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Business Intelligence, AI - October 7, 2024 - HackerNoon, the independent technology publishing platform, is pleased to announce the nominees for its annual “Startups of The Year” award, featuring the most promising and innovative companies in the Business Intelligence startup ecosystem. The list, compiled by the HackerNoon team, showcases 30 startups making significant contributions and driving innovation in the Business Intelligence industry. https://youtu.be/XOpG6B4AKPU?embedable=true Nominations are open - learn more here. You can nominate your company as the Startup of The Year in the Business Intelligence industry here. The Startups in the Business Intelligence industry nominated for Startups of The Year 2024 include: Digital Fennec
AQUi9
Oronts
KROCKIO
OLabs - UX Research Labs in Vietnam
Co.Urban
Postjer Group
Slash Mark IT Startup
Cywer Learning
DesignerDudes
Glider Aerial Solutions
ByteCraft Studios
Kinda Solutions
Maitsys
UseCodify
U-Hertz
Neem Infosys
Humantek
Tecoreng
SupplyzPro
Vangwe
Tiyasha Software Private Limited
Sankadi
Altrium
Navicent Solutions
QOD Information Technology
FastServe
Ozeefy
HostXolo
MHS Planet “We are thrilled to recognize the top startups in the Business Intelligence industry and celebrate their achievements,” said David Smooke, HackerNoon Founder & CEO. “Starting and sustaining a company is difficult. We’re honored to showcase their work and impact.” Why It Pays Off to Be Nominated Startups of The Year 2024 is a 100% community-driven voting event recognizing startups transforming technology and the world for the better. Starting October 1st, 2024, the internet can nominate and vote for the best ventures in their city and industry. People can nominate their favorite startups until October 31st, and vote once per day per award for who they think should be Startup of The Year up to March 31st, 2025. Winners will be announced in April 2025, after a comprehensive evaluation by the HackerNoon team. Apart from validation from the world's greenest tech publication, all nominees get free interviews relevant to their region and industry. They will also receive curated startup-friendly packages and a free version of their very own Evergreen Tech Company News Page on HackerNoon. In sum, being nominated gives you major credibility as one of the top startups globally and an expert in your industry, meaning even without winning, you still gain tons of exposure. Nominations are open - learn more here. You can nominate your company as the Startup of The Year in the Business Intelligence industry here. About HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year Startups of The Year 2024 is HackerNoon’s flagship community-driven event celebrating startups, technology, and the spirit of innovation. Currently in its third iteration, the prestigious Internet award recognizes and celebrates tech startups of all shapes and sizes. This year, over 150,000 entities across 4200+ cities, 6 continents, and 100+ industries will participate in a bid to be crowned the best startup of the year! Millions of votes have been cast over the past few years, and many stories have been written about these daring and rising startups. The winners will get a free interview on HackerNoon and an Evergreen Tech Company News page. Visit our FAQ page to learn more. Download our design assets here. Check out the Startups of The Year Merch Shop here. HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year is a branding opportunity unlike any other. Whether your goal is brand awareness or lead generation, HackerNoon has curated startup-friendly packages to solve your marketing challenges. Meet our sponsors: Wellfound: Join the #1 global, startup-focused community. At Wellfound, we're not just a job board—we're the place where top startup talent and the world's most exciting companies connect to build the future. Notion: Notion is trusted and loved by thousands of startups as their connected workspace—from building product roadmaps to tracking fundraising. Try Notion with unlimited AI, FREE for up to 6 months, to build and scale your company with one powerful tool. Get your offer now! Hubspot: If you’re looking for a smart CRM platform that meets the needs of small businesses, look no further than HubSpot. Seamlessly connect your data, teams and customers in one easy-to-use scalable platform that grows with your business. Get started for free. Bright Data: Startups that leverage public web data can make faster, data-driven decisions, giving them a competitive edge. With Bright Data’s scalable web data collection, businesses can grow from a small operation to an enterprise by harnessing insights at every stage. Algolia: Algolia NeuralSearch is the world's only AI end-to-end Search and Discovery Platform combining powerful keyword and natural language processing in a single API. Business Intelligence, AI - October 7, 2024 - HackerNoon, the independent technology publishing platform, is pleased to announce the nominees for its annual “Startups of The Year” award, featuring the most promising and innovative companies in the Business Intelligence startup ecosystem. Business Intelligence, AI - October 7, 2024 - HackerNoon, the independent technology publishing platform, is pleased to announce the nominees for its annual “Startups of The Year” award, featuring the most promising and innovative companies in the Business Intelligence startup ecosystem. Business Intelligence , AI - October 7, 2024 Business Intelligence - HackerNoon, the independent technology publishing platform, is pleased to announce the nominees for its annual “ Startups of The Year ” award, featuring the most promising and innovative companies in the Startups of The Year startup ecosystem. The list, compiled by the HackerNoon team, showcases 30 startups making significant contributions and driving innovation in the Business Intelligence industry. https://youtu.be/XOpG6B4AKPU?embedable=true https://youtu.be/XOpG6B4AKPU?embedable=true Nominations are open - learn more here. You can nominate your company as the Startup of The Year in the Business Intelligence industry here. Nominations are open - learn more here . You can nominate your company as the Startup of The Year in the Business Intelligence industry here . here Startup of The Year in the Startup of The Year in the Business Intelligence industry here industry here The