed in batches. Each batch undergoes the following processes: BasicCircuitsWitnessGenerator


LeafAggregationWitnessGenerator


Node Aggregation


Scheduler Vector Generation: The Vector Generator consolidates circuits to produce witness vectors, optimizing the use of GPU computational power. Proof Computation: The Provers utilize GPUs to compute the zero-knowledge proofs, verifying the correctness of the proof computations. Compression: The Compressor module compresses proof to reduce data size, transforming it into SNARK form. 4. Conclusion ZKBase, built on ZK Stack and Multi-GPU Prover, achieves high-performance Layer 2 scalability. However, the Ethereum scaling solution ZK-Rollup still faces numerous technical challenges. In the future, ZKBase will continue to research and explore the implementation of decentralized sequencing and a decentralized ZK computational power network. ZKBase is a high-performance ZK-Rollup based on ZK Stack and multi-gpu prover. This solution enhances transaction processing capability and provides a cost-effective network experience. Its key advantage lies in the adoption of zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology, allowing off-chain transactions to be quickly verified and confirmed while maintaining transaction privacy and data integrity. Since all validity proofs are verified on Ethereum, users can enjoy the same security guarantees as in L1. ZKBase operates similarly to Ethereum but with higher throughput and lower fees. Smart contracts are written in Solidity/Vyper and can be invoked using the same clients as other EVM-compatible chains. This article will introduce the core engineering and technical implementation of ZKBase. 1. Key Components of ZKBase Tree and TreeBackup : These components use RocksDB to maintain local copies of the L2 storage tree. The database stays synchronized with the latest state root hash, continuously reflecting the current system state. Tree and TreeBackup StateKeeper/VM : Executes transactions and securely stores the enclosed blocks in the local RocksDB database, ensuring data integrity and continuous state updates. StateKeeper/VM Smart Contract : Deployed on the Ethereum mainnet, these smart contracts verify the zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) submitted from off-chain. Upon successful verification, these contracts update the account states on the Ethereum network. Smart Contract GPU Prover : A ZK-Rollup technology that ensures secure and efficient transaction verification through zero-knowledge proofs. When a batch of transactions occurs off the Ethereum mainnet, the ZK aggregation system compresses multiple transactions into a single "validity proof" calculated by the Prover, demonstrating the correctness of the batch. This proof is then submitted to the Ethereum network, enabling the rapid and secure confirmation of a large volume of transactions happening off-chain. GPU Prover Bridge : ZKBase provides a bridging mechanism for securely transferring assets between ZKBase and the Ethereum mainnet, ensuring interoperability and asset liquidity between the two platforms Bridge 2. ZKBase Workflow Users can initiate L2 requests either through an application programming interface (API) or via contracts deployed on L1. Once submitted, these requests enter a mempool, awaiting execution. Notably, transactions originating from L1 (such as deposits) are stored in a dedicated L1 priority queue to ensure they are processed promptly. The mempool storage structure is a btreeset (a set implemented by a btree). The indexing structure is as follows: Here, fee_data is not involved in the actual score calculation but helps filter out transactions that do not meet the fee requirements. The score is sorted by timestamp, and if timestamps are identical, then by address. Transactions in the mempool are managed by the mempool fetcher component within the State Keeper. Except for expired transactions, standard transactions are fetched from the mempool in the order defined by the btree traversal and recorded in the database. They are then processed by the State Keeper/VM, executed, and used to update the state tree. The block layout diagram shows the organization of transactions within a block and the arrangement of L2 blocks within an L1 batch. To initiate each L1 batch, the operator needs to input key details: the timestamp of the batch, its position in the sequence, and the hash value of the previous batch. The Merkle tree root hash serves as the foundational root hash in this process to ensure the validity of the batch and the authenticity of the transactions. Simultaneously, the State Keeper has the authority to decide when to finalize a specific L2 block or L1 batch, thereby determining its state. This decision is governed by a set of predefined criteria managed by the conditional_sealer module. These criteria include parameters such as transaction count, size limits, and gas usage thresholds. After processing a transaction, the State Keeper checks which sealing