Inguro

inguro

Mr. Polly an Orphan

The Absorbent System and Retrograde Motions  

Zoonomia, Vol. I Or, the Laws of Organic Life by Erasmus Darwin is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK]. Section XXX: Paralysis of the Liver and Kidneys SECTION 30. PARALYSIS OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS . . From the ingurgitation of spirituous liquors into the stomach and duodenum, the termination of the common bile-duct in that bowel becomes stimulated into unnatural action, and a greater quantity of bile is produced from all the secretory vessels of the liver, by the association of their motions with those of their excretory ducts; as has been explained in Section . and . but as all parts of the body, that have been affected with stronger stimuli for any length of time, become less susceptible of motion, from their natural weaker stimuli, it follows, that the motions of the secretory vessels, and in consequence the secretion of bile, is less than is natural during the intervals of sobriety. . If this ingurgitation of spirituous liquors has been daily continued in considerable quantity, and is then suddenly intermitted, a languor or paralysis of the common bile-duct is induced; the bile is prevented from being poured into the intestines; and as the bilious absorbents are stimulated into stronger action by its accumulation, and by the acrimony or viscidity, which it acquires by delay, it is absorbed, and carried to the receptacle of the chyle; or otherwise the secretory vessels of the liver, by the above-mentioned stimulus, invert their motions, and regurgitate their contents into the blood, as sometimes happens to the tears in the lachrymal sack, see Sect. . and one kind of jaundice is brought on. I 1 XXIV XXV 2 XXIV. 2. 7 There is reason to believe, that the bile is most frequently returned into the circulation by the inverted motions of these hepatic glands, for the bile does not seem liable to be absorbed by the lymphatics, for it soaks through the gall-ducts, and is frequently found in the cellular membrane. This kind of jaundice is not generally attended with pain, neither at the extremity of the bile-duct, where it enters the duodenum, nor on the region of the gall-bladder. Mr. S. a gentleman between 40 and 50 years of age, had had the jaundice about six weeks, without pain, sickness, or fever; and had taken emetics, cathartics, mercurials, bitters, chalybeates, essential oil, and ether, without apparent advantage. On a supposition that the obstruction of the bile might be owing to the paralysis, or torpid action of the common bile-duct, and the stimulants taken into the stomach seeming to have no effect, I directed half a score smart electric shocks from a coated bottle, which held about a quart, to be passed through the liver, and along the course of the common gall-duct, as near as could be guessed, and on that very day the stools became yellow; he continued the electric shocks a few days more, and his skin gradually became clear. . The bilious vomiting and purging, that affects some people by intervals of a few weeks, is a less degree of this disease; the bile-duct is less irritable than natural, and hence the bile becomes accumulated in the gall-bladder, and hepatic ducts, till by its quantity, acrimony or viscidity, a greater degree of irritation is produced, and it is suddenly evacuated, or lastly from the absorption of the more liquid parts of the bile, the remainder becomes inspissated, and chrystallizes into masses too large to pass, and forms another kind of jaundice, where the bile-duct is not quite paralytic, or has regained its irritability. 3 This disease is attended with much pain, which at first is felt at the pit of the stomach, exactly in the centre of the body, where the bile-duct enters the duodenum; afterwards, when the size of the bile-stones increase, it is also felt on the right side, where the gall-bladder is situated. The former pain at the pit of the stomach recurs by intervals, as the bile-stone is pushed against the neck of the duct; like the paroxysms of the stone in the urinary bladder, the other is a more dull and constant pain. Where these bile-stones are too large to pass, and the bile-ducts possess their sensibility, this becomes a very painful and hopeless disease. I made the following experiments with a view to their chemical solution. Some fragments of the same bile-stone were put into the weak spirit of marine salt, which is sold in the shops, and into solution of mild alcali; and into a solution of caustic alcali; and into oil of turpentine; without their being dissolved. All these mixtures were after some time put into a heat of boiling water, and then the oil of turpentine dissolved its fragments of bile-stone, but no alteration was produced upon those in the other liquids except some change of their colour. Some fragments of the same bile-stone were put into vitriolic æther, and were quickly dissolved without additional heat. Might not æther mixed with yolk of egg or with honey be given advantageously in bilious concretions? I have in two instances seen from 30 to 50 bile-stones come away by stool, about the size of large peas, after having given six grains of calomel in the evening, and four ounces of oil of almonds or olives on the succeeding morning. I have also given half a pint of good olive or almond oil as an emetic during the painful fit, and repeated it in half an hour, if the first did not operate, with frequent good effect. . Another disease of the liver, which I have several times observed, consists in the inability or paralysis of the secretory vessels. This disease has generally the same cause as the preceding one, the too frequent potation of spirituous liquors, or the too sudden omission of them, after the habit is confined; and is greater or less in proportion, as the whole or a part of the liver is affected, and as the inability or paralysis is more or less complete. 4 This palsy of the liver is known from these symptoms, the patients have generally passed the meridian of life, have drank fermented liquors daily, but perhaps not been opprobrious drunkards; they lose their appetite, then their flesh and strength diminish in consequence, there appears no bile in their stools, nor in their urine, nor is any hardness or swelling perceptible on the region of the liver. But what is peculiar to this disease, and distinguishes it from all others at the first glance of the eye, is the bombycinous colour of the skin, which, like that of full-grown silkworms, has a degree of transparency with a yellow tint not greater than is natural to the serum of the blood. Mr. C. and Mr. B. both very strong men, between 50 and 60 years of age, who had drank ale at their meals instead of small beer, but were not reputed hard-drinkers, suddenly became weak, lost their appetite, flesh, and strength, with all the symptoms above enumerated, and died in about two months from the beginning of their malady. Mr. C. became anasarcous a few days before his death, and Mr. B. had frequent and great hæmorrhages from an issue, and some parts of his mouth, a few days before his death. In both these cases calomel, bitters and chalybeates were repeatedly used without effect. One of the patients described above, Mr. C, was by trade a plumber; both of them could digest no food, and died apparently for want of blood. Might not the transfusion of blood be used in these cases with advantage? . When the paralysis of the hepatic glands is less complete, or less universal, a schirrosity of some part of the liver is induced; for the secretory vessels retaining some of their living power take up a fluid from the circulation, without being sufficiently irritable to carry it forwards to their excretory ducts; hence the body, or receptacle of each gland, becomes inflated, and this distension increases, till by its very great stimulus inflammation is produced, or till those parts of the viscus become totally paralytic. This disease is distinguishable from the foregoing by the palpable hardness or largeness of the liver; and as the hepatic glands are not totally paralytic, or the whole liver not affected, some bile continues to be made. The inflammations of this viscus, consequent to the schirrosity of it, belong to the diseases of the sensitive motions, and will be treated of hereafter. 5 . The ancients are said to have possessed an art of increasing the livers of geese to a size greater than the remainder of the goose. Martial. l. 13. epig. 58.—This is said to have been done by fat and figs. Horace, l. 2. sat. 8.—Juvenal sets these large livers before an epicure as a great rarity. Sat. 5. l. 114; and Persius, sat. 6. l. 71. Pliny says these large goose-livers were soaked in mulled milk, that is, I suppose, milk mixed with honey and wine; and adds, "that it is uncertain whether Scipio Metellus, of consular dignity, or M. Sestius, a Roman knight, was the great discoverer of this excellent dish." A modern traveller, I believe Mr. Brydone, asserts that the art of enlarging the livers of geese still exists in Sicily; and it is to be lamented that he did not import it into his native country, as some method of affecting the human liver might perhaps have been collected from it; besides the honour he might have acquired in improving our giblet pies. 6 Our wiser caupones, I am told, know how to fatten their fowls, as well as their geese, for the London markets, by mixing gin instead of figs and fat with their food; by which they are said to become sleepy, and to fatten apace, and probably acquire enlarged livers; as the swine are asserted to do, which are fed on the sediments of barrels in the distilleries; and which so frequently obtains in those, who ingurgitate much ale, or wine, or drams. . The irritative diseases of the kidneys, pancreas, spleen, and other glands, are analogous to those of the liver above described, differing only in the consequences attending their inability to action. For instance, when the secretory vessels of the kidneys become disobedient to the stimulus of the passing current of blood, no urine is separated or produced by them; their excretory mouths become filled with concreted mucus, or calculus matter, and in eight or ten days stupor and death supervenes in consequence of the retention of the feculent part of the blood. II This disease in a slighter degree, or when only a part of the kidney is affected, is succeeded by partial inflammation of the kidney in consequence of previous torpor. In that case greater actions of the secretory vessels occur, and the nucleus of gravel is formed by the inflamed mucous membranes of the tubuli uriniferi, as farther explained in its place. This torpor, or paralysis of the secretory vessels of the kidneys, like that of the liver, owes its origin to their being previously habituated to too great stimulus; which in this country is generally owing to the alcohol contained in ale or wine; and hence must be registered amongst the diseases owing to inebriety; though it may be caused by whatever occasionally inflames the kidney; as too violent riding on horseback, or the cold from a damp bed, or by sleeping on the cold ground; or perhaps by drinking in general too little aqueous fluids. . I shall conclude this section on the diseases of the liver induced by spirituous liquors, with the well known story of Prometheus, which seems indeed to have been invented by physicians in those ancient times, when all things were clothed in hieroglyphic, or in fable. Prometheus was painted as stealing fire from heaven, which might well represent the inflammable spirit produced by fermentation; which may be said to animate or enliven the man of clay: whence the conquests of Bacchus, as well as the temporary mirth and noise of his devotees. But the after punishment of those, who steal this accursed fire, is a vulture gnawing the liver; and well allegorises the poor inebriate lingering for years under painful hepatic diseases. When the expediency of laying a further tax on the distillation of spirituous liquors from grain was canvassed before the House of Commons some years ago, it was said of the distillers, with great truth, "They take the bread from the people, and convert it into poison!" Yet is this manufactory of disease permitted to continue, as appears by its paying into the treasury above 900,000l. near a million of money annually. And thus, under the names of rum, brandy, gin, whisky, usquebaugh, wine, cyder, beer, and porter, alcohol is become the bane of the Christian world, as opium of the Mahometan. III Evoe! parce, liber? Parce, gravi metuende thirso!—Hor. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Darwin, Erasmus, 2005. Zoonomia, Vol. Or, the Laws of Organic Life. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved May 2022 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15707/15707-h/15707-h.htm#sect_XXX This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