Startups in the Business Intelligence industry nominated for Startups of The Year 2024 include: Startups in Startups in Startups in the the Business Intelligence industry industry nominated Digital Fennec AQUi9 Oronts KROCKIO OLabs - UX Research Labs in Vietnam Co.Urban Postjer Group Slash Mark IT Startup Cywer Learning DesignerDudes Glider Aerial Solutions ByteCraft Studios Kinda Solutions Maitsys UseCodify U-Hertz Neem Infosys Humantek Tecoreng SupplyzPro Vangwe Tiyasha Software Private Limited Sankadi Altrium Navicent Solutions QOD Information Technology FastServe Ozeefy HostXolo MHS Planet Digital Fennec AQUi9 Oronts KROCKIO OLabs - UX Research Labs in Vietnam Co.Urban Postjer Group Slash Mark IT Startup Cywer Learning DesignerDudes Glider Aerial Solutions ByteCraft Studios Kinda Solutions Maitsys UseCodify U-Hertz Neem Infosys Humantek Tecoreng SupplyzPro Vangwe Tiyasha Software Private Limited Sankadi Altrium Navicent Solutions QOD Information Technology FastServe Ozeefy HostXolo MHS Planet “We are thrilled to recognize the top startups in the Business Intelligence industry and celebrate their achievements,” said David Smooke, HackerNoon Founder & CEO. “Starting and sustaining a company is difficult. We’re honored to showcase their work and impact.” “We are thrilled to recognize the top startups in the Business Intelligence industry and celebrate their achievements,” said David Smooke, HackerNoon Founder & CEO. “Starting and sustaining a company is difficult. We’re honored to showcase their work and impact.” “We are thrilled to recognize the top startups in and celebrate their achievements,” said David Smooke, HackerNoon Founder & CEO . “Starting and sustaining a company is difficult. We’re honored to showcase their work and impact.” David Smooke, HackerNoon Founder & CEO Why It Pays Off to Be Nominated Startups of The Year 2024 is a 100% community-driven voting event recognizing startups transforming technology and the world for the better. Starting October 1st, 2024, the internet can nominate and vote for the best ventures in their city and industry. People can nominate their favorite startups until October 31st , and vote once per day per award for who they think should be Startup of The Year up to March 31st, 2025. Winners will be announced in April 2025, after a comprehensive evaluation by the HackerNoon team. Startups of The Year 2024 nominate their favorite startups until October 31st nominate their favorite startups Apart from validation from the world's greenest tech publication, all nominees get free interviews relevant to their region and industry. They will also receive curated startup-friendly packages and a free version of their very own Evergreen Tech Company News Page on HackerNoon. get free interviews startup-friendly packages startup-friendly packages Evergreen Tech Company News Evergreen Tech Company News In sum, being nominated gives you major credibility as one of the top startups globally and an expert in your industry, meaning even without winning, you still gain tons of exposure. Nominations are open - learn more here. You can nominate your company as the Startup of The Year in the Business Intelligence industry here. Nominations are open - learn more here . You can nominate your company as the Startup of The Year in the Business Intelligence industry here . here Startup of The Year in the Startup of The Year in the Business Intelligence industry here industry here About HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year Startups of The Year 2024 is HackerNoon’s flagship community-driven event celebrating startups, technology, and the spirit of innovation. Currently in its third iteration, the prestigious Internet award recognizes and celebrates tech startups of all shapes and sizes. This year, over 150,000 entities across 4200+ cities, 6 continents, and 100+ industries will participate in a bid to be crowned the best startup of the year! Millions of votes have been cast over the past few years, and many stories have been written about these daring and rising startups. Startups of The Year 2024 Startups of The Year 2024 many stories many stories The winners will get a free interview on HackerNoon and an Evergreen Tech Company News page. free interview on HackerNoon Evergreen Tech Company News Evergreen Tech Company News Visit our FAQ page to learn more. FAQ FAQ Download our design assets here . here here Check out the Startups of The Year Merch Shop here . here here HackerNoon’s Startups of The Year is a branding opportunity unlike any other. Whether your goal is brand awareness or lead generation, HackerNoon has curated startup-friendly packages to solve your marketing challenges. startup-friendly packages startup-friendly packages Meet our sponsors: Meet our sponsors: Meet our sponsors: Wellfound: Join the #1 global, startup-focused community . At Wellfound, we're not just a job board—we're the place where top startup talent and the world's most exciting companies connect to build the future. Wellfound: Join the #1 global, startup-focused community Join the #1 global, startup-focused community Notion: Notion is trusted and loved by thousands of startups as their connected workspace—from building product roadmaps to tracking fundraising. Try Notion with unlimited AI, FREE for up to 6 months , to build and scale your company with one powerful tool. Get your offer now ! Notion: Try Notion with unlimited AI, FREE for up to 6 months Get your offer now ! Hubspot: If you’re looking for a smart CRM platform that meets the needs of small businesses, look no further than HubSpot. Seamlessly connect your data, teams and customers in one easy-to-use scalable platform that grows with your business. Get started for free . Hubspot: Get started for free Get started for free Bright Data: Startups that leverage public web data can make faster, data-driven decisions, giving them a competitive edge. With Bright Data’s scalable web data collection , businesses can grow from a small operation to an enterprise by harnessing insights at every stage. Bright Data: Bright Data’s scalable web data collection Bright Data’s scalable web data collection Algolia: Algolia NeuralSearch is the world's only AI end-to-end Search and Discovery Platform combining powerful keyword and natural language processing in a single API. Algolia: AI end-to-end Search and Discovery Platform AI end-to-end Search and Discovery Platform

