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Chaos in Code: AI Assistants Clash in a Battle for Digital Supremacy

The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci — Complete by Leonardo da Vinci, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Preface PREFACE A singular fatality has ruled the destiny of nearly all the most famous of Leonardo da Vinci's works. Two of the three most important were never completed, obstacles having arisen during his life-time, which obliged him to leave them unfinished; namely the Sforza Monument and the Wall-painting of the Battle of Anghiari, while the third—the picture of the Last Supper at Milan—has suffered irremediable injury from decay and the repeated restorations to which it was recklessly subjected during the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries. Nevertheless, no other picture of the Renaissance has become so wellknown and popular through copies of every description. Vasari says, and rightly, in his Life of Leonardo, "that he laboured much more by his word than in fact or by deed", and the biographer evidently had in his mind the numerous works in Manuscript which have been preserved to this day. To us, now, it seems almost inexplicable that these valuable and interesting original texts should have remained so long unpublished, and indeed forgotten. It is certain that during the XVIth and XVIIth centuries their exceptional value was highly appreciated. This is proved not merely by the prices which they commanded, but also by the exceptional interest which has been attached to the change of ownership of merely a few pages of Manuscript. That, notwithstanding this eagerness to possess the Manuscripts, their contents remained a mystery, can only be accounted for by the many and great difficulties attending the task of deciphering them. The handwriting is so peculiar that it requires considerable practice to read even a few detached phrases, much more to solve with any certainty the numerous difficulties of alternative readings, and to master the sense as a connected whole. Vasari observes with reference to Leonardos writing: "he wrote backwards, in rude characters, and with the left hand, so that any one who is not practised in reading them, cannot understand them". The aid of a mirror in reading reversed handwriting appears to me available only for a first experimental reading. Speaking from my own experience, the persistent use of it is too fatiguing and inconvenient to be practically advisable, considering the enormous mass of Manuscripts to be deciphered. And as, after all, Leonardo's handwriting runs backwards just as all Oriental character runs backwards—that is to say from right to left—the difficulty of reading direct from the writing is not insuperable. This obvious peculiarity in the writing is not, however, by any means the only obstacle in the way of mastering the text. Leonardo made use of an orthography peculiar to himself; he had a fashion of amalgamating several short words into one long one, or, again, he would quite arbitrarily divide a long word into two separate halves; added to this there is no punctuation whatever to regulate the division and construction of the sentences, nor are there any accents—and the reader may imagine that such difficulties were almost sufficient to make the task seem a desperate one to a beginner. It is therefore not surprising that the good intentions of some of Leonardo s most reverent admirers should have failed. Leonardos literary labours in various departments both of Art and of Science were those essentially of an enquirer, hence the analytical method is that which he employs in arguing out his investigations and dissertations. The vast structure of his scientific theories is consequently built up of numerous separate researches, and it is much to be lamented that he should never have collated and arranged them. His love for detailed research—as it seems to me—was the reason that in almost all the Manuscripts, the different paragraphs appear to us to be in utter confusion; on one and the same page, observations on the most dissimilar subjects follow each other without any connection. A page, for instance, will begin with some principles of astronomy, or the motion of the earth; then come the laws of sound, and finally some precepts as to colour. Another page will begin with his investigations on the structure of the intestines, and end with philosophical remarks as to the relations of poetry to painting; and so forth. Leonardo himself lamented this confusion, and for that reason I do not think that the publication of the texts in the order in which they occur in the originals would at all fulfil his intentions. No reader could find his way through such a labyrinth; Leonardo himself could not have done it. Added to this, more than half of the five thousand manuscript pages which now remain to us, are written on loose leaves, and at present arranged in a manner which has no justification beyond the fancy of the collector who first brought them together to make volumes of more or less extent. Nay, even in the volumes, the pages of which were numbered by Leonardo himself, their order, so far as the connection of the texts was concerned, was obviously a matter of indifference to him. The only point he seems to have kept in view, when first writing down his notes, was that each observation should be complete to the end on the page on which it was begun. The exceptions to this rule are extremely few, and it is certainly noteworthy that we find in such cases, in bound volumes with his numbered pages, the written observations: "turn over", "This is the continuation of the previous page", and the like. Is not this sufficient to prove that it was only in quite exceptional cases that the writer intended the consecutive pages to remain connected, when he should, at last, carry out the often planned arrangement of his writings? What this final arrangement was to be, Leonardo has in most cases indicated with considerable completeness. In other cases this authoritative clue is wanting, but the difficulties arising from this are not insuperable; for, as the subject of the separate paragraphs is always distinct and well defined in itself, it is quite possible to construct a well-planned whole, out of the scattered materials of his scientific system, and I may venture to state that I have devoted especial care and thought to the due execution of this responsible task. The beginning of Leonardo's literary labours dates from about his thirty-seventh year, and he seems to have carried them on without any serious interruption till his death. Thus the Manuscripts that remain represent a period of about thirty years. Within this space of time his handwriting altered so little that it is impossible to judge from it of the date of any particular text. The exact dates, indeed, can only be assigned to certain note-books in which the year is incidentally indicated, and in which the order of the leaves has not been altered since Leonardo used them. The assistance these afford for a chronological arrangement of the Manuscripts is generally self evident. By this clue I have assigned to the original Manuscripts now scattered through England, Italy and France, the order of their production, as in many matters of detail it is highly important to be able to verify the time and place at which certain observations were made and registered. For this purpose the Bibliography of the Manuscripts given at the end of Vol. II, may be regarded as an Index, not far short of complete, of all Leonardo s literary works now extant. The consecutive numbers (from 1 to 1566) at the head of each passage in this work, indicate their logical sequence with reference to the subjects; while the letters and figures to the left of each paragraph refer to the original Manuscript and number of the page, on which that particular passage is to be found. Thus the reader, by referring to the List of Manuscripts at the beginning of Volume I, and to the Bibliography at the end of Volume II, can, in every instance, easily ascertain, not merely the period to which the passage belongs, but also exactly where it stood in the original document. Thus, too, by following the sequence of the numbers in the Bibliographical index, the reader may reconstruct the original order of the Manuscripts and recompose the various texts to be found on the original sheets—so much of it, that is to say, as by its subject-matter came within the scope of this work. It may, however, be here observed that Leonardo s Manuscripts contain, besides the passages here printed, a great number of notes and dissertations on Mechanics, Physics, and some other subjects, many of which could only be satisfactorily dealt with by specialists. I have given as complete a review of these writings as seemed necessary in the Bibliographical notes. In 1651, Raphael Trichet Dufresne, of Paris, published a selection from Leonardo's writings on painting, and this treatise became so popular that it has since been reprinted about two-and-twenty times, and in six different languages. But none of these editions were derived from the original texts, which were supposed to have been lost, but from early copies, in which Leonardo's text had been more or less mutilated, and which were all fragmentary. The oldest and on the whole the best copy of Leonardo's essays and precepts on Painting is in the Vatican Library; this has been twice printed, first by Manzi, in 1817, and secondly by Ludwig, in 1882. Still, this ancient copy, and the published editions of it, contain much for which it would be rash to hold Leonardo responsible, and some portions—such as the very important rules for the proportions of the human figure—are wholly wanting; on the other hand they contain passages which, if they are genuine, cannot now be verified from any original Manuscript extant. These copies, at any rate neither give us the original order of the texts, as written by Leonardo, nor do they afford any substitute, by connecting them on a rational scheme; indeed, in their chaotic confusion they are anything rather than satisfactory reading. The fault, no doubt, rests with the compiler of the Vatican copy, which would seem to be the source whence all the published and extensively known texts were derived; for, instead of arranging the passages himself, he was satisfied with recording a suggestion for a final arrangement of them into eight distinct parts, without attempting to carry out his scheme. Under the mistaken idea that this plan of distribution might be that, not of the compiler, but of Leonardo himself, the various editors, down to the present day, have very injudiciously continued to adopt this order—or rather disorder. I, like other enquirers, had given up the original Manuscript of the Trattato della Pittura for lost, till, in the beginning of 1880, I was enabled, by the liberality of Lord Ashburnham, to inspect his Manuscripts, and was so happy as to discover among them the original text of the best-known portion of the Trattato in his magnificent library at Ashburnham Place. Though this discovery was of a fragment only—but a considerable fragment—inciting me to further search, it gave the key to the mystery which had so long enveloped the first origin of all the known copies of the Trattato. The extensive researches I was subsequently enabled to prosecute, and the results of which are combined in this work, were only rendered possible by the unrestricted permission granted me to investigate all the Manuscripts by Leonardo dispersed throughout Europe, and to reproduce the highly important original sketches they contain, by the process of "photogravure". Her Majesty the Queen graciously accorded me special permission to copy for publication the Manuscripts at the Royal Library at Windsor. The Commission Centrale Administrative de l'Institut de France, Paris, gave me, in the most liberal manner, in answer to an application from Sir Frederic Leighton, P. R. A., Corresponding member of the Institut, free permission to work for several months in their private collection at deciphering the Manuscripts preserved there. The same favour which Lord Ashburnham had already granted me was extended to me by the Earl of Leicester, the Marchese Trivulsi, and the Curators of the Ambrosian Library at Milan, by the Conte Manzoni at Rome and by other private owners of Manuscripts of Leonardo's; as also by the Directors of the Louvre at Paris; the Accademia at Venice; the Uffizi at Florence; the Royal Library at Turin; and the British Museum, and the South Kensington Museum. I am also greatly indebted to the Librarians of these various collections for much assistance in my labours; and more particularly to Monsieur Louis Lalanne, of the Institut de France, the Abbate Ceriani, of the Ambrosian Library, Mr. Maude Thompson, Keeper of Manuscripts at the British Museum, Mr. Holmes, the Queens Librarian at Windsor, the Revd Vere Bayne, Librarian of Christ Church College at Oxford, and the Revd A. Napier, Librarian to the Earl of Leicester at Holkham Hall. In correcting the Italian text for the press, I have had the advantage of valuable advice from the Commendatore Giov. Morelli, Senatore del Regno, and from Signor Gustavo Frizzoni, of Milan. The translation, under many difficulties, of the Italian text into English, is mainly due to Mrs. R. C. Bell; while the rendering of several of the most puzzling and important passages, particularly in the second half of Vol. I, I owe to the indefatigable interest taken in this work by Mr. E. J. Poynter R. A. Finally I must express my thanks to Mr. Alfred Marks, of Long Ditton, who has most kindly assisted me throughout in the revision of the proof sheets. The notes and dissertations on the texts on Architecture in Vol. II I owe to my friend Baron Henri de Geymuller, of Paris. I may further mention with regard to the illustrations, that the negatives for the production of the "photo-gravures" by Monsieur Dujardin of Paris were all taken direct from the originals. It is scarcely necessary to add that most of the drawings here reproduced in facsimile have never been published before. As I am now, on the termination of a work of several years' duration, in a position to review the general tenour of Leonardos writings, I may perhaps be permitted to add a word as to my own estimate of the value of their contents. I have already shown that it is due to nothing but a fortuitous succession of unfortunate circumstances, that we should not, long since, have known Leonardo, not merely as a Painter, but as an Author, a Philosopher, and a Naturalist. There can be no doubt that in more than one department his principles and discoveries were infinitely more in accord with the teachings of modern science, than with the views of his contemporaries. For this reason his extraordinary gifts and merits are far more likely to be appreciated in our own time than they could have been during the preceding centuries. He has been unjustly accused of having squandered his powers, by beginning a variety of studies and then, having hardly begun, throwing them aside. The truth is that the labours of three centuries have hardly sufficed for the elucidation of some of the problems which occupied his mighty mind. Alexander von Humboldt has borne witness that "he was the first to start on the road towards the point where all the impressions of our senses converge in the idea of the Unity of Nature" Nay, yet more may be said. The very words which are inscribed on the monument of Alexander von Humboldt himself, at Berlin, are perhaps the most appropriate in which we can sum up our estimate of Leonardo's genius: "Majestati naturae par ingenium." LONDON, April 1883. F. P. R. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Leonardo da Vinci (2004). The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci — Complete. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5000/pg5000.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The most famous of Leonardo da Vinci's works