Early Notes on Paralysis of the Liver and Kidneys 

Sleep and The Four Situations of a System

Second Treatise of Government: Chapter V 

Are you planning on learning Data Science?🤩 But have no idea where to and how to learn?😫Don't worry because I got you covered😎. In this article, I am going to be sharing with you the resources that you will be needing for learning Data Science along with a roadmap for you to follow. Don't forget to leave thoughts after reading the article😁 Before getting into the resources I want to mention that you will have to buy their subscription. I know😅, but this is about your career, so a little investment is good😄. Also by paying you will be at least motivated so that it doesn't go to waste. But for your sake, I am going to present you with one resource which has free content. Now that's out of the box let's get into knowing the resources. (This article is not sponsored by anyone, this is just my findings. Click on the resource title to get to their website) 1. DataQuest Dataquest is along with the others that are going to be mentioned in this article are mainly focused on Data Science. Along with Data Science, they also have some related courses like Data Analysis, Data Engineer etc., you can look it up yourself on the website. Coming to how you learn. You have text on the left and the editor on the right. You read the text which has the lesson and you perform the task given at the end of the lesson. You will be learning and practicing at the same time. It saves a lot of time. Think of it as a blog but you actually learn Data Science by reading that blog. For a better idea look at the image I got from FreeCodeCamp: Dataquest looks similar to this one. I think if you like reading blogs then this will be your cup of tea. 2. DataCamp In this, we have video lectures. The videos last up to a max of 5 min. Right after the video, you get to practise what you learnt. They also provide you with assessments, projects, competitions where if you win you will have prizes. If you are not into reading, then I would suggest you go with this. I personally use this myself and you won't be disappointed. They also have a very great certification system. Where you have to go through a series of tests before getting the certificate. 3. iNeuron INeuron is similar to Udemy, but instead of dealing with everything, they only deal with data science and related things. One problem for me with ineuron is that they provide video lectures but we have to practice on our own device on our own (unlike in Datacamp and Dataquest). Apart from that everything else is very good. They also make you do projects and the cool part is that they also provide you with an internship, which you can complete at your own pace. Once you finish your internship you will receive a certificate as well. 4. 365DataScience This platform same as iNeuron, provides you with video lectures. I just found this recently so I don't have much of an idea on this, but I did hear good things about this, so I decided to mention it here. If you are using this then please let me know in the comment section if it is worth it or not? It will be helpful for others as well. I have mentioned only these, even though there are plenty of others because these 4 only focus on Data Science and related things. As I've promised I am going to be sharing with you the roadmap which you can follow to learn DataScience. This is also the same one that provides free resource links. Let me explain. 5. DataScienceMaster.org This website is a gem. They provide you with a plan to follow. From math to Machine Learning. The cool part is that they also provide you with the link from where you can learn for free and for Coursera courses you can audit them. Let's say that you want to learn math, which is very important when it comes to ML. You want to learn Linear algebra, you can click on the link right next to it and start learning. It is the same with everything. You click on the link and start learning, easy as that. Now you have everything to learn. Let's say that you are finished with your learning and are egarly looking for places to work on projects. Well, I got that covered as well. 6.ProjectPro You can be sure that this is the place for you to do projects, along with the option of deploying them. You can learn a lot, with 250+ projects in your arsenal. They also provide you with tips to increase your performance as well. They also have 2000+ free code recipes and 120+ reusable project solutions. What better way to learn and develop your skills. I suggest that you take a look and give this one a try!! I hope you found this article helpful. Also, it would be really helpful if you follow me on LinkedIn. I have a YouTube channel as well, feel free to visit. I post related to programming, self-development and Progression. First published here Are you planning on learning Data Science?🤩 But have no idea where to and how to learn?😫Don't worry because I got you covered😎. In this article, I am going to be sharing with you the resources that you will be needing for learning Data Science along with a roadmap for you to follow. Don't forget to leave thoughts after reading the article😁 Before getting into the resources I want to mention that you will have to buy their subscription. I know😅, but this is about your career, so a little investment is good😄. Also by paying you will be at least motivated so that it doesn't go to waste. But for your sake, I am going to present you with one resource which has free content. Now that's out of the box let's get into knowing the resources. (This article is not sponsored by anyone, this is just my findings. Click on the resource title to get to their website) 1. DataQuest DataQuest Dataquest is along with the others that are going to be mentioned in this article are mainly focused on Data Science. Along with Data Science, they also have some related courses like Data Analysis, Data Engineer etc., you can look it up yourself on the website. Coming to how you learn. You have text on the left and the editor on the right. You read the text which has the lesson and you perform the task given at the end of the lesson. You will be learning and practicing at the same time. It saves a lot of time. Think of it as a blog but you actually learn Data Science by reading that blog. For a better idea look at the image I got from FreeCodeCamp: Dataquest looks similar to this one. I think if you like reading blogs then this will be your cup of tea. 2. DataCamp DataCamp In this, we have video lectures. The videos last up to a max of 5 min. Right after the video, you get to practise what you learnt. They also provide you with assessments, projects, competitions where if you win you will have prizes. If you are not into reading, then I would suggest you go with this. I personally use this myself and you won't be disappointed. They also have a very great certification system. Where you have to go through a series of tests before getting the certificate. 3. iNeuron iNeuron INeuron is similar to Udemy, but instead of dealing with everything, they only deal with data science and related things. One problem for me with ineuron is that they provide video lectures but we have to practice on our own device on our own (unlike in Datacamp and Dataquest). Apart from that everything else is very good. They also make you do projects and the cool part is that they also provide you with an internship, which you can complete at your own pace. Once you finish your internship you will receive a certificate as well. 4. 365DataScience 365DataScience This platform same as iNeuron, provides you with video lectures. I just found this recently so I don't have much of an idea on this, but I did hear good things about this, so I decided to mention it here. If you are using this then please let me know in the comment section if it is worth it or not? It will be helpful for others as well. I have mentioned only these, even though there are plenty of others because these 4 only focus on Data Science and related things. As I've promised I am going to be sharing with you the roadmap which you can follow to learn DataScience. This is also the same one that provides free resource links. Let me explain. 5. DataScienceMaster.org DataScienceMaster.org This website is a gem. They provide you with a plan to follow. From math to Machine Learning. The cool part is that they also provide you with the link from where you can learn for free and for Coursera courses you can audit them. Let's say that you want to learn math, which is very important when it comes to ML. You want to learn Linear algebra, you can click on the link right next to it and start learning. It is the same with everything. You click on the link and start learning, easy as that. Now you have everything to learn. Let's say that you are finished with your learning and are egarly looking for places to work on projects. Well, I got that covered as well. 6. ProjectPro ProjectPro You can be sure that this is the place for you to do projects, along with the option of deploying them. You can learn a lot, with 250+ projects in your arsenal. They also provide you with tips to increase your performance as well. They also have 2000+ free code recipes and 120+ reusable project solutions. What better way to learn and develop your skills. I suggest that you take a look and give this one a try!! I hope you found this article helpful. Also, it would be really helpful if you follow me on LinkedIn . I have a YouTube channel as well, feel free to visit. I post related to programming, self-development and Progression. LinkedIn YouTube First published here here