condition is met. The conditional_sealer maintains a SealCriteria registry that includes: Transaction count limits, L2 gas limits, Upper limits on the amount of published data, among other regulations. Transaction count limits, Transaction count limits, L2 gas limits, L2 gas limits, Upper limits on the amount of published data, among other regulations. Upper limits on the amount of published data, among other regulations. There are four decision scenarios: NoSeal, IncludeAndSeal, ExcludeAndSeal, and Unexecutable. In the first two cases, the process is the same, with the post-execution state being updated in the State Keeper. ExcludeAndSeal handles transactions that exceed the predefined batch limits by rolling back the transaction execution and placing it back in the queue to be included in the next L2 block. If an Unexecutable situation occurs, the transaction cannot be executed and will be rejected. At the end of each batch, the bootloader generates a placeholder L2 block to complete the transactions and prepare for the next cycle. Although mostly empty, this block is crucial for internal operations and includes a Transfer event log to record fee movements between the bootloader and the operator. To ensure time accuracy, the timestamps of the batch and the last sub-block are cross-checked with the expected L1 time frame to enhance the system's resilience to time-related issues. Once a batch is finalized, the prover generates a cryptographic proof to verify the block's execution. In ZKBase, the prover's responsibility is to prove the accurate execution of the ZKBase Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This proof is then verified by a smart contract on the Ethereum network. Once the proof is generated, the prover packages it into an L1 transaction and sends it to the ETH_Sender. The ETH_Sender forwards the transaction to the ZKBase contract deployed on the Ethereum mainnet for further processing. The Ethereum mainnet verifies the proof's correctness and, upon successful verification, updates the state accordingly. Throughout the process, EthWatcher continuously monitors specific L1 events, such as deposits and system upgrades, to ensure synchronization with the Ethereum mainnet. 3. Multiple GPU Prover Architecture The architecture leverages a Postgres Database to share data, enabling parallel computation across multiple GPU Provers to enhance proof generation efficiency. The key components include: Operator : The server that provides Layer 2 services. Operator Prover Gateway : A communication module that connects the operator with the proving subsystem. Prover Gateway Witness Generator : Generates proof computation tasks and stores intermediate artifacts. Witness Generator Vector Generator : Aggregates all computation tasks into a vector format suitable for GPU computation and sends them to the provers. Vector Generator Prover: Performs the actual computation and verification of proofs. Prover: Compressor: Compresses the final proof into SNARK form. Compressor: Proof Generation Workflow Proof Generation Workflow Batch Generation : The Operator collects transactions and generates a new batch. Batch Generation Batch Reception : The Prover Gateway retrieves the new batch from the Operator and begins preparing to generate the zero-knowledge proof. Batch Reception Database Insertion : The Prover Gateway inserts the batch information into the Postgres database. Subsequent data processing directly interacts with the database, retrieving data from the corresponding input tables and placing processed data into the relevant output tables. Database Insertion Witness Generation : This initial stage occurs when a user initiates a transaction, generating a witness. The witness proves the transaction's validity based on network consensus rules without revealing any transaction details. New transaction witnesses are collected and processed in batches. Each batch undergoes the following processes: Witness Generation BasicCircuitsWitnessGenerator LeafAggregationWitnessGenerator Node Aggregation Scheduler BasicCircuitsWitnessGenerator BasicCircuitsWitnessGenerator LeafAggregationWitnessGenerator LeafAggregationWitnessGenerator Node Aggregation Node Aggregation Scheduler Scheduler Vector Generation : The Vector Generator consolidates circuits to produce witness vectors, optimizing the use of GPU computational power. Vector Generation Proof Computation : The Provers utilize GPUs to compute the zero-knowledge proofs, verifying the correctness of the proof computations. Proof Computation Compression : The Compressor module compresses proof to reduce data size, transforming it into SNARK form. Compression 4. Conclusion ZKBase, built on ZK Stack and Multi-GPU Prover, achieves high-performance Layer 2 scalability. However, the Ethereum scaling solution ZK-Rollup still faces numerous technical challenges. In the future, ZKBase will continue to research and explore the implementation of decentralized sequencing and a decentralized ZK computational power network.