Github Motion to dismiss Court Filing, retrieved on January 26, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This part is 3 of 26. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here ALLEGATIONS OF THE OPERATIVE COMPLAINT A. OpenAI Develops A Generative AI Tool Called Codex. OpenAI is a nonprofit organization that develops machine learning models, also referred to as “Artificial Intelligence.” Compl. ¶¶ 2, 126, 128. Such models are typically trained through exposure to a corpus of material called “training data.” Compl. ¶ 79. The patterns discerned from the set of training data become part of the model, which can then generate answers based upon those patterns in response to user prompts. Compl. ¶ 81; see Compl. ¶ 52. The model at issue in this case is called Codex. Codex is a generative AI model trained on publicly available computer source code. Compl. ¶¶ 52, 135. The model embodies “inferred … statistical patterns governing the structure of code,” Compl. ¶ 52, which it has discerned from the training data based on “a complex probabilistic process.” Compl. ¶ 79. It is thus capable, in response to a prompt, of “predic[ting] … the most likely [coding] solution.” Compl. ¶ 79. “[E]ssentially [it] returns the solution it has found in the most [coding] projects when those projects are somehow weighted to adjust for whatever variables [the model] ha[s] identified as relevant.” Compl. ¶ 79. Generative AI models are capable of “simulat[ing] human reasoning or inference,” engaging in the same sort of pattern recognition, synthesis, and prediction we do. Compl. ¶ 2. AI models like Codex also enable statistical analysis and prediction vastly more powerful, efficient, and sensitive than what the human brain can accomplish. Compl. ¶ 81. At the same time, Codex “does not understand the meaning of code,” Compl. ¶ 54, nor its “semantics and context the way humans do,” Compl. ¶ 81. Codex thus offers both the ingenious and the mundane, a powerful tool of invention for humans who supply the insight to direct its range of performance. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 4:22-cv-06823-JST retrieved on September 11, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. documentcloud.org

OpenAI's Codex Does Not Understand Code, yet Offers Both the Ingenious and the Mundane

Increasing an individual’s health, quality, and life expectancy is particularly relevant in the modern world. This issue concerns most of the 8.04 billion people currently living on the planet. According to The Lancet magazine, over 95% of the world's population has health problems, with over a third suffering from more than five conditions. Even though modern medicine has made great strides, each individual in his life encounters several individual problems pertaining to medicine and health in which the general problem described above breaks down. is the world's first social platform with integrated telemedicine tools and semantic markup based on ICD-10 (10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems). This allows individuals from across the globe to resolve their health concerns, receive valuable information, and contribute to improving their quality of life. Each user can utilize this method to create a comfortable information environment and quickly access various health-related information, competent specialists, and like-minded individuals on health-related topics of interest. The Semantic Web provides a common framework that enables data sharing and reuse across applications, users, and system communities. VITALTALE VITALTALE's mission is to provide users with control over their health information, raise the quality of solving their health problems to a new level, remove geographical and language barriers to solving health problems, and improve human health and life expectancy in the process. In accordance with Web 3.0, control over the user's medical data is transferred to the individual. Specifically defined medical data is stored in a secure, accessible, lifetime manner for each individual or family member. The services implemented in VITALTALE per the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) standard allow the user to safely store, depersonalize, visualize, and transmit all types of medical data provided by the DICOM standard of any medical imaging devices. In compliance with HIPAA regulations, users’ medical data is encrypted and protected. The VITALTALE platform offers telemedicine services that allow users to receive remote medical care regardless of the location of the medical specialist and the user. It is apparent that remote medical care is of significantly higher quality, as both the user and the medical specialist have online access to the necessary medical records and DICOM medical image files, as well as tools that aid in their visualization. Furthermore, it increases the speed with which medical services can be provided, which is vital in some cases and can lead to the saving of many lives. VITALTALE is a social platform that breaks down a complex problem into several component problems and successfully solves each one using modern technologies. VITALTALE consists of the following components: A social network that allows users to share their experiences in solving health problems and to establish communities based on common interests. An open knowledge base based on the ICD-10. A protected and free storage of medical information for each user and each member of his family in accordance with HIPAA. Integrated telemedicine functionality that enables patients and medical specialists to receive remote medical care regardless of the medical specialist’s location. A semantic markup based on the ICD-10 for all platform entities (diseases, groups, users, events) provides a common data structure and allows data to be shared between applications, users, and system communities. A semantic markup based on ICD- 10 has been introduced for the first time on the VITALTALE platform. Through this platform, users can easily create a comfortable information environment, locate competent medical specialists and like-minded people on health issues of interest, and quickly locate the necessary information. A built-in payment system based on its own VTTL token, which enables mutual settlement agreements between patients and medical specialists as well as providing all mutual settlements within the system. VITALTALE will be able to solve the problem of improving health, improving quality and increasing life expectancy at a modern technological level by developing the VITALTALE social platform. There is an important aspect that the problem will be resolved for residents of most countries worldwide, and not just one particular nation. According to ratings by users and medical professionals, all content on VITALTALE is ranked. This combination of semantic markup and the semantic markup of VITALTALE information allows you to quickly identify the most appropriate, relevant, and valuable answer to your question. With an automatic translation service integrated into the VITALTALE platform, users from different countries can communicate, obtain medical information, and obtain medical services without encountering language barriers. In recent years, the telemedicine market has experienced rapid growth. According to forecasts, by 2030, the telemedicine market will amount to 460 billion dollars, nearly three times its current size. The trend towards an ever-widening penetration of telemedicine into people’s lives is clearly expressed in the VITALTALE platform. The VITALTALE platform token (VTTL, Arbitrum Network) will be used for telemedicine consultations with medical specialists and to pay for the platform’s services (VIP account, access to advanced platform features). VITALTALE allows certified medical specialists to provide telemedicine services for other platform users at a price set by the medical specialists in US dollars. Payment for services is in VTTL at the time of payment, based on the rate at the time of payment. It is reasonable to expect that the VTTL market rate will increase naturally, in addition to the stability of VITALTALE's revenue streams and the VITALTALE financial ecosystem in general. Upon reaching a significant number of users, the VITALTALE social platform will feature the option of displaying targeted advertisements from pharmaceutical companies and medical institutions to users. By doing so, VITALTALE will be able to generate new revenue streams and increase the capitalization of the platform. Due to the increasing demand for telemedicine services, the VTTL tokens will also become increasingly popular. The VTTL token turnover rate will also increase. As a result of the fixed size of the initial VTTL token issuance, the VITALTALE ecosystem and the VTTL token have excellent prospects. In accordance with their confidence in the platform’s potential for success and demand, VITALTALE co-founders have actively invested and continue to invest their own funds in the development of the platform since 2021. Thus, VITALTALE has successfully passed the MVP and Pre-alpha Release stage, and now anyone can access the Alpha-Release platform and test its functionality and performance. The VITALTALE social platform has a bright future, in our opinion. The VITALTALE social platform has a bright future, in our opinion. We are pleased to present you with the alpha version of the world's first multilingual social network that provides telemedicine services. Here is the VITALTALE project: VITALTALE Launchpad: launchpad.vitaltale.com

All Ingenious is Simple! VITALTALE Creates 21st Century Telemedicine

¡Todo lo ingenioso es simple! VITALTALE crea la telemedicina del siglo XXI

Tout ce qui est ingénieux est simple ! VITALTALE crée la télémédecine du 21e siècle

सभी इंजिनियस सरल हैं! VITALTALE ने 21वीं सदी की टेलीमेडिसिन बनाई

すべての独創性はシンプルです! VITALTALE が 21 世紀の遠隔医療を創出

Todo engenhoso é simples! VITALTALE cria telemedicina do século 21

Mọi sự khéo léo đều đơn giản! VITALTALE tạo ra y học từ xa thế kỷ 21

一切巧妙都是简单的！ VITALTALE 创造 21 世纪远程医疗

The Noonification: Yankee Ingenuity (7/8/2023)