Startups of The Year 2024: 23,222 Startups Nominated in the Business Intelligence Industry

2024-cü ilin startapları: Biznes intellekt sənayesində 23 222 startap namizəd oldu

Startups de l'any 2024: 23.222 startups nominades a la indústria de la intel·ligència empresarial

Startupy roku 2024: 23 222 nominovaných startupů v oboru Business Intelligence

Årets startups 2024: 23.222 startups nomineret i Business Intelligence Industry

Startups del año 2024: 23.222 startups nominadas en la industria de inteligencia empresarial

Startup Tahun 2024: 23.222 Startup Masuk Nominasi di Industri Business Intelligence

Startup dell'anno 2024: 23.222 startup nominate nel settore della Business Intelligence

2024 年のスタートアップ オブ ザ イヤー: ビジネス インテリジェンス業界でノミネートされたスタートアップ 23,222 社

Startups amin'ny taona 2024: 23,222 Startups voatendry amin'ny indostrian'ny faharanitan-tsaina

वर्ष २०२४ को स्टार्टअपहरू: बिजनेस इन्टेलिजेन्स उद्योगमा २३,२२२ स्टार्टअपहरू मनोनित

Стартапы года 2024: 23 222 стартапа, номинированных в сфере бизнес-аналитики

سال 2024 کے اسٹارٹ اپس: بزنس انٹیلی جنس انڈسٹری میں 23,222 اسٹارٹ اپ نامزد

How to Troubleshoot 'hostpolicy.dll' and 'singlefilehost.exe' Errors in .NET 8.0.11

Kunjamas ‘hostpolicy.dll’ ukat ‘singlefilehost.exe’ pantjasiwinak askichañax .NET 8.0.11

Com solucionar els errors "hostpolicy.dll" i "singlefilehost.exe" a .NET 8.0.11

Jak odstraňovat chyby 'hostpolicy.dll' a 'singlefilehost.exe' v .NET 8.0.11

Τρόπος αντιμετώπισης σφαλμάτων "hostpolicy.dll" και "singlefilehost.exe" στο .NET 8.0.11

Cómo solucionar los errores 'hostpolicy.dll' y 'singlefilehost.exe' en .NET 8.0.11

نحوه عیب‌یابی خطاهای «hostpolicy.dll» و «singlefilehost.exe» در NET 8.0.11

Kako otkloniti pogreške 'hostpolicy.dll' i 'singlefilehost.exe' u .NET 8.0.11

.NET 8.0.11 での「hostpolicy.dll」および「singlefilehost.exe」エラーのトラブルシューティング方法

.NET 8.0.11 හි 'hostpolicy.dll' සහ 'singlefilehost.exe' දෝෂ නිරාකරණය කරන්නේ කෙසේද?

Maitiro eku Troubleshoot 'hostpolicy.dll' uye 'singlefilehost.exe' Zvakanganisa mu.NET 8.0.11

Чӣ гуна хатогиҳои "hostpolicy.dll" ва "singlefilehost.exe" -ро дар .NET 8.0.11 бартараф кардан мумкин аст

วิธีการแก้ไขปัญหาข้อผิดพลาด 'hostpolicy.dll' และ 'singlefilehost.exe' ใน .NET 8.0.11