Technical Analysis on ZKBase: A High-Performance ZK-Rollup for Scalable and Secure ETH Transactions

ZKBase-এর প্রযুক্তিগত বিশ্লেষণ: মাপযোগ্য এবং নিরাপদ ETH লেনদেনের জন্য একটি উচ্চ-পারফরম্যান্স ZK-রোলআপ

Technische Analyse zu ZKBase: Ein leistungsstarkes ZK-Rollup für skalierbare und sichere ETH-Transaktionen

Análisis técnico sobre ZKBase: un ZK-Rollup de alto rendimiento para transacciones ETH escalables y seguras

Analyse technique sur ZKBase : un ZK-Rollup haute performance pour des transactions ETH évolutives et sécurisées

ZKBase पर तकनीकी विश्लेषण: स्केलेबल और सुरक्षित ETH लेनदेन के लिए एक उच्च-प्रदर्शन ZK-रोलअप

ZKBase のテクニカル分析: スケーラブルで安全な ETH トランザクションを実現する高性能 ZK ロールアップ

ZKBase에 대한 기술적 분석: 확장 가능하고 안전한 ETH 거래를 위한 고성능 ZK 롤업

Análise técnica no ZKBase: um ZK-Rollup de alto desempenho para transações ETH escalonáveis e seguras

Технический анализ на ZKBase: высокопроизводительный пакет ZK для масштабируемых и безопасных транзакций ETH

ZKBase'de Teknik Analiz: Ölçeklenebilir ve Güvenli ETH İşlemleri için Yüksek Performanslı ZK Toplama

Phân tích kỹ thuật trên ZKBase: ZK-Rollup hiệu suất cao cho các giao dịch ETH có thể mở rộng và an toàn

ZKBase 技术分析：用于可扩展且安全的 ETH 交易的高性能 ZK-Rollup

How Much Does It Cost to Start a Video Game Business?

একটি ভিডিও গেম ব্যবসা শুরু করতে কত খরচ হয়?

Wie viel kostet es, ein Videospielunternehmen zu gründen?

¿Cuánto cuesta iniciar un negocio de videojuegos?

Combien coûte la création d’une entreprise de jeux vidéo ?

वीडियो गेम व्यवसाय शुरू करने में कितना खर्च आता है?

ビデオゲームビジネスを始めるにはどれくらいの費用がかかりますか?

비디오 게임 사업을 시작하는 데 비용이 얼마나 드나요?

Quanto custa para iniciar um negócio de videogame?

Сколько стоит начать бизнес по производству видеоигр?

Bir Video Oyunu İşine Başlamanın Maliyeti Ne Kadardır?

Chi phí bao nhiêu để bắt đầu kinh doanh trò chơi điện tử?

