Indify enables promising artists to get the funding they need to grow their careers without a traditional record deal

Indify

indify

I have spent a lot of time watching a lot of Notion content on Youtube and I even read a bit of the Notion API Documentation to see if there’s any way I can integrate Notion into my existing workflow. Ever since I discovered , it has become a productive tool I use almost every day. Notion Everything in Notion is a block that can be texts, images, videos, links, headings, etc., and can be transformed into another type of block or rearranged in any way that may suit your needs. Personal Dashboard I created a personal dashboard to manage myself, my work, my learnings, my library, etc. This is like a homepage that is shown to me whenever I open up Notion. (Trust me, I don’t use Notion in light mode 🙂) I used to have this dashboard open on an extra monitor so I thought I’d make it a bit more aesthetic by showing a clock and auto-generated quote images. The clock and auto-generated quotes images are widgets created using indify.co. Note-taking App Notion is always my go-to app for note-taking. I find the markdown support extremely useful as a developer to write notes faster. Notion supports syntax coloring for over 60 programming languages making it a good utility for developers. It provides some features that I really find helpful for note-taking. It is cross-platform, can share notes with the public, and also invite private collaboration. Technical Writing I manage a Notion database for articles and write my drafts using Notion. Because of my familiarity with markdown and the speed to use any block type on Notion, I am able to focus more on writing while things like formatting, link insertions, etc happen from muscle memory. Notion database is handy for project management. This is a screenshot of how I manage my article writing workflow. I am able to use tags to keep track of the article status and ownership and also sort the data based on the deadline, ownership, and status of the article. I also had the table configured to remove published items from the table view. I am currently researching ways to improve my blogging workflow using Notion API. I am open to recommendations and collaboration, please. Wrap Up That is a quick overall of how I use Notion in my workflow as a developer. I hope you are able to get new ideas from my workflow and able to find new ways to incorporate Notion into your workflow too. Kindly share how you use Notion too so we have plenty of inspirations to choose from. Let’s connect on , whatcha say? Twitter Also published here.

What I Do with Notion as a Software Developer

10 Features Where Coda Is Better Than Notion

Beetles' make an exception to the rule of paternal indifference

Product-Market Fit Tips for Startups: Insights From 20 Experts

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license.
Authors:
(1) Kiriaki Frangias;
(2) Andrew Lin;
(3) Ellen Vitercik;
(4) Manolis Zampetakis. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Warm-up: Agents with known equal disutility Agents with unknown disutilites Experiments Conclusions and future directions, References A Summary of notation B Omitted proofs from Section 2 C Omitted proofs from Section 3 D Additional Information about Experiments D Additional Information about Experiments D.1 Post-processing algorithm Algorithm 4 takes as input “comparisons”, which is a list of s sublists, each containing the returned results of the binary comparisons performed by an agent. Each result is represented with a string of the form “i < j”, representing that according to the agent, the true score of item Ti is smaller than that of item Tj. The input “identified” is a set containing the indeces of all agents who returned at least one verified comparison incorrectly. Algorithm 4 iterates through the comparisons returned by agents not in the set “identified” and adds them to the set “condensed”, which will be returned at the end. If the comparison is already in the set “condensed”, then it is not added again. If there has been another agent whose returned comparison disagrees with it, then the comparison is added to the set “conflicts” (if not already added), and is removed from the set “condensed”. D.2 Principal’s utility vs. parameter π The plot shows a monotonic increase in the principal’s utility as π increases. The shaded region corresponds to a 90% confidence interval across 15 iterations. We notice that for any value of π that is greater than 0.35, it is in the principal’s best interest to implement our contract instead of performing all pairwise comparisons herself. D.3 Additional Hyper-parameter settings from Section 4 For the remainder of this section, we fix the hyper-parameter settings found in Section 4, unless otherwise stated. Namely, we assume that π = 0.8, δ = 0.01, n = 100, s = 100, ψ¯ = 2, and ψ = 0.01. Discussion of Figure 5. In Figure 5 we provide additional hyper-parameter settings for Figure 1a in Section 4. First, we select the probability of an effortful agent being “good” to be a value in {0.3, 0.6, 0.9} and the number of agents and items to be in the set {50, 200}. In plots 5a-5c results are averaged across 15 trials, while in plots 5d- 5f, results are averaged across 10 trials. The blue shading corresponds to a 90% confidence interval. We notice that the confidence intervals decrease with the number of agents, even for a small number of trials. The confidence intervals also decrease, as the agents’ work becomes more predictable (π increases). We find that as π increases, the principal’s utility also increases along with the threshold for ψ, below which it is in the principal’s best interest to run CrowdSort than perform all comparisons herself. This threshold also decreases with the number of agents, s. This implies that there is a sweet spot, in which the expected number of “good” agents is just enough that the ground-truth ordering of the items is retrieved and it is sufficiently small so that the principal can pay all of them. Discussion of Figure 6. In Figure 6 we provide additional hyper-parameter settings for Figure 1a in Section 4. Specifically, we select the per-comparison disutility of the principal, ψ¯, along with the per-comparison utility of the principal, λ, to take values in {4, 6, 8}. The number of agents and items is in the set {200, 500} and our results are averaged across 2 trials with the blue shading corresponding to a 90% confidence interval. We notice that the utility of the principal dramatically increases with the value she assigns to the correct ordering. Interestingly, by comparing Figure 5f to Figures 6a-6a, we find that even when the reliability of the agents is smaller (π = 0.8 in 5f and π = 0.9 in 6a6c), the principal’s point of indifference is higher when her disutility is larger. As before, we notice that when a large number of agents is incentivized, their labor needs to be sufficiently inexpensive (smaller threshold on ψ) for their work to be more profitable to the principal than performing all pairwise comparisons herself. Lastly, our results show, that for a broad range of hyperparameters, our theoretical analysis accurately predicts the value of ψ, for which the principal is indifferent between running CrowdSort or performing all comparisons herself. Discussion of Figure 7. We provide additional parameter settings corresponding to Figure 1b. The parameters π and s along with the number of trials vary as in Figure 5. We find that as the number of agents to be incentivized grows, our theoretical analysis for the principal’s point of indifference becomes more accurate. Also, noise on the disutilites results in many agents not being incentivized to exert effort and therefore get paid. This increases the principal’s utility, especially when parameter π is large, therefore resulting in a less steep slope. As in Figure 1b, we note that the confidence intervals become larger with ψ, as the principal’s utility shows higher variance, when less agents are “good”. Discussion of Figure 10. In Figure 10 we offer a range of parameters corresponding to Figure 3 in Section 4. Specifically, we vary the probability than an effortful agent is “good”, which take values in {0.3, 0.6, 0.9} and the principal’s per-comparison disutility, ψ, and utility λ, which takes values in {4, 6, 8}. The multicolored plots indicate the principal’s utility for different sample sizes (namely, 10, 20, 100, and 500) drawn from D, which in this case is N (0.03, 0.01). Notice that we do not normalize the y-axis in this case. Results are averaged across 10 trials. We see that as agents become more reliable (higher value of π) and as the principal’s value for the correct sorting grows (λ), it becomes increasingly beneficial to the principal to run CrowdSort, than perform all pairwise comparisons on her own. Interestingly, even if π is 0.3, for sufficiently large values of ψ¯, the agent’s work is more profitable to the principal than sorting herself. This suggests that for a sufficiently large value of ψ/ψ ¯ , incentivizing agents under our proposed contract is substantially more beneficial to the principal than sorting the items herself. This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Kiriaki Frangias; (2) Andrew Lin; (3) Ellen Vitercik; (4) Manolis Zampetakis. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: Authors: (1) Kiriaki Frangias; (2) Andrew Lin; (3) Ellen Vitercik; (4) Manolis Zampetakis. Table of Links Abstract and Introduction Abstract and Introduction Warm-up: Agents with known equal disutility Warm-up: Agents with known equal disutility Agents with unknown disutilites Agents with unknown disutilites Experiments Experiments Conclusions and future directions, References Conclusions and future directions, References A Summary of notation A Summary of notation B Omitted proofs from Section 2 B Omitted proofs from Section 2 C Omitted proofs from Section 3 C Omitted proofs from Section 3 D Additional Information about Experiments D Additional Information about Experiments D Additional Information about Experiments D.1 Post-processing algorithm Algorithm 4 takes as input “comparisons”, which is a list of s sublists, each containing the returned results of the binary comparisons performed by an agent. Each result is represented with a string of the form “ i < j”, representing that according to the agent, the true score of item T i is smaller than that of item T j . The input “identified” is a set containing the indeces of all agents who returned at least one verified comparison incorrectly. s i i j Algorithm 4 iterates through the comparisons returned by agents not in the set “identified” and adds them to the set “condensed”, which will be returned at the end. If the comparison is already in the set “condensed”, then it is not added again. If there has been another agent whose returned comparison disagrees with it, then the comparison is added to the set “conflicts” (if not already added), and is removed from the set “condensed”. D.2 Principal’s utility vs. parameter π The plot shows a monotonic increase in the principal’s utility as π increases. The shaded region corresponds to a 90% confidence interval across 15 iterations. We notice that for any value of π that is greater than 0.35, it is in the principal’s best interest to implement our contract instead of performing all pairwise comparisons herself. D.3 Additional Hyper-parameter settings from Section 4 For the remainder of this section, we fix the hyper-parameter settings found in Section 4, unless otherwise stated. Namely, we assume that π = 0.8, δ = 0.01, n = 100, s = 100, ψ¯ = 2, and ψ = 0.01. Discussion of Figure 5. In Figure 5 we provide additional hyper-parameter settings for Figure 1a in Section 4. First, we select the probability of an effortful agent being “good” to be a value in {0.3, 0.6, 0.9} and the number of agents and items to be in the set {50, 200}. In plots 5a-5c results are averaged across 15 trials, while in plots 5d- 5f, results are averaged across 10 trials. Discussion of Figure 5. The blue shading corresponds to a 90% confidence interval. We notice that the confidence intervals decrease with the number of agents, even for a small number of trials. The confidence intervals also decrease, as the agents’ work becomes more predictable (π increases). We find that as π increases, the principal’s utility also increases along with the threshold for ψ, below which it is in the principal’s best interest to run CrowdSort than perform all comparisons herself. This threshold also decreases with the number of agents, s. This implies that there is a sweet spot, in which the expected number of “good” agents is just enough that the ground-truth ordering of the items is retrieved and it is sufficiently small so that the principal can pay all of them. Discussion of Figure 6. In Figure 6 we provide additional hyper-parameter settings for Figure 1a in Section 4. Specifically, we select the per-comparison disutility of the principal, ψ¯, along with the per-comparison utility of the principal, λ, to take values in {4, 6, 8}. The number of agents and items is in the set {200, 500} and our results are averaged across 2 trials with the blue shading corresponding to a 90% confidence interval. Discussion of Figure 6. We notice that the utility of the principal dramatically increases with the value she assigns to the correct ordering. Interestingly, by comparing Figure 5f to Figures 6a-6a, we find that even when the reliability of the agents is smaller (π = 0.8 in 5f and π = 0.9 in 6a6c), the principal’s point of indifference is higher when her disutility is larger. As before, we notice that when a large number of agents is incentivized, their labor needs to be sufficiently inexpensive (smaller threshold on ψ) for their work to be more profitable to the principal than performing all pairwise comparisons herself. Lastly, our results show, that for a broad range of hyperparameters, our theoretical analysis accurately predicts the value of ψ, for which the principal is indifferent between running CrowdSort or performing all comparisons herself. Discussion of Figure 7. We provide additional parameter settings corresponding to Figure 1b. The parameters π and s along with the number of trials vary as in Figure 5. We find that as the number of agents to be incentivized grows, our theoretical analysis for the principal’s point of indifference becomes more accurate. Discussion of Figure 7. Also, noise on the disutilites results in many agents not being incentivized to exert effort and therefore get paid. This increases the principal’s utility, especially when parameter π is large, therefore resulting in a less steep slope. As in Figure 1b, we note that the confidence intervals become larger with ψ, as the principal’s utility shows higher variance, when less agents are “good”. Discussion of Figure 10. In Figure 10 we offer a range of parameters corresponding to Figure 3 in Section 4. Specifically, we vary the probability than an effortful agent is “good”, which take values in {0.3, 0.6, 0.9} and the principal’s per-comparison disutility, ψ, and utility λ, which takes values in {4, 6, 8}. The multicolored plots indicate the principal’s utility for different sample sizes (namely, 10, 20, 100, and 500) drawn from D, which in this case is N (0.03, 0.01). Discussion of Figure 10. Notice that we do not normalize the y-axis in this case. Results are averaged across 10 trials. We see that as agents become more reliable (higher value of π) and as the principal’s value for the correct sorting grows (λ), it becomes increasingly beneficial to the principal to run CrowdSort, than perform all pairwise comparisons on her own. Interestingly, even if π is 0.3, for sufficiently large values of ψ¯, the agent’s work is more profitable to the principal than sorting herself. This suggests that for a sufficiently large value of ψ/ψ ¯ , incentivizing agents under our proposed contract is substantially more beneficial to the principal than sorting the items herself. This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on Arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Arxiv