Angular developers often find it difficult to integrate a phone number input field. You would not find any input field that can accept user data in the phone number format and validate the same. Therefore, you have to custom-make the form control for the phone number field and then embed intl-tel-input, synchronizing the entire operations. Here, I have proposed a solution to create a custom form control for the phone number input field using intl-tel-input that supports mat-form-field in Angular. Get Started With the Solution The given solution implements a custom Angular component for a phone number input field that provides validation and formatting of international phone numbers using the intl-tel-input npm package. Also, it explains the feature inheritance from mat-form-field. Here’s the basic text input field representation that accepts a user’s phone number. It has some animation. Integrating the Validation Logic Now, to add the validation logic for the user phone number, install the intl-tel-input npm package in your angular project. Note: Here, the validation of the given phone number is based on the unique code of different countries. Once integrated, the field looks something like this: The text input field is wrapped using ‘Mat Form Field’. It has nothing to do with the phone number validation logic. It complements the functionality of the custom phone number input component, providing a well-designed and user-friendly form field for phone number inputs. How To Integrate the Input Field First, install the package in your angular project using the below-given command. npm i intl-tel-input -  It is a JS plugin used to accept and validate international phone numbers. It adds the flag icon to a specific country and adds a placeholder for the users to add a phone number. Intl-tel-input We have set the showFlags option to false. You won’t notice the country flag icon in this current solution. Note: Once installed, add the following lines to the ‘angular.json’ file. To reduce the development time, is quite effective. It imports another library, , making it easier to embed the logic behind phone number validation. You don't have to put in extra effort and brainstorm its logic. intl-tel-input google/libphonenumber Refer to the highlighted section from the above image: "./node_modules/intl-tel-input/build/css/intlTelInput.min.css" "./node_modules/intl-tel-input/build/js/utils.js" Here the code imports a style file ( ) from the npm package and the utils file ( ) containing the validations from . intlTelInput.min.css utils.js google/libphonenumber Note: If you don’t add the following code snippet, the logic behind phone number validation won’t work. Hence, users will not receive any alerts, indicating the validity of their input. Creating Module for the Custom Form Field Next, create a module in your project for the using the ng command: custom form field Create a module using the command: ng generate module custom-modules/tel-input Run the given command on the project terminal to create a component for the module:  ng generate component custom-modules/tel-input/tel-input --flat Once you are done, you will find the following files already created in your project. The following given snippet is the content of the file tel-input.module.ts import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { TelInputComponent } from './tel-input.component';

@NgModule({

declarations: [

TelInputComponent

],

imports: [

CommonModule,

],

exports: [

TelInputComponent

]

})

export class TelInputModule { } Here, it declares and exports the component  from the module. tel-input Let's check what the html file of the project holds. <input

type="tel"

#telInput

(input)="onInput()"

(focus)="onFocus()"

(focusout)="onFocusOut($event)"

(countrychange)="onCountryChange()"

[disabled]="disabled"

[attr.aria-describedby]="userAriaDescribedBy"

[attr.aria-labelledby]="parentFormField.getLabelId()"

> The snippet above defines an input element with an id to pass the element reference to create the . #telInput intl-tel-input The allows the custom phone number input component to obtain a reference to this input element in the component's code. It includes event handlers to handle user input, focus, and country changes. #telInput It also defines different functions to handle various user input, focus and country changes events. Additionally, it supports the disabled state and has ARIA attributes for accessibility. When integrated with the custom phone number input component, it enables proper behavior and seamless interaction within the mat-form-field container. What’s in the CSS File? Next we have the css file with the following code syntax. Make some small modifications, as shown in the snippet to adjust the package css and make it compatible with the ‘mat form field’. span {

opacity: 0;

transition: opacity 200ms;

}

:host.floating span {

opacity: 1;

}

.iti {

width: 100%;

max-width: 100%;

}

input {

border: none;

}

::ng-deep .iti.iti--allow-dropdown input {

margin-left: 8px

}

::ng-deep .iti .iti__flag-container .iti__selected-flag, ::ng-deep .iti .iti__flag-container .iti__selected-flag:hover {

background-color: transparent;

}

::ng-deep .iti .iti__flag-container .iti__selected-flag {

padding-right: 6px;

border-right: 1px solid #e3e3e3;

height: 18px;

}

::ng-deep .iti .iti__flag-container .iti__selected-flag .iti_custom_arrow i {

margin-top: 4px;

margin-left: 4px;

font-size: 16px;

} Finally, you have the component file.  It implements the , and interface. ControlValueAccessor Validator MatFormFieldControl<T> The following customizations are specific to the phone number input field. This makes the mat-form-field work seamlessly with the custom form control that uses the intl-tel-input package. import { BooleanInput, coerceBooleanProperty } from '@angular/cdk/coercion';

import { AfterViewInit, Component, ElementRef, EventEmitter, HostBinding, Input, OnDestroy, Optional, Output, Self, ViewChild } from '@angular/core';

import { AbstractControl, ControlValueAccessor, NgControl, ValidationErrors, Validator } from '@angular/forms';

import { MatFormField, MatFormFieldControl } from '@angular/material/form-field';

import * as intlTelInput from 'intl-tel-input';

import { Subject } from 'rxjs';

@Component({

selector: 'app-tel-input',

templateUrl: './tel-input.component.html',

styleUrls: ['./tel-input.component.css'],

providers: [

{

provide: MatFormFieldControl,

useExisting: TelInputComponent

}

],

})

export class TelInputComponent implements AfterViewInit, OnDestroy, ControlValueAccessor, Validator, MatFormFieldControl<string> {

@ViewChild('telInput') telInput!: ElementRef;

iti: intlTelInput.Plugin | undefined;

touched: boolean = false;

disabled = false;

@Output() inputEvent: EventEmitter<string> = new EventEmitter<string>();

@Output() countryChangeEvent: EventEmitter<intlTelInput.CountryData> = new EventEmitter<intlTelInput.CountryData>();

value: string = '';

stateChanges = new Subject<void>();

static nextId = 0;

@HostBinding() id = `app-tel-input-${TelInputComponent.nextId++}`;

focused: boolean = false;

controlType = 'app-tel-input';