6 Places to Start a Career in Data Science

Transformation is no easy task. Though we like to think of ourselves as rational creatures, we are far from it ( ). Nowhere is this irrationality more obvious than in the start-up world. Personalities clash, large amounts of capital are exchanged, political grandstanding clouds founders’ judgement… And the reasons for all this are most often unconscious. economics be damned This is often where consultants such as myself come in, to provide objectivity where it is most needed. This entails being aware of the classical innovation-linked biases and mental pitfalls. Having studied innovation for many years, I’ve been lucky enough to assist various executives and founders in avoiding these traps. With this in mind, below are 10 biases which I regularly warn my friends and clients about. Rest assured that there are many more out there, and that keeping an eye out for these in no way guarantees success. . It is nevertheless a great place to start 1. Anchoring Bias “ ” The latest iPhone’s screen is 6.1 inches. Ours shouldn’t be smaller than 6 inches. What is it? The anchoring concept highlights the difficulty of fully ignoring the first information given when making a decision. Let’s take a simple example: you want to buy a car. The salesperson shows you a first option that costs €50K. That’s too expensive for you. Being a bit sleazy, the seller then shows you a car he’d be willing to sell for €20K, but asks for $25K. Since you clearly remember a car being twice as expensive, the new offer seems relatively cheap, and you buy the car, theoretically losing 5K in the process. . Whatever the setting, the information you gather first will heavily influence the full range you’re able to think about When it comes to innovation, the anchoring effect is first and foremost a drag on the imagination; after a competitor comes up with a great initial offer, it is often difficult for an industry to drastically drift from it. This may work well for a few years ( ), but is not how disruptors should see the world. Change happens slowly, then suddenly; if you’ve been anchored to one way of doing things for a while, it may already be too late. Samsung and Disney+ are doing pretty OK How can you overcome it? Firstly, it’s important to acknowledge that your mind may be subject to such a bias. It is, and . . there are enough studies out there showing that no one escapes it This applies to all the biases explored in this article What I generally do to circumvent anchoring bias is make my clients write their 10 best innovation ideas in a notebook. We then bin those, and write 10 more. At that point, they’re pretty upset. Even more when we bin these ideas, too. The frustration is worth it : the 21st idea is usually one that few have ever had, far from any previous innovation anchors. Anchoring Bias’ brothers and sisters Focalism Common source bias Conservatism bias Functional fixedness Law of the instrument 2. Risk Compensation / Peltzman Effect “ ” What’s the worse that could happen? I’ve got enough savings if the product launch fails. What is it? The Peltzman effect refers to the . This applies to all facets of life, from driving faster when wearing a seatbelt to washing your hands less regularly after receiving the COVID vaccine. Fun fact : . tendency to take greater risks when perceived safety increases risk compensation has led skydiving fatalities to remain stable even as gear has made giant leaps in safety In the world of entrepreneurship, this means that the safer you become personally, the more risks you will be willing to take, in an almost mathematical way. This may mean taking risks by (if such a thing exists)… or by and rest on your laurels as you’ll be well-off either way. . Sure, shareholders and employees may suffer as a consequence, but… who cares about them, right? over-innovating under-innovating In the business world, to do nothing is to take a risk How can you overcome it? That one’s easy : . This is easy to do in large companies : boards usually correlate CEO salaries to company performance. For smaller start-ups, it means sharing the means of safety with employees so that failure impacts the top of the ladder more, and the bottom less. The whole organisation will then be willing to take more risk, without those risks becoming disproportionate, and innovation will thrive within the company. proportionally increase the costs of failure as safety increases 3. Framing Effect “ ” This dude made a great presentation. Those slides looked great. Let’s invest. What is it? You’ll be victim of the framing effect if you . And you will, because that’s how the brain works. This is what happened to venture capitalists who were duped by the likes of and . These con artists gave over-the top presentations, using all the right buzzwords and presenting their numbers in imaginative ways (wtf is Community Adjusted … and VCs ate it up, continuing to invest well after the gangrene started to spread. Meanwhile, and are sidelined by an industry that values style over substance. It may not seem like it, but the framing effect is probably the worst offender in this list when it comes to constraining innovation. It’s easy to prioritise what is presented in a great slide-show, while ignoring a fantastic money-making opportunity because it comes from a boring-looking Excel file. draw different conclusions from the same information, depending on how that information is presented Adam Neuman of WeWork Elizabeth Holmes of Theranos EBITDA, anyway?) countless women non-white founders How can you overcome it? I usually ask for the raw data behind key presentations, and try to ensure that when 2 options are given, they are compared through the exact same lens, using the exact same numbers. This takes more work, but allows for a more virtuous innovation process, wherein . having great hair or wearing turtle-necks is not part of the decision-making process Framing Effect’s brothers and sisters Contrast effect Decoy effect Default effect Denomination effect Distinction bias 4. Non-Adaptive Choice Switching “ ” We tried to launch a self-service option 3 years ago and it didn’t work. Let’s not spend any more time and energy on it. What is it? , even though it was the optimal choice at the time. This is also known as the “once bitten, twice shy” or “hot stove” effect. For example, let’s say you tried to sell a product on Amazon, and that the product did very poorly. When you launch a new product, you might be less inclined to sell it on the platform, even though it was, and is, the best solution for both these products. After experiencing a bad outcome from having made a decision, we have a tendency to avoid said decision when faced with another problem Innovation is hard work. You’re sometimes too early, sometimes too late with a launch. Sometimes you might even make all the right choices and still lose. That’s life. It does not mean that once an idea fails, it needs to be fully disregarded. How can you overcome it? This is the part of the article when I start being redundant. To avoid non-adaptative choice-switching bias, you should 1) acknowledge that you may very well be subject to that bias, and 2) make sure you get your hands on the data necessary to make an objective choice. Though nothing truly ever exists in a vacuum, it’s important to imagine making decisions about innovation untethered from the past. 5. Ingroup Bias “ ” The other founders at my weekly poker game said this was a great idea, so we’re implementing it. What is it? You know it, you hate it. Ingroup bias refers to . That group may be defined in different ways : members of their own company, of their own industry, of their own national culture… Whatever the definition of an ingroup, it’s likely that you’ve already been more friendly to an idea that came from someone with a similar background, and acted more negatively to that of someone whose life story had fewer similarities with yours. people’s tendency to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own groups Either way, it’s not a good look. There’s a power in having ideas from a wide range of sources, and diversity makes us stronger. By innovating a product or a service using recommendations coming from a wide variety of sources, it’s likely you’ll be able to appeal to a larger audience, and reduce potential blind spots throughout the implementation process. How can you overcome it? This bias is one of the most difficult to overcome. What can I say, we just like people who look