Additional Information About the Algorithmic Contract Design Experiments: What You Should Know

Sylvia: 100 Days

Product backlog is a key element in any product development process. One of the things that many product managers can agree on - the backlog is often never-ending. You’ll always have incoming requests - either from customers or from the market and competition. In this article, I’d like to share my tips for working as a product manager in fast-growing startups. I’ll also explain how these tips could be used in B2B products. Building a Backlog The product backlog is an ordered list of what is needed to be improved in the product. Ideally, this list should be dynamic and change depending on company objectives and vision. Tips on how to fill the backlog meaningfully: Invest time in the discovery process — Understand Your Market and Customers: Conduct regular market research and customer interviews to deeply understand their needs and pain points. Use customer feedback, surveys, and analytics data to inform what goes into the backlog. Read more about how to do a good product discovery: https://hackernoon.com/product-discovery-in-b2b-and-b2b2c-environments-a-guide-for-product-managers Incorporate the framework to strategically explore different opportunities Opportunity Solution Trees A visual framework for product development that maps out opportunities (desired outcomes or problems to solve) and potential solutions. It begins with a desired outcome at the top, branches into opportunities, and further branches into solutions for those opportunities. What it is: the framework helps teams systematically explore multiple paths to a goal and prioritize opportunities. Decisions are made by evaluating which solution paths most effectively lead to the goal. Application: Read more: https://www.producttalk.org/2023/12/opportunity-solution-trees/ Embrace Change and Stay Lean: Recognize that in a fast-growing startup, change is the only constant. Your backlog should be a reflection of this dynamic nature, kept lean and highly adaptable. This flexibility and adaptability are strengths of smaller teams, and they help to adjust in response to market changes quickly. Align with Business Goals: Ensure that the items in your backlog support the overall business objectives. Regularly review and adjust the backlog to align with any changes in business strategy. Break Down Large Tasks: Decompose larger, more complex backlog items into smaller, manageable tasks. This not only makes the backlog more navigable but also facilitates easier tracking and completion of tasks, as well as iterative delivery. Bonus: If your startup is sales-led, collaborate with Sales and Client Services: It's crucial to maintain close communication with the sales and client services teams - they are your primary connection to prospects and customers. These teams offer invaluable insights into users’ needs and expectations. Integrating their feedback into your backlog ensures that you're addressing real market demands. Prioritizing a Backlog When you’re growing rapidly, prioritization is KEY. Use prioritization frameworks to assess and rank backlog items, and remember to always adjust it for your own case. RICE / ICE : RICE scores projects or features based on four factors: Reach (how many people it affects), Impact (how much it will benefit them), Confidence (how sure you are about these estimates), and Effort (how many person-months it will take). Methodology : Calculate the RICE or ICE (excludes Reach) score for each item and prioritize those with the highest scores. The higher the score, the more favorable the project is. It allows you to balance the expected impact against the required effort. Application and Decision Making : For B2B, 'Reach' may focus on key accounts rather than end-user numbers, or you can exclude it from the estimation and use the ICE score. 'Impact' could also weigh long-term client relationships, such as expansion opportunities. Adjusting framework for B2B : Recommended, especially for assessing potential impact and prioritizing features. Requires careful adjustment in estimating Reach and Impact. B2B Startup Recommendation Kano Model : The Kano Model categorizes features based on how they affect customer satisfaction. Features are classified as Must-be, One-dimensional, Attractive, Indifferent, or Reverse. Methodology : Understand which category each feature in the backlog falls into. Must-be features are essential, attractive features can significantly boost satisfaction, and so on. Decisions are made by balancing these categories to create a product that meets basic requirements while also delighting customers. Application and Decision Making : For example, Must-be features could include industry-specific compliance or security needs. Adjusting framework for B2B : Useful for understanding customer satisfaction factors. Recommended for startups focusing on differentiating their product through unique value propositions. B2B Startup Recommendation MoSCoW : MoSCoW categorizes tasks or features into four groups: Must have, Should have, Could have, and Won't have. Methodology : List all features or tasks and categorize them into four groups. Prioritise 'Must haves' as they are critical for the project's success. 'Should haves' and 'Could haves' follow in priority. 'Won't haves' are not considered in the current scope. Application and Decision Making : 'Must haves' might include features essential for client operations or compliance. Adjusting framework for B2B : Recommended. It's straightforward and helps startups focus on essential features while managing limited resources. B2B Startup Recommendation Value vs Effort : This matrix plots tasks or features based on the value they provide against the effort required to build them. It helps in identifying high-impact, low-effort opportunities. Methodology : Assign value and effort scores to each feature. Prioritize those in the high-value, low-effort quadrant, as they offer the most return for the least investment. Application and Decision Making : For B2B, value assessment should include factors like new deals or potential for customer expansions. Adjusting framework for B2B : Recommended for its simplicity and effectiveness in identifying high-impact, feasible initiatives. B2B Startup Recommendation Eisenhower matrix : This matrix helps categorize tasks based on urgency and importance, with four quadrants: urgent and important, important but not urgent, urgent but not important, and neither urgent nor important. Methodology : Tasks in the 'urgent and important' quadrant are prioritized. This method helps in focusing on what truly matters and avoiding tasks that may seem urgent but are not important in the long run. Application and Decision Making : In a B2B context, tasks that directly affect client satisfaction or are needed to unlock new deals would fall into the 'urgent and important' category. Adjusting framework for B2B : Recommended, particularly for mapping high-level opportunities. B2B Startup Recommendation Custom Prioritization: Consider developing a custom prioritization method that aligns with your unique business model and market. Tips: Allow Time for Technical Debt: Always allocate time for handling tech debt, bug fixes, and incoming client requests. Optimize processes through early tech discoveries and proofs of concept, but limit the effort required for them by time-boxing these activities to a specific duration, such as one day. Maintain a Balanced Focus: Acknowledge that sometimes you won’t iterate, as other opportunities demonstrate higher potential impact, and that's okay. While focusing on immediate priorities, don’t lose sight of long-term goals and strategic initiatives. Again, occasionally include technical debt and infrastructure improvements in the backlog to ensure the long-term health of the product. Acting on a Backlog Aside from the discovery process, the product team also needs to implement practices to deliver a successful product delivery to the market. Prioritize rapid shipping to quickly gather feedback and iterate. This approach accelerates learning and product refinement. Ship Fast, Learn Fast: Break tasks into small, manageable parts for flexibility and quick adaptation to feedback or market changes. Embrace Small Iterations: Not all teams thrive with standard methodologies like sprints. Experiment and find a workflow that suits your team's unique dynamics. Customize Your Process: Always include a buffer in deadlines and roadmaps for customers, accommodating unforeseen challenges while maintaining quality. Set Realistic Deadlines: : They can provide valuable insights. Encourage feedback and ideas from the team These can inform future backlog prioritization. Use data from released backlog items: Be a Product Manager, Not a Backlog Manager As a product manager, your role extends far beyond just managing the backlog. It's crucial to avoid falling into the trap of being a "backlog manager," where the focus is narrowly placed on ticking off tasks. True product management demands a strategic approach, encompassing market understanding, customer engagement, and aligning development with broader business goals. It's about setting a vision for the product and ensuring that every task on the backlog not only resonates with customer needs but also contributes to the vision and drives the product forward in a meaningful way. Editor: Tanya Kamenskaya Design: Stas Yudin