Yankee Ingenuity

ইয়াঙ্কি চতুরতা

Yankee-Einfallsreichtum

Ingenio yanqui

L'ingéniosité yankee

यांकी सरलता

ヤンキーの創意工夫

양키 독창성

engenhosidade ianque

Yankee'nin Yaratıcılığı

sự khéo léo của Yankee

洋基的聪明才智

The fowling-snare is one of man's ingenious villainies

Zoonomia, Vol. I Or, the Laws of Organic Life by Erasmus Darwin is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here: [LINK TO TABLE OF LINK]. Section XXXVIII: Of the Oxygenation of the Blood in the Lungs, and in the Placenta SECTION XXXVIII. OF THE OXYGENATION OF THE BLOOD IN THE LUNGS, AND IN THE PLACENTA . From the recent discoveries of many ingenious philosophers it appears, that during respiration the blood imbibes the vital part of the air, called oxygene, through the membranes of the lungs; and that hence respiration may be aptly compared to a slow combustion. As in combustion the oxygene of the atmosphere unites with some phlogistic or inflammable body, and forms an acid (as in the production of vitriolic acid from sulphur, or carbonic acid from charcoal,) giving out at the same time a quantity of the matter of heat; so in respiration the oxygene of the air unites with the phlogistic part of the blood, and probably produces phosphoric or animal acid, changing the colour of the blood from a dark to a bright red; and probably some of the matter of heat is at the same time given out according to the theory of Dr. Crawford. But as the evolution of heat attends almost all chemical combinations, it is probable, that it also attends the secretions of the various fluids from the blood; and that the constant combinations or productions of new fluids by means of the glands constitute the more general source of animal heat; this seems evinced by the universal evolution of the matter of heat in the blush of shame or of anger; in which at the same time an increased secretion of the perspirable matter occurs; and the partial evolution of it from topical inflammations, as in gout or rheumatism, in which there is a secretion of new blood-vessels. I Some medical philosophers have ascribed the heat of animal bodies to the friction of the particles of the blood against the sides of the vessels. But no perceptible heat has ever been produced by the agitation of water, or oil, or quicksilver, or other fluids; except those fluids have undergone at the same time some chemical change, as in agitating milk or wine, till they become sour. Besides the supposed production of phosphoric acid, and change of colour of the blood, and the production of carbonic acid, there would appear to be something of a more subtile nature perpetually acquired from the atmosphere; which is too fine to be long contained in animal vessels, and therefore requires perpetual renovation; and without which life cannot continue longer than a minute or two; this ethereal fluid is probably secreted from the blood by the brain, and perpetually dissipated in the actions of the muscles and organs of sense. That the blood acquires something from the air, which is immediately necessary to life, appears from an experiment of Dr. Hare (Philos. Transact. abridged, Vol. III. p. 239.) who found, "that birds, mice, &c. would live as long again in a vessel, where he had crowded in double the quantity of air by a condensing engine, than they did when confined in air of the common density." Whereas if some kind of deleterious vapour only was exhaled from the blood in respiration; the air, when condensed into half its compass, could not be supposed to receive so much of it. . Sir Edward Hulse, a physician of reputation at the beginning of the present century, was of opinion, that the placenta was a respiratory organ, like the gills of fish; and not an organ to supply nutriment to the fœtus; as mentioned in Derham's Physico-theology. Many other physicians seem to have espoused the same opinion, as noticed by Haller. Elem. Physiologiæ, T. 1. Dr. Gipson published a defence of this theory in the Medical Essays of Edinburgh, Vol. I. and II. which doctrine is there controverted at large by the late Alexander Monro; and since that time the general opinion has been, that the placenta is an organ of nutrition only, owing perhaps rather to the authority of so great a name, than to the validity of the arguments adduced in its support. The subject has lately been resumed by Dr. James Jeffray, and by Dr. Forester French, in their inaugural dissertations at Edinburgh and at Cambridge; who have defended the contrary opinion in an able and ingenious manner; and from whose Theses I have extracted many of the following remarks. II First, by the late discoveries of Dr. Priestley, M. Lavoisier, and other philosophers, it appears, that the basis of atmospherical air, called oxygene, is received by the blood through the membranes of the lungs; and that by this addition the colour of the blood is changed from a dark to a light red. Secondly, that water possesses oxygene also as a part of its composition, and contains air likewise in its pores; whence the blood of fish receives oxygene from the water, or from the air it contains, by means of their gills, in the same manner as the blood is oxygenated in the lungs of air-breathing animals; it changes its colour at the same time from a dark to a light red in the vessels of their gills, which constitute a pulmonary organ adapted to the medium in which they live. Thirdly, that the placenta consists of arteries carrying the blood to its extremities, and a vein bringing it back, resembling exactly in structure the lungs and gills above mentioned; and that the blood changes its colour from a dark to a light red in passing through these vessels. This analogy between the lungs and gills of animals, and the placenta of the fetus, extends through a great variety of other circumstances; thus air-breathing creatures and fish can live but a few minutes without air or water; or when they are confined in such air or water, as has been spoiled by their own respiration; the same happens to the fetus, which, as soon as the placenta is separated from the uterus, must either expand its lungs, and receive air, or die. Hence from the structure, as well as the use of the placenta, it appears to be a respiratory organ, like the gills of fish, by which the blood in the fetus becomes oxygenated. From the terminations of the placental vessels not being observed to bleed after being torn from the uterus, while those of the uterus effuse a great quantity of florid arterial blood, the terminations of the placental vessels would seem to be inserted into the arterial ones of the mother; and to receive oxygenation from the passing currents of her blood through their coats or membranes; which oxygenation is proved by the change of the colour of the blood from dark to light red in its passage from the placental arteries to the placental vein. The curious structure of the cavities or lacunæ of the placenta, demonstrated by Mr. J. Hunter, explain this circumstance. That ingenious philosopher has shewn, that there are numerous cavities of lacunæ formed on that side of the placenta, which is in contact with the uterus; those cavities or cells are filled with blood from the maternal arteries, which open into them; which blood is again taken up by the maternal veins, and is thus perpetually changed. While the terminations of the placental arteries and veins are spread in fine reticulation on the sides of these cells. And thus, as the growing fetus requires greater oxygenation, an apparatus is produced resembling exactly the air-cells of the lungs. In cows, and other ruminating animals, the internal surface of the uterus is unequal like hollow cups, which have been called cotyledons; and into these cavities the prominencies of the numerous placentas, with which the fetus of those animals is furnished, are inserted, and strictly adhere; though they may be extracted without effusion of blood. These inequalities of the uterus, and the numerous placentas in consequence, seem to be designed for the purpose of expanding a greater surface for the terminations of the placental vessels for the purpose of receiving oxygenation from the uterine ones; as the progeny of this class of animals are more completely formed before their nativity, than that of the carnivorous classes, and must thence in the latter weeks of pregnancy require greater oxygenation. Thus calves and lambs can walk about in a few minutes after their birth; while puppies and kittens remain many days without opening their eyes. And though on the separation of the cotyledons of ruminating animals no blood is effused, yet this is owing clearly to the greater power of contraction of their uterine lacunæ or alveoli. See Medical Essays, Vol. V. page 144. And from the same cause they are not liable to a sanguiferous menstruation. The necessity of the oxygenation of the blood in the fetus is farther illustrated by the analogy of the chick in the egg; which appears to have its blood oxygenated at the extremities of the vessels surrounding the yolk; which are spread on the air-bag at the broad end of the egg, and may absorb oxygene through that moist membrane from the air confined behind it; and which is shewn by experiments in the exhausted receiver to be changeable though the shell. This analogy may even be extended to the growing seeds of vegetables; which were shewn by Mr. Scheele to require a renovation of the air over the water, in which they were confined. Many vegetable seeds are surrounded with air in their pods or receptacles, as peas, the fruit of staphylea, and lichnis vesicaria; but it is probable, that those seeds, after they are shed, as well as the spawn of fish, by the situation of the former on or near the moist and aerated surface of the earth, and of the latter in the ever-changing and ventilated water, may not be in need of an apparatus for the oxygenation of their first blood, before the leaves of one, and the gills of the other, are produced for this purpose. . . There are many arguments, besides the strict analogy between the liquor amnii and the albumen ovi, which shew the former to be a nutritive fluid; and that the fetus in the latter months of pregnancy takes it into its stomach; and that in consequence the placenta is produced for some other important purpose. III 1 First, that the liquor amnii is not an excrementitious fluid is evinced, because it is found in greater quantity, when the fetus is young, decreasing after a certain period till birth. Haller asserts, "that in some animals but a small quantity of this fluid remains at the birth. In the eggs of hens it is consumed on the eighteenth day, so that at the exclusion of the chick scarcely any remains. In rabbits before birth there is none." Elem. Physiol. Had this been an excrementitious fluid, the contrary would probably have occurred. Secondly, the skin of the fetus is covered with a whitish crust or pellicle, which would seem to preclude any idea of the liquor amnii being produced by any exsudation of perspirable matter. And it cannot consist of urine, because in brute animals the urachus passes from the bladder to the alantois for the express purpose of carrying off that fluid; which however in the human fetus seems to be retained in the distended bladder, as the feces are accumulated in the bowels of all animals. . The nutritious quality of the liquid, which surrounds the fetus, appears from the following considerations. 1. It is coagulable by heat, by nitrous acid, and by spirit of wine, like milk, serum of blood, and other fluids, which daily experience evinces to be nutritious. 2. It has a saltish taste according to the accurate Baron Haller, not unlike the whey of milk, which it even resembles in smell. 3. The white of the egg which constitutes the food of the chick, is shewn to be nutritious by our daily experience; besides the experiment of its nutritious effects mentioned by Dr. Fordyce in his late Treatise on Digestion, p. 178; who adds, that it much resembles the essential parts of the serum of blood. 2 . A fluid similar to the fluid, with which the fetus is surrounded, except what little change may be produced by a beginning digestion, is found in the stomach of the fetus; and the white of the egg is found, in the same manner in the stomach of the chick. 3 Numerous hairs, similar to those of its skin, are perpetually found among the contents of the stomach in new-born calves; which must therefore have licked themselves before their nativity. Blasii Anatom. See Sect. . on Instinct. XVI. 2 The chick in the egg is seen gently to move in its surrounding fluid, and to open and shut its mouth alternately. The same has been observed in puppies. Haller's El. Phys. I. 8. p. 201. A column of ice has been seen to reach down the œsophagus from the mouth to the stomach in a frozen fetus; and this ice was the liquor amnii frozen. The meconium, or first fæces, in the bowels of new-born infants evince, that something has been digested; and what could this be but the liquor amnii together with the recrements of the gastric juice and gall, which were necessary for its digestion? There have been recorded some monstrous births of animals without heads, and consequently without mouths, which seem to have been delivered on doubtful authority, or from inaccurate observation. There are two of such monstrous productions however better attested; one of a human fetus, mentioned by Gipson in the Scots Medical Essays; which having the gula impervious was furnished with an aperture into the wind-pipe, which communicated below into the gullet; by means of which the liquor amnii might be taken into the stomach before nativity without danger of suffocation, while the fetus had no occasion to breathe. The other monstrous fetus is described by Vander Wiel, who asserts, that he saw a monstrous lamb, which had no mouth; but instead of it was furnished with an opening in the lower part of the neck into the stomach. Both these instances evidently favour the doctrine of the fetus being nourished by the mouth; as otherwise there had been no necessity for new or unnatural apertures into the stomach, when the natural ones were deficient? From these facts and observations we may safely infer, that the fetus in the womb is nourished by the fluid which surrounds it; which during the first period of gestation is absorbed by the naked lacteals; and is afterwards swallowed into the stomach and bowels, when these organs are perfected; and lastly that the placenta is an organ for the purpose of giving due oxygenation to the blood of the fetus; which is more necessary, or at least more frequently necessary, than even the supply of food. The question of the great Harvey becomes thus easily answered. "Why is not the fetus in the womb suffocated for want of air, when it remains there even to the tenth month without respiration: yet if it be born in the seventh or eighth month, and has once respired, it becomes immediately suffocated for want of air, if its respiration be obstructed?" For further information on this subject, the reader is referred to the Tentamen Medicum of Dr. Jeffray, printed at Edinburgh in 1786. And it is hoped that Dr. French will some time give his theses on this subject to the public. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Darwin, Erasmus, 2005. Zoonomia, Vol. Or, the Laws of Organic Life. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved May 2022 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15707/15707-h/15707-h.htm#sect_XXXVIII This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