and smell like us. One way to overcome this is by keeping some sort of a mental quota ( ), and make sure you hear innovative ideas from all kind of people, not just people who are similar to you, be that economically, socially, or culturally. Forcing yourself to include an outgroup may be painful at first, but your brain will quickly adapt, and your company will thrive as a result. writing it down is problematic Ingroup Bias’ brothers and sisters Not invented here bias Outgroup homogeneity bias 6. Empathy Gap “ ” Objectively, this new feature would be great for our customers. What is it? We all think we’re great at controlling our feelings. We’re not. We just think we are because we know just how much we don’t let out, and that seems like plenty. But we still express more than we should, mostly unknowingly. This concept is called the Empathy Gap bias, which explains our . tendency to underestimate the influence or strength of feelings, in either oneself or others When it comes to inventing or improving a new product or service, that means we’re likely to get attached to an idea, and favour it over others. You might thus hold onto an idea much, much longer than you need to, or hold a grudge when it is not prioritised. This also applies to how you view other people’s ideas : someone who insists on a solution to a problem may not be doing it because they believe it is the right choice, but because they came up with the idea. How can you overcome it? Firstly, it’s important to realise that it’s sometimes better to just give up and “ ” before they kill your company. Culling projects you’re fond of may hurt, but can be turned into a super-power as you’ll see yourself making increasingly good decisions. Secondly, always make sure you to make an important decision, as this will reduce the affect effect on your brain. If you don’t have a few days, at least take a few good deep breaths, it sometimes works just as well. kill your darlings take a few days 7. Confirmation Bias “ ”. We did loads of simulations. Most of them showed there’s no problem What is it? Suffering from Confirmation Bias means . You’ll see it a lot with conspiracy theorists, who will Google “Negative effects of vaccines” and scroll to the 10th search page to find something to validate their shameful ideas. The same can be said for racist and sexist ideologies, making them more venomous over time. searching for, interpreting, focusing on and remembering information in a way that confirms your preconceptions For better or for worse, not all confirmation bias is so obvious. If you truly believe that a service you launched is best targeted at men between the age of 25 and 35, it’s likely you will concentrate on their behaviour and uncover patterns that match what you expect to find. But you might then miss other customer personas that could be worth much more in the process. . Being open to being surprised and made uncomfortable is a super-power when it comes to innovation How can you overcome it? After a certain age your brain fights new information, because changing a belief system is exhausting. But if you ever wish to become a great entrepreneur, you might want to get used to being exhausted. . I consistently read newsletters I dislike because knowing and understanding what a large part of the population believes is a super-power in business. Ask questions, keep new information channels open, meet new people, get uncomfortable Confirmation Bias’ brothers and sisters Backfire effect Congruence bias Continued influence effect Observer-expectancy effect Selective perception Semmelweis reflex 8. Prevention Bias “ ” If we keep adding new features, the customers won’t want to switch to a competitor. What is it? . Let’s say you fear cyber-attacks; if you suffer from prevention bias, you might try to spend a LOT of money on making sure an attack does not occur. It could however be just as effective, if not more, to concentrate on detection, response and recovery. If all your budget goes in preventing, what will happen if an attack does happen, despite all the steps put in place to avoid it? Similarly, a lot of companies have a tendency to continuously improve their product to prevent them from being over-taken by competition. It is however often more useful to prepare new products that may respond to a paradigm shift in the market, and launch them when the time is right. When investing money to protect against certain risks, decision makers tend to think that money spent on prevention buys more security than a dollar spent on timely detection and response, even when investing in either option is equally effective How can you overcome it? Prevention is useful, I’m not arguing otherwise. But it’s also good to have a continuous improvement mindset on all aspect of your business. That means looking at continuously staying ahead of the existing competition, while also staying ahead of future competition, while also creating things that present and future competition won’t see coming. Sounds difficult? . Welcome to the party, pal 9. Plan continuation bias “ ” We’ve invested $20M in R&D, we can’t give up now. What is it? ? You start a new yearlong project, and dedicate your heart and soul it. 8 months in, you see new data that points to a customer trend that might make your project less effective when it goes live. But you’ve invested so much energy and time that you and your team forge ahead. And at the end of the year… the project is a complete failure. That’s a good example of plan continuation bias : . Has this ever happened to you the failure to recognize that the original plan of action is no longer appropriate for a changing situation or for a situation that is different than anticipated When the foundations are bad, the best you can often do is give up. And that applies to innovation. By abandoning projects that are no longer relevant, you can invest time and resources towards something more effective. Continuing ahead to try and salvage something useful from a zombie project is often a fool’s errand. Start clean; it’s often gut-wrenching, but that’s showbiz, baby. How can you overcome it? . In entrepreneurship, the only thing that matters is present data, and the riches it might unlock. As mentioned above, letting go of personal hang-ups is a super-power. As is remembering the bigger picture when the chips are down. Let the past die. Kill it if you have to Plan Continuation Bias’ brothers and sisters (logical fallacies) Berkson’s paradox Gambler’s fallacy Hot-hand fallacy Illicit transference Irrational escalation or Escalation of commitment Subadditivity effect Time-saving bias Zero-sum bias 10. Pro-Innovation Bias “ ” We’re going to disrupt the entire banking industry with our AI solution! What is it? We live in a world where everyone prays to the altar of innovation and disruption. Hell, we all but turned the likes of Elon Musk and Steve Jobs into modern-day messiahs despite their many, many flaws. The pro-innovation bias reflects this by describing . a tendency to have an excessive optimism towards an invention or innovation’s usefulness throughout society, while often failing to identify its limitations and weaknesses But how does this stop innovation, you might ask? Well, because by always wanting to come up with new ways of doing things, one might drown great proposals in a sea of mediocre ones. Take NFTs for example — it’s a fantastic tool to link the purchase of digital products and experiences to real-world assets. But because everyone and their uncle is busy making dumb PNGs and saying they will revolutionise finance and art, it’s made a whole lot of people sceptical, setting back very real potential implementations. How can you overcome it? Sometimes, the best way to innovate is … not to innovate. Waiting it out and not making a big deal every time a cool little feature comes out will make the real, big announcements much more impactful. Being an entrepreneur is a difficult job. It requires grit, blood, sweat and tears (unless daddy bought everything, as is too often the case). It’s even more difficult when you realise that you’re not just fighting the outside world, but also your own brain. There are dozens, if not hundreds of biases we’re all subject to. Overcoming them is easy: recognise that you are human and flawed, and try to find as much objectivity as possible in a world that will do everything to provide none. Good luck out there. This article was originally written for Honeypot.io , Europe’s developer-focused job platform.