How to Manage a Product Backlog in a Fast-Growing B2B Startup

Authors: (1) Eugene Y. S. Chua, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology; (2) Eddy Keming Chen, ‡Department of Philosophy, University of California. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Decoherence and Branching The Born Rule Discussion Conclusion and References 3 The Born Rule 3.1 The Sebens-Carroll Program Sebens and Carroll (2018) proposes a strategy for justifying the Born rule for Alice above: the probabilities ascribed to each branch by the Born rule are to be interpreted as Alice’s self-locating uncertainty as to which branch they’re located in, postmeasurement but before they observe the measurement outcome. In their words: If we assume that the experimenter knows the relevant information about the wave function, it’s unclear what the agent might be uncertain of before a measurement is made. They know that every outcome will occur and that they will have a successor who sees each possible result. […] We must answer the question: What can one assign probabilities to? Our answer will be that agents performing measurements pass through a period of self-locating uncertainty, in which they can assign probabilities to being one of several identical copies, each on a different branch of the wave function. (ibid., 33) To elaborate, their strategy relies on (i) the fact that Alice knows the universal wave function, (ii) has undergone branching due to some measurement having been performed, but (iii) may not be able to discern which branch they’re on prior to observing the measurement outcome due to each copy of Alice, post-branching, having qualitatively identical internal states as each other. For Sebens and Carroll, “two agents are in the same internal qualitative state if they have identical current evidence: the paerns of colors in their visual fields are identical, they recall the same apparent memories, they both feel equally hungry, etc.” (2018, 36) In this ‘post-measurement pre-observation’ period, as they call it, the universal wave function is: Sebens and Carroll (2018) then proposes an intuitive epistemic principle with which they justify Alice’s use of the Born rule, where the probabilities are now interpreted in terms of subjective credences: Epistemic Separability Principle (ESP): Suppose that universe U contains within it a set of subsystems S such that every agent in an internally qualitatively identical state to agent A is located in some subsystem which is an element of S. The probability that A ought to assign to being located in a particular subsystem S given that they’re in U is identical in any possible universe which also contains subsystems S in the same exact states (and does not contain any copies of the agent in an internally qualitatively identical state that are not located in S). Case 1: Pure states 3.2 The McQueen-Vaidman Program Similar to the Sebens-Carroll program, Mceen and Vaidman (2018) also proposes an interpretation of the Born rule in terms of self-locating uncertainty. is follows earlier aempts initiated by e.g. Vaidman (1998) and Tappenden (2011). Mceen and Vaidman’s setup depends on the fiction of a sleeping pill, which induces the same post-measurement pre-observation uncertainty as the Sebens-Carroll program: The experimenter performs the experiment without looking at the result; she instead arranges to be put to sleep with a sleeping pill and taken to room A if the result was a, and room B if the result was b. e rooms are identical from the inside. So when each of the experimenter’s descendants [post-branching copies] wakes up, they will be uncertain as to which room they’re in, and therefore uncertain as to which result, a or b, obtains in their own world. The question: What is the probability for result a? makes sense for them. It’s not a question about what happened, it’s a question about their self-location. The descendants might know everything relevant regarding the wavefunction of the universe, but still be ignorant about who they are. The descendants are in states of self-location uncertainty. (2018, 2) However, instead of relying on ESP, they rely on three physical principles: • Symmetry: Symmetric situations should be assigned equal probabilities. • No-FTL: Faster-than-light signaling is impossible; the probability of finding a particle in some location with some state cannot be influenced by actions occurring remotely. • Locality: The probability of finding a particle somewhere in some state depends only on that particle’s quantum state. Given this situation, each agent – well aware of the symmetry of the situation – is put in a sleeping pill situation: they’re put to sleep before measurement in a ‘ready’ room, and then moved to a ‘found’ room – stipulated to be internally identical as the ‘ready’ room – if the particle is found by the measurement apparatus in their space-station. e measurement then takes place. 3.3 The Deutsch-Wallace Program Finally, we turn to the Deutsch-Wallace program. In contrast to the previous two, this program provides a justification of the Born rule in WFRE by appealing not to self-locating uncertainty, but to rational choice theory. A rational agent betting on outcomes of measurements for some wave function ought to bet in such a way that the credences they have over these outcomes are governed by the squared-amplitudes of the wave function. Deutsch (1999) provided one of the earliest proofs for this result. However, the most refined result is due to Wallace (2012), who proves a representation theorem to this effect given certain axioms of rational choice and assumptions about the structure of quantum bets. The decision problem can be summarized schematically as such: a system’s state space – its Hilbert space – can be decomposed into various macrostates π, with their fineness (i.e. size) determined by decoherence and the environment. Any system in a macrostate π is compatible with a set of unitary transformations, which are understood as acts on the system by an agent (for instance, measurement). These acts lead to outcomes in the form of the system ending up in different macrostates on different branches as a result of the unitary transformations. Agents are then asked how they would place monetary bets on these outcomes, on which they will collect rewards after the act is performed; that is, agents are asked to state their preferences for bets on these outcomes. Now, the question is this: what credences should agents rationally assign to these outcomes? Wallace assumes a set of four ‘richness’ axioms on the structure of the set of possible bets,[2] as well as a set of six ‘rationality’ axioms on the structure of the agent’s rational preferences on pairs of bets.[3] Thee first two are general axioms of rationality, while the latter four are ‘Everettian’ rationality axioms proposed by Wallace. We won’t go into detail stating the axioms, except for one (which we’ll discuss in the following section). e interested reader is invited to read Wallace (2012, §5). Wallace (2012, 172) proves the following theorem with the above set-up: There is a utility function on the set of rewards, unique up to positive affine transformations, such that one act is preferred to another if and only if its expected utility, calculated with respect to this utility function and to the quantum-mechanical weights of each reward, is higher. Born Rule Theorem: [1] We could also have made a measurement for z-spin, in which case completely analogous results follow: the density matrix gives rise to a different branching structure. [2] They are called Reward Availability, Branching Availability, Erasure, and Problem Continuity respectively. [3] They are called Ordering, Diachronic Consistency, Macrostate Indifference, Branching Indifference, State Supervenience, Solution-Continuity, respectively. [4] Many thanks to David Wallace for discussions about this point. This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

The Born Rule in a Mixed-State Everettian Multiverse

Let's learn about via these 72 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. The Essays Of Adam Smith /Learn Repo 1. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II This mediocrity, however, in which the point of propriety consists, is different in different passions. 2. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of SMELLING. EVERY smell or odour is naturally felt as in the nostrils; 3. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter I IN the two foregoing parts of this discourse I have chiefly considered the origin and foundation of our judgments concerning the sentiments and conduct of other 4. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II, Chapter II Pleasure and pain are the great objects of desire and aversion: but these are distinguished, not by reason, but by immediate sense and feeling. 5. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter IV WE do not therefore thoroughly and heartily sympathize with the gratitude of one man towards another. 6. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II The great division of our affections is into the selfish and the benevolent. 7. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section II The character of every individual, so far as it can affect the happiness of other people, must do so by its disposition either to hurt or to benefit them. 8. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter II. EVEN of the passions derived from the imagination, those which take their origin from a peculiar turn or habit it has acquired. 9. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII: Of Systems of Moral Philosophy, Section I OF THE QUESTIONS WHICH OUGHT TO BE EXAMINED IN A THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTS 10. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section III, Chapter I Virtue is the great support, and vice the great disturber of human society. 11. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter I The sentiment which most immediately and directly prompts us to reward is gratitude that which most immediately and directly prompts us to punish is resentment 12. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter IV - Of the Social Passions. The Essays of Adam Smith, by Adam Smith is part of HackerNoon’s Book The sentiment of love is, in itself, agreeable to the person who feels it. 13. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. III, Chapter III It is even of considerable importance, that the evil which is done without design should be regarded as a misfortune to the doer as well as to the sufferer. 14. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter V - Of the Selfish Passions. Mankind, however, more readily sympathize with those smaller joys which flow from less important causes. 15. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter II - Of the proper Objects of Gratitude and Resen We enter into the love and affection which they conceive for it, and begin to love it too. 16. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I, Chapter III To approve of another man’s opinions is to adopt those opinions, and to adopt them is to approve of them. 17. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter III Little gratitude seems due in the one case, and all sort of resentment seems unjust in the other. 