@Input('aria-describedby') userAriaDescribedBy: string = '';

constructor(

@Optional() @Self() public ngControl: NgControl,

@Optional() public parentFormField: MatFormField,

) {

if (this.ngControl != null) {

// Setting the value accessor directly (instead of using

// the providers) to avoid running into a circular import.

this.ngControl.valueAccessor = this;

}

}

ngAfterViewInit(): void {

this.iti = intlTelInput(this.telInput.nativeElement, {

formatOnDisplay: true,

separateDialCode: true,

initialCountry: 'US',

showFlags: false,

utilsScript: 'assets/js/intl/utils.js'

} as any);

this.iti.promise.then(() => this.setupField());

}

setupField() {

// manually registering the validation function to overcome circular dependency for validator

this.ngControl.control?.setValidators([this.validate.bind(this)]);

this.ngControl.control?.updateValueAndValidity();

this.replaceSelecArrowDesign();

this.iti?.setNumber(this.value);

this.updateValue();

}

replaceSelecArrowDesign() {

const arrowElement = document.querySelector('.iti .iti__flag-container .iti__selected-flag .iti__arrow');

if (arrowElement) {

const element = document.createElement('span');

element.setAttribute('class', 'iti_custom_arrow');

element.innerHTML = '<i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i>';

arrowElement.replaceWith(element);

}

}

onInput() {

this.updateValue();

this.inputEvent.emit(this.iti?.getNumber());

}

onFocus() {

if (!this.focused) {

this.focused = true;

this.stateChanges.next();

}

}

onFocusOut(event: FocusEvent) {

if (!this.telInput.nativeElement.contains(event.relatedTarget as Element)) {

this.focused = false;

this.markAsTouched();

this.stateChanges.next();

}

}

onCountryChange() {

this.updateValue();

this.countryChangeEvent.emit(this.iti?.getSelectedCountryData());

}

updateValue() {

if (this.iti) {

this.iti.setNumber(this.iti.getNumber());

this.value = this.iti.getNumber();

this.onChange(this.iti.getNumber());

this.stateChanges.next();

}

}

writeValue(phnNumber: string) {

this.value = phnNumber;

if (this.iti) {

this.iti.setNumber(phnNumber);

}

}

onChange = (phnNumber: string) => {};

registerOnChange(onChange: any) {

this.onChange = onChange;

}

onTouched = () => {};

registerOnTouched(onTouched: any) {

this.onTouched = onTouched;

}

markAsTouched() {

if (!this.touched) {

this.onTouched();

this.touched = true;

}

}

setDisabledState(disabled: boolean) {

this.disabled = disabled;

this.stateChanges.next();

}

validate(control: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | null {

if (this.iti) {

if (!this.iti.isValidNumber()) {

return {

invalidNumber: {

reason: this.iti?.getValidationError()

}

};

} else {

return null;

}

} else {

return null;

}

}

@Input()

get placeholder() {

return this._placeholder;

}

set placeholder(plh) {

this._placeholder = plh;

this.stateChanges.next();

}

private _placeholder: string = '';

get empty() {

let n = '';

if (this.iti) {

n = this.iti.getNumber();

}

return n.length===0;

}

@HostBinding('class.floating')

get shouldLabelFloat() {

// return this.focused || !this.empty;

return true; // Label will always float as placeholder is dynamically shown by intl-tel-input based on country code

}

@Input()

get required(): boolean {

return this._required;

}

set required(req: BooleanInput) {

this._required = coerceBooleanProperty(req);

this.stateChanges.next();

}

private _required = false;

get errorState(): boolean {

return !this.iti?.isValidNumber() && this.touched;

}

setDescribedByIds(ids: string[]) {

const controlElement = this.telInput?.nativeElement.querySelector('.app-tel-input-container');

controlElement?.setAttribute('aria-describedby', ids.join(' '));

}

onContainerClick(event: MouseEvent) {

if ((event.target as Element).tagName.toLowerCase() != 'input') {

this.telInput.nativeElement.focus();

}

}

ngOnDestroy(): void {

this.iti?.destroy();

this.stateChanges.complete();

}

} Once you have written the logic, import the built custom module and use the custom form control in the following way. <app-tel-input> <mat-form-field appearance="outline" class="input-default w-100">

<mat-label>Phone Number</mat-label>

<app-tel-input formControlName="phoneNumber" required></app-tel-input>

<mat-error *ngIf="Step1.controls.phoneNumber.errors" class="mt-3">

Please enter a valid phone number

</mat-error>

</mat-form-field> Note: You can specify any other name to this built custom form control. Here, I have named it as ‘app-tel-input’. To Brief The given solution explains how to create a custom form control for a phone number input field in Angular. It uses the intl-tel-input library. It also uses the mat-form-field from Angular Material,  providing a well-designed form field. Moreover, the custom field supports validation and seamlessly integrates with Angular's form control ecosystem. In any related scenario, you can use this custom form control where you may need to integrate the phone number input field.