启动视频游戏业务需要多少钱？

Corporate extraction is eating everything. The tech monopoly is destroying us. The unicorn startup model is broken. We need economies that support collective flourishing. What is an Economy of Specificity?: The Coffee Shop and Starbucks Starbucks’ strategy has been ubiquitous reproducibility. Globally, you can walk into a starbucks, and get pretty much the same product, no matter where you are. Starbucks does actually adapt some to local cultures, adding menu items exclusive to a particular place and palette. But the business model is copy and paste. And Starbucks is everywhere, at one point seeking to be visible from every office window in cities like NYC or their home of Seattle. It does not matter who is working behind the counter, nor what local bean roasters might be in business, Starbucks will produce the same cup of coffee and carry the same pre-roasted beans on the shelf. This is in contrast to the local coffee shop that roasts their own beans which they source from a few family farms in Guatemala. The person working behind the counter matters quite a bit, not just for their skill as a barista, but as a source of community news and gossip. This coffee shop might work with a local bakery, or add a menu item named after one of their regular customers. While still tied into global networks of exchange, this is an economy of specificity. They are reliant on their particular relationships and exist only in their context. But local coffee shops are a pattern, a global phenomenon. Collectively they have a greater market share than coffee chains, even though they are not organized under a single business. Their risks and rewards are distributed. Economies of specificity make communities richer. Rather than extracting wealth for global corporations, the more local, “inefficient”, flows of exchange feed back into the mutual relationships that these economies require. They also make communities richer in the sense that they increase intangible values like quality and uniqueness while knitting the social relationships that are needed for sustainability. Here is a list of a few examples, dividing between Copy-Paste Economies and Economies of Specificity. Mushrooms and Culture When Anna Tsing talks about the networks of matsutake mushroom hunters in The Mushroom at the End of the World, she is talking about an economy of specificity. These networks span the globe, but each step in their processes of discovery, exchange, pricing, and meaning making is relational and specific — not just in place, but also time. Matsutake resists industrial mushroom growing practices and in each place it grows it does so in a different way, favoring different environmental conditions. The people who hunt the mushroom do so for a variety of reasons, but each group is somehow bound to the agency that mushroom hunting gives them. And the networks of sale and exchange that set the price of the mushroom are deeply embedded in the relationships between cultures. When I think about the Indigenous “three sisters” agricultural method of planting corn, beans, and squash together so that they balance the soil nutrients and increase yields, I see that as an economy of specificity. This method doesn’t work for industrial farming because industrial agriculture scales through automation, minimizing labor. But the three sisters have to be harvested by hand. Quality and labor intensity are an intertwined pair. While it may be “inefficient” to have to employ more labor, from a societal perspective we can see the benefits of high-quality, low-waste industries that create jobs. Really, it’s just a different type of efficiency, tuned for different goals. When I think about the slow food movement I am reminded that economies of specificity support each other. One local farm has limited effect, but a network of farm-to-table restaurants, farms, bee keepers, composting services, and local artisans all working in collaboration has the power to change economic conditions for an entire region. And this can go further; groups from workers cooperatives to land stewards can be connected through something as innocuous as a matsutake mushroom. The individual businesses and actors are unique and highly specific. They are both irreplaceable and unimportant on their own. But because they are in networks of mutual support, they are powerful. Copy-Paste Economies spread through capital, hostile takeovers, and market dominance. Economies of Specificity spread through culture. They are patterns without prescription. What Does Any of This Have to Do with Tech? Well, I’ve been thinking about the Cozy Web lately. Secluded spaces like Discord servers, niche forums, and Signal group chats are where a lot of the activity of the web actually happens. These spaces allow for customization and cultural development, in contrast to the large social platforms like Meta and X. The large social platforms rely on advertising and the collection of user data. They operate through scaled, ubiquitous extraction. What is the economics of the cozy web? A lot of institutions like Signal have to rely on donations and public funding. This is one model, but we need more. And I see economies of specificity as one lens through which to find solutions. SAAS is one model that can be revolutionized from its current form. What if we were paying development teams to add custom features to open-source software? This would open up a direct line between user needs and software development. It also provides a more direct funding stream for the maintainers who keep the fundamental building blocks of our networks functional (and yes I am thinking of the XZ Utils incident and the classic xkcd comic Dependency). Additionally, as we start seeing more peer-to-peer software that can provide interconnectivity without servers, the SAAS model will need to adapt. Similarly, we need more custom web designers and less Wix sites. We need more applications built for local township governance, food waste mitigation, and citizen science. B2B applications are an opportunity for custom solutions to situated problems. Approaching development as an act of customizing open-source software lowers overhead while building more fit to purpose applications and creating a thriving developer industry. Not everything needs to be a unicorn startup that gets sold off to the same monopolies capturing the rest of the internet. We need to rewild the internet, and also our economies.