Ingenious Philosophers Say That the Best Parts of Air Is in Your Blood

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) J´anos Pintz, Supported by the National Research Development and Innovation Office, NKFIH, KKP 133819, ELKH Alfr´ed R´enyi Mathematical Institute H-1053 Budapest Realtanoda u. 13–15. Hungary and e-mail: pintz@renyi.hu Table of Links 1
2
3 Proof of Theorem 1
References Keywords and phrases: Riemann’s zeta function, density hypothesis, density theorems. 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 11M26, Secondary 11M06. 1 The plausibility of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) is supported (among others) by results of type (1.1) valid for all σ > 1/2 as T → ∞. (1.1) was first shown by Bohr and Landau in 1914 ([BL1914]). The first estimate of type was shown few years later by Carlson [Car1920] with It was Hoheisel [Hoh1930] who first observed that such estimates lead to arithmetic consequences about the difference of consecutive primes. He proved the first approximation towards the famous conjecture that there exists always a prime between two consecutive squares. This conjecture was characterised by Landau [Lan1913] in his plenary talk at ICM1912 in Cambridge as one of the four main problems of the distribution of primes, besides the Riemann Hypothesis. Hoheisel [Hoh1930] could show (pn denotes the nth prime) In the proof important role was played by Carlson’s density theorem (1.2)– (1.3). Later it was realized that a uniform estimate of the form yields (combined with a slightly better zero-free region than the classical one of de la Vall´ee Poussin) In particular, the best possible estimate A = 2 would almost imply Landau’s conjecture. This is especially remarkable in light of the fact that even assuming the Riemann Hypothesis the best estimate we know is (with C = 2 easily by the Riemann–Von Mangoldt explicit formula, with C = 1 by a deeper argument of Cram´er [Cra1921]). This explains the significance of the Density Hypothesis (DH) which states or, in a slightly weaker form, using the notation (1.2), The Riemann Hypothesis clearly implies the Density Hypothesis. However, Ingham [Ing1937] showed that also the Lindel¨of Hypothesis (LH) (1.10) implies DH. In 1954 Tur´an [Tur1954] used his celebrated power-sum method [Tur1953], [Tur1984] to give a different proof of Ingham’s result that LH implies DH. In the same work he came very close to breaking the DH in the vicinity of the boundary line σ = 1. In the following we will use the notation: His result was with a small constant c1 [Tur1954] or with our new notation It was 16 years later when G. Hal´asz and Tur´an succeeded to break the DH [HT1969], that is, to prove (in the refined form appearing as Theorem 38.2 of Tur´an’s book [Tur1984]) with the notation (1.1)–(1.2), (1.11) The proof was based on (i) Vinogradov’s estimate µ(1 − η) ≪ η 3/2, (ii) Tur´an’s power-sum method; (iii) a simple but ingenious idea of Hal´asz [Hal1968]. Soon after this Bombieri [Bom1971] gave a different proof using ideas from the large sieve coupled with (i) and (iii). Further, Montgomery has shown the DH for σ ≥ 9/10, i.e. η ≤ 1/10 ([Mon1969], [Mon1971]). Using another simple but ingenious idea Huxley [Hux1972] (with a refinement of Montgomery) reached the DH for η ≤ 1/6 and proved that The DH was shown for larger and larger ranges, until improving the result σ > 11/14 of Jutila [Jut1977] Bourgain proved its validity [Bou2000] for Another direction of the research was to give strong density estimates for small values of η (often especially for η → 0). In this direction the most important results were reached (in alphabetical order) by Bourgain, Ford, Heath-Brown, Huxley, Ivic, Jutila and Montgomery. All these results use the large sieve and in some form the mentioned idea of Hal´asz, which needs η ≤ 1/4. This is also the reason that they cannot give improvements of the classical zero-density theorem of Ingham [Ing1940], A(σ) ≤ 3/(2 − σ), which is still the best today in the whole range Recently I gave two alternative variants for proving the DH for small values of η. In [Pin2022] the goal was to reach a possibly simple proof while in [Pin2023] to show the strongest possible result both in specific ranges of η < 1/12 and for η → 0. Both proofs were based on Vinogradov’s method and Hal´asz’s idea. However, in the second [Pin2023] it was important to use recent deep results of Heath-Brown [Hea2017], further of Bourgain, Demeter and Guth [BGD2016]. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) J´anos Pintz, Supported by the National Research Development and Innovation Office, NKFIH, KKP 133819, ELKH Alfr´ed R´enyi Mathematical Institute H-1053 Budapest Realtanoda u. 13–15. Hungary and e-mail: pintz@renyi.hu This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) J´anos Pintz, Supported by the National Research Development and Innovation Office, NKFIH, KKP 133819, ELKH Alfr´ed R´enyi Mathematical Institute H-1053 Budapest Realtanoda u. 13–15. Hungary and e-mail: pintz@renyi.hu Table of Links 1 2 3 Proof of Theorem 1 References 1 1 2 2 3 Proof of Theorem 1 3 Proof of Theorem 1 References References Keywords and phrases: Riemann’s zeta function, density hypothesis, density theorems. Keywords and phrases: 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 11M26, Secondary 11M06. 1 The plausibility of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) is supported (among others) by results of type (1.1) valid for all σ > 1/2 as T → ∞. (1.1) was first shown by Bohr and Landau in 1914 ([BL1914]). The first estimate of type was shown few years later by Carlson [Car1920] with It was Hoheisel [Hoh1930] who first observed that such estimates lead to arithmetic consequences about the difference of consecutive primes. He proved the first approximation towards the famous conjecture that there exists always a prime between two consecutive squares. This conjecture was characterised by Landau [Lan1913] in his plenary talk at ICM1912 in Cambridge as one of the four main problems of the distribution of primes, besides the Riemann Hypothesis. Hoheisel [Hoh1930] could show (pn denotes the nth prime) In the proof important role was played by Carlson’s density theorem (1.2)– (1.3). Later it was realized that a uniform estimate of the form yields (combined with a slightly better zero-free region than the classical one of de la Vall´ee Poussin) In particular, the best possible estimate A = 2 would almost imply Landau’s conjecture. This is especially remarkable in light of the fact that even assuming the Riemann Hypothesis the best estimate we know is (with C = 2 easily by the Riemann–Von Mangoldt explicit formula, with C = 1 by a deeper argument of Cram´er [Cra1921]). This explains the significance of the Density Hypothesis (DH) which states or, in a slightly weaker form, using the notation (1.2), The Riemann Hypothesis clearly implies the Density Hypothesis. However, Ingham [Ing1937] showed that also the Lindel¨of Hypothesis (LH) (1.10) implies DH. In 1954 Tur´an [Tur1954] used his celebrated power-sum method [Tur1953], [Tur1984] to give a different proof of Ingham’s result that LH implies DH. In the same work he came very close to breaking the DH in the vicinity of the boundary line σ = 1. In the following we will use the notation: His result was with a small constant c1 [Tur1954] or with our new notation It was 16 years later when G. Hal´asz and Tur´an succeeded to break the DH [HT1969], that is, to prove (in the refined form appearing as Theorem 38.2 of Tur´an’s book [Tur1984]) with the notation (1.1)–(1.2), (1.11) The proof was based on (i) Vinogradov’s estimate µ(1 − η) ≪ η 3/2, (ii) Tur´an’s power-sum method; (iii) a simple but ingenious idea of Hal´asz [Hal1968]. Soon after this Bombieri [Bom1971] gave a different proof using ideas from the large sieve coupled with (i) and (iii). Further, Montgomery has shown the DH for σ ≥ 9/10, i.e. η ≤ 1/10 ([Mon1969], [Mon1971]). Using another simple but ingenious idea Huxley [Hux1972] (with a refinement of Montgomery) reached the DH for η ≤ 1/6 and proved that The DH was shown for larger and larger ranges, until improving the result σ > 11/14 of Jutila [Jut1977] Bourgain proved its validity [Bou2000] for Another direction of the research was to give strong density estimates for small values of η (often especially for η → 0). In this direction the most important results were reached (in alphabetical order) by Bourgain, Ford, Heath-Brown, Huxley, Ivic, Jutila and Montgomery. All these results use the large sieve and in some form the mentioned idea of Hal´asz, which needs η ≤ 1/4. This is also the reason that they cannot give improvements of the classical zero-density theorem of Ingham [Ing1940], A(σ) ≤ 3/(2 − σ), which is still the best today in the whole range Recently I gave two alternative variants for proving the DH for small values of η. In [Pin2022] the goal was to reach a possibly simple proof while in [Pin2023] to show the strongest possible result both in specific ranges of η < 1/12 and for η → 0. Both proofs were based on Vinogradov’s method and Hal´asz’s idea. However, in the second [Pin2023] it was important to use recent deep results of Heath-Brown [Hea2017], further of Bourgain, Demeter and Guth [BGD2016].