How to Create Custom Form Control for the Phone Number Input Field Using Angular

In this blog, I will be sharing a script that allows you to easily select a column in a Google Sheets spreadsheet and copy it to another spreadsheet while ensuring that the values are aligned in the same rows. Whether you're a Google Apps Script Developer or just someone looking to streamline their workflow, this script will be a helpful tool for you. This is Nibesh Khadka. I am a freelance Google Apps Script Developer and Content Creator. Referencing Columns Before Copying Copying a column from one sheet to another can be challenging if we don't have a unique column as a reference to put the values in the correct column. We can use columns like ID, Email, or any other column that exists in both sheets as a reference. In this article, we'll create a spreadsheet with two sheets and use the "ID" column as a reference to copy the "Name" column from to . Sheet1 Sheet2 You can just download and use this sheet or create your own. You can either follow the steps or download the complete code from the git . repository Script Editor Now this is the bound script. So, open the spreadsheet you want to use for this project and open the script editor from there. HTML Form For this project, unlike in the one, we'll be using with HTML instead of UI prompts because we'll need multiple input boxes for this project. previous Custom Dialog Boxes Create a new file in your script editor. Then copy and paste the following codes HTML <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <base target="_top">
  
</head>

<body>
  <form onsubmit="formSubmitHandler(event)">
    <h2>Source Sheet</h2>
    <label for="sourceSheet">Source Sheet Name:</label><br>
    <input type="text" id="sourceSheet" name="sourceSheet"><br>
    <label for="referenceColumn">Reference Column Name</label><br>
    <input type="text" id="referenceColumn" name="referenceColumn"><br>
    <label for="sourceColumn">Source Column To Copy From:</label><br>
    <input type="text" id="sourceColumn" name="sourceColumn"><br>
    <hr>
    <h2>Target Sheet</h2><br>
    <label for="targetSheet">Target Sheet Name:</label><br>
    <input type="text" id="targetSheet" name="targetSheet"><br>
    <label for="targetReferenceColumn">Reference Column Name</label><br>
    <input type="text" id="targetReferenceColumn" name="targetReferenceColumn"><br>
    <label for="targetColumn">Target Column To Copy To:*</label><br>
    <input type="text" id="targetColumn" name="targetColumn"><br>
    

    <input type="submit" value="Submit" />

  </form>

  <script>
    function formSubmitHandler(event) {

      const sourceSheet = event.target['sourceSheet'].value;
      const referenceColumn = event.target['referenceColumn'].value;
      const sourceColumn = event.target['sourceColumn'].value;
      const targetSheet = event.target['targetSheet'].value;
      const targetReferenceColumn = event.target['targetReferenceColumn'].value;
      const targetColumn = event.target['targetColumn'].value ?? "";
      const data = [sourceSheet, referenceColumn, sourceColumn, targetSheet, targetReferenceColumn, targetColumn];

      // call server side function
     google.script.run.withSuccessHandler(closeDialog).setTargetColumns(data);

      event.preventDefault();

    }

    function closeDialog() { google.script.host.close() }
  </script>
</body>
</html> There are two to notice here. script runners is used to link the function in the form in the front-end to the function in the backend(script) code during operation success, in this case, is the backend function we're using. withSuccessHandler() setTargetColumns() which is used to close the dialog box. We are using it with to call the backend and then close the dialog box. close() withSuccessHandler() When rendered the Form looks like this: Feel free to style the HTML Form to make it more beautiful. In this HTML form you'll have to provide six pieces of information: The name of the Source Worksheet. The name of the Reference Column in the source sheet. The name of the Source Column in the source sheet whose value is to be copied. The name of the Target Worksheet where the value is to be copied. The name of the Reference Column in the target sheet. The name of the Target Column in the target sheet, that will hold the copied value. Copy Column to Different Sheet Now let's write the script to copy the values from one column to another. function renderForm() {
  const html = HtmlService.createHtmlOutputFromFile('form')
    .setWidth(400)
    .setHeight(600);// play with dimension to fit your need
  SpreadsheetApp.getUi() 
    .showModalDialog(html, "Copy Column With Reference");
}

//["Sheet1", "ID", "Name", "Sheet2", "ID", "Name"]
function setTargetColumns(data) {
  try {
    const sourceSheetName = data[0];
    const referenceColumnName = data[1];
    const sourceColumnName = data[2];
    const targetSheetName = data[3];
    const targetReferenceColumnName = data[4];
    const targetColumnName = data[5];

    // get sheet and data
    const sheet = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet();
    const sourceSheet = sheet.getSheetByName(sourceSheetName);

    const sourceSheetData = sourceSheet.getDataRange().getValues();
    const sourceSheetLastRow = sourceSheetData.length;
    const sourceSheetLastColumn = sourceSheetData[0].length;
    // get header column of source sheet
    const sourceSheetHeader = sourceSheet.getRange(1, 1, 1, sourceSheetLastColumn).getValues().flat();