** Competing with Copy-Paste Economies And I believe that technology has the power to help economies of specificity compete with copy-paste economies. When I talk about networks of mutual support, I recognize that these networks are always bounded by the friction of communication, the time it takes to transport goods, and the amount of information in the system about the needs of each of the different businesses. Amazon can have a super precise and flexible distribution network that lets you receive packages the next day, because they control all of the information about their business centrally. As I write I am watching the UPS guy unload six packages with Amazon logos that he is delivering along my block. Each of these packages has a tracking number that will be scanned as they are delivered; photos of them will be uploaded and attached to that number; and emails will be sent to customers. Amazon’s warehousing information systems let them know exactly what is on the shelf at any moment, coordinating the fastest and most efficient delivery of the thousands and thousands of products. Why were these packages delivered by UPS when yesterday it was an amazon branded van driving down the block? Rather than the central information system that lets Amazon function, imagine information tools that help the actors in economies of specificity to coordinate on both local and global scales. If a farm is suddenly unable to supply romaine lettuce to the restaurant that they are contracted with, what other farms can fulfill the order at the last minute? How does the emission of carbon in a specific development project affect the global climate? There are a number of technologies that enable this flexibility and data availability without devolving into extractive systems that require uniformity and cannot handle the uniqueness of these local networks and specific economic relationships. Mutual credit currencies and REA accounting allow for demand side value flows. Peer-to-peer software allows for shared ownership of data, supplanting centralization and silos. And local-first software means these peer networks can operate with a really small minimum viable number of actors or scale up to global levels as needed. Together, along with economies of specificity and other economic and social shifts like cooperatives, it is possible to have the benefits of Amazon and Starbucks without destroying our planet. All while enriching our local communities. Special thanks to my colleagues Camila Hanada, Jarod Holtz, and Paul d’Aoust for their enriching reviews and assistance with this article’s feature image. All mistakes and opinions remain my own. Corporate extraction is eating everything. The tech monopoly is destroying us. The unicorn startup model is broken. We need economies that support collective flourishing. What is an Economy of Specificity?: The Coffee Shop and Starbucks What is an Economy of Specificity?: The Coffee Shop and Starbucks Starbucks’ strategy has been ubiquitous reproducibility. Globally, you can walk into a starbucks, and get pretty much the same product, no matter where you are. Starbucks does actually adapt some to local cultures, adding menu items exclusive to a particular place and palette. But the business model is copy and paste. And Starbucks is everywhere, at one point seeking to be visible from every office window in cities like NYC or their home of Seattle. It does not matter who is working behind the counter, nor what local bean roasters might be in business, Starbucks will produce the same cup of coffee and carry the same pre-roasted beans on the shelf. This is in contrast to the local coffee shop that roasts their own beans which they source from a few family farms in Guatemala. The person working behind the counter matters quite a bit, not just for their skill as a barista, but as a source of community news and gossip. This coffee shop might work with a local bakery, or add a menu item named after one of their regular customers. While still tied into global networks of exchange, this is an economy of specificity. They are reliant on their particular relationships and exist only in their context. But local coffee shops are a pattern, a global phenomenon. Collectively they have a greater market share than coffee chains, even though they are not organized under a single business. Their risks and rewards are distributed. greater market share greater market share Economies of specificity make communities richer. Rather than extracting wealth for global corporations, the more local, “inefficient”, flows of exchange feed back into the mutual relationships that these economies require. They also make communities richer in the sense that they increase intangible values like quality and uniqueness while knitting the social relationships that are needed for sustainability. Here is a list of a few examples, dividing between Copy-Paste Economies and Economies of Specificity. Mushrooms and Culture When Anna Tsing talks about the networks of matsutake mushroom hunters in The Mushroom at the End of the World , she is talking about an economy of specificity. These networks span the globe, but each step in their processes of discovery, exchange, pricing, and meaning making is relational and specific — not just in place, but also time. Matsutake resists industrial mushroom growing practices and in each place it grows it does so in a different way, favoring different environmental conditions. The people who hunt the mushroom do so for a variety of reasons, but each group is somehow bound to the agency that mushroom hunting gives them. And the networks of sale and exchange that set the price of the mushroom are deeply embedded in the relationships between cultures. The Mushroom at the End of the World The Mushroom at the End of the World The Mushroom at the End of the World When I think about the Indigenous “three sisters” agricultural method of planting corn, beans, and squash together so that they balance the soil nutrients and increase yields, I see that as an economy of specificity. This method doesn’t work for industrial farming because industrial agriculture scales through automation, minimizing labor. But the three sisters have to be harvested by hand. Quality and labor intensity are an intertwined