10 Logical Fallacies and Cognitive Biases Blocking Your Creativity

With the introduction of lockdown measures and brick-and-mortar stores closing their doors, retailers’ reliance on has intensified. The push to online and the need to attract and retain customers has made retail brands invest more in digital advertising and bring livestream shopping to their marketing mixes. ecommerce solutions A hot trend, livestream shopping makes online shopping more engaging and experiential while taking conversions way up. In this article, we’ll examine the phenomenon of livestream shopping, evaluate its impact on the retail sector, and zoom in on out-of-the-box and custom live video shopping tools. What is livestream shopping? The concept of live shopping goes back to the 80s and builds on the idea of video shopping. You are likely to remember QVC’s Lisa Robertson casually chatting with the viewers while demonstrating jewelry or HSN's Bobby Ray Carter showcasing fashion pieces with the viewers tuning in, seeing what’s for sale, and calling in to make a purchase. Livestream shopping — using video streaming tools to demonstrate products, communicate with an audience, and sell, all online — is a natural offshoot of this original TV-oriented model. Combining the best of ecommerce, video streaming, and social media, live commerce lets people shop anytime and from anywhere, encourages real-time communication, and sparks interactivity, appealing to today’s tech-savvy, sit-at-home customersLivestream shopping can take different forms, from live events and auctions to online marketplaces and influencer streams. Irrespective of the format, viewers can tune into a live shopping session, leave comments, ask questions, and communicate with a host or with one another. And once they are ready to purchase, they can click a link embedded in a shoppable video and proceed to checkout. Live shopping provides for personalization, too. Although one-to-many live streams, when products are marketed to mass online audiences, are more popular, brands can pay special treatment to their repeat buyers through one-to-one livestream sessions. With private dialogues between a host and a customer, brands can produce higher conversion rates and average order values and increase the customers’ chance of returning. How does livestream shopping work? Suppose you want to tap into livestream shopping. In that case, you have three options: 1. Leverage social media’s streaming functionality conditions and predicting patient outcomes 2. Market your products on an existing video commerce platform or a marketplace with streaming features 3. Opt for a custom livestream shopping solution 1. Social media The most popular and perhaps most straightforward way to start with livestream shopping is going live on popular social media apps. Luckily, most social media platforms have introduced livestream and ecommerce functionality in response to the video shopping trend. Instagram, for instance, has added built-in checkout capabilities throughout its apps, including Instagram Live, which, by the way, has seen a 70% increase in the number of viewers in 2020. Facebook, too, is developing native livestream shopping tools. In turn, TikTok is partnering with ecommerce giant Walmart for the latter to market their products online. The critical advantage of turning to social media is the possibility to team up with influencers, who play a crucial role in the success of livestream shopping, right where their audiences are. A study from Adweek reports that 49% of respondents actively follow social media influencers and based upon an influencer’s recommendation. So, having influencers as hosts may help in developing trust and loyalty among customers. However, as social media platforms generate income via media buy, they focus on being social. So, ecommerce functionality is still limited to select brands. As a result, shoppers have to be routed to other platforms or websites to finalize purchases, which disrupts the whole retailtainment experience. have made a purchase 2. Out-of-the-box live shopping apps Another way to start capitalizing on the video shopping trend involves joining an existing livestream shopping platform or an ecommerce marketplace with livestreaming features. And these span from video commerce giants like Amazon Live and Taobao, live shopping startups like Bambuser and Spin, and niche live commerce apps like NTWRK. The essential advantage is that most out-of-the-box video shopping apps feature built-in integrations with popular ecommerce platforms and payment gateways as compared to the previous option. So, users don’t have to be routed to other sites to complete a purchase and can enjoy an uninterrupted video shopping experience. The fundamental limitation is that some livestream shopping platforms, especially larger ones and those with established audiences, expect a brand to meet a range of requirements, like having a steady business history, and charge commissions. Amazon Live, for instance, charges up to 10% on each purchase. Another downside is rising competition — with millions of livestream views, it can be tricky for retailers to stand out. 3. Custom live video shopping applications Retailers who seek to make video shopping an essential part of their marketing kit may consider developing a custom retail solution with livestream functionality. Going custom is undoubtedly more effort-intensive than the previous two options. But a custom app can let retailers take maximum advantage of the video shopping trend with tailored functionality, high-quality streaming, advanced analytics, and maybe even some extra features, like AI-powered video content personalization. If you do opt for a we recommend starting with an MVP. However, it is essential to plan for the future and make sure your app will handle the growing number of shoppers. For that, make time to choose a reliable content delivery network (CDN). Looking for the perfect CDN, make sure it has a robust server infrastructure close to your target locations and pay attention to the bandwidth. With the basics in place, you can think about MVP features. The essentials to include in the first app version are: custom livestream shopping app, User registration and authorization Online streaming as such Live chatting Checkout and payment Server-side stream processing With the subsequent iterations, you can add everything from different signup options, personal customer profiles, search options, the possibility to save streams as on-demand videos, advanced analytics, streaming content personalization, and more What’s the livestream shopping market size? The current livestream shopping trend has its roots in China. China’s ecommerce giants started holding live shopping events hosted by local celebrities back in the 2010s. The US has begun to catch up with the trend, too. The US livestreaming market is expected to by the end of 2021 and hit $25 billion by 2023, according to Coresight Research. The market value is still incomparable to that in China, where it comprised $150 billion in 2020 and is expected to reach $300 billion in 2021. The companies that look prominent on the US livestream shopping market today include: reach $11 billion Launched in 2018, the platform has a 2-million follower base, which is constantly growing. According to Bloomberg, since its premiere, TalkShopLive’s sales have increased sevenfold TalkShopLive. . Having started as a directory for American retailers to reach Chinese travelers, the platform has turned into a profitable livestream shopping endeavor that has recently expanded into and is gaining popularity on the American market ShopShops . The mobile app uses live shows to sell limited edition products. The company has seen its sales double in 2020, with some shows reaching $1 million in sales in approximately 10 minutes NTWRK The ecommerce giant has rolled out its video streaming service with lifestyle, fitness, and cooking streams Amazon. The company has introduced Shoploop — a video shopping platform that features 90-second shoppable stories Google. Its Live Shopping feature allows creators and brands to sell products during Instagram Live broadcasts. The functionality is available to business accounts Instagram. An explosion of digital media and video content consumption, an increasing impact celebrities and influencers have on shopping decisions, and the push to online boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic allow projecting that more US retail brands will move on the live shopping trend in the near future. Companies profiting from livestream shopping today Nordstrom Nordstrom, an American department store chain, launched its own in 2020. Following the launch, the brand hosted over 50 virtual events, translating the store experience into the digital world, and plans on carrying out their livestream shopping endeavors through 2021. During each event, customers can shop the fashion products mentioned in the video and participate in a live chat. The company’s efforts are paying off. In 2020, 54% of the brand’s sales came from digital channels, while virtual styling accounted for 30% of all styling appointments. shoppable livestream channel CAIA Cosmetics, Lyko CAIA Cosmetics and Lyko, Swedish cosmetic and hair care brands, have partnered with Bambuser, a video commerce startup, to power their marketing with live shopping. CAIA Cosmetics, for instance, holds make-up tutorials with the brand’s founder Bianca Ingrosso and claims to be very satisfied with the customers’ response. The , with 17% of the viewers participating in the live chat and 60% — engaging through likes. The first live stream ended up with a 5% conversion rate, which is higher than the brand’s website conversions. Lyko, in turn, chose to kick off their live broadcasts by offering tips and gifts during the holiday season. The brand had an average viewing time of 16.5 minutes, 17% chatting and 29% liking engagement, and a 22% conversion rate. average stream viewing time comprises 11 minutes Quivr Quivr, a coffee and tea manufacturer, has tried social media to market their products via video streams but eventually landed on Amazon Live as their video commerce platform. Quivr’s co-founder Ash Crawford says that the of about 150% the next 24 hours after a live stream. brand sees a guaranteed increase in sales Livestream shopping trends and predictions The possibilities for further evolution and expansion of livestream shopping are numerous. Introducing AI, for example, can help retailers create highly personalized channels of live, interactive content created or curated specifically for a given customer. and VR, in turn, would be of help in creating immersive video shopping experiences for sit-at-home customers, for example, transporting them to the front row of a fashion show with a host ready to answer questions. Leveraging AR In the shorter perspective, brands will continue to extend their reach to more customers through live streams, analysts say. Considering the drastic change in shopping habits and the push to online spaces that are expected to last, livestream shopping is likely to extend in the post-pandemic world. Livestream shopping offers an opportunity to bring the best of physical shopping to online customers. If you’re ready to seize the opportunity, contact the ITRex team!