A Remark on Density Theorems for Riemann’s Zeta-function: 1

Artisanal Power: How to Avert a Threatened Mass Casualty Event

PANAMA CITY, Panama, May 2nd, 2024/Chainwire/--AppLayer, has unveiled the fastest and most robust infrastructure for scaling Ethereum-based applications, a cutting-edge blockchain that not only delivers lightning-fast transaction speeds but also offers a new approach to Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) development for both DeFi and GameFi developers. AppLayer offers an EVM network that's 10 times faster than standard Golang based EVM networks and an even more amazing 65 times execution speed boost with C++ stateful pre-compiles. Imagine having both the speediest EVM in the game and the best tools to build on it – that's what AppLayer brings to the table! The Game Changer: Stateful Pre-compiled Smart Contracts AppLayer is not only a speed powerhouse but also allows for comprehensive composability with game-changing stateful pre-compiles that are a cornerstone of this release, offering an unmatched ability to process complex smart contracts at unprecedented speeds. But what does this mean for everyday users and developers? It's simple: AppLayer’s network brings the power of advanced blockchain technology right to the user's fingertips. Developers can now create their own stateful pre-compiles as smart contracts with features and syntax that are identical to Solidity, but with the added turbo-charge of C++ performance. The real excitement stems from the intricate workings of AppLayer’s network with these Stateful Pre-compiles. Solidity smart contracts no longer function in isolation but interact with and build upon these ultra-fast pre-compiles. This enhances the sophistication, power, and efficiency of blockchain applications, marking a significant shift in the landscape of decentralization. The best part for developers is the ease of transition to this high-performance environment. AppLayer allows developers to effortlessly convert their existing Solidity code into C++ with nearly identical syntax, unlocking the potential for more complex and scalable dApps. This feature is especially vital for blockchain projects hitting performance limitations in traditional EVM environments. AppLayer takes it further with rdPoS (random deterministic Proof of Stake) – a unique consensus mechanism that amplifies network security while ensuring ultra-efficient transaction processing. This ingenious combination of stateful pre-compiles and rdPoS turns AppLayer into a robust platform perfect for handling high-scale and intricate applications. As Itamar Carvalho, CTO at AppLayer, stated at ETHDenver 2024, “AppLayer is not just an upgrade; it’s a revolution. We’re empowering developers to build without boundaries, pushing the limits of what's possible in blockchain application development.” AppLayer stands as a testament to innovation, redefining the standards of blockchain development and opening new horizons in the gaming sector, decentralized finance, and beyond. With its combination of speed, efficiency, and developer-friendly features, AppLayer is poised to become a leading force in the blockchain space. Expanding EVM Horizons with the Testnet Launch The next exciting phase for AppLayer is the deployment of its testnet, complete with a front-end user portal coming in June and up to $1.5 million in incentives available now. This stage invites developers to push the boundaries of their existing Solidity code into a more robust, scalable environment. The more unique and intricate the transactions, the greater the reward, fostering a creative and efficient ecosystem. AppLayer is now inviting developers to participate in its incentivized testnet. With a unique rewards system based on user activity and creativity, AppLayer is fostering a vibrant and innovative developer community. “We are excited to see what developers will build on AppLayer. This is an opportunity to reshape the landscape of blockchain applications,” said Carvalho. The AppLayer testnet not only represents a pivotal moment for blockchain innovation but also a unique opportunity for both crypto enthusiasts and developers. Whether the user is looking to explore cutting-edge projects on the fastest EVM or the user is a developer eager to build on this revolutionary platform, AppLayer's testnet is their gateway to opportunity and rewards. Build on the AppLayer Testnet to Unlock Grants Developers, on the other hand, are invited to bring their creativity and technical skills to the forefront. Build on AppLayer, the fastest EVM network, and receive $APPL token grants as recognition of the user's innovative contributions. With up to 100,000,000 $APPL tokens available for allocation to projects, the potential for reward is substantial. Additionally, for every $APPL token a project distributes to users, an equal amount is granted back to the project, forming a cycle of innovation and reward that continues through to the mainnet launch. The most engaging and interacted-with projects may be eligible for additional allocations, incentivizing not just development but also user engagement. This is a testnet that rewards utilization and creativity, pushing for more unique and complex smart contracts. For more information on the Grants Program and how to participate, users can fill out an application to get started and become a part of this transformative phase in blockchain development. Users can discover, build, and earn with AppLayer – where the future of blockchain is being shaped today. About AppLayer: AppLayer (formerly SparqNet) is a C++ based Ethereum scaling solution where developers can deploy Solidity smart contracts and C++ programmed stateful pre-compiles as smart contracts. In AppLayer, Solidity smart contracts are 10 times faster than those in Golang-based competing networks, and stateful pre-compiles are 65 times faster. Website: https://applayer.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/AppLayerLabs Discord: https://discord.gg/6dsUebskfA Telegram: https://t.me/AppLayerLabs Contact CEO Michael Weinrub AppLayer michael@applayer.com This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. PANAMA CITY, Panama, May 2nd, 2024/Chainwire/--AppLayer, has unveiled the fastest and most robust infrastructure for scaling Ethereum-based applications, a cutting-edge blockchain that not only delivers lightning-fast transaction speeds but also offers a new approach to Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) development for both DeFi and GameFi developers. AppLayer offers an EVM network that's 10 times faster than standard Golang based EVM networks and an even more amazing 65 times execution speed boost with C++ stateful pre-compiles. Imagine having both the speediest EVM in the game and the best tools to build on it – that's what AppLayer brings to the table! The Game Changer: Stateful Pre-compiled Smart Contracts AppLayer is not only a speed powerhouse but also allows for comprehensive composability with game-changing stateful pre-compiles that are a cornerstone of this release, offering an unmatched ability to process complex smart contracts at unprecedented speeds. But what does this mean for everyday users and developers? It's simple: AppLayer’s network brings the power of advanced blockchain technology right to the user's fingertips. Developers can now create their own stateful pre-compiles as smart contracts with features and syntax that are identical to Solidity, but with the added turbo-charge of C++ performance. The real excitement stems from the intricate workings of AppLayer’s network with these Stateful Pre-compiles. Solidity smart contracts no longer function in isolation but interact with and build upon these ultra-fast pre-compiles. This enhances the sophistication, power, and efficiency of blockchain applications, marking a significant shift in the landscape of decentralization. The best part for developers is the ease of transition to this high-performance environment. AppLayer allows developers to effortlessly convert their existing Solidity code into C++ with nearly identical syntax, unlocking the potential for more complex and scalable dApps. This feature is especially vital for blockchain projects hitting performance limitations in traditional EVM environments. AppLayer takes it further with rdPoS (random deterministic Proof of Stake) – a unique consensus mechanism that amplifies network security while ensuring ultra-efficient transaction processing. This ingenious combination of stateful pre-compiles and rdPoS turns AppLayer into a robust platform perfect for handling high-scale and intricate applications. As Itamar Carvalho, CTO at AppLayer, stated at ETHDenver 2024, “AppLayer is not just an upgrade; it’s a revolution. We’re empowering developers to build without boundaries, pushing the limits of what's possible in blockchain application development.” As Itamar Carvalho, CTO at AppLayer, stated at ETHDenver 2024, “AppLayer is not just an upgrade; it’s a revolution. We’re empowering developers to build without boundaries, pushing the limits of what's possible in blockchain application development.” AppLayer stands as a testament to innovation, redefining the standards of blockchain development and opening new horizons in the gaming sector, decentralized finance, and beyond. With its combination of speed, efficiency, and developer-friendly features, AppLayer is poised to become a leading force in the blockchain space. Expanding EVM Horizons with the Testnet Launch The next exciting phase for AppLayer is the deployment of its testnet, complete with a front-end user portal coming in June and up to $1.5 million in incentives available now . This stage invites developers to push the boundaries of their existing Solidity code into a more robust, scalable environment. $1.5 million in incentives available now $1.5 million in incentives available now The more unique and intricate the transactions, the greater the reward, fostering a creative and efficient ecosystem. AppLayer is now inviting developers to participate in its incentivized testnet. With a unique rewards system based on user activity and creativity, AppLayer is fostering a vibrant and innovative developer community. “We are excited to see what developers will build on AppLayer. This is an opportunity to reshape the landscape of blockchain applications,” said Carvalho. “We are excited to see what developers will build on AppLayer. This is an opportunity to reshape the landscape of blockchain applications,” said Carvalho. The AppLayer testnet not only represents a pivotal moment for blockchain innovation but also a unique opportunity for both crypto enthusiasts and developers. Whether the user is looking to explore cutting-edge projects on the fastest EVM or the user is a developer eager to build on this revolutionary platform, AppLayer's testnet is their gateway to opportunity and rewards. Build on the AppLayer Testnet to Unlock Grants Developers, on the other hand, are invited to bring their creativity and technical skills to the forefront. Build on AppLayer, the fastest EVM network, and receive $APPL token grants as recognition of the user's innovative contributions. With up to 100,000,000 $APPL tokens available for allocation to projects, the potential for reward is substantial. Additionally, for every $APPL token a project distributes to users, an equal amount is granted back to the project, forming a cycle of innovation and reward that continues through to the mainnet launch. The most engaging and interacted-with projects may be eligible for additional allocations, incentivizing not just development but also user engagement. This is a testnet that rewards utilization and creativity, pushing for more unique and complex smart contracts. For more information on the Grants Program and how to participate, users can fill out an application to get started and become a part of this transformative phase in blockchain development. Users can discover, build, and earn with AppLayer – where the future of blockchain is being shaped today. fill out an application to get started fill out an application to get started About AppLayer: AppLayer (formerly SparqNet) is a C++ based Ethereum scaling solution where developers can deploy Solidity smart contracts and C++ programmed stateful pre-compiles as smart contracts. In AppLayer, Solidity smart contracts are 10 times faster than those in Golang-based competing networks, and stateful pre-compiles are 65 times faster. AppLayer AppLayer Website: https://applayer.com/ https://applayer.com/ https://applayer.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/AppLayerLabs https://twitter.com/AppLayerLabs https://twitter.com/AppLayerLabs Discord: https://discord.gg/6dsUebskfA https://discord.gg/6dsUebskfA https://discord.gg/6dsUebskfA Telegram: https://t.me/AppLayerLabs https://t.me/AppLayerLabs https://t.me/AppLayerLabs Contact CEO Michael Weinrub AppLayer michael@applayer.com This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here here