pair. While it may be “inefficient” to have to employ more labor, from a societal perspective we can see the benefits of high-quality, low-waste industries that create jobs. Really, it’s just a different type of efficiency, tuned for different goals. When I think about the slow food movement I am reminded that economies of specificity support each other. One local farm has limited effect, but a network of farm-to-table restaurants, farms, bee keepers, composting services, and local artisans all working in collaboration has the power to change economic conditions for an entire region. And this can go further; groups from workers cooperatives to land stewards can be connected through something as innocuous as a matsutake mushroom. slow food movement slow food movement The individual businesses and actors are unique and highly specific. They are both irreplaceable and unimportant on their own. But because they are in networks of mutual support, they are powerful. Copy-Paste Economies spread through capital, hostile takeovers, and market dominance. Economies of Specificity spread through culture. They are patterns without prescription. What Does Any of This Have to Do with Tech? Well, I’ve been thinking about the Cozy Web lately. Secluded spaces like Discord servers, niche forums, and Signal group chats are where a lot of the activity of the web actually happens. These spaces allow for customization and cultural development, in contrast to the large social platforms like Meta and X. The large social platforms rely on advertising and the collection of user data. They operate through scaled, ubiquitous extraction. Cozy Web Cozy Web What is the economics of the cozy web? A lot of institutions like Signal have to rely on donations and public funding. This is one model, but we need more. And I see economies of specificity as one lens through which to find solutions. SAAS is one model that can be revolutionized from its current form. What if we were paying development teams to add custom features to open-source software? This would open up a direct line between user needs and software development. It also provides a more direct funding stream for the maintainers who keep the fundamental building blocks of our networks functional (and yes I am thinking of the XZ Utils incident and the classic xkcd comic Dependency ). XZ Utils incident XZ Utils incident Dependency Dependency Dependency Additionally, as we start seeing more peer-to-peer software that can provide interconnectivity without servers, the SAAS model will need to adapt. Similarly, we need more custom web designers and less Wix sites. We need more applications built for local township governance, food waste mitigation, and citizen science. B2B applications are an opportunity for custom solutions to situated problems. Approaching development as an act of customizing open-source software lowers overhead while building more fit to purpose applications and creating a thriving developer industry. Not everything needs to be a unicorn startup that gets sold off to the same monopolies capturing the rest of the internet. We need to rewild the internet , and also our economies.** We need to rewild the internet We need to rewild the internet Competing with Copy-Paste Economies And I believe that technology has the power to help economies of specificity compete with copy-paste economies. When I talk about networks of mutual support, I recognize that these networks are always bounded by the friction of communication, the time it takes to transport goods, and the amount of information in the system about the needs of each of the different businesses. Amazon can have a super precise and flexible distribution network that lets you receive packages the next day, because they control all of the information about their business centrally. As I write I am watching the UPS guy unload six packages with Amazon logos that he is delivering along my block. Each of these packages has a tracking number that will be scanned as they are delivered; photos of them will be uploaded and attached to that number; and emails will be sent to customers. Amazon’s warehousing information systems let them know exactly what is on the shelf at any moment, coordinating the fastest and most efficient delivery of the thousands and thousands of products. Why were these packages delivered by UPS when yesterday it was an amazon branded van driving down the block? Rather than the central information system that lets Amazon function, imagine information tools that help the actors in economies of specificity to coordinate on both local and global scales. If a farm is suddenly unable to supply romaine lettuce to the restaurant that they are contracted with, what other farms can fulfill the order at the last minute? How does the emission of carbon in a specific development project affect the global climate? There are a number of technologies that enable this flexibility and data availability without devolving into extractive systems that require uniformity and cannot handle the uniqueness of these local networks and specific economic relationships. Mutual credit currencies and REA accounting allow for demand side value flows. Peer-to-peer software allows for shared ownership of data, supplanting centralization and silos. And local-first software means these peer networks can operate with a really small minimum viable number of actors or scale up to global levels as needed. Together, along with economies of specificity and other economic and social shifts like cooperatives, it is possible to have the benefits of Amazon and Starbucks without destroying our planet. All while enriching our local communities. Mutual credit currencies Mutual credit currencies REA accounting REA accounting Peer-to-peer Peer-to-peer local-first local-first it is possible to have the benefits of Amazon and Starbucks without destroying our planet. All while enriching our local communities. All while enriching our local communities. Special thanks to my colleagues Camila Hanada, Jarod Holtz, and Paul d’Aoust for their enriching reviews and assistance with this article’s feature image. All mistakes and opinions remain my own. Special thanks to my colleagues Camila Hanada, Jarod Holtz, and Paul d’Aoust for their enriching reviews and assistance with this article’s feature image. All mistakes and opinions remain my own.