18. The Essays of Adam Smith: Of the Affinity between Music, Dancing, and Poetry. The simple note of such instruments, it is true, is generally a very clear, or what is called a melodious, sound. 19. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I, Chapter V - Of the amiable and respectable Virtues The insolence and brutality of anger, in the same manner, when we indulge its fury without check or restraint, is of all objects the most detestable. 20. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. III. These three different things constitute the whole nature and circumstances of the action, and must be the foundation of whatever quality can belong to it. 21. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE IMITATIVE ARTS - Part III The imitative powers of Dancing are much superior to those of instrumental Music, and are at least equal, perhaps superior, to those of any other art. 22. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. III, Chapter I - Of the Causes of this Influence of Fortune We conceive, in the same manner, a sort of gratitude for those inanimated objects, which have been the causes of great or frequent pleasure to us. 23. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I, Chapter II - Of the Pleasure of mutual Sympathy It is to be observed accordingly, that we are still more anxious to communicate to our friends our disagreeable than our agreeable passions. 24. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI: CONCLUSION OF THE SIXTH PART The effects are too often but too little regarded. 25. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of TASTING Nobody ever fancies that our food feels its own agreeable or disagreeable taste. 26. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI - Of the Character of Virtue, Section I THE preservation and healthful state of the body seem to be the objects which Nature first recommends to the care of every individual. 27. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. II, Chapter II. THERE can be no proper motive for hurting our neighbour, there can be no incitement to do evil to another 28. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY. SEC. 1 The violent and sudden change produced upon the mind, when an emotion of any kind is brought suddenly upon it, constitutes the whole nature of Surprise. 29. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part IV, Chapter I Of the Beauty which the Appearance of Utility bestows upon all the Productions of Art, and of the extensive Influence of this Species of Beauty. 30. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of TOUCHING This power or quality of resistance we call Solidity; and the thing which possesses it, the Solid Body or Thing. 31. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter III - Of the unsocial Passions The villain, in a tragedy or romance, is as much the object of our indignation, as the hero is that of our sympathy and affection. 32. THE PRINCIPLES WHICH LEAD AND DIRECT PHILOSOPHICAL ENQUIRIES, AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE HISTORY OF ASTRO The fool of nature stood with stupid eyes,
And gaping mouth, that testified surprise. 33. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. II, Chapter I. Resentment seems to have been given us by nature for defence, and for defence only. 34. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II, Chapter IV - Of Licentious Systems. In the main, too, all of them contribute to encourage the praiseworthy, and to discourage the blameable disposition. [35. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I - OF THE SENSE OF PROPRIETY, Chapter I](https://hackernoon.com/the-essays-of-adam-smith-part-i-sec-i-of-the-sense-of-propriety-chapter-i) As we have no immediate experience of what other men feel, we can form no idea of the manner in which they are affected. 36. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section II, Chapter I. Every man feels his own pleasures and his own pains more sensibly than those of other people. 37. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter VI RELIGION affords such strong motives to the practice of virtue, and guards us by such powerful restraints from the temptations of vice. 38. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. III, Chapter III. In equal degrees of merit there is scarce any man who does not respect more the rich and the great, than the poor and the humble. 39. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter V As we cannot indeed enter thoroughly into the gratitude of the person who receives the benefit, unless we beforehand approve of the motives of the benefactor. 40. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section III, Chapter II IT is well known to have been the doctrine of Mr. Hobbes, that a state of nature is a state of war; and that antecedent to the institution of civil government. 41. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section II, Chapter II All the pleasures and pains of the mind were, according to Epicurus, ultimately derived from those of the body. 42. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter IV. When we are about to act, the eagerness of passion will seldom allow us to consider what we are doing, with the candour of an indifferent person. 43. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter I It is the same case with the passion by which Nature unites the two sexes. 44. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. III, Chapter II - Of the Extent of this Influence of Fortune THE effect of this influence of fortune is, first, to diminish our sense of the merit or demerit of those actions which arose from the most blamable intentions 45. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II, Chapter III In the divine nature, according to these authors, benevolence or love was the sole principle of action, and directed the exertion of all the other attributes. 46. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter V The man who has received great benefits from another person may by the natural coldness of his temper,feel but a very small degree of the sentiment of gratitude 47. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. III, Chapter I OUR sympathy with sorrow, though not more real, has been more taken notice of than our sympathy with joy. 48. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part IV, Chapter II Of the Beauty which the Appearance of Utility bestows upon the Characters and the Actions of Men 49. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of HEARING. Sound is not naturally felt as resisting or pressing upon the organ, or as in any respect external to, or independent of, the organ. 50. The Origin of Philosophy Comets, eclipses, thunder, lightning, and other meteors, by their greatness, naturally overawe him, and he views them with a reverence that approaches to fear. 51. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY, Section II IT is evident that the mind takes pleasure in observing the resemblances that are discoverable betwixt different objects. 52. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. II, Chapter III IT is thus that man, who can subsist only in society, was fitted by nature to that situation for which he was made. 53. The Essays of Adam Smith: OF THE AFFINITY BETWEEN CERTAIN ENGLISH AND ITALIAN VERSES Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow;
The rest is all but leather or prunello; 54. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. III, Chapter II. IT is because mankind are disposed to sympathize more entirely with our joy than with our sorrow, that we make parade of our riches, and conceal our poverty. 55. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section III, Chapter III. THOSE systems which make sentiment the principle of approbation may be divided into two different classes. 56. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part V, Chapter I When two objects have frequently been seen together, the imagination acquires a habit of passing easily from the one to the other. 57. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section IV To describe, in a general manner, what is the ordinary way of acting to which each virtue would prompt us, is still more easy. 58. The Essays of Adam Smith - Table of Links The Essays of Adam Smith, by Adam Smith is part of HackerNoon’s Books series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! 59. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT LOGICS AND METAPHYSICS According to Plato and Timæus, the principles out of which the Deity formed the World, and which were themselves eternal, were three in number. 60. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part V, Chapter II Of the Influence of Custom and Fashion upon Moral Sentiments. 61. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE IMITATIVE ARTS - Part I THE most perfect imitation of an object of any kind must in all cases, it is evident, be another object of the same kind, made as exactly 62. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter II MAN naturally desires, not only to be loved, but to be lovely; or to be that thing which is the natural and proper object of love. 63. The History of Ancient Physics The species of objects in the Heavens are few in number; the Sun, the Moon, the Planets, and the Fixed Stars, are all which those philosophers could distinguish 64. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE IMITATIVE ARTS - Part II AFTER the pleasures which arise from the gratification of the bodily appetites, there seem to be none more natural to man than Music and Dancing. 65. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I, Chapter IV - The same Subject continued. WE may judge of the propriety or impropriety of the sentiments of another person by their correspondence or disagreement with our own. 66. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section II, Chapter III - Of Universal Benevolence The wise and virtuous man is at all times willing that his own private interest should be sacrificed to the public interest of his own particular order or soci 67. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section III - OF SELF-COMMAND THE man who acts according to the rules of perfect prudence, of strict justice, and of proper benevolence, may be said to be perfectly virtuous. 68. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II, Chapter I In the system of Plato the soul is considered as something like a little state or republic, composed of three different faculties or orders. 69. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of SEEING. That the objects of Sight are not perceived as resisting or pressing upon the organ which perceives them, is sufficiently obvious. 70. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter III - Of the Influence and Authority of Conscience. It is never objected to us that we have too little fellow-feeling with the joy of success. 71. The Essays of Adam Smith: CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE FORMATION OF LANGUAGES It was the river, he said, and he never heard any other name for it. 72. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY, Section IV OF all the phenomena of nature, the celestial appearances are, by their greatness and beauty, the most universal objects of the curiosity of mankind. Thank you for checking out the 72 most read stories about The Essays Of Adam Smith on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