    // find the index of the given column names
    const referenceColumnIndex = sourceSheetHeader.indexOf(referenceColumnName.trim());
    if (referenceColumnIndex === -1) throw "Reference Column Not Found";

    const sourceColumnIndex = sourceSheetHeader.indexOf(sourceColumnName.trim());
    if (sourceColumnIndex === -1) throw "Source Column Not Found"; // if the name is not found then throw error

    const sourceSheetData2 = [sourceSheet.getRange(2, referenceColumnIndex + 1, sourceSheetLastRow, 1).getValues().flat(), sourceSheet.getRange(2, sourceColumnIndex + 1, sourceSheetLastRow, 1).getValues().flat()]


    const targetSheet = sheet.getSheetByName(targetSheetName);
    const targetSheetData = targetSheet.getDataRange().getValues();
    const targetSheetLastRow = targetSheetData.length;


    const targetReferenceColumnIndex = sourceSheetHeader.indexOf(targetReferenceColumnName.trim());
    if (targetReferenceColumnIndex === -1) throw "Target Sheets Reference Column Not Found";

    const targetColumnIndex = sourceSheetHeader.indexOf(targetColumnName.trim());
    if (targetColumnIndex === -1) throw "Target Sheet's Target Column Not Found";

    const targetSheetRefData = targetSheet.getRange(2, targetReferenceColumnIndex + 1, targetSheetLastRow - 1, 1).getValues().flat();
    const targetSheetColData = targetSheet.getRange(2, targetColumnIndex + 1, targetSheetLastRow - 1, 1).getValues();


    for (let i = 0; i < sourceSheetData2[0].length; i++) {
      for (let j = 0; j < targetSheetRefData.length; j++) {
        if (targetSheetRefData[j] === sourceSheetData2[0][i]) {
          targetSheetColData[j] = [sourceSheetData2[1][i]];
          break;
        }
        continue;
      }
    }
    // set new values 
    targetSheet.getRange(2, targetColumnIndex + 1, targetSheetLastRow - 1, 1).setValues(targetSheetColData);

  } catch (e) {
    // alert error
    SpreadsheetApp.getUi().alert(`Error: ${e}`)
  }
}


/**
 * Menu creates menu UI in the document it's bound to.
 */
function createCustomMenu() {
  const menu = SpreadsheetApp.getUi().createMenu("Copy Columns");

  menu.addItem("Copy Column", "renderForm");
  menu.addToUi();
}


/**
 * OnOpen trigger that creates menu
 * @param {Dictionary} e
 */
function onOpen(e) {
  createCustomMenu();
}

/**
 * This script is for safely and accurately copying one column to 
 * another column in two sheets while properly aliging with other
 * rows.
 * It is created in such a way that it only works with bound script.
 *
 * Created by: Nibesh Khadka.
 * linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nibesh-khadka/
 * website: https://nibeshkhadka.com
 */ Now, similar to the , you can now just: previous blogs Save the code. Reload the spreadsheet. Where you'll see the custom menu as shown below And execute the function. After this, you'll see a menu like the image below in the spreadsheet. Error In case you leave any input box empty or you gave the wrong names to the boxes, you'll see the error alert like the image below. Thank You for Your Time My name is Nibesh Khadka, and as a freelance automation expert, I specialize in automating Google products with Apps Script. So let's get started! If you need my services let me . know Don’t forget to like and share this blog. Also published . here