Economies of Specificity 

নির্দিষ্টতার অর্থনীতি 

Ökonomien der Spezifität

Economías de especificidad 

Économies de spécificité 

विशिष्टता की अर्थव्यवस्था

特異性の経済

특이성의 경제 

Economias de Especificidade 

Экономия специфичности 

Özgüllük Ekonomileri 

Tính kinh tế của tính đặc thù 

专用经济

Many crypto games aim to "onboard the next 1 billion users," but is this feasible if users have to pay gas fees while playing and even pay to play? This alone deters new users from entering the crypto space. With over 100 million people playing tap-to-earn games currently, it appears that Telegram may have found a hack to onboard the next billion users into the crypto space effortlessly. More non-crypto natives have joined Telegram, and even those who had abandoned their accounts have become interested in the app again after discovering they can earn money by playing a game. How fancy! Some of the popular tap-to-earn games on Telegram have amassed millions of users by just conveying simplicity. Notcoin - 40 million players
Tapswap - 48 million players
Hamster Kombat - 100 million players
Avacoin- 5 million players
W-Coin- 10 million players Ordinarily, it's quite rare for a new project to amass such traffic in barely 4-8 weeks. This is a jinx that Telegram mining games have broken. Could Telegram Surpass Solana in Massive User Adoption With Toncoin? The team behind Solana is making incredible efforts to drive massive adoption for the project. One notable example is the recent partnership with PayPal, which has made the PayPal stablecoin, PYUSD, available on the Solana blockchain. This enables PayPal users (only in the US for now) to leverage Solana's speed and low transaction fees. According to PayPal: “Solana’s low cost, close to instant settlement, high throughput and advanced token extensions functionality makes it an ideal network for issuing PYUSD”. While this may be clearly understood by crypto natives, those unfamiliar with the technology might not see any reason to adopt Solana for transactions or own a Solana-based wallet. How do you advise a non-crypto native, who has many fears about crypto, to download a Phantom wallet? Yes, it's simple for those accustomed to storing keys in a non-custodial wallet. But how does that appeal to someone new to crypto? Telegram may have unlocked a new stream of onboarding by using a familiar environment to attract the attention of crypto newbies. About 3 billion people globally use WhatsApp to send and receive messages instantly, and Telegram is similar, with almost 1 billion users. This familiarity makes it easy for new crypto users to join Telegram and start playing crypto games without needing to learn how the platform works from scratch. So the Funnel May Look Like This 👇🏽 Create a Telegram bot crypto game. Make rewards enticing. Constantly update players to keep them interested. Educate players about the future of your game, so they are willing to stay long-term. Introduce them to a Telegram in-app wallet or Ton Keeper to secure their rewards. Introduce them to staking - investing their rewards for a period of time with an interest top-up. Along the way, they may want to swap their tokens, earn through crypto, or purchase an NFT. Then they can find wallets that suit their needs. This is a sketch of how simple onboarding for non-crypto natives should be: presenting what's familiar and introducing touchpoints into the decentralized space without overwhelming them with technical details. Many of them don't want technical jargon—it can be boring. Just like a person using an electric car doesn't care about the wiring that makes it work, as long as it works. While using the car, the person may now get to learn a few things about its framework that will make them appreciate the car more. Many crypto games aim to "onboard the next 1 billion users," but is this feasible if users have to pay gas fees while playing and even pay to play? This alone deters new users from entering the crypto space. With over 100 million people playing tap-to-earn games currently, it appears that Telegram may have found a hack to onboard the next billion users into the crypto space effortlessly. More non-crypto natives have joined Telegram, and even those who had abandoned their accounts have become interested in the app again after discovering they can earn money by playing a game. How fancy! Some of the popular tap-to-earn games on Telegram have amassed millions of users by just conveying simplicity. Notcoin - 40 million players Tapswap - 48 million players Hamster Kombat - 100 million players Avacoin- 5 million players W-Coin- 10 million players Notcoin - 40 million players Tapswap - 48 million players Hamster Kombat - 100 million players Avacoin- 5 million players W-Coin- 10 million players Ordinarily, it's quite rare for a new project to amass such traffic in barely 4-8 weeks. This is a jinx that Telegram mining games have broken. Could Telegram Surpass Solana in Massive User Adoption With Toncoin? The team behind Solana is making incredible efforts to drive massive adoption for the project. One notable example is the recent partnership with PayPal, which has made the PayPal stablecoin, PYUSD , available on the Solana blockchain. This enables PayPal users (only in the US for now) to leverage Solana's speed and low transaction fees. According to PayPal: PYUSD “Solana’s low cost, close to instant settlement, high throughput and advanced token extensions functionality makes it an ideal network for issuing PYUSD”. “Solana’s low cost, close to instant settlement, high throughput and advanced token extensions functionality makes it an ideal network for issuing PYUSD”. PYUSD”. While this may be clearly understood by crypto natives, those unfamiliar with the technology might not see any reason to adopt Solana for transactions or own a Solana-based wallet. How do you advise a non-crypto native, who has many fears about crypto, to download a Phantom wallet? Yes, it's simple for those accustomed to storing keys in a non-custodial wallet. But how does that appeal to someone new to crypto? Telegram may have unlocked a new stream of onboarding by using a familiar environment to attract the attention of crypto newbies. About 3 billion people globally use WhatsApp to send and receive messages instantly, and Telegram is similar, with almost 1 billion users. This familiarity makes it easy for new crypto users to join Telegram and start playing crypto games without needing to learn how the platform works from scratch. So the Funnel May Look Like This 👇🏽 So the Funnel May Look Like This Create a Telegram bot crypto game. Create a Telegram bot crypto game. Make rewards enticing. Make rewards enticing. Constantly update players to keep them interested. Constantly update players to keep them interested. Educate players about the future of your game, so they are willing to stay long-term. Educate players about the future of your game, so they are willing to stay long-term. Introduce them to a Telegram in-app wallet or Ton Keeper to secure their rewards. Introduce them to a Telegram in-app wallet or Ton Keeper to secure their rewards. Introduce them to staking - investing their rewards for a period of time with an interest top-up. Introduce them to staking - investing their rewards for a period of time with an interest top-up. Along the way, they may want to swap their tokens, earn through crypto, or purchase an NFT. Then they can find wallets that suit their needs. This is a sketch of how simple onboarding for non-crypto natives should be: presenting what's familiar and introducing touchpoints into the decentralized space without overwhelming them with technical details. Many of them don't want technical jargon—it can be boring. Just like a person using an electric car doesn't care about the wiring that makes it work, as long as it works. While using the car, the person may now get to learn a few things about its framework that will make them appreciate the car more.