An Introduction to Livestream Shopping

, but decentralized systems require cooperation in order to work. If Richard Hendricks’ dream of the new internet is to come to fruition, it’s going to mean we’re relying on our friends, neighbors, and even strangers to provide us with information and connection to the outside world. It’s going to take communities of ultra-cooperation to work. But can we rely on networks of people (some or all of whom are self-interested) to deliver? Call me the optimist, but I think humans actually have the necessary "stuff" to make it work well. Here, I lay out some of our evolved moral fabric, and how that moral fabric can be tailored to socially scale the decentralized web. Interest in the dWeb is blossoming Cooperation refers to win-win interactions among peers. This is in contrast to one person dominating from a transaction at the expense of the other (cooperation is not altruism or free-riding). One of the most common forms of cooperation is direct reciprocity, “you give me this, and I’ll give you that.” —one that Benjamin Franklin picked up when dolling out perhaps a surprising piece of wisdom: “If you want to make a friend, ask for a favor.” This is effective because it makes future interactions more likely; the person who gave you a favor is more likely to seek you out and ask for a return favor. This back-and-forth keeps the social balance-sheet open.  Salespeople and charities have also picked up on the effectiveness of appealing to our ethic of reciprocity. Perhaps you’ve received personalized address labels or cute kitten calendars in the mail—a gift accompanied by a pre-stamped donation return envelope. Reciprocity is an incredibly strong ethic in humans This reciprocity creates social capital that helps us all survive. We all come out ahead when we return favors, or when we collaborate to accomplish something that’s impossible to achieve alone. Studies of primates have revealed that cooperation is generally paid out with equitable resources to encourage future interaction—for instance, if primates hunt big game  together, the monkeys which accomplish capturing the game tend to receive more of the meat than the other primates who participated, but were less pivotal. This equitable reimbursement ensures that those primates continue to have buddies to hunt with in the future. Nobody wants to include selfish, meat-hoarding monkeys on their hunts. Humans have evolved reciprocity to an even greater degree. But, as this example may imply, constant cooperation is not a foolproof technique to ensure one’s own (or even the whole species’) survival. , it only takes one free-rider to ruin its effectiveness by stripping the “always cooperators” of their resources. This was the downfall of Napster’s predecessor, Gnutella. Gnutella got around the centralized directory that Napster relied on, but did so by assuming that its user base would cooperatively upload files online as requests from other users came along. Unfortunately, it only takes a few free-riders to ruin it for the cooperators. In the case of Gnutella, there were a lot: the vast majority of their user base would request music, but wouldn’t upload music. The burden became too heavy for the cooperative users, and Gnutella largely fell apart. It had a faulty premise about human nature: we don't cooperate. Constant cooperation is exploitable always Two partners in crime are arrested on minor charges and questioned separately. They are told if they rat out their partner on a larger crime (and their partner stays quiet), they will walk out free. If they both stay quiet, they will receive only light prison time for the minor charges. If, however, their partner rats them out for the larger crime, too, then they will face a long prison sentence. In a single round of the prisoner’s dilemma, people tend to stop cooperating with their crime partner and this results in a bad situation: long prison sentences for both prisoners. In fact, even when it seems to be in out best interest, humans aren’t “always cooperators.” Today, game theorists illustrate this issue with the prisoner’s dilemma. Perhaps obviously, behaviors in the prisoner’s dilemma change dramatically if players are required to play multiple rounds with the same partner. That is, we’re more likely to cooperate with each other when we’re stuck with each other for the foreseeable future. Evolutionarily, we want to keep our ingroups happy, because we partially depend on them for our survival. (Don’t make the one guy who knows how to make fire mad at you just before winter…) But, if always cooperating is exploitable, and making people mad is bad for business what’s the right balance? The mathematical psychologist Anatol Rapoport developed an algorithm that won a tournament of repeated prisoner’s dilemma games and largely solved the cooperation strategy problem. His solution operates off a familiar principle: . Cooperation between peers is maximized according to these simple rules: That’s it. If two peers play according to this algorithm, they will always cooperate. If one of the players doesn’t use this algorithm, they experience punishment until they change their ways. Thus, the initially uncooperative peer is incentivized to cooperate in future interactions. Tit-for-Tat 1. Cooperate on first interactions with a stranger. 2. On subsequent interactions, copy what the other player did  (cooperate/defect) in the prior round. . Gnutella transferred whole files between peers at a time, effectively operating as a single round of the prisoner’s dilemma. By breaking files up into small bits, BitTorrent forced the file transfer process into one of a repeated prisoner’s dilemma. As user’s download pieces of their target file from a given swarm of others, they simultaneously upload pieces of files to the peers from whom they’ve downloaded the most data recently. In contrast to Gnutella, BitTorrent successfully coordinated cooperative file-transferring, and once boasted managing 43% of internet traffic. Bram Cohen, who created the now popular BitTorrent protocol, used the Tit-for-Tat principle as its backbone But holdup—the problem of peer-to-peer connections hasn’t been totally alleviated. These sorts of "cooperation" algorithms are still exploitable if the assumptions they are based on are faulty—namely if the repeated rounds aspect is questionable. One way this assumption can be violated in P2P algorithms is when groups are sufficiently large, such that free-riders can effectively avoid repeat rounds of cooperation dilemmas. If everybody follows rule #1 of the Tit-for-Tat principle, then free-riders can take advantage of initial cooperation by interacting with others exactly one time. The tit-for-tat principle doesn’t work very well in large groups, because you can trade  partners without fear that you’ll run out of “suckers” to interact with. And we actually saw algorithmic responses to BitTorrent which would allow you to download files without uploading files by constantly finding new “swarms” from which to download the next needed file pieces (without needing to give file pieces back). One example of this is BitThief. The internet is nothing if not a massive group. There’s no shortage of  cooperative “suckers” online. So now what? The dWeb requires, by definition, large groups of people. Well, one option is for large groups to evolve a collective ethic of punishing people who have harmed others (not just punishing those who harm the self). But