Juliet

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How To Find The Best LLM For Your Project

A New Framework for Trustworthy AI Deductive Reasoning

The Next Steps for Primordial Black Hole Research

Authors:
(1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France;
(2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France;
(3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Background Legislation on Advertising to Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Limitations Related Works Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Appendix A APPENDIX A.1 Screenshots A.2 Additional legal excerpts This section provides more details on the meaning and definition of precise words used in different legislations we discuss in Section 3. A.2.1 Additional provisions in the DSA. The Article 28 of the DSA is without prejudice to Union law on protection of personal data. In particular, Article 8 of the GDPR states, concerning conditions applicable to child’s consent in relation to information society services, that, “where the criteria for making data processing lawful is consent (6.1.a of the GDPR) (...) the processing of the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years, such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility over the child. Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years. To ensure effective implementation of these due diligence obligations by platforms, the DSA defines a set of administrative sanctions and monitoring measures that will be implemented by the European Commission in relation to VLOPS. In Article 54 supplements this by the possibility for a recipient of services who suffers damage as a result of the violation of a due diligence obligation to obtain compensation for his loss in: “Recipients of the service shall have the right to seek, in accordance with Union and national law, compensation from providers of intermediary services, in respect of any damage or loss suffered due to an infringement by those providers of their obligations under this Regulation”. This solution is a major novelty. It is important to specify that liability will be triggered by the occurrence of a systemic risk, for example concerning the mental health of a child. A.2.2 Additional provisions in the Directive (EU) 2018/1808 of 14 November 2018. Article 28b (3) states that “appropriate measures shall be determined in light of the nature of the content in question, the harm it may cause, the characteristics of the category of persons to be protected as well as the rights and legitimate interests at stake, including those of the video-sharing platform providers and the users having created or uploaded the content as well as the general public interest (...). For the purposes of the protection of minors (...) the most harmful content shall be subject to the strictest access control measures. Those measures shall consist of, as appropriate : (...) (f) establishing and operating age verification systems for users of video-sharing platforms with respect to content which may impair the physical, mental or moral development of minors; (...) (g) providing for parental control systems that are under the control of the end-user with respect to content which may impair the physical, mental or moral development of minors (...). ” A.2.3 Relevant nomenclature in the COPPA. Verifiable parental consent means “any reasonable effort (taking into consideration available technology), including a request for authorization for future collection, use, and disclosure described in the notice, to ensure that a parent of a child receives notice of the operator’s personal information collection, use, and disclosure practices, and authorizes the collection, use, and disclosure, as applicable, of personal information and the subsequent use of that information before that information is collected from that child.” Personal information means “individually identifiable information about an individual collected online, including: (1) A first and last name; (2) A home or other physical address including street name and name of a city or town; (3) Online contact information as defined in this section; (4) A screen or user name where it functions in the same manner as online contact information, as defined in this section; (5) A telephone number; (6) A Social Security number; (7) A persistent identifier that can be used to recognize a user over time and across different Web sites or online services. Such persistent identifier includes, but is not limited to, a customer number held in a cookie, an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a processor or device serial number, or unique device identifier; (8) A photograph, video, or audio file where such file contains a child’s image or voice; (9) Geolocation information sufficient to identify street name and name of a city or town; or (10) Information concerning the child or the parents of that child that the operator collects online from the child and combines with an identifier described in this definition.” This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France; (2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France; (3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Authors: Authors: (1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France; (2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France; (3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Background Background Legislation on Advertising to Children Legislation on Advertising to Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Limitations Limitations Related Works Related Works Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Appendix Appendix A APPENDIX A.1 Screenshots A.2 Additional legal excerpts This section provides more details on the meaning and definition of precise words used in different legislations we discuss in Section 3. A.2.1 Additional provisions in the DSA. The Article 28 of the DSA is without prejudice to Union law on protection of personal data. In particular, Article 8 of the GDPR states, concerning conditions applicable to child’s consent in relation to information society services, that, “where the criteria for making data processing lawful is consent (6.1.a of the GDPR) (...) the processing of the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years, such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility over the child. Member States may provide by law for a lower age for those purposes provided that such lower age is not below 13 years. A.2.1 Additional provisions in the DSA. “where the criteria for making data processing lawful is consent (6.1.a of the GDPR) (...) the processing of the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years, such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility over the child. To ensure effective implementation of these due diligence obligations