72 Stories To Learn About The Essays Of Adam Smith

178 Stories To Learn About Essay

Let's learn about via these 72 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Adam Smith /Learn Repo 1. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II This mediocrity, however, in which the point of propriety consists, is different in different passions. 2. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter III Little gratitude seems due in the one case, and all sort of resentment seems unjust in the other. 3. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I, Chapter III To approve of another man’s opinions is to adopt those opinions, and to adopt them is to approve of them. 4. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I, Chapter V - Of the amiable and respectable Virtues The insolence and brutality of anger, in the same manner, when we indulge its fury without check or restraint, is of all objects the most detestable. 5. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section III, Chapter I Virtue is the great support, and vice the great disturber of human society. 6. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII: Of Systems of Moral Philosophy, Section I OF THE QUESTIONS WHICH OUGHT TO BE EXAMINED IN A THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTS 7. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter II - Of the proper Objects of Gratitude and Resen We enter into the love and affection which they conceive for it, and begin to love it too. 8. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section III, Chapter II IT is well known to have been the doctrine of Mr. Hobbes, that a state of nature is a state of war; and that antecedent to the institution of civil government. 9. The Essays of Adam Smith: Of the Affinity between Music, Dancing, and Poetry. The simple note of such instruments, it is true, is generally a very clear, or what is called a melodious, sound. 10. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of TOUCHING This power or quality of resistance we call Solidity; and the thing which possesses it, the Solid Body or Thing. 11. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY. SEC. 1 The violent and sudden change produced upon the mind, when an emotion of any kind is brought suddenly upon it, constitutes the whole nature of Surprise. 12. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter I The sentiment which most immediately and directly prompts us to reward is gratitude that which most immediately and directly prompts us to punish is resentment 13. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. III, Chapter III It is even of considerable importance, that the evil which is done without design should be regarded as a misfortune to the doer as well as to the sufferer. 14. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. II, Chapter II. THERE can be no proper motive for hurting our neighbour, there can be no incitement to do evil to another 15. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter IV - Of the Social Passions. The Essays of Adam Smith, by Adam Smith is part of HackerNoon’s Book The sentiment of love is, in itself, agreeable to the person who feels it. 16. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter I IN the two foregoing parts of this discourse I have chiefly considered the origin and foundation of our judgments concerning the sentiments and conduct of other 17. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I, Chapter II - Of the Pleasure of mutual Sympathy It is to be observed accordingly, that we are still more anxious to communicate to our friends our disagreeable than our agreeable passions. 18. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of TASTING Nobody ever fancies that our food feels its own agreeable or disagreeable taste. 19. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. III, Chapter I - Of the Causes of this Influence of Fortune We conceive, in the same manner, a sort of gratitude for those inanimated objects, which have been the causes of great or frequent pleasure to us. 20. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter IV WE do not therefore thoroughly and heartily sympathize with the gratitude of one man towards another. 21. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of SMELLING. EVERY smell or odour is naturally felt as in the nostrils; 22. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter I It is the same case with the passion by which Nature unites the two sexes. 23. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. III. These three different things constitute the whole nature and circumstances of the action, and must be the foundation of whatever quality can belong to it. 24. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter III - Of the unsocial Passions The villain, in a tragedy or romance, is as much the object of our indignation, as the hero is that of our sympathy and affection. 25. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. III, Chapter I OUR sympathy with sorrow, though not more real, has been more taken notice of than our sympathy with joy. 26. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter V - Of the Selfish Passions. Mankind, however, more readily sympathize with those smaller joys which flow from less important causes. 27. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part IV, Chapter II Of the Beauty which the Appearance of Utility bestows upon the Characters and the Actions of Men 28. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE IMITATIVE ARTS - Part III The imitative powers of Dancing are much superior to those of instrumental Music, and are at least equal, perhaps superior, to those of any other art. 29. The Essays of Adam Smith - Table of Links The Essays of Adam Smith, by Adam Smith is part of HackerNoon’s Books series. Read this book online for free on HackerNoon! 30. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I, Chapter IV - The same Subject continued. WE may judge of the propriety or impropriety of the sentiments of another person by their correspondence or disagreement with our own. 31. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section II The character of every individual, so far as it can affect the happiness of other people, must do so by its disposition either to hurt or to benefit them. 32. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI: CONCLUSION OF THE SIXTH PART The effects are too often but too little regarded. 33. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II, Chapter III In the divine nature, according to these authors, benevolence or love was the sole principle of action, and directed the exertion of all the other attributes. 34. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. I, Chapter V As we cannot indeed enter thoroughly into the gratitude of the person who receives the benefit, unless we beforehand approve of the motives of the benefactor. 35. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section III, Chapter III. THOSE systems which make sentiment the principle of approbation may be divided into two different classes. 36. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part V, Chapter I When two objects have frequently been seen together, the imagination acquires a habit of passing easily from the one to the other. 37. THE PRINCIPLES WHICH LEAD AND DIRECT PHILOSOPHICAL ENQUIRIES, AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE HISTORY OF ASTRO The fool of nature stood with stupid eyes,
And gaping mouth, that testified surprise. 38. The Origin of Philosophy Comets, eclipses, thunder, lightning, and other meteors, by their greatness, naturally overawe him, and he views them with a reverence that approaches to fear. 39. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II, Chapter IV - Of Licentious Systems. In the main, too, all of them contribute to encourage the praiseworthy, and to discourage the blameable disposition. 40. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II, Chapter II Pleasure and pain are the great objects of desire and aversion: but these are distinguished, not by reason, but by immediate sense and feeling. 41. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. III, Chapter III. In equal degrees of merit there is scarce any man who does not respect more the rich and the great, than the poor and the humble. 42. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. II, Chapter II. EVEN of the passions derived from the imagination, those which take their origin from a peculiar turn or habit it has acquired. 43. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. III, Chapter II. IT is because mankind are disposed to sympathize more entirely with our joy than with our sorrow, that we make parade of our riches, and conceal our poverty. [44. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part I, SEC. I - OF THE SENSE OF PROPRIETY, Chapter I](https://hackernoon.com/the-essays-of-adam-smith-part-i-sec-i-of-the-sense-of-propriety-chapter-i) As we have no immediate experience of what other men feel, we can form no idea of the manner in which they are affected. 45. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter IV. When we are about to act, the eagerness of passion will seldom allow us to consider what we are doing, with the candour of an indifferent person. 46. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter VI RELIGION affords such strong motives to the practice of virtue, and guards us by such powerful restraints from the temptations of vice. 47. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of HEARING. Sound is not naturally felt as resisting or pressing upon the organ, or as in any respect external to, or independent of, the organ. 48. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section II, Chapter I. Every man feels his own pleasures and his own pains more sensibly than those of other people. 49. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. II, Chapter I. Resentment seems to have been given us by nature for defence, and for defence only. 50. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY, Section II IT is evident that the mind takes pleasure in observing the resemblances that are discoverable betwixt different objects. 51. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. II, Chapter III IT is thus that man, who can subsist only in society, was fitted by nature to that situation for which he was made. 52. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part II, SEC. III, Chapter II - Of the Extent of this Influence of Fortune THE effect of this influence of fortune is, first, to diminish our sense of the merit or demerit of those actions which arose from the most blamable intentions 53. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part IV, Chapter I Of the Beauty which the Appearance of Utility bestows upon all the Productions of Art, and of the extensive Influence of this Species of Beauty. 54. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter V The man who has received great benefits from another person may by the natural coldness of his temper,feel but a very small degree of the sentiment of gratitude 55. The Essays of Adam Smith: OF THE AFFINITY BETWEEN CERTAIN ENGLISH AND ITALIAN VERSES Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow;
The rest is all but leather or prunello; 56. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II The great division of our affections is into the selfish and the benevolent. 57. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part V, Chapter II Of the Influence of Custom and Fashion upon Moral Sentiments. 58. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section II, Chapter III - Of Universal Benevolence The wise and virtuous man is at all times willing that his own private interest should be sacrificed to the public interest of his own particular order or soci 59. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI - Of the Character of Virtue, Section I THE preservation and healthful state of the body seem to be the objects which Nature first recommends to the care of every individual. 60. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter II MAN naturally desires, not only to be loved, but to be lovely; or to be that thing which is the natural and proper object of love. 61. The History of Ancient Physics The species of objects in the Heavens are few in number; the Sun, the Moon, the Planets, and the Fixed Stars, are all which those philosophers could distinguish 62. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section II, Chapter II All the pleasures and pains of the mind were, according to Epicurus, ultimately derived from those of the body. 63. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section IV To describe, in a general manner, what is the ordinary way of acting to which each virtue would prompt us, is still more easy. 64. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE IMITATIVE ARTS - Part II AFTER the pleasures which arise from the gratification of the bodily appetites, there seem to be none more natural to man than Music and Dancing. 65. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE IMITATIVE ARTS - Part I THE most perfect imitation of an object of any kind must in all cases, it is evident, be another object of the same kind, made as exactly 66. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part III, Chapter III - Of the Influence and Authority of Conscience. It is never objected to us that we have too little fellow-feeling with the joy of success. 67. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT LOGICS AND METAPHYSICS According to Plato and Timæus, the principles out of which the Deity formed the World, and which were themselves eternal, were three in number. 68. The Essays of Adam Smith: CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE FORMATION OF LANGUAGES It was the river, he said, and he never heard any other name for it. 69. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VII, Section II, Chapter I In the system of Plato the soul is considered as something like a little state or republic, composed of three different faculties or orders. 70. The Essays of Adam Smith: Part VI, Section III - OF SELF-COMMAND THE man who acts according to the rules of perfect prudence, of strict justice, and of proper benevolence, may be said to be perfectly virtuous. 71. The Essays of Adam Smith: ADAM SMITH ON THE EXTERNAL SENSES - Of the Sense of SEEING. That the objects of Sight are not perceived as resisting or pressing upon the organ which perceives them, is sufficiently obvious. 72. The Essays of Adam Smith: THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY, Section IV OF all the phenomena of nature, the celestial appearances are, by their greatness and beauty, the most universal objects of the curiosity of mankind. Thank you for checking out the 72 most read stories about Adam Smith on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