AppLayer Unveils Fastest EVM Network And $1.5M Network Incentive Program

In an era where the digital and physical worlds are becoming increasingly intertwined, the next wave of wireless communication technology—6G—promises to blur these boundaries even further. But how on earth do we deal with eavesdroppers? One of the advancements on this frontier is the development of Secure Full Duplex Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC), a technology designed to not only enhance communication capabilities but also to provide robust security measures against eavesdropping threats. As we venture into the possibilities of 6G, the concept of ISAC emerges as a beacon of innovation. ISAC envisions a future where communication systems are not merely passive transmitters of data but active sensors of their environment. This integration promises to open a plethora of applications, from autonomous driving to advanced remote healthcare, by leveraging the dual functionality of sensing and communication. However, with great power comes great vulnerability. The open nature of wireless communication systems makes them susceptible to eavesdropping and data interception. How does it work? At its core, Secure Full Duplex ISAC operates on a full duplex protocol, meaning it can simultaneously transmit and receive signals on the same frequency. This is a significant leap from traditional half-duplex systems, which can only do one at a time. By integrating sensing capabilities into this duplex system, ISAC not only facilitates communication but also gathers critical environmental data, enhancing the overall efficiency and functionality of the network. https://twitter.com/drahmadbazzi/status/1628849453317648386?embedable=true The innovation doesn't stop there. To counteract potential eavesdroppers, Secure Full Duplex ISAC employs advanced beamforming techniques and artificial noise generation. These strategies are ingeniously designed to illuminate radar beams towards potential threats, thereby sensing their presence while obscuring the communication signals from unauthorized interception. This dual approach of communication and sensing, fortified with robust security measures, sets a new benchmark for wireless communication systems. https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7142776580786892803?updateEntityUrn=urn%3Ali%3Afs_feedUpdate%3A(V2%2Curn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7142776580786892803)&embedable=true What does that mean ? The implications of Secure Full Duplex ISAC for the future of telecommunications are profound. Imagine autonomous vehicles that not only communicate with each other to prevent accidents but also sense their surroundings to navigate more efficiently. Picture smart cities where public infrastructure communicates seamlessly, sensing environmental changes and enhancing public safety in real-time. Moreover, the security benefits of Secure Full Duplex ISAC cannot be overstated. In an age where data breaches and cybersecurity threats loom large, the ability to secure wireless communications against eavesdroppers is invaluable. This technology promises a future where our communications are not only faster and more reliable but also significantly more secure. Cryptographic approaches do offer a certain level of security in the network, however, the rapid developments made in computing power devices show that even the most mathematically complex secret key-based techniques can be broken, especially when quantum computing becomes a reality [8]. Therefore, an extra level of security should rely on physical layer design, without the need for secret-key exchange, to maintain secure transmissions especially when both SAC information are revealed to malicious users. Navigating the evolution of wireless communication presents a blend of hurdles and prospects. At the heart of this evolution, Secure Full Duplex Integrated Sensing and Communications emerges as a pivotal force, signaling a shift towards a realm that's increasingly interconnected, insightful, and critically, more safeguarded. On the cusp of embracing 6G technology, it's imperative that future designs prioritize the secure integration of ISAC. This approach doesn't merely hold promise; it heralds a transformative potential that's beyond measure. In an era where the digital and physical worlds are becoming increasingly intertwined, the next wave of wireless communication technology— 6G —promises to blur these boundaries even further. But how on earth do we deal with eavesdroppers? One of the advancements on this frontier is the development of Secure Full Duplex Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC), a technology designed to not only enhance communication capabilities but also to provide robust security measures against eavesdropping threats. 6G But how on earth do we deal with eavesdroppers? As we venture into the possibilities of 6G, the concept of ISAC emerges as a beacon of innovation. ISAC envisions a future where communication systems are not merely passive transmitters of data but active sensors of their environment. This integration promises to open a plethora of applications, from autonomous driving to advanced remote healthcare, by leveraging the dual functionality of sensing and communication. However, with great power comes great vulnerability. The open nature of wireless communication systems makes them susceptible to eavesdropping and data interception. How does it work? How does it work? At its core, Secure Full Duplex ISAC operates on a full duplex protocol, meaning it can simultaneously transmit and receive signals on the same frequency. This is a significant leap from traditional half-duplex systems, which can only do one at a time. By integrating sensing capabilities into this duplex system, ISAC not only facilitates communication but also gathers critical environmental data, enhancing the overall efficiency and functionality of the network. https://twitter.com/drahmadbazzi/status/1628849453317648386?embedable=true https://twitter.com/drahmadbazzi/status/1628849453317648386?embedable=true The innovation doesn't stop there. To counteract potential eavesdroppers, Secure Full Duplex ISAC employs advanced beamforming techniques and artificial noise generation. These strategies are ingeniously designed to illuminate radar beams towards potential threats, thereby sensing their presence while obscuring the communication signals from unauthorized interception. This dual approach of communication and sensing, fortified with robust security measures, sets a new benchmark for wireless communication systems. https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7142776580786892803?updateEntityUrn=urn%3Ali%3Afs_feedUpdate%3A(V2%2Curn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7142776580786892803)&embedable=true https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7142776580786892803?updateEntityUrn=urn%3Ali%3Afs_feedUpdate%3A(V2%2Curn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7142776580786892803)&embedable=true What does that mean ? The implications of Secure Full Duplex ISAC for the future of telecommunications are profound. Imagine autonomous vehicles that not only communicate with each other to prevent accidents but also sense their surroundings to navigate more efficiently. Picture smart cities where public infrastructure communicates seamlessly, sensing environmental changes and enhancing public safety in real-time. Moreover, the security benefits of Secure Full Duplex ISAC cannot be overstated. In an age where data breaches and cybersecurity threats loom large, the ability to secure wireless communications against eavesdroppers is invaluable. This technology promises a future where our communications are not only faster and more reliable but also significantly more secure. Cryptographic approaches do offer a certain level of security in the network, however, the rapid developments made in computing power devices show that even the most mathematically complex secret key-based techniques can be broken, especially when quantum computing becomes a reality [8]. Therefore, an extra level of security should rely on physical layer design, without the need for secret-key exchange, to maintain secure transmissions especially when both SAC information are revealed to malicious users. Cryptographic approaches do offer a certain level of security in the network, however, the rapid developments made in computing power devices show that even the most mathematically complex secret key-based techniques can be broken, especially when quantum computing becomes a reality [8]. Therefore, an extra level of security should rely on physical layer design, without the need for secret-key exchange, to maintain secure transmissions especially when both SAC information are revealed to malicious users. Navigating the evolution of wireless communication presents a blend of hurdles and prospects. At the heart of this evolution, Secure Full Duplex Integrated Sensing and Communications emerges as a pivotal force, signaling a shift towards a realm that's increasingly interconnected, insightful, and critically, more safeguarded. On the cusp of embracing 6G technology, it's imperative that future designs prioritize the secure integration of ISAC. This approach doesn't merely hold promise; it heralds a transformative potential that's beyond measure.

Securing the Future: The Impact of Full Duplex ISAC in the 6G Era

Cryptography and the Golden Security Line

The AI Odyssey: A Journey Through its History and Philosophical Implications

Following its breakout year in 2023, generative AI (genAI) is finding increasing applications across various industries, including fashion. However, while this is a significant technology, it's only one aspect of the changes happening in the field. Some innovations may not appear on the catwalks or make headlines but could be essential during mountain expeditions or camping trips. I spoke with Vladislav Moroz, the founder of - a brand of equipment and apparel for extreme sports and outdoor activities - who revealed the products and innovations that keep you warm and dry in severe weather. RedFox The Rise of Electronic Jackets RedFox strives to stay ahead of the game by experimenting with new technologies. In 2021, the company initiated a collaboration with . Together, they conceived the idea of electronically heated clothing capable of replacing ten layers of sweaters under a winter coat. ITMO University “Equipped with printed electronics, this clothing can keep the wearer warm even in extremely cold temperatures down to -70°C,” Moroz said. “The first garment prototype is a jacket, with the electronics distributed throughout the item. These electronics can operate for up to six hours without needing to be recharged. To activate them, users simply need to press a button on the surface of the garment.” The Ultimate Shield Picture yourself embarking on a mountain expedition or camping trip, where unpredictable weather can quickly turn an adventure into a test of endurance. In such scenarios, the importance of waterproof clothing cannot be overstated. “Outdoor brands like RedFox are harnessing the power of cutting-edge materials such as to create garments that not only block out moisture but also allow for breathability, ensuring comfort even during unexpected downpours,” Moroz said. “This membrane material was invented in 1969 by Wilbert L. Gore and his son, Robert W. Gore. In 2006, the latter was inducted into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame for their discovery.” Gore-Tex No Seams Allowed But it's not just about keeping dry; staying warm in extreme conditions is equally crucial. Imagine yourself strolling through a snowstorm. Numerous jackets are touted for their ability to withstand extreme cold, but the reality often falls short of the claim. “Many of these jackets feature seams that create minuscule holes in the fabric, allowing chilly air to infiltrate and leaving the wearer vulnerable to the elements,” Moroz said. “Recognizing this flaw, certain outdoor brands are turning to seamless technology. It allows them to craft garments without stitches and superior thermal insulation.” Moroz’s brand also used it to create sleeping bags. They were tested by the International Center for Quality Certification and showed stunning results: according to Moroz, they braved temperatures of up to -91 °C. Goose Down Gets an Upgrade Of course, no winter jacket is complete without the coveted warmth of goose down. It is prized for its excellent heat retention features. While it is a natural material, nobody uses it in its raw state. “Before filling a jacket, down undergoes rigorous testing with water, soap, and high temperatures,” Moroz said. “These steps allow us to get rid of dust and parasites, making the material wearable for everyone, especially for people with allergies. However, during this process, it loses some of its original qualities, such as waterproofing.” To restore it, brands use different methods. One of the most effective is waterproofing. It helps to make the material water-resistant while remaining soft and pleasant to the touch. Nikwax Little Innovation That Makes a Big Difference But it's not just about jackets; even accessories are getting a technological makeover. Let’s say you have to check directions or make the radio call. But it is freezing and potentially dangerous to take your mittens off. “Well, you do not have to if you wear a top mitten with a side zipper,” Moroz said. “It enables people to quickly expose their fingers without having to remove the whole mitten, thus preventing frostbite. Moreover, the zipper can be easily manipulated with one's teeth. Simple yet ingenious, this innovation epitomizes the marriage of fashion and function in extreme weather conditions.” As we look to the future, one thing is certain: the intersection of fashion and technology will continue to inspire creativity and drive progress, ensuring that we're always equipped to face whatever challenges Mother Nature throws our way. So whether you're scaling a mountain or simply navigating the urban jungle, rest assured that the latest innovations in fashion have you covered, both literally and figuratively.