by platforms, the DSA defines a set of administrative sanctions and monitoring measures that will be implemented by the European Commission in relation to VLOPS. In Article 54 supplements this by the possibility for a recipient of services who suffers damage as a result of the violation of a due diligence obligation to obtain compensation for his loss in: “Recipients of the service shall have the right to seek, in accordance with Union and national law, compensation from providers of intermediary services, in respect of any damage or loss suffered due to an infringement by those providers of their obligations under this Regulation” . This solution is a major novelty. It is important to specify that liability will be triggered by the occurrence of a systemic risk, for example concerning the mental health of a child. “Recipients of the service shall have the right to seek, in accordance with Union and national law, compensation from providers of intermediary services, in respect of any damage or loss suffered due to an infringement by those providers of their obligations under this Regulation” A.2.2 Additional provisions in the Directive (EU) 2018/1808 of 14 November 2018. Article 28b (3) states that “appropriate measures shall be determined in light of the nature of the content in question, the harm it may cause, the characteristics of the category of persons to be protected as well as the rights and legitimate interests at stake, including those of the video-sharing platform providers and the users having created or uploaded the content as well as the general public interest (...). For the purposes of the protection of minors (...) the most harmful content shall be subject to the strictest access control measures. Those measures shall consist of, as appropriate : (...) (f) establishing and operating age verification systems for users of video-sharing platforms with respect to content which may impair the physical, mental or moral development of minors; (...) (g) providing for parental control systems that are under the control of the end-user with respect to content which may impair the physical, mental or moral development of minors (...). ” A.2.2 Additional provisions in the Directive (EU) 2018/1808 of 14 November 2018. Article 28b (3) states that “appropriate measures shall be determined in light of the nature of the content in question, the harm it may cause, the characteristics of the category of persons to be protected as well as the rights and legitimate interests at stake, including those of the video-sharing platform providers and the users having created or uploaded the content as well as the general public interest (...). For the purposes of the protection of minors (...) the most harmful content shall be subject to the strictest access control measures. Those measures shall consist of, as appropriate : (...) (f) establishing and operating age verification systems for users of video-sharing platforms with respect to content which may impair the physical, mental or moral development of minors; (...) (g) providing for parental control systems that are under the control of the end-user with respect to content which may impair the physical, mental or moral development of minors (...). ” access control age verification parental control A.2.3 Relevant nomenclature in the COPPA. Verifiable parental consent means “any reasonable effort (taking into consideration available technology), including a request for authorization for future collection, use, and disclosure described in the notice, to ensure that a parent of a child receives notice of the operator’s personal information collection, use, and disclosure practices, and authorizes the collection, use, and disclosure, as applicable, of personal information and the subsequent use of that information before that information is collected from that child.” A.2.3 Relevant nomenclature in the COPPA. Verifiable parental consent means “any reasonable effort (taking into consideration available technology), including a request for authorization for future collection, use, and disclosure described in the notice, to ensure that a parent of a child receives notice of the operator’s personal information collection, use, and disclosure practices, and authorizes the collection, use, and disclosure, as applicable, of personal information and the subsequent use of that information before that information is collected from that child.” Personal information means “individually identifiable information about an individual collected online, including: (1) A first and last name; (2) A home or other physical address including street name and name of a city or town; (3) Online contact information as defined in this section; (4) A screen or user name where it functions in the same manner as online contact information, as defined in this section; (5) A telephone number; (6) A Social Security number; (7) A persistent identifier that can be used to recognize a user over time and across different Web sites or online services. Such persistent identifier includes, but is not limited to, a customer number held in a cookie, an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a processor or device serial number, or unique device identifier; (8) A photograph, video, or audio file where such file contains a child’s image or voice; (9) Geolocation information sufficient to identify street name and name of a city or town; or (10) Information concerning the child or the parents of that child that the operator collects online from the child and combines with an identifier described in this definition.” Personal information “individually identifiable information about an individual collected online, including: (1) A first and last name; (2) A home or other physical address including street name and name of a city or town; (3) Online contact information as defined in this section; (4) A screen or user name where it functions in the same manner as online contact information, as defined in this section; (5) A telephone number; (6) A Social Security number; (7) A persistent identifier that can be used to recognize a user over time and across different Web sites or online services. Such persistent identifier includes, but is not limited to, a customer number held in a cookie, an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a processor or device serial number, or unique device identifier; (8) A photograph, video, or audio file where such file contains a child’s image or voice; (9) Geolocation information sufficient to identify street name and name of a city or town; or (10) Information concerning the child or the parents of that child that the operator collects online from the child and combines with an identifier described in this definition.” This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

COPPA Nomenclature: Unpacking Verifiable Parental Consent and Personal Information