72 Stories To Learn About Adam Smith

Authors: (1) Yuwen Lu, he contributed equally to this work, University of Notre Dame, USA; (2) Chao Zhang, he contributed equally to this work and work done as a visiting researcher at the University of Notre Dame; (3) Yuewen Yang, Work done as a visiting researcher at the University of Notre Dame; (4) Yaxin Yao, Virginia Tech, USA; (5) Toby Jia-Jun Li, University of Notre Dame, USA. Table of Links Introduction Background and Related Work Co-Design Workshops Technology Probe Study Results Scaling Up: A Research Agenda Limitations and Future Work Conclusions and References Appendix 3 CO-DESIGN WORKSHOPS In the first phase of our study, we conducted 5 in-person exploratory co-design workshops[6] to achieve the following goals: (1) Exploring users’ perceived disruptiveness and annoyance of different dark patterns in various usage contexts; (2) Learning the existing measures that users have developed or adopted, consciously or subconsciously, to cope with dark patterns; (3) Investigating users’ needs and expectations regarding dark pattern intervention techniques. 3.1 Participants We recruited 12 participants (PA1–PA12; 5 men, 7 women) through word of mouth, email mailing list, and flyer distribution. Our participants represent diverse backgrounds in occupational domains (e.g., health, education, social assistance, and information services), Internet usage (ranging from 2–5 hours to 8+ hours per day), and knowledge of dark patterns (7 had heard of the concept, the remaining 5 had not). Detailed demographics can be found in Appendix A.1. We conducted 5 in-person workshops with 2–4 participants in each session. The groups were divided based on participants’ time availability. Each participant was compensated $30 for their time. 3.2 Workshop Activities Each workshop lasted 2 hours and started with a brief introduction to the concept and examples of dark patterns. The participants completed three activities together: a focus group discussion, a storyboard fill-in session, and a tangible website redesign activity. In a focus group, participants were first introduced to the concept of dark patterns, then reflected on and shared dark patterns examples they previously encountered in everyday lives. During the discussion, researchers provided feedback and clarifications to help them understand the boundary and varied “darkness” level of dark patterns [38]. The participants were then asked to rank their examples by the level of perceived annoyance and disruptiveness and provide explanations. Researchers followed up with questions to find out the current strategies adopted by participants to address the impacts of dark patterns. 3.2.1 Focus Group Discussion. We designed this activity to help participants ground their understanding of dark patterns’ prevalence and impact in their concrete personal experiences. Reflecting on dark patterns and the associated level of annoyance also acted as a stimulus, prompting participants to contemplate countermeasures in subsequent activities. The format was intentionally less structured, with an emphasis on encouraging speak-up and fostering a comfortable environment that would promote open dialogue in subsequent activities. The second activity was a storyboard fill-in. Storyboards are commonly used HCI tools to visually communicate user experience scenarios to the audience [119, 122, 134]. In co-design workshops, storyboards help contextualize participants and prompt them to think about their needs, goals, and constraints in the scenarios described [9, 90]. In our study, we adopted “fill-in-the-blanks” storyboards [88, 129] to explore the users’ desired solutions to dark patterns. For each storyboard, we left one or two frames blank, encouraging participants to provide insights into their understanding of dark patterns and their preferred abilities to counter these patterns [7]. 3.2.2 Storyboard Fill-in. Specifically, we presented participants with 6 storyboards (Fig. 1) depicting scenarios in which a tool helped them mitigate the negative impacts of dark patterns. Of these, 3 focused on improving users’ awareness of dark patterns (Fig. 1a), and 3 (Fig. 1b) others on helping users take act against dark patterns. Each storyboard contained 4 frames, representing the background of the scenario, the tool used, how the tool helped, and the desired outcome respectively. We left the second or/and the third frames blank and asked participants to brainstorm their desired tools and their interactions. The last activity was a tangible user interface redesign. While storyboard fill-in focused on the design of intervention scenarios (e.g. the user flow of interventions), this activity targeted intervention at a lower, more granular level—the specific alternatives of dark patterns on UI design. We designed this activity to be tangible, in the form of paper prototyping instead of digital UI mockup modification, to encourage participants to make bold changes and think outside the box [113]. It also avoids the learning process for a new digital design tool. 3.2.3 Tangible Website Redesign. We curated 13 representative dark pattern examples on 7 websites for online shopping, flight booking, video streaming, and social media as a diverse set of scenarios. These examples were selected from previous research literature [11, 38], online discussions of dark patterns [15], and the researchers’ own experiences, with the goal of triggering discussions among participants. In each workshop, participants selected around 5 dark patterns that they were most concerned about to work on. For each dark pattern instance, we provided a printout of the website interface and a set of cut-out UI widgets from the same interface. During the activity, participants edited the cut-out widgets and drew new UI widgets using a variety of provided stationery[8], and re-assembled them into a more desired design of the original website interface. The interfaces created by the participants were collected for analysis [9]. 3.3 Workshop Findings Following the open coding methods [14, 63], two researchers conducted a thematic analysis of audio transcriptions for workshops and materials produced in the three activities. The researchers conducted three rounds of iterative labeling, in which descriptive labels on relevant transcript pieces were created, grouped, and generalized into higher-level themes. The analysis was discussion-based, with no necessity for inter-rater reliability due to the aim of discovering emergent themes [84]. Comparative analysis was not the focus of the study, but a comparison of responses from tech industry users and other users showed no significant difference in their perceptions or coping mechanisms concerning dark patterns. This is in line with previous work [55] which showed no significant differences between end users and experts in perceptions of dark patterns. Our workshop findings (WF) are described below in response to our workshop goals. Participants expressed their desire to know more about the potential impacts of dark patterns. Although many were able to detect dark patterns, most participants only developed a vague assumption about the impacts, falling short of articulating the specifics. The particular mechanisms and impact remain as a “blackbox”, confirming findings in [11, 35]. WF1: Users would like to learn more about the impact of dark patterns. Participants often asked about the detailed mechanisms and impact of dark patterns and felt the knowledge was useful. Importantly, clear knowledge of dark patterns’ impact can help users choose services more consciously and potentially reduce the irritation of seeing dark patterns. PA6 and PA7 mentioned that for disguised ads on Instagram, “those are annoying at first, but once you know that (its impact) and come to expect it, it’s like okay (less annoying) (PA6)”. These findings complement existing research by demonstrating users’ autonomy—they are not merely passive consumers of dark patterns. They are interested in actively learning, and the acquired knowledge can change their usage behavior and connections with online platforms. Despite the prevalent negative perception of manipulative UX design patterns, not all participants viewed them unfavorably. In fact, responses varied widely from negative to positive, echoing findings from studies on online behavioral advertising [124]. Users often perceived a persuasive pattern as helpful when it aligns user goals with stakeholder profits. PA2 liked the autoplay feature on Netflix, even when understanding it used forced continuation, because “it is useful when I am away from my mouse”. Similarly, for disguised ads on social media, PA12 expressed that “I won’t block them. I usually don’t engage or buy stuff... Maybe I’ll see something in the future I like”. We summarized 3 most common perceptions from participants: disruptiveness (the user experience was disrupted by the dark pattern), indifference (the dark pattern was neither harmful nor useful), and helpfulness (the pattern was helpful in the current context). WF2: Users’ perceptions of dark patterns are personal and dynamically changing, which are formed based on user preferences, types of dark pattern instances, and usage contexts. Users encountering a dark pattern typically evaluate its potential pros and cons subconsciously, influenced by factors like perceived convenience, potential consequences, and the pattern’s apparent malicious intent. Accordingly, three factors—the user, the dark pattern, and the usage context— determine this perception. An example is the autoplay feature for the next episode on Netflix. PA1, PA10, and PA12 expressed their dislike of this feature, while PA2, PA5, and PA11 generally thought it was convenient. Furthermore, even the same user’s perception can shift with different usage contexts and changing goals. PA11 found auto-play harmful when using Netflix during work because of the short break time, but useful when casually browsing after work just for fun. These findings are in parallel with results in [35] and enhance previous findings by highlighting the highly individualized and contextualized nature of users’ perceptions of dark patterns. This finding reveals more details regarding how end users react when facing dark patterns’ perceived influences, in addition to the conclusions in [11]. For disruptive dark patterns, many users actively seek solutions to mitigate the impact. PA12 used a calendar to track the end of free subscription trials as a reminder to unsubscribe. On Instagram, PA6 developed a habit to avoid disguised ads when tapping through all stories. “Funnily enough, every time I watch a story, I have developed... an unconscious habit, I close out (by swiping down) and I click the next one. (PA6)” If the user can successfully find a solution, it becomes a “muscle memory” for them. For the Instagram habit, PA6 expressed that “I didn’t know why I do that, but I guess that’s a dark pattern and I am unconsciously adapted.” PA1 also developed the habit of reaching their mouse before an episode ends on Netflix, to wiggle the cursor in time and avoid forced continuation. WF3: Users develop varied coping mechanisms based on their different dark pattern perceptions. For dark patterns that users feel indifferent to, the most common strategy is ignoring them. PA6 mentioned that they gradually got used to “confirmshaming” dark patterns and “just don’t care anymore”. When asked about a disguised advertisement on a flight booking website during the redesign activity, PA8, PA9, and PA10 reported that they did not even notice it. They considered it “too colorful” to be relevant and therefore simply ignored it. 3.4 Design Implications The thematic analysis results of our co-design workshops offered several design implications for dark pattern intervention techniques and user empowerment. When encountering disruptive dark patterns, users often feel manipulated but have no ability to resist (WF1). To help participants regain self-autonomy [82], we can empower end users with the ability to change the interfaces of dark patterns. It would help users take the initiative to mitigate the negative impact. DI1: Empower users with the ability to make changes on dark patterns. During our workshops, participants expressed the need for information on the potential influences of dark patterns and envisioned a ranking of their severity. With such information, users can make better informed evaluations of the impact of a dark pattern on themselves (WF2) and develop their coping mechanism accordingly (WF3). DI2: Provide information on the potential consequences of dark patterns. Perceptions of dark patterns may shift with users, types of dark pattern instances, and usage contexts. Even for the same dark pattern, users may act differently (WF3). As a result, it is necessary to have multiple intervention options for users to choose from. In this way, users can have more flexibility in personalization and autonomy. DI3: Offer users multiple intervention options for each dark pattern. In our redesign activity, participants proposed intervention techniques for dark patterns that can be categorized into three approaches: (1) modifying interface components and layouts to eliminate malicious design, (2) adjusting user flows to prevent users from falling into behavioral traps, and (3) evoking reflection by uncovering the outcomes of dark patterns for long-term self-change. Future intervention designs can take inspiration from these strategies and apply them in appropriate scenarios. DI4: Design dark pattern interventions with three strategies: interface design change, user flow adjustment, and behavioral outcome reflection. For example, on a flight booking website, while the website highlighted the more expensive first-class and main-cabin options over the basic economy, PA8, PA9, and PA10 changed them to the same size and color to pursue a fair style. PA1, PA2, and PA3 designed an agent to provide an appropriate action guide with dark patterns on Amazon to help them save money. PA6 and PA7 wanted to know, in the long term, how many times dark patterns on a certain website affected their behavior, to reflect on their relationship with the platform. We used these findings and design implications from our co-design workshop to guide our second co-design phase—a technology probe study. [6] The protocol of workshops has been reviewed and approved by the IRB at our institution. [7] Examples of participant-filled storyboards are available in the supplemental materials. [8] The provided stationery included but was not limited to pencils, colored pens, scissors, highlighters, and glue sticks [9] Examples of participant-redesigned interfaces are available in the supplemental materials. This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Navigating User Responses to Dark Patterns in UX Design 