Outdoor Tech That Works: Stay Warm and Dry in the Harshest Conditions

Humans! One interesting twinkle in the dark, vacuous expanse of the cosmos. Trapped on a floating ball of rock to mope into space and be tormented by relentless, conflicting emotions. Prison within and prison without. Awaiting the summon of death. What the hell is this existence and what is its use? At least we have each other. Right? Yes, we do. Plus, the resources of the earth. And most importantly, there's that small voice that keeps telling us to become more. So, we stagger on. Nothing is certain in this great maze of existence but we don't just give in. We grope for purpose in the confusing unknown. We do what we do in search of fulfillment. Thus, we solve problems for those we love. We really dig in and harvest ingenious creations from within us. It makes us happy, so we keep going. We keep chasing that which our heart yearns for. What is it many have asked? What is it that we really want? Some of the smartest among us have given a name to it, and I dare agree with them. It is what it is; Freedom! Freedom from wants, death, and ourselves. Freedom from whatever dares limit us. Freedom from this great bondage that is us. Hence, in our relentless yearning, we build this great bridge of science. Into matter, into space, into life. Into technology! Oh that we may find that which we seek. Oh that we may find; Autonomy! Autonomy Has Always Driven Technology Humans have always been bound by limitations that we constantly rebel against. Imagine the caveman days. Small, slow, and weak as we were, we were completely bound by the harsh laws of the jungle. Dominated by powerful creatures. Yet, our big brain brought us to the very top of the food chain. Inventions like the spear, knife, and arrow with advanced hunting strategies helped us overcome the powerful beasts that ruled the wild. Then, we created our own societies and were ruled by tribal laws. Not very different jungle laws though but strong humans were in charge now. Then came the reign of religion, and priests were in charge. Then came countries with cunning politicians. Then came capitalism with wealthy businessmen who are now running the show. All these changes have been driven by advancements as humans try to take more control of their lives. From being ruled by wild beasts to strong men to priests to politicians and businessmen, people have always invented systems that gave them more control of their lives. And this progress is not only evident in the technology of our leadership but also in the everyday devices that we use. First, we had caves and stone tools, then came villages and metal tools, and then came towns and analog machines. Now, we have cities and digital technology. This drive for autonomy in our technology has culminated in what we call a decentralized internet or web3. Autonomy in Web3 Web 3 remains a relatively recent technology that is yet to be widely understood. Yet, it is already being widely adopted as the advantages are very obvious. Simply put, web3 aims to put the Internet and financial system under the control of everyone and not just a few giant corporations. Why is this necessary you may ask? Well, the answer is simple: "Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely!" The internet and financial systems represent the most critical technologies that humans have been able to develop. Hence, there is a great power in the hands of anyone who controls them. It's no wonder that top government officials and tech billionaires dominate the list of most powerful people in the world. This great power which allows such people to exercise control around the world is akin to the legendary absolute power that absolutely corrupts the wielders. And we have already seen this corruption at play. For example; , , , etc. Facebook has recorded multiple user data breaches Twitter has been accused many times of stifling free speech US politicians were caught cheating through insider trading in the stock market Hence, the internet and financial market which have lasting effects on people’s lives need some level of democracy. This is what web3 promises. Cryptocurrencies were introduced as a means for people to transact directly without passing through middlemen in the banking institutions who often benefit fraudulently from people’s money with little or no punishment. Combining crypto with blockchain technology provides the world with a global decentralized financial internet that no one fully controls and everyone can benefit from. Is Autonomy Truly Possible? Many reservations have been raised about the practicality of web3 and whether it can be truly autonomous. For example; fundamental blockchain infrastructures are often hosted on web2 servers with centralized control. Also, mining cryptocurrency is energy intensive which makes the entire system dependent on power companies. Would the power companies and server owners not be the new bosses in town? Well, that's a critical problem that is yet to be solved. However, blockchain technology is slowly solving the centralized server problem through compressed distributed storage of the technology on the devices of its users. Basically, a blockchain is a database, and every device that connects to the blockchain has a version of the database stored on it. This makes it possible for the billions of devices that users use to connect to the blockchain to function as servers distributed around the world instead of just one central server. Fingers crossed for what will come in the future. About the electricity problem, well, most cryptocurrencies have a limited amount of tokens to be mined, hence, mining is not a forever thing. Also, alternative versions of power like solar make it possible for miners to set up affordable sources of personalized power. Hence, centralized power companies can possibly be bypassed. With these considerations, the autonomy that web3 promises can foreseeably be accomplished. Future of Autonomy Picture this... You fall asleep now and awaken in the autonomous age. Robots run the world now. The planet is one big country run by the United Nations and headquartered in Earth City (a giant circular artificial island built in the Atlantic Ocean on longitude 0 degrees and latitude 0 degrees). Networks of underwater hyperloop lines and speed train bridges interconnect all the continents in minutes and the former countries are nothing but political provinces for proper documentation and security. Autonomous vehicles with little or no accidents dominate the roads and autonomous spaceships transverse space to transport people and resources around the solar system. Humans have finally colonized the solar system. The world lives in abundance as automated high-tech farms meet all our agricultural needs. Basic amenities like water, electricity, and education are free, and everyone gets a living wage to cover secondary needs like real estate around the planets, internet access, and transportation. Advanced amenities like technology, art, entertainment, exploration, and financial trading are where businesses operate. Web3 is fully operational. Hologram devices are all over the place for people to experience the dinterverse (decentralized internet metaverse) which uses all those devices as servers. DAOs, running on open-source technology, are the global means of voting, with Auth ID being the prominent open-source platform for decentralized technology. Industry-based crypto coins are the means of exchange (e.g., techon for technology, agrocoin for agriculture, muse for music, etc.) and cryptex trading (forex trading of the time) is the primary means of employment for everyone with people speculating on which industry will do better based on the season. Bitcoin is, however, immortalized as the only currency accepted around the world across all industries. Global poverty has been eradicated and financial inequality is very low around the world with cryptex trading available to everyone. A decentralized financial system was the game changer as it led to an explosion of prosperity through relatively easy cryptex trading. You investigate your trade on your holophone. You're doing very well and will be making another $50,000 this week. You smile to yourself as you glance out the window of your noiseless starjet (silent speed jets that ferry people around the world in minutes). The city below is a great wonder as people said. You're on vacation in Earth City. It's your first time. You came for it. The statue of autonomy or "the human spirit" as it is fondly called. Many weep upon first beholding its glory. The symbol of human victory on the earth. It appears on the horizon. The shiny bust of a crowned androgynous human child stops at the waist so it's neither male nor female. Completely transparent as if entirely made of glass, hence, the name human spirit. With both hands upraised in freedom, it holds Bitcoin (the first global crypto) in the right hand and a scroll in the left. Your ship does the ceremonial circling of the statue. Then it passes the scroll and you behold those legendary words. You read it in a low voice. "We humans hold that all of us are born free. Free to live, free to love, free to prosper!" A smile crawls up your face, and you resolve to uphold this great motto. Then you hear a phone ring. A familiar ancient music. It gets louder and louder. It's your phone. You were dreaming of course. You curse as you pick up your phone. It's your boss calling you to return to work. You cut the call and sigh in disappointment. That dream was just beautiful. Then it occurs to you: The current world is one big nightmare! WHAT DOES THIS MEAN Web3 is upon us. Cryptocurrencies are everywhere and blockchain infrastructure gets more sophisticated every day. Many crypto millionaires roam the earth to prove the real value of the technology. Decentralization is on its way. Below are the predictions you should know about web3; Decentralization is the future. Digital commodities e.g., NFTs, in-game items, virtual real estate, and decentralized exchange (DEX) will create a new industry. Currencies will become more globalized. Companies will become smaller and more personalized. Self-service will become the new way of operating the financial industry. HOW DO I PREPARE FOR AUTONOMY Educate yourself on cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, and the metaverse. Invest in promising crypto coins. Participate in public web3 forums. Fund web 3 projects if you can. Learn how to make money on your own from the internet.