in order to do this, humans would need to be able to detect free-riders. As it turns out, humans are very sensitive to detecting cheaters—more so than they are sensitive to similar unfair outcomes happening by “accident.” For instance, babies as young as 15 months are surprised when a person distributes goods unequally (i.e. when people who put the same levels of work in get different payoffs) but show no such surprise when the unfair outcome is distributed via non-conscious actions (i.e. physical constraints of the environment cause the "unfair" payoffs). But detecting cheaters isn’t enough to deter them, they must actually punish free-riders. And, indeed, people interacting in large groups also conferred reproductive advantages by enacting third-party punishment. That is, humans evolved to punish people for wrongdoing, even when the wrongdoing was not directed at themselves. This tendency has been confirmed by psychological studies: not only are humans willing to punish third-party bad actors, but they are willing to incur personal cost to do so, and experience pleasure in correcting third-party free-riders in spite of these costs. But we still aren't home free. Individuals in large groups can protect themselves from third party punishments if their identities are unknown. Two common approaches to online reputation management include (one person creates multiple accounts to boost their online popularity) and (a person opens a new account in order to shed a bad reputation on their old account). Decentralized identity platforms like Sovrin or may help get around this by making it sufficiently difficult to re-create new identities, though it is unlikely that any platform can be completely immune from these reputation management schemes. One unique challenge the digital world has faced in detecting and subsequently punishing cheaters is reputation management. Sybil attacks white-washing Iris Recently there have been a number of suggestions for making peers in a decentralized network offer up some sort of “stake” which can be “burned” or "slashed" in the event punitive action needs to be taken against a troll or free-rider. The logic is that people won’t free-ride or otherwise be uncooperative if doing so incurs a cost to themselves. But these sorts of suggestions need to be considered gingerly, particularly for social networks. Alongside digital identity, stake-slashing offers a potential solution to such bad actors, because stake could theoretically be burned before they have an opportunity to withdraw from a platform. Humans are prone to enacting revenge, and bad actors could, in turn, burn the stakes of innocent others to discredit their punishers. This can create a regression of stake-burning, anti-social behavior—probably the exact opposite of what the dWeb needs. There is potential to curb such stake-burning by requiring the punisher to incur a cost themselves—though even this suggestion should be implemented with caution. As noted previously, people don’t mind incurring some small costs for the pleasure of punishing bad actors. Online, the potential pool of punishers is large, and it wouldn’t be inconceivable for micropunishments from numerous third parties to become far too harsh. Punishments should probably be local in some sense—meaning the free-rider is punished only in the context of the relationship between the wrong-doer and the punisher, not globally across a protocol. Another consideration in bad-actor detection is allowing for a margin of error. Humans are pretty bad at reading tone and intention in online communications. It’s not difficult to imagine a miscommunication occurring in which one party burns another’s stake after misunderstanding what was intended. Likewise, . For instance, if a peer involved in a BitTorrent protocol went down multiple times, honest nodes might think that peer is using BitTheif and throw them off the network. peers on a network that accidentally go down might look as though they are free-riding Fortunately, the evolution of morals also gives us tips about how we might handle these sorts of cooperation “accidents” and previous bad actors turned cooperative: forgiveness. Forgiveness is clearly seen throughout human social functioning, but it’s also rampant in chimpanzees and bonobos as well. Primatologist has noted that primates, after a fight, are often seen extending hands to one another, and offering comfort in the form of hugs or sex. Typically, reparations are initiated on the part of the bad actor (or the peer who did the questionable behavior of going offline). And there is computational evidence to back up the usefulness of forgiveness mechanisms: Frans DeWall simulation studies have revealed that resources are maximized in groups which instill some sort of program of forgiveness. In fact, forgiveness is the only performance tweak to the tit-for-tat protocol that I am aware of. It’s called “ ,” and it’s not hard to see why it offers an improvement in the real, messy world of misunderstandings and hardware malfunctions. Imagine that you’re playing a repeated round of the prisoner’s dilemma. Things seem to be going well, and both you and your partner are operating on the original tit-for-tat principle. Then, all of a sudden, you go offline. When you come back online and interact with the peer, a funny thing happens: they screw you over. What neither of you realize is that they thought you screwed them over when you went offline, so they are returning your free-riding favor. Now since you both run on tit-for-tat, you’re stuck in an infinite loop of not cooperating. This forgiveness tweak allows the peers to restore cooperation in the future, thus extracting mutual benefits once more. generous tit-for-tat Generous tit-for-tat offers a simple tweak: if your partner is uncooperative, frequently (but don't always) reciprocate. A quick word about “trustlessness.” I like the idea, but Cryptocurrencies, despite being heralded as trustless, are simply not (yet) trustless. 51% attack aside, double-spending is still a problem for relatively new transactions in which a fork can overtake the main chain—hence the advice to “wait six blocks” before delivering a good or service. Even if all of the (many) cryptocurrency attacks are patched, these transactions are meant to reflect what’s happened in the not-so-trustless world. This is partly why multi-sig and transaction mediator systems have emerged. These mediator businesses indicate a trust issue in my opinion. So long as the dWeb is used to enhance connectivity of humans, trust is relevant. I’m skeptical about our ability to deliver trustless algorithms. Much of the dWeb technology is new, and I cannot say for certain whether full trustlessness is achievable. However, I can say that we humans have evolved to use trust as a tool for expanding our potential via cooperation. And we’ve come a long way. While we’re slowly improving our algorithms of “trustlessness,” I hope some of the evolved moral-social tendencies I’ve outlined can be implemented into our algorithms as well. We humans are pretty savvy about navigating mesh networks. Afterall, we naturally are one. Disclaimer: I am building out the decentralized web with ERA, a peer-to-peer database (GUN), identity (Iris), and token (AXE) company. If you enjoyed this article, you might want to check out my interviews with dWeb and crypto startup founders on YouTube. I love making new friends--please also connect with me on Twitter !