Investigating Ad Targeting on YouTube: Implications and Legal Analysis

Authors:
(1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France;
(2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France;
(3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Background Legislation on Advertising to Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Limitations Related Works Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Appendix 7 RELATED WORKS There is a large body of work on advertising and children. Many of the seminal studies have been done by child developmental psychologists and have focused on ads on television. Next, we present some works that look at a child’s understanding, perception, and effect of ads. In 1982, in the context of television, Stephen, Levin, and Petrella found that children as young as three years old could distinguish between TV programs and advertisements. Still, they had no understanding or awareness of advertisers’ motivations and sales intentions [56]. In 1992, Bijmolt et al. [6] further investigated the question and analyzed whether gender, age, and parental influence have an influence on whether children can distinguish between advertising content and other content, as well as understand its commercial intent. For this, they conducted verbal and non-verbal measurements on children between five and eight years old. This paper shows that, according to non-verbal measures, most children can distinguish commercials from programs and have some insight into advertising intent. Whereas verbal measures are not as conclusive, it shows that the percentage of children who show understanding of TV advertising is substantially lower. For the effect of age on understanding the ad, the study shows that the older the child is, the better they understand the ads. However, the effect of gender and parent-child interaction is relatively small. Other works such as [43] have shown that children tend to misunderstand the message of ads and focus more on the negative side of the message than the positive side. However, this work has also emphasized the potential positive effect of ads as children can be better informed on many subjects. For example, an advertisement for toothpaste can make them aware of problems with their teeth if one does not brush their teeth regularly. Related to this, a children’s psychology study claimed that young children do not realize that a message (of an ad) can only present positive information while retaining negative information to manipulate the mental state of people [15]. The study analyzed the development of self-promotion in 6- to 10-year-old children. Children were asked to submit a description of themselves to be chosen for a fictional team. Younger children included both negative and positive information. In comparison, older children were better at self-promotion and included only positive descriptions. Hence, older children can understand that ads only present positive information, while younger children do not. A large body of research and reports have specifically focused on the negative effects of food advertising on children [7, 24, 25, 38– 40, 49, 57]. According to all these studies, it is clear that we need to take measures to protect children from possible manipulation and harm from advertisers. A survey by Raju et al. [51] said that targeting children has been part of the corporate business since the appearance of ads. Among the reasons that push a company to target a child: is the size of the business; there were 14 million children/teenagers between 0 and 17 years old in France in 2018, according to INSEE. The second reason would be the purchasing power of children who receive more and more money nowadays; their consumption is mainly focused on snacks and sweets, followed by toys and games. One of the other most important reasons remains the power of persuasion that a child can have on their parents; a child actively contributes to the purchasing choices in the family, from breakfast cereals to the color of the car to buy. In addition, the children of today are the adults of tomorrow and those who will be able to spend their own money. They also discussed that the content of advertisements could influence a child’s consumption, especially when it is about food. Among other points, they concluded that advertisements targeting adults could influence children’s vision of the world of adults, their preferences, and choices when they grow up. A more recent body of work has studied online advertising and children [5, 8, 9, 14, 44, 59]. A recent (2020) report from Common Sense [13] analyzed what videos children are watching on Youtube and what is being advertised to children. To gather children viewing data, they asked parents to participate in a study and provide the URLs their children viewed by copying and pasting a list from the browsing history of YouTube [12]. They coded more than 1600 videos afterward according to the topic and analyzed the ads on these videos. They found that about 20% of the videos contained age-inappropriate ads. Other works have looked at the frequency and duration of advertising on popular children-focused channels on YouTube [62]. Jenny Radesky encourages pediatricians to discuss with parents and children the dangers of advertising and explain children’s cognitive capabilities when faced with ads [50]. Finally, three other works have looked at mobile applications used by children: one study provides a content analysis of advertising [42]; a second study looked at data collection practices [65], and a final study looked at the compliance of mobile applications with COPPA [52]. While many studies are emerging in recent years around online advertising [1–4, 16, 53, 54], to our knowledge, no study has investigated how advertisers can target children with ads on video streaming platforms and analyze the available targeting techniques from the perspective of current and future laws. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France; (2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France; (3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Authors: Authors: (1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France; (2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France; (3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Background Background Legislation on Advertising to Children Legislation on Advertising to Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Limitations Limitations Related Works Related Works Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Appendix Appendix 7 RELATED WORKS There is a large body of work on advertising and children. Many of the seminal studies have been done by child developmental psychologists and have focused on ads on television. Next, we present some works that look at a child’s understanding, perception, and effect of ads. In 1982, in the context of television, Stephen, Levin, and Petrella found that children as young as three years old could distinguish between TV programs and advertisements. Still, they had no understanding or awareness of advertisers’ motivations and sales intentions [56]. In 1992, Bijmolt et al. [6] further investigated the question and analyzed whether gender, age, and parental influence have an influence on whether children can distinguish between advertising content and other content, as well as understand its commercial intent. For this, they conducted verbal and non-verbal measurements on children between five and eight years old. This paper shows that, according to non-verbal measures, most children can distinguish commercials from programs and have some insight into advertising intent. Whereas verbal measures are not as conclusive, it shows that the percentage of children who show understanding of TV advertising is substantially lower. For the effect of age on understanding the ad, the study shows that the older the child is, the better they understand the ads. However, the effect of gender and parent-child interaction is relatively small. Other works such as [43] have shown that children tend to misunderstand the message of ads and focus more on the negative side of the message than the positive side. However, this work has also emphasized the potential positive effect of ads as children can be better informed on many subjects. For example, an advertisement for toothpaste can make them aware of problems with their teeth if one does not brush their teeth regularly. Related to this, a children’s psychology study claimed that young children do not realize that a message (of an ad) can only present positive information while retaining negative information to manipulate the mental state of people [15]. The study analyzed the development of self-promotion in 6- to 10-year-old children. Children were asked to submit a description of themselves to be chosen for a fictional team. Younger children included both negative and positive information. In comparison, older children were better at self-promotion and included only positive descriptions. Hence, older children can understand that ads only present positive information, while younger children do not. A large body of research and reports have specifically focused on the negative effects of food advertising on children [7, 24, 25, 38– 40, 49, 57]. According to all these studies, it is clear that we need to take measures to protect children from possible manipulation and harm from advertisers. A survey by Raju et al. [51] said that targeting children has been part of the corporate business since the appearance of ads. Among the reasons that push a company to target a child: is the size of the business; there were 14 million children/teenagers between 0 and 17 years old in France in 2018, according to INSEE. The second reason would be the purchasing power of children who receive more and more money nowadays; their consumption is mainly focused on snacks and sweets, followed by toys and games. One of the other most important reasons remains the power of persuasion that a child can have on their parents; a child actively contributes to the purchasing choices in the family, from breakfast cereals to the color of the car to buy. In addition, the children of today are the adults of tomorrow and those who will be able to spend their own money. They also discussed that the content of advertisements could influence a child’s consumption, especially when it is about food. Among other points, they concluded that advertisements targeting adults could influence children’s vision of the world of adults, their preferences, and choices when they grow up. A more recent body of work has studied online advertising and children [5, 8, 9, 14, 44, 59]. A recent (2020) report from Common Sense [13] analyzed what videos children are watching on Youtube and what is being advertised to children. To gather children viewing data, they asked parents to participate in a study and provide the URLs their children viewed by copying and pasting a list from the browsing history of YouTube [12]. They coded more than 1600 videos afterward according to the topic and analyzed the ads on these videos. They found that about 20% of the videos contained age-inappropriate ads. Other works have looked at the frequency and duration of advertising on popular children-focused channels on YouTube [62]. Jenny Radesky encourages pediatricians to discuss with parents and children the dangers of advertising and explain children’s cognitive capabilities when faced with ads [50]. Finally, three other works have looked at mobile applications used by children: one study provides a content analysis of advertising [42]; a second study looked at data collection practices [65], and a final study looked at the compliance of mobile applications with COPPA [52]. While many studies are emerging in recent years around online advertising [1–4, 16, 53, 54], to our knowledge, no study has investigated how advertisers can target children with ads on video streaming platforms and analyze the available targeting techniques from the perspective of current and future laws. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