311 Stories To Learn About Noonies

131 Stories To Learn About Hackernoon Awards

102 Stories To Learn About Storytelling

In 2016, when I began advocating for a switch from WhatsApp and Telegram to Signal in conversations with colleagues, friends, and family, I made a startling discovery: the vast majority of people, especially those outside the cybersecurity field, seemed largely indifferent to the crucial role of cryptography in our everyday lives. This apathy was particularly pronounced during discussions about Facebook's plans to integrate its messaging platforms with WhatsApp. The concern here stems from the different approaches to privacy and security adopted by these platforms despite them utilizing the same end-to-end encryption protocol developed by . WhatsApp, operating under Facebook, has been scrutinized for its potential use of metadata, raising questions about user privacy. On the other hand, Signal's open-source nature and minimal data collection practices are generally perceived as more secure and private, underscoring its commitment to user privacy. Open Whisper Systems Telegram, another popular messaging app, offers end-to-end encryption only in its 'Secret Chats' feature and not in regular chats or group chats. This critical distinction is important for users to understand when selecting a messaging platform based on their privacy needs. This scenario underscores a broader issue: the public's lack of awareness about the critical importance of robust cryptographic practices in safeguarding our digital interactions. It seems that many fail to recognize that cryptography forms the bedrock of our online communications, whether it's for personal conversations, financial transactions, or sensitive data sharing. As I engaged more in these discussions, it became clear that a fundamental understanding of how our data is protected—or possibly exposed—is vital due to our increasing reliance on digital platforms. If you are contemplating a switch from WhatsApp to Signal or wondering about Telegram's position in this context, a comprehensive comparison of these platforms is available in . This piece thoughtfully explains the nuanced differences in how these apps manage end-to-end encryption and user data, highlighting the intricacies of cryptography in everyday use. this article on CyberNews Cryptography ignorance is a bliss for Government regulators In the halls of the European Union, a bill has sparked significant debate with its aim to weaken end-to-end encryption, ostensibly to combat child sexual abuse. Despite some good intentions, this legislative effort is mired in controversy due to its potential impact on the privacy rights of EU citizens. A detailed analysis by Riana Pfefferkorn at Stanford's Center for Internet and Society, available , delves into the complexities of this issue. The EU's draft Child Sex Abuse Regulation suggests that online service providers proactively scan their services, including private communications, for abusive material, a major shift from current laws that allow for voluntary detection. here This proposal has triggered dissent among EU member states, underscoring the tension between child protection and the rights of over 447 million EU citizens. The bill's approach to end-to-end encryption, a cornerstone of digital privacy and security, has raised significant legal and technical concerns. End-to-end encryption safeguards communications from external surveillance, but poses challenges for law enforcement in detecting illegal activities. The ongoing debate in the EU highlights how a lack of public understanding of cryptography can be exploited by regulators. Policies lacking a comprehensive grasp of encryption and its implications risk inadvertently undermining the foundational principles of privacy and security. An informed discussion, considering both the technical realities of encryption and the legal frameworks governing digital rights, is essential. In Australia, the government has passed an unprecedented law that poses a significant threat to global privacy. Known as the TOLA Act, this 2018 legislation compels tech companies to provide Australian authorities with access to encrypted messages, essentially mandating the creation of backdoors. Despite a recent review proposing additional safeguards and oversight mechanisms, the law's core mandate, particularly regarding access to encrypted communications, remains largely intact. This move has serious implications, as it not only compromises the security of communications within Australia but also sets a dangerous precedent globally. The law's broad scope and potential for misuse raise significant concerns among privacy advocates and security experts. More details about this concerning development, including the recent review's findings, can be found in this article by the . Foundation for Economic Education Similarly, the United Kingdom is on the cusp of adopting policies that could significantly weaken encryption worldwide. The Online Safety Bill, ostensibly designed to enhance online safety, paradoxically risks making individuals less secure online. The recently passed bill mandates that tech companies weaken their encryption services, potentially exposing users to increased cyberattacks and privacy violations. The far-reaching implications of these legislative actions are explored in greater depth by the and . Electronic Frontier Foundation The Conversation Panama Papers and the Value of Cryptography in Journalism and Advocacy The Panama Papers were a groundbreaking revelation in the world of investigative journalism, showcasing the transformative power of encryption in the fight against global corruption. In 2016, over 11.5 million documents were leaked from Mossack Fonseca, the world's fourth-largest offshore law firm, uncovering the intricate financial dealings of the elite. The leak revealed the identities of individuals and entities involved in potentially illicit activities across more than 214,000 offshore companies. Encryption was crucial in this process, as it protected the identity of the whistleblower, known as "John Doe," and ensured the secure and confidential transmission of this sensitive data. This case demonstrated how strong encryption is not only a technical tool but a fundamental enabler of privacy, democratic principles, and journalistic integrity. In an era where digital security and privacy are increasingly under threat, the story of the Panama Papers serves as a potent reminder of the essential role of encryption. Bastian Obermayer, the investigative journalist who brought the Panama Papers to light, emphasizes this in for Euroviews. He recounts how the insistence on strictly encrypted communication was a lifeline for the whistleblowers, enabling them to safely share information that would shake the world. this article As Obermayer points out, without strong encryption, the risks to both the source and the journalists would have been exponentially greater. The investigation into the Panama Papers not only brought to light financial crimes and global corruption but also highlighted how encryption empowers individuals to challenge powerful entities and expose injustice. However, this crucial tool for maintaining privacy and enabling transparency is facing legislative challenges globally, from the UK's Online Safety Bill to the US's EARN IT Act and the EU's Child Sexual Abuse Regulation proposals. Encryption, as Obermayer asserts, is a massive asset for democracy. It allows for private conversations, which are essential for a healthy public discourse and investigative journalism. The Panama Papers are a testament to the power of encryption in giving a voice to the voiceless and standing up against injustice. It's a narrative that emphasizes the need to not only understand but also to defend strong encryption – for it is in this technology that the strength of our democracies and the protection of our fundamental freedoms lie. Cryptography 101: Public key cryptography (PKC) and the RSA algorithm In the following paragraph, I will share a series of resources for people of different backgrounds interested in learning more about cryptography. However, the world would already be in a better place if most people had a basic understanding of two of the pillars of modern cryptography: public key cryptography (PKC) and the RSA Algorithm. In 1976, Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, and Ralph Merkle revolutionized electronic communication security by developing public key cryptography (PKC). This innovative method forms the cornerstone of modern secure communication, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of our digital interactions. : The Essence of PKC At the core of cryptographic security are two types of keys: private and public. These keys are essential to asymmetric encryption, a method where different keys are used for encrypting and decrypting messages. Public and Private Keys This key is confidential and exclusively known to the user. It's never shared and is used primarily for two purposes: decrypting data encrypted with the corresponding public key and signing digital documents to authenticate the sender's identity. Private Key: Contrasting with the private key, the public key is openly shared and available to anyone. It is utilized to encrypt data that can only be decrypted by the matched private key, thus ensuring that only the intended recipient can access the transmitted information. Public Key: Building on PKC Principles The RSA algorithm, developed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, is one of the first and most widely used public-key cryptographic algorithms. It builds upon the principles of PKC established by Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle. This algorithm is a fundamental technology behind many secure systems we depend on today, from HTTPS protocols on the internet to secure email communication. The RSA Algorithm: RSA functions by generating two large prime numbers in secret and multiplying them to produce a public number. The security of RSA hinges on the difficulty of factoring this large public number back into its prime components. Functionality: RSA is integral in various applications, including digital signatures, secure data transmission, and encryption of sensitive information. Its extensive use is a strong indicator of its effectiveness and security. Use Cases: RSA, while robust, confronts challenges like increasing computational capabilities and the potential impact of quantum computing, underscoring the need for continuous development in cryptographic methods. Challenges and Limitations: The Significance of PKC and RSA Understanding the basics of PKC and the RSA algorithm is crucial for anyone involved in cybersecurity or digital privacy. These concepts are practical tools safeguarding our digital lives, not merely theoretical ideas. Their comprehension clarifies much of the encryption we encounter daily and empowers us to make more informed decisions about our digital security. Resources to Become Cryptography-Savvy The journey to becoming a cryptography-savvy user is a path of continuous learning and engagement. Whether you're a novice with no technical background or someone looking to deepen existing knowledge, the world of cryptography offers an array of resources to explore. Here's a guide to help you navigate this journey, categorized for different levels of expertise. For Beginners (No Technical Skills Required): A comprehensive introduction to cryptography's history and principles. " " by Simon Singh: The Code Book A user-friendly online course covering the basics of cryptography. Khan Academy's : Cryptography Course Engaging talks that make complex concepts in cryptography accessible. TED Talks on Cryptography: Intermediate Level (Some Technical Background Helpful): Delves deeper into cryptographic principles and digital applications. " " by Keith Martin: Cryptography: The Key to Digital Security, How It Works, and Why It Matters Intermediate-level courses offering deeper insights into cryptography. : Coursera's Cryptography Courses Advanced Level (Technical Skills Required): A classic text for those with a solid technical background. " " by Bruce Schneier: Applied Cryptography Find it on Amazon Challenging courses for an in-depth understanding of advanced topics. MIT : OpenCourseWare's Cryptography and Cryptanalysis Courses Build real-world cryptography knowledge and explore modern algorithms. This book is ideal for deepening your understanding of advanced cryptography concepts and applications. “ " by Massimo Bertaccini: Cryptography Algorithms: A guide to algorithms in blockchain, quantum cryptography, zero-knowledge protocols, and homomorphic encryption Online Forums and Communities: Engage with communities on Reddit for insights and discussions. : Cryptology Subreddits and Online Forums For practical understanding, explore projects related to cryptography on GitHub. : GitHub Repositories Staying Updated: Blogs and Newsletters: Keep up with the latest developments by following leading cryptography blogs ( and subscribing to newsletters. ) Bruce Schneier's Blog Remember, becoming knowledgeable in cryptography is about more than just learning; it's about understanding its societal impact, advocating for digital rights, and ensuring security. Share your insights and learnings with your network to contribute to a more informed community. How I Protect My Data In my pursuit of digital privacy and security, I carefully select platforms renowned for their robust encryption and commitment to user privacy. However, I am acutely aware that in the dynamic world of technology, no solution is ever permanent. Changes in company ownership or philosophy can alter the landscape, requiring constant vigilance and readiness to adapt. My primary choice for instant messaging is . Praised for its end-to-end encryption, Signal ensures that my communications remain confidential. As an open-source platform, it undergoes regular scrutiny by the cybersecurity community, enhancing its trustworthiness. Signal's commitment to privacy is not just about robust technology; it's also about a philosophy that values user privacy above all else. Signal for Instant Messaging: Signal For email, I rely on . Based in Switzerland, a country known for its strong privacy laws, ProtonMail offers end-to-end encrypted email services. This means that not even ProtonMail can access the contents of my emails, ensuring complete privacy. Their use of open-source encryption and their transparent operational policies align with my personal security requirements. ProtonMail for Email Communications: ProtonMail Beyond these platforms, I am also exploring decentralized solutions, particularly blockchain-based communication tools. Decentralization offers a unique advantage by removing the single point of control or failure, which is a vulnerability in centralized systems. Exploring Decentralized Solutions: One such example is , a blockchain-based chat platform. Status operates on the Ethereum blockchain, providing not only messaging services but also a crypto wallet and a decentralized web browser. Its open-source and peer-to-peer protocol offers transparency and security, resonating with my approach to digital privacy. The platform's commitment to user sovereignty and data protection, free from corporate oversight or governmental interference, presents a promising alternative in the ever-changing digital landscape. Status In conclusion, while platforms like Signal and ProtonMail currently meet my privacy and security needs, I remain open and attentive to the developments in decentralized solutions like Status. The digital world is in constant flux, and staying informed and flexible is key to ensuring the enduring safety and privacy of my data. Understanding Cryptography: Protecting Your Privacy Rights In this rapidly evolving digital age, the significance of cryptography extends far beyond the realms of specialized cybersecurity professionals. It touches the lives of every individual who interacts with the digital world. While becoming an expert in cryptography may not be feasible or necessary for everyone, having a fundamental understanding of its principles and implications is crucial. This knowledge empowers us to make informed decisions about our digital privacy and security and to critically assess the policies and technologies that govern our online interactions. As we have explored, cryptography is not just a tool for safeguarding data; it's a cornerstone of our digital rights and freedoms. Whether it’s choosing secure communication platforms, understanding the legislative landscape, or simply staying informed about the latest developments in encryption and privacy, every step you take toward understanding cryptography strengthens your position in the digital world. Remember, in the fight for digital privacy and freedom, awareness is your greatest ally. You don't need to be an expert, but understanding the basics of cryptography and staying informed about how it impacts your life is a step towards a more secure and private digital future.

Most People Don't Care About Cryptography, and That's a Problem

অধিকাংশ মানুষ ক্রিপ্টোগ্রাফি সম্পর্কে চিন্তা করে না, এবং এটি একটি সমস্যা

Die meisten Menschen interessieren sich nicht für Kryptographie, und das ist ein Problem

A la mayoría de la gente no le importa la criptografía, y eso es un problema

La plupart des gens ne se soucient pas de la cryptographie, et c'est un problème

अधिकांश लोग क्रिप्टोग्राफी की परवाह नहीं करते, और यह एक समस्या है

ほとんどの人は暗号化について関心がありませんが、それが問題です

대부분의 사람들은 암호화에 관심이 없으며 이것이 문제입니다.