Psychology of the dWeb: Incentives to cooperate on the decentralized internet

Keep up with the latest and best practices to build spring boot docker images. As a Java Developer I am sure you must have heard of spring boot and probably Docker as well. Docker is phenomenon that has taken DevOps world by a storm. Every new project and old one’s too are migrating to containers. In this tutorial I will cover brief description of Docker containers and the essential tips that will help you get most out of Docker with Spring Boot. Source code of the demo project is at https://github.com/avinash10584/spring-boot-docker-demo.git So what are these containers ? Many view containers as virtual machines. They’re not. Well, kind of not. A container is a virtual walled environment for your application. It’s literally a ‘container’ inside the host OS. Thus your application works like it is in its own self contained environment, but Because of this, containers are more resource efficient than full-blown virtual machines. it’s actually sharing operating system resources of the host computer. Clearly, this is more efficient computing than running a full blown Virtual Machine. Docker is an open-source project for automating the deployment of applications as portable, self-sufficient containers that can run on the cloud or on-premises. Because containers require far fewer resources (for example, they don’t need a full OS), they’re easy to deploy and they start fast. This allows you to have higher density, meaning that it allows you to run more services on the same hardware unit, thereby reducing costs. This efficient mechanism is used by most cloud providers to save them of resources. Google, Amazon and Microsoft deploy millions of containers every day. Let’s begin this tutorial of deploying spring boot app on docker and 5 awesome tips for your docker build, Step 1: Create a Hello World App Spring Boot application Our first step is to create a demo hello world application. I will be using below git repository for the spring boot app. https://github.com/avinash10584/spring-boot-docker-demo.git If you are interested in learning about creating a beginner’s spring boot app have a look at this article. https://medium.com/codingfullstack/spring-boot-microservice-on-cloud-create-shopping-list-service-part-1-9ea531054be5 Step 2 : Adding Dockerfile If you have downloaded github repo above, you would notice that we are using Spring Boot 2.3.0 comes with several changes in it’s support for docker. Spring Boot 2.3.0 The most important one is using the layered design of docker to avoid large size of spring boot apps. We will look at that in tips section of this tutorial. Let’s add a sample , Dockerfile openjdk: -jdk-slim JAR_FILE=target/*.jar FROM 15 ARG COPY app.jar ${JAR_FILE} ENTRYPOINT [ , , ] "java" "-jar" "/app.jar" Run mvn package from your IDE or terminal to generate the spring boot fat jar. Make sure you have spring boot maven plugin added to generate the fat jar. org.springframework.boot spring-boot-maven-plugin < > build < > plugins < > plugin < > groupId </ > groupId < > artifactId </ > artifactId </ > plugin </ > plugins </ > build Now let’s run below docker command to build the image, -t learnings/spring- docker build boot-docker-demo This will create an image in Docker registry, Let’s run this Docker image as a container, docker -p 3050:3050 --name spring- -docker-demo -t learnings/spring- -docker-demo run boot boot Docker layers allows us to keep our build images small in size as we make changes to our application. If our application code is changed then only application/application layer is affected and other layers stay cached. You can verify it by making changes to the RestController and running the docker build. -t learnings/spring- . docker build boot-docker-demo Check the history of your image to notice that the newly created images are in KB’s, docker learnings/docker-spring-boot-demo history Tip 3 # : Build docker image from Maven Wrapper Our docker build seems to be working but it is missing one key part, We are creating our fat jar files manually and then going to terminal to run docker build This will not work with your CI/CD pipelines as you would need to do your maven build in your CI/CD tool. We can combine these two steps in either direction, We can use a maven plugin to generate the docker image during maven build Or, We can use maven wrapper to call maven build from inside our Dockerfile. I prefer using maven wrapper so I will use that here, Make sure you have Maven before below steps, go to your project directory and run mvn -N io.takari:maven: wrapper This will install the maven wrapper in your project. Maven 3.7 plans to integrate this to Maven by default. Add maven wrapper instructions to Dockerfile and build again, openjdk: -jdk-slim as bulid openjdk: -jdk-slim FROM 15 WORKDIR application COPY mvnw . COPY .mvn .mvn COPY pom.xml . COPY src src RUN ./mvnw  install -DskipTests RUN cp /application/target/*.jar app.jar RUN java -Djarmode=layertools -jar app.jar extract FROM 15 WORKDIR application COPY --from=bulid application/dependencies/ ./ COPY --from=bulid application/spring-boot-loader/ ./ COPY --from=bulid application/snapshot-dependencies/ ./ COPY --from=bulid application/application/ ./ ENTRYPOINT [ , ] "java" "org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher" No need to run maven build anymore before bjuilding your docker images. Tip 4 # : Use a separete docker user Docker runs it’s command in container as a root user, Just as in classic VM-deployments, processes should not be run with root permissions. Instead the image should contain a non-root user that runs the app. In a Dockerfile, this can be achieved by adding another layer that adds a (system) user and group, then set it as the current user (instead of the default, root): addgroup demogroup && adduser  --ingroup demogroup --disabled-password demo demo RUN USER Tip 5 # : Caching build process using Docker build cache We have added maven build process to our Dockerfile but there is one performance concern. Each time we run , it runs and downloads the maven packages as it creates a new container every time. docker bulid Docker has an experimental feature to avoid this, You can add below as your first line in Dockerfile to enable experimental features. # syntax=docker/dockerfile:experimental We need to also add below to specify that we want to cache the mount before we run maven build =type=cache,target=/root/.m2 ./mvnw install -DskipTests RUN --mount Our final Dockerfile loos like below, openjdk: -jdk-slim as bulid demo openjdk: -jdk-slim # syntax = docker/dockerfile:experimental FROM 15 RUN addgroup demogroup &amp;&amp; adduser  --ingroup demogroup --disabled-password demo USER WORKDIR application COPY mvnw . COPY .mvn .mvn COPY pom.xml . COPY src src RUN --mount= =cache,target=/root/.m2 ./mvnw  install -DskipTests type RUN cp /application/target/*.jar app.jar RUN java -Djarmode=layertools -jar app.jar extract FROM 15 WORKDIR application COPY --from=bulid application/dependencies/ ./ COPY --from=bulid application/spring-boot-loader/ ./ COPY --from=bulid application/snapshot-dependencies/ ./ COPY --from=bulid application/application/ ./ ENTRYPOINT [ , ] "java" "org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher" If you run it you will probably see the error, Error response from daemon: Dockerfile parse error line 13: Unknown flag: mount We need to run the docker build with a special command to enable experimental features, docker -t learnings/spring- . DOCKER_BUILDKIT =1 build boot-docker-demo First time I ran this, my maven build step took almost a minute, => [bulid / ] COPY src src s
 => [bulid / ] RUN --mount= =cache,target=/root/. ./mvnw  install -DskipTests                ** s**
 => [bulid / ] RUN cp /application/target/*.jar app.jar 7 10 0.2 8 10 type m2 57.3 9 10 On the next run I could see the builds running almost instantaneously, => CACHED [bulid / ] RUN --mount= =cache,target=/root/. ./mvnw  install -DskipTests s
 => CACHED [bulid / ] RUN cp /application/target/*.jar app.jar s
 => CACHED [bulid / ] RUN java -Djarmode=layertools -jar app.jar extract s s 8 10 type m2 0.0 9 10 0.0 10 10 0.0 0.0 We have successfully reduced build time in our docker images. That’s all folks, as you can see we have implemented a spring boot app from scratch and learned the tips that will help ypu take your build with Docker to next level. If you have any questions or feedback don’t hesitate to write your thoughts in the comments/responses section. For issues related to code, feel free please create an issue directly in GitHub repository. https://github.com/avinash10584/spring-boot-docker-demo.git Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed it, please share/comment for it. Previously published at https://medium.com/codingfullstack/5-essential-docker-tips-for-your-spring-boot-images-8f570270d9ba

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