Tap to Earn : Telegram May Onboard The Next 10 Billion Crypto Users Before Solana

আয় করতে ট্যাপ করুন: টেলিগ্রাম সোলানার আগে পরবর্তী 10 বিলিয়ন ক্রিপ্টো ব্যবহারকারীদের অনবোর্ড করতে পারে

Tippen, um zu verdienen: Telegram könnte die nächsten 10 Milliarden Krypto-Benutzer vor Solana an Bord holen

Toque para ganar: Telegram puede incorporar a los próximos 10 mil millones de usuarios de criptomonedas antes de Solana

Appuyez pour gagner : Telegram pourrait intégrer les 10 prochains milliards d'utilisateurs de crypto avant Solana

टैप टू अर्न: टेलीग्राम सोलाना से पहले अगले 10 बिलियन क्रिप्टो उपयोगकर्ताओं को शामिल कर सकता है

タップして稼ぐ：テレグラムはソラナより先に次の100億人の暗号通貨ユーザーを獲得する可能性がある

탭하여 수익 창출: 텔레그램에서 솔라나 이전에 100억 명의 암호화폐 사용자를 확보할 수 있음

Toque para ganhar: Telegram pode integrar os próximos 10 bilhões de usuários criptográficos antes de Solana

Нажмите, чтобы заработать: Telegram может привлечь следующие 10 миллиардов пользователей криптовалюты до Соланы

Kazanmak için Dokun: Telegram, Solana'dan Önce Sonraki 10 Milyar Kripto Kullanıcısına Katılabilir

Nhấn để kiếm tiền: Telegram có thể tiếp cận 10 tỷ người dùng tiền điện tử tiếp theo trước Solana

点击赚钱：Telegram 可能会在 Solana 之前吸引下一个 100 亿加密用户

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