A maioria das pessoas não se importa com criptografia, e isso é um problema

Большинству людей плевать на криптографию, и это проблема

Çoğu İnsan Kriptografiyi Önemsemiyor ve Bu Bir Sorun

Hầu hết mọi người không quan tâm đến mật mã và đó là một vấn đề

大多数人不关心密码学，这是一个问题

How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition by Edwin Abbott Abbott, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CLEARNESS. here CLEARNESS. The following exercises consist of extracts from Burnet, Butler, and Clarendon, modernized and altered with a view to remove obscurity and ambiguity. The modernized version will necessarily be inferior to the original in unity of style, and in some other respects. The charm of the author's individuality, and the pleasant ring of the old-fashioned English, are lost. It is highly necessary that the student should recognize this, and should bear in mind that the sole object is to show how the meaning in each case might have been more expressed. clearly Occasionally expressions have been altered, not as being in themselves obscure or objectionable, but as indicating a habit of which beginners should beware. For example, in the extract from Burnet, is often altered, not because, in the particular context, the pronoun presents any obscurity, but because Burnet's habit of repeating is faulty. he he These exercises can be used in two ways. The pupil may either have his book open and be questioned on the reasons for each alteration, or, after studying the two versions, he may have the original version dictated to him, and then he may reproduce the parallel version, or something like it, on paper. LORD CLARENDON. The principal faults in this style are, long heterogeneous sentences (43), use of phrases for words (47 ), ambiguous use of pronouns (5), excessive separation of words grammatically connected together (19). a ORIGINAL VERSION. PARALLEL VERSION. (44) It will not be impertinent And now, in order to explain, as nor (50) far as possible, how so prodigious , to set down an alteration could take place in in this place the present temper so short a time, and how the[19] and constitution of both Houses royal power could fall so low as of Parliament, and (34) of the to be unable to support itself, court itself, (30) that (5) its dignity, or its faithful may be the less wondered at, that servants, it will be of use to set so prodigious an alteration should down here, where it comes most be made in so short a time, and naturally, some account of the[20] (37) the crown fallen so low, that present temper and composition, it could neither support itself not only of both Houses of nor its own majesty, nor (47 ) . unnatural to this present discourse it those Parliament, but also of the court who would a appear itself. faithful to it * * * * * * * * * * (Here follows a description of the House of Lords.) In the House of Commons were many In the House of Commons persons of wisdom and gravity, who there were many men of wisdom (7) of great and and judgment whose high plentiful fortunes, though they position and great wealth disposed were undevoted enough to the them, in spite of their indifference court, (19) had all imaginable to the court, to feel duty for the king, and affection a most loyal respect for the to the government (47 king, and a great affection for ) or ancient custom; the ancient constitutional (43) and without doubt, the (54) it cannot be doubted that consisted of men who had no mind the majority had no intention to to break the peace of the kingdom, break the peace of the kingdom or to make any considerable or to make any considerable alteration in the government of alteration in Church or State. Church or State: (43) and Consequently, from the very therefore (18) inventions outset, it was necessary to resort were set on (15) to every conceivable device to work upon (5) for the purpose of perverting , and (11) corrupt (5) this honest majority into rebellion. , (43) (45) by suggestions "of the dangers (8) With some, the appeal was threatened all that was precious addressed to their patriotism. to the subject (19) in their They were warned "of the liberty and their property, by dangers that threatened [all (47 ) the law, (47 and property of the subject, ) it to (47_a_) , and by subservient to despotism, and countenancing Popery to the if Popery was to be encouraged subversion of the Protestant to the subversion of the Protestant religion," and then, by religion." infusing terrible apprehensions into some, and so working upon The fears of others were appealed their fears, (6 ) "of (11 ) to. "There was danger," so[21] it being called in question for was said, "that they might be somewhat they had done," by which called to account for something (5) would stand in need of they had done, and they would then (5) protection; and (43) stand in need of the help of those (45) raising the hopes of others, who were now giving them this "that, by (47 ) timely warning." In others, hopes (5) (5) were excited, and offices, should be sure to obtain offices honours, and preferments were held and honours and any kind of out as the reward of adhesion. preferment." Though there were too Too many were led away by one or many corrupted and misled by these other of these temptations, and several temptations, and (19) indeed some needed no other others (40 ) who needed no temptation than their innate other temptations than from the fierceness and barbarity and the fierceness and barbarity (47 ) , and the Church and the court. But the the malice they had contracted leaders of the conspiracy were not against the Church and against the many. The flock was large and court; (43) yet the number was not submissive, but the shepherds were great (47 ) , nor were there many who had the absolute authority (13) to lead, though there were a multitude (13) that was disposed to follow. being possessed established a by law major government of the country. Indeed, part of that body all foot from the beginning them them which overthrowing a or that was precious in] the liberty overmastering and a subjecting an if the laws were to be made arbitrary power b a they their concurring a with them they a of malice they had contracted against their a own natures of those in whom the very few. government of the rest a was vested (44) (30) Mr. Pym was looked upon Of these, Mr. Pym was thought as the man of greatest experience superior to all the rest in in parliaments, parliamentary experience. To this (50) , and (50) , business acquired from his (7) being an officer in the continuous service in the Exchequer, (43) and of a good Exchequer. He had also a good reputation generally, (30) though reputation generally; for, though known to be inclined to the known to be inclined to the Puritan party; yet not of those Puritan party, yet he was not so furious resolutions against the fanatically set against the Church Church as the other leading men as the other leaders. In this were, and (44) wholly devoted to respect he resembled the Earl of the Earl of Bedford, who had Bedford, to whom he was nothing of that spirit. thoroughly devoted. where he had served very long was advantage he added habits of always a man of business (Here follow descriptions of Hampden and Saint John.) It was generally believed that These three persons, with the these three persons, with the three peers mentioned before, were other three lords mentioned united in the closest confidence, before, were of the most intimate and formed the mainspring of the and entire trust with each other, party. Such at least was the and made (47 general belief. But it was clear ) all the rest; (30) that they also admitted to their yet it was visible, that (15) unreserved confidence two others, , were Harry Vane, eldest son of the received by them with full Secretary, and Treasurer of the confidence and without reserve. House. the engine which a moved Nathaniel Fiennes, the second son (45) whom I will now of the Lord Say, and Sir Harry describe,—Nathaniel Fiennes, Vane, eldest son to the Secretary, second son of Lord Say, and Sir and Treasurer of the House The former, being a man of good Nathaniel Fiennes, a man of good parts of learning, and after some parts, was educated at New years spent in New College in College, Oxford, where[22] his Oxford, (43) of which his father family claimed and enjoyed some had been formerly fellow, (43) privileges in virtue of their that family pretending[23] and kindred to the founder, and enjoying many privileges there, as where[22] his father had formerly of kin to the founder, (43) (19) been a fellow. He afterwards spent had spent his time abroad in some time in Geneva and in the Geneva and amongst the cantons of cantons of Switzerland, where[22] Switzerland, (30) where he he increased that natural improved his disinclination to the antipathy to the Church which he Church, with which milk he had had imbibed almost with his been nursed. From his travels he mother's milk.[24] By a singular returned through Scotland (52) coincidence, he came home through (which[24] few travellers took in Scotland (not a very common route their way home) at the time when for returning travellers) just (5) rebellion was in bud: when the Scotch rebellion was in (30) (43) (44) and was very little bud. For some time he was scarcely known, except amongst (5) known beyond the narrow and people, (47 ) exclusive circle of his sect, until until at last he appeared in he was now (15) , (30) (43) (44) when quickly discovered that he was it was quickly discovered that, likely to fulfil even the fond as he was the darling of his hopes of his father and the high father, so (5) was like to promise of many years. make good whatsoever had for many years promised. that that which conversed a wholly amongst themselves, found in Parliament. Then, indeed, it was Parliament he he (5) , Sir H. Vane, was Fiennes' coadjutor, Sir H. Vane, a man of great natural parts[25] was a man of great natural (45) and of very profound ability.[25] Quick in understanding dissimulation, of a quick and impenetrable in dissembling, conception, and of very ready, he could also speak with sharp, and weighty expression. He promptness, point, and weight. His had an (50) unusual aspect, which, singular appearance, though it though it might naturally proceed might naturally proceed from his from his father and mother, parents, who were not noted for neither of which were beautiful their beauty, yet impressed men persons, yet (19) made men think with the belief that he had in him there was somewhat in him of something extraordinary, an extraordinary: and (52) his whole impression that was confirmed by life made good that imagination. the whole of his life. His Within a very short time after he behaviour at Oxford, where he returned from his studies in studied at Magdalen College, was Magdalen College in Oxford, where, not characterized, in spite of the (43) though he was under the care supervision of a very worthy of a very worthy tutor, he lived tutor, by a severe morality. Soon not with great exactness, (43) he after leaving Oxford he spent some spent some little time in France, little time in France, and more in and more in Geneva, and, (43) Geneva. After returning to after his return into England, England, he conceived an intense (38) contracted a full prejudice hatred not only against the and bitterness against the Church, government of the Church, which both against the form of the was disliked by many, but also government and the Liturgy, (43) against the Liturgy, which was which was generally in great held in great and general reverence, (15 ) to (5) . In Incurring or seeming to incur, by his giddiness, which then much his giddiness, the displeasure of displeased, or seemed to his father, who at that time, displease, (30) (43) his father, beside strictly conforming to the who still appeared highly Church himself, was very bitter conformable, and exceedingly sharp against Nonconformists, the young against those who were not, Vane left his home for New (5) transported himself into England. New England, (43) a colony within few years before planted by a This colony had been planted a few mixture of all religions,[26] which years before by men of all sorts of disposed the professors to dislike religions, and their the government of the Church; who differences[26] disposed them to (30) (43) (44) were qualified by dislike the government of the the king's charter to choose their Church. Now, it happened that their own government and governors, privilege (accorded by the king's under the obligation, "that every charter) of choosing their own man should take the oaths of government and governors was allegiance and supremacy;" (30) subject to this obligation, "that (43) (5) all the first every man should take the oaths of planters did, when they received allegiance and supremacy." These their charter, before they oaths had been taken, not only by transported themselves from hence, all the original planters, on nor was there in many years after receiving their charter, before the least scruple amongst them of leaving England, but also for many complying with those obligations: years afterwards, without exciting so far men were, the slightest scruple. Indeed, (15) , from scruples against lawful oaths were refusing to take lawful oaths. unknown[27] in the infancy of the (45) He was no sooner landed English schism. But with the there, but his parts made him arrival of Vane all this was quickly taken notice of, (26) and changed. No sooner had he landed very probably his quality, being than his ability, and perhaps to the eldest son of a some extent his position, as eldest Privy-councillor, might give him son of a Privy-councillor, some advantage; (51) recommended him to notice: and at , when the next season came the next election he was chosen for the election of their Governor. magistrates, he was chosen their governor: (30) (45) (43) in which In his new post, his restless and place he had so ill fortune (26) unquiet imagination found (his working and unquiet fancy opportunity for creating and raising and infusing a thousand diffusing a thousand conscientious scruples of conscience, which (5) scruples that had not been brought had not brought over with over, or ever even heard of, by the them, nor heard of before) (19) colonists. His government proved a that he unsatisfied with failure: and, mutually them and they with him, dissatisfied, (45) governed and he retransported himself governor parted. Vane returned into England; (30) (43) (44) to England, but not till he had having sowed such seed of accomplished his mischievous task, dissension there, as grew up too not till he had sown the seeds of prosperously, and miserably those miserable dissensions which divided the poor colony into afterwards grew only too several factions, and divisions prosperously, till they split the and persecutions of each (15 ) wretched colony into distinct, , (30) (43) which still hostile, and mutually persecuting continue (54) factions. His handiwork still : remains, and it is owing to (15) insomuch as some of (5) , that some of the colonists, upon the ground of their first on the pretext of liberty of expedition, liberty of conscience, conscience, the original cause of have withdrawn themselves from (5) their emigration, have withdrawn jurisdiction, and obtained themselves from the old colonial other charters from the king, by jurisdiction and have obtained which, (30) (43) in other forms of fresh charters from the king. government, they have enlarged These men have established new their plantations, within new forms of government, unduly limits adjacent to (5) (15 ) enlarged their boundaries, and set .their plantations, up rival settlements on the within new limits adjacent to (5) borders of the original colony. (15 ) . The other a even with reverence. many of those who were not friends the other he which in the infancy of their schism insomuch that they a other to the great prejudice of that plantation them him their a the other a the other FOOTNOTES: [19] The original metaphor uses the crown as a prop, which seems a confusion. Though the metaphor is so common as scarcely to be regarded as a metaphor, it is better to avoid the appearance of confusion. [20] We sometimes say, briefly but not perhaps idiomatically, "the sovereign," "the temper," &c. then then [21] The personality of the tempters and organizers of the conspiracy is purposely kept in the background. [22] The relative is retained in the first two cases, because it conveys the Fiennes was educated at New College; and in the third case, because the increased "antipathy" is regarded as the natural of the residence in Calvinistic Geneva. reason why consequence [23] Claiming. [24] An insinuation of sedition seems intended. [25] This sentence is a preliminary summary of what follows. [26] If "which" is used here according to Rule (8), the meaning is, ( ) "and their differences;" if it is used for "that," the meaning will be, ( ) "all religions that were of a nature to dispose &c." I believe ( ) is the meaning; but I have found difference of opinion on the question. a b a [27] The following words appear to be emphatic, bringing out the difference between the and the development of schism. infancy About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Edwin Abbott Abbott (2007). How to Write Clearly: Rules and Exercises on English Composition. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22600/pg22600.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Stories, News & Mentions about INDIFY

Indify’s Stories on HackerNoon