How to Copy a Column From One Sheet to Another in Google Sheets Easily 

THE VALUATION OF SEXUAL LOVE

Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4 by Havelock Ellis is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . TOUCH II TOUCH II Ticklishness—Its Origin and Significance—The Psychology of Tickling—Laughter—Laughter as a Kind of Detumescence—The Sexual Relationships of Itching—The Pleasure of Tickling—Its Decrease with Age and Sexual Activity. Touch, as has already been remarked, is the least intellectual of the senses. There is, however, one form of touch sensation—that is to say, ticklishness—which is of so special and peculiar a nature that it has sometimes been put aside in a class apart from all other touch sensations. Scaliger proposed to class titillation as a sixth, or separate, sense. Alrutz, of Upsala, regards tickling as a milder degree of itching, and considers that the two together constitute a sensation of distinct quality with distinct end-organs, for the mediation of that quality. However we may regard this extreme view, tickling is certainly a specialized modification of touch and it is at the same time the most intellectual mode of touch sensation and that with the closest connection with the sexual sphere. To regard tickling as an intellectual manifestation may cause surprise, more especially when it is remembered that ticklishness is a form of sensation which reaches full development very early in life, and it has to be admitted that, as compared even with the messages that may be sent through smell and taste, the intellectual element in ticklishness remains small. But its presence here has been independently recognized by various investigators. Groos points out the psychic factor in tickling as evidenced by the impossibility of self-tickling. Louis Robinson considers that ticklishness "appears to be one of the simplest developments of mechanical and automatic nervous processes in the direction of the complex functioning of the higher centres which comes within the scope of psychology," Stanley Hall and Allin remark that "these minimal touch excitations represent the very oldest stratum of psychic life in the soul." Hirman Stanley, in a somewhat similar manner, pushes the intellectual element in ticklishness very far back and associates it with "tentacular experience." "By temporary self-extension," he remarks, "even low amœboid organisms have slight, but suggestive, touch experiences that stimulate very general and violent reactions, and in higher organisms extended touch-organs, as tentacles, antennæ, hair, etc., become permanent and very delicately sensitive organs, where minimal contacts have very distinct and powerful reactions." Thus ticklishness would be the survival of long passed ancestral tentacular experience, which, originally a stimulation producing intense agitation and alarm, has now become merely a play activity and a source of keen pleasure. We need not, however, go so far back in the zoölogical series to explain the origin and significance of tickling in the human species. Sir J. Y. Simpson suggested, in an elaborate study of the position of the child in the womb, that the extreme excitomotory sensibility of the skin in various regions, such as the sole of the foot, the knee, the sides, which already exists before birth, has for its object the excitation and preservation of the muscular movements necessary to keep the fœtus in the most favorable position in the womb. It is, in fact, certainly the case that the stimulation of all the ticklish regions in the body tends to produce exactly that curled up position of extreme muscular flexion and general ovoid shape which is the normal position of the fœtus in the womb. We may well believe that in this early developed reflex activity we have the basis of that somewhat more complex ticklishness which appears somewhat later. [10] The mental element in tickling is indicated by the fact that even a child, in whom ticklishness is highly developed, cannot tickle himself; so that tickling is not a simple reflex. This fact was long ago pointed out by Erasmus Darwin, and he accounted for it by supposing that voluntary exertion diminishes the energy of sensation. This explanation is, however, inadmissible, for, although we cannot easily tickle ourselves by the contact of the skin with our own fingers, we can do so with the aid of a foreign body, like a feather. We may perhaps suppose that, as ticklishness has probably developed under the influence of natural selection as a method of protection against attack and a warning of the approach of foreign bodies, its end would be defeated if it involved a simple reaction to the contact of the organism with itself. This need of protection it is which involves the necessity of a minimal excitation producing a maximal effect, though the mechanism whereby this takes place has caused considerable discussion. We may, it is probable, best account for it by invoking the summation-irradiation theory of pain-pleasure, the summation of the stimuli in their course through the nerves, aided by capillary congestion, leading to irradiation due to anastomoses between the tactile corpuscles, not to speak of the much wider irradiation which is possible by means of central nervous connections. [11] Prof. C. L. Herrick adopts this explanation of the phenomena of tickling, and rests it, in part, on Dogiel's study of the tactile corpuscles ("Psychological Corollaries of Modern Neurological Discoveries," Journal of Comparative Neurology, March, 1898). The following remarks of Prof. A. Allin may also be quoted in further explanation of the same theory: "So far as ticklishness is concerned, a very important factor in the production of this feeling is undoubtedly that of the summation of stimuli. In a research of Stirling's, carried on under Ludwig's direction, it was shown that reflex contractions only occur from repeated shocks to the nerve-centres—that is, through summation of successive stimuli. That this result is also due in some degree to an alternating increase in the sensibility of the various areas in question from altered supply of blood is reasonably certain. As a consequence of this summation-process there would result in many cases and in cases of excessive nervous discharge the opposite of pleasure, namely: pain. A number of instances have been recorded of death resulting from tickling, and there is no reason to doubt the truth of the statement that Simon de Montfort, during the persecution of the Albigenses, put some of them to death by tickling the soles of their feet with a feather. An additional causal factor in the production of tickling may lie in the nature and structure of the nervous process involved in perception in general. According to certain histological researches of recent years we know that between the sense-organs and the central nervous system there exist closely connected chains of conductors or neurons, along which an impression received by a single sensory cell on the periphery is propagated avalanchelike through an increasing number of neurons until the brain is reached. If on the periphery a single cell is excited the avalanchelike process continues until finally hundreds or thousands of nerve-cells in the cortex are aroused to considerable activity. Golgi, Ramón y Cajal, Koelliker, Held, Retzius, and others have demonstrated the histological basis of this law for vision, hearing, and smell, and we may safely assume from the phenomena of tickling that the sense of touch is not lacking in a similar arrangement. May not a suggestion be offered, with some plausibility, that even in ideal or representative tickling, where tickling results, say, from someone pointing a finger at the ticklish places, this avalanchelike process may be incited from central centres, thus producing, although in a modified degree, the pleasant phenomena in question? As to the deepest causal factor, I should say that tickling is the result of vasomotor shock." (A. Allin, "On Laughter," Psychological Review, May, 1903.) The intellectual element in tickling conies out in its connection with laughter and the sense of the comic, of which it may be said to constitute the physical basis. While we are not here concerned with laughter and the comic sense,—a subject which has lately attracted considerable attention,—it may be instructive to point out that there is more than an analogy between laughter and the phenomena of sexual tumescence and detumescence. The process whereby prolonged tickling, with its nervous summation and irradiation and accompanying hyperæmia, finds sudden relief in an explosion of laughter is a real example of tumescence—as it has been defined in the study in another volume entitled "An Analysis of the Sexual Impulse"—resulting finally in the orgasm of detumescence. The reality of the connection between the sexual embrace and tickling is indicated by the fact that in some languages, as in that of the Fuegians, the same word is applied to both. That ordinary tickling is not sexual is due to the circumstances of the case and the regions to which the tickling is applied. If, however, the tickling is applied within the sexual sphere, then there is a tendency for orgasm to take place instead of laughter. The connection which, through the phenomena of