Behold: The Autonomy We Always Sought

দেখুন: যে স্বায়ত্তশাসন আমরা সবসময় চেয়েছি

Siehe: Die Autonomie, die wir immer gesucht haben

He aquí: la autonomía que siempre buscamos

Voici : l’autonomie que nous avons toujours recherchée

देखिए: वह स्वायत्तता जो हम हमेशा से चाहते थे

見よ、私たちが常に求めていた自律性

보라: 우리가 항상 추구했던 자율성

Eis: a autonomia que sempre buscamos

Вот: автономия, к которой мы всегда стремились

Bakın: Her Zaman Aradığımız Özerklik

Kìa: Quyền tự chủ mà chúng tôi luôn tìm kiếm

看哪：我们一直寻求的自主权

Metaphysics and Mathematics 2: The Complex Space of Prime Numbers

As an AI expert, let me be blunt - cyber threats are a massive, unrelenting risk that no business with an online presence can afford to ignore these days. Whether you're running an e-commerce site, logistics operation, or tech firm, phishing, ransomware attacks, or data breaches - these scourges can cripple a company, leading to devastating financial losses, irreparable brand damage, and even regulatory penalties that could bury you. I've personally seen the aftermath of cyber strikes on SMBs with limited security resources and tight budgets. In those cases, traditional cybersecurity just doesn't cut it against today's attack of threats. But that's exactly where artificial intelligence (AI) emerges as a total game-changer. discovered that organizations leveraging AI and automation extensively saved a mind-blowing $1.76 million on average compared to their less AI-savvy counterparts. IBM's 2023 Cost of Data Breach Report And I can testify that AI-powered cyber defense solutions truly earn those savings. By unleashing cutting-edge AI techniques like machine learning, deep learning models, and natural language processing, modern AI cybersecurity acts like an indispensable digital force multiplier reinforcing our defenses against even the wiliest adversaries. As an AI expert, I've deployed these capabilities for clients - it's like having an entire squad of cybersecurity sentries patrolling the digital premises 24/7 to keep the bad actors at bay. Moving forward, I don't believe adopting advanced AI will be a luxury for organizations - it's a flat-out necessity we can't ignore. Whether you're a small business or a giant enterprise, you'd better get proactive and start leveraging AI's offensive cybersecurity potential to safeguard your vital digital assets and ensure continuous operations. In my opinion, AI is quickly separating the cybersecurity haves from the have-nots. AI's Cyber Offense: How It Turbocharges Threat Detection I can't overstate how AI is revolutionizing cybersecurity by unleashing cutting-edge threat detection and response capabilities never before possible. Just look at the rapidly growing market - projects that AI in the cybersecurity sector will explode from $22.4 billion in 2023 to $60.6 billion by 2028. And there are good reasons behind that meteoric growth. MarketsandMarkets Machine learning algorithms excel at quickly identifying patterns and anomalies within massive datasets - making them invaluable assets for recognizing potential cyber threats amid tons of network traffic, user activity logs, and other data. By training these algorithms on historical data, we can have them recognize known attack signatures and deviations signaling new threats before they can wreak havoc. One study I find particularly compelling is from MDPI, showing machine learning models achieved up to 99% malware detection accuracy using techniques like Decision Trees, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Support Vector Machines. That's the level of precision AI can deliver against emerging threats. There are deep learning models that I've deployed to rapidly analyze and classify malware samples with incredible accuracy. The latest deep-learning architectures can see patterns invisible to the naked eye. However, some of the most exciting AI cybersecurity applications my team has tested involve reinforcement learning for adaptive threat response. These self-learning systems can dynamically adjust defensive actions on the fly based on their experiences against evolving attack vectors. Allied Market Research predicts reinforcement learning will see explosive 41.5% annual growth from 2023 to 2032, with cybersecurity as a prime use case. Let's not overlook natural language processing (NLP) for automating incident analysis. I've personally overseen NLP deployments that can rapidly comprehend human language data from reports, intelligence feeds, and more - streamlining our incident response workflows and prioritizing genuine threats over false positives. Combining all these AI disciplines is delivering incredible offensive capabilities to counter even the trickiest cyber adversaries. As an expert and founder in this space, I truly believe AI's ability to autonomously detect and shut down threats before impact will utterly transform cybersecurity over the coming years. Why UEBA and User Behavior Monitoring Matter (And How AI Excels) The cyber risk from malicious insiders or compromised user accounts is one we can't overlook either. That's why I consider user and entity behavior analytics (UEBA) powered by advanced AI/ML models to be paramount for comprehensive, 360-degree security visibility. At a basic level, these AI-driven UEBA solutions leverage machine learning to establish baselines modeling each user's normal behavior based on their activity patterns. Once those baselines are established, the AI can continuously monitor for deviations that may indicate insider threats, privilege abuse, compromised accounts, and other insider risk vectors. What makes this application of AI so powerful is its ability to dynamically score the risk level of unusual user actions based on contextual factors like their role, access privileges, the sensitivity of data/systems involved, and more. This enables real-time flagging of potentially malicious insider activity for further investigation - something that was highly prone to human error with traditional, rigid rule-based approaches. Another area where I've seen UEBA with AI shine is detecting compromised privileged user accounts, which are prime targets for external threat actors seeking a foothold. By understanding the unique behavior patterns of different privileged user roles, AI can rapidly identify the subtle anomalies of a privileged account under hostile control - giving our teams a chance to shut down that breach before catastrophic damage occurs. In my opinion, deploying AI for insider and privileged user threat detection by understanding human behavior is an absolute game-changer. Monitoring our people and accounts is just as vital as external threat monitoring - without it, we're leaving a gaping hole in our defenses that skilled adversaries will inevitably find and exploit. Of course, my teams always emphasize that AI-powered UEBA is just one layer in a comprehensive, defense-in-depth strategy. But it's a crucial layer that lets us get in front of insider incidents before they escalate - buying time that can mean the difference between a contained issue and a full-blown crisis. The Flip Side: Defending Against AI-Powered Threats As amazing as AI's cybersecurity offensive capabilities are, I have to address the flip side too: hackers are actively working on ways to weaponize AI against us. Adversarial attacks designed to bypass, poison, or steal our AI models are a clear and present danger we can't ignore. One disturbing forecast from research analysts indicates: Up to 30% of AI cyberattacks will leverage training data poisoning, model stealing, or adversarial examples to attack AI-powered systems. But we're not defenseless - there are proven ways to harden AI systems against these tactics if we invest in robust AI security controls from the start. Approaches like adversarial training, where models are intentionally exposed to deceptive inputs during the learning process, can improve resilience against evasion. Differential privacy techniques can also obscure model behavior to thwart extraction attacks. We follow best practices around secure AI development Life Cycle, subjecting our models to rigorous adversarial testing and employing defensive AI techniques to stay ahead of emerging threats. I don't mean to sound alarmist, but the cybersecurity industry at large needs to prioritize battling AI-powered threats just as much as leveraging AI for defense. It's a two-way street - we must secure the AI models underpinning our cyber defenses with the same vigor we apply AI offensively. Neglecting AI security WILL be exploited by sophisticated hackers. So while I'm incredibly confident about AI's potential to revolutionize cyber threat detection and response, I'm also pragmatic. We simply can't ignore the dark side and must proactively invest in developing and deploying AI securely to maintain a decisive strategic advantage. Integrating AI Across Security Operations Of course, AI alone is not a silver bullet for cybersecurity. Its true power comes from thoughtful integration across existing processes, teams, and technology stacks. As an enthusiastic AI Expert, I emphasize this force-multiplier effect to clients constantly. AI should augment and empower human expertise, not replace it entirely. That's why the most successful deployments I've seen use AI to offload tedious, repetitive tasks to machines - freeing up skilled personnel to focus on higher-level analysis, investigation, and decision-making that requires human judgment. That's also why AI is rapidly becoming essential for SOC analysts and incident response teams: by automating alert triage, log analysis and basic response workflows, AI drastically reduces burnout from low-value "grunt work" while improving overall efficiency. Research from Capgemini revealed organizations using AI for security operations saw a 12% increase in breach detection rates and an impressive 19% reduction in time-to-respond. Those are major gains I've validated through my own startup's AI deployments. AI and machine learning are also driving huge advances in security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR) tools that streamline entire incident response processes. With SOAR, AI handles tasks like correlating disparate security signals, surfacing relevant threat intelligence, and even executing semi-automated response playbooks. It's a huge step towards smarter, more autonomous incident handling. Ultimately though, AI is a complement to skilled human teams, not a wholesale replacement. Cybersecurity operations will always require human expertise, analysis, and judgment. But by intelligently augmenting our people with AI automation and assistance, we can concentrate their talents on higher-impact duties while optimizing productivity and efficiency. I already see this human-machine symbiosis enhancing the industry's ability to outpace threats. As AI integration continues maturing, I'm confident embracing this collaborative model is the only way we'll realistically close the cybersecurity skills gap plaguing our field. AI's Cybersecurity Superpowers By rapidly analyzing network data, user activities, system logs, and more, AI can identify malicious behavior patterns and potential threats with superhuman speed - giving us an early warning to shut down attacks before escalation. Threat Detection & Prevention: While phishing lures and malware grow more devious, AI algorithms can precisely distinguish malicious files and emails from legitimate ones by evaluating content, sender metadata, behavioral signals, and other artifacts that often evade human analysis. Phishing and Malware Detection: Rather than rigid rules, AI lets us dynamically model normal user activity baselines. It can then rapidly detect anomalies indicative of insider threats, compromised accounts, data exfiltration attempts, and more - all in real-time. User Behavior Analytics: I've deployed AI to prioritize vulnerabilities based on their risk and exploit potential, automating the triaging process. AI can also correlate vulnerabilities with active threats, showing us which exposures need patching first. Automated Vulnerability Management: Modern AI-powered SIEM solutions can correlate security events across networks, endpoints, and other sources to rapidly identify genuine incidents amidst the noise. AI also streamlines response workflows based on alert contexts. Smart SIEM & Incident Response: Across incident triage, alert analysis, threat hunting, and more, AI is automating repetitive, labor-intensive security tasks - amplifying the impact of human personnel while reducing burnout and fatigue. Security Ops Automation: I could go on, but you get the idea. As an AI expert and entrepreneur, I've seen these capabilities utterly transform cybersecurity operations into an amazingly proactive, autonomous counter-threat force. And AI's offensive cyber capabilities are still rapidly evolving. The Way Forward: Practical AI Cyber Defense But when I gaze into the future of AI-powered cybersecurity, I see incredible potential beyond just better threat detection and response. Used wisely, I believe AI can fundamentally reshape and elevate our entire profession into a truly proactive, predictive security posture - finally outpacing even the wiliest cyber adversaries. However, realizing this AI-driven future won't happen automatically. It requires us as an industry to thoughtfully and securely integrate AI across our people, processes, and technology stacks with a keen focus on augmenting human expertise and capabilities rather than wholesale automation. At an operational level, this will mean embracing increasingly autonomous security workflows offloaded to AI systems - handling tedious triaging and basic response while escalating only the most critical issues to skilled analysts for analysis and key decisions. It's a pragmatic balance of human and machine capabilities. We'll also need a new class of cybersecurity professionals fluent in interpreting AI system outputs and translating them into strategic guidance. These AI-savvy analysts must be adept at not just using but explaining and justifying AI system behaviors and decisions to leadership stakeholders. It plays a crucial role in building organizational trust and accountability around AI systems. Additionally, organizations must adopt secure AI system development lifecycles, proactively battling adversarial AI threats through approaches like robust model training, adversarial testing, privacy-preserving analytics, and defensive AI architectures. We simply can't leave our AI systems vulnerable to adversarial subversion. Thankfully, I see positive momentum towards these goals across the AI security startup ecosystem and cybersecurity community. But we must keep pressing forward holistically - investing in skilling our people, refining our processes, and pioneering new AI-centric technologies securely and ethically. Only then can we responsibly wield AI's incredible cyber defense potential without enabling worse nightmares. Despite all the work ahead, I'm hugely optimistic as an AI expert and founder. I've already deployed these transformative AI capabilities in the field, experiencing their game-changing impact firsthand. AI gives us a truly decisive advantage in combating even the most sophisticated threat actors - if we successfully fuse machine intelligence and human expertise. It won't be easy, but I'm convinced the payoff will be a safer, more secure digital world actively hardening itself against cyber threats in real-time. A world where novel attacks are neutralized before impact, where vulnerabilities are patched before exploitation, and where malicious insiders and compromised accounts are stopped in their tracks. Best of all, AI cyber defense done right should free up our human personnel for higher-impact strategic work, not tedious data grunt work. AI should empower us to be the cybersecurity experts, creative problem-solvers, and strategic leaders we always aspired to be - not menial attack analysts. So to my fellow AI professionals, founders, and innovators - the path ahead is clear. Let's blaze this trail TOGETHER, pioneering the new era of practical, intelligent, and ethical AI-powered cyber defense. The future of digital safety depends on us doing this right. And with our unique combination of human ingenuity and machine intelligence, I'm confident we're up to the immense challenge. Let's get to work.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity: Boosting Threat Defense System

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