How Do Children Perceive Ads?

Authors:
(1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France;
(2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France;
(3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Background Legislation on Advertising to Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Limitations Related Works Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Appendix 6 LIMITATIONS Ad explanations correctness One important limitation of our study is that we rely on ad explanations provided by Google to detect the corresponding targeting parameters used by advertisers. As we showed these, explanations are not always an accurate reflection of the targeting parameters. In particular, because we could not fully prove specificity, the fraction of ads targeted using placement-based targeting might be lower if the ad explanation “The video you are watching?” is also given for other types of targeting. While we tested specificity with respect to four types of targeting (themebased, behavioral-based, demographic-based, and general-based), proving complete specificity is hard as even if we could manage to test all the different combinations of targeting parameters offered by ad platforms (which is financially prohibitive in our case), there could still be a theoretical chance, there are parameters outside our control that could trigger this ad explanation. The other problem comes from the fact that Google did not provide the precise targeting parameters on the videos we tested that had a YouTube Kids redirection. Hence, placement-based advertising might even be higher than reported. Nevertheless, we think that the paper’s more long-lasting and meaningful contribution is pinpointing that placement-based targeting can be used to target children and show that the use of placement-based advertising on children-focused videos occurs in practice, irrespective of how prevalent this is. Ad delivery statistics We also rely on statistics provided by Google to check if our ads were delivered on the videos we asked as placement and if our ads were delivered to audiences with the characteristics we asked for. We think Google does not have any incentives to provide inaccurate statistics as this data is key to businesses deploying ad campaigns on their platform. Small dataset and representativeness The videos in our children-focused lists are biased toward videos coming from channels recommended by Google, channels that are popular, and videos that are recent. The evaluation is also done over a small dataset that uses only six non-representative browser profiles to watch content. Hence, our results on the prevalence of placement-based advertising are not representative of the fraction of placement-based ads children receive when watching videos on YouTube and should only be seen as evidence that this occurs in practice. No real data In this study, we did not use data collected from actual children. Such data collection would be much harder to get, as we would need to convince parents to install our tool. In addition, the data collection would pose many more ethical and legal issues. We leave the collection and analysis of such data for future works. Targeting mechanisms There might be other ways, besides placement-based targeting, to reach children on YouTube, such as keyword-based or theme-based targeting, that we did not investigate. We, again, leave this for future work. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France; (2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France; (3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Authors: Authors: (1) Tinhinane Medjkoune, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG France; (2) Oana Goga, LIX, CNRS, Inria, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris France; (3) Juliette Senechal, Université de Lille, CRDP, DReDIS-IRJS France. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Background Background Legislation on Advertising to Children Legislation on Advertising to Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Mechanisms for Targeting Children Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Usage of Placement-Based Targeting Limitations Limitations Related Works Related Works Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Conclusion, Acknowledgements and References Appendix Appendix 6 LIMITATIONS Ad explanations correctness One important limitation of our study is that we rely on ad explanations provided by Google to detect the corresponding targeting parameters used by advertisers. As we showed these, explanations are not always an accurate reflection of the targeting parameters. In particular, because we could not fully prove specificity, the fraction of ads targeted using placement-based targeting might be lower if the ad explanation “The video you are watching?” is also given for other types of targeting. While we tested specificity with respect to four types of targeting (themebased, behavioral-based, demographic-based, and general-based), proving complete specificity is hard as even if we could manage to test all the different combinations of targeting parameters offered by ad platforms (which is financially prohibitive in our case), there could still be a theoretical chance, there are parameters outside our control that could trigger this ad explanation. The other problem comes from the fact that Google did not provide the precise targeting parameters on the videos we tested that had a YouTube Kids redirection. Hence, placement-based advertising might even be higher than reported. Nevertheless, we think that the paper’s more long-lasting and meaningful contribution is pinpointing that placement-based targeting can be used to target children and show that the use of placement-based advertising on children-focused videos occurs in practice, irrespective of how prevalent this is. Ad explanations correctness Ad delivery statistics We also rely on statistics provided by Google to check if our ads were delivered on the videos we asked as placement and if our ads were delivered to audiences with the characteristics we asked for. We think Google does not have any incentives to provide inaccurate statistics as this data is key to businesses deploying ad campaigns on their platform. Ad delivery statistics Small dataset and representativeness The videos in our children-focused lists are biased toward videos coming from channels recommended by Google, channels that are popular, and videos that are recent. The evaluation is also done over a small dataset that uses only six non-representative browser profiles to watch content. Hence, our results on the prevalence of placement-based advertising are not representative of the fraction of placement-based ads children receive when watching videos on YouTube and should only be seen as evidence that this occurs in practice. Small dataset and representativeness No real data In this study, we did not use data collected from actual children. Such data collection would be much harder to get, as we would need to convince parents to install our tool. In addition, the data collection would pose many more ethical and legal issues. We leave the collection and analysis of such data for future works. No real data Targeting mechanisms There might be other ways, besides placement-based targeting, to reach children on YouTube, such as keyword-based or theme-based targeting, that we did not investigate. We, again, leave this for future work. Targeting mechanisms This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Challenges in Studying Ad Delivery on YouTube

How Advertisers Use Placement-Based Targeting on Children's Videos

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4 Strategies for Targeting Children on YouTube Despite Advertising Restrictions

Legislation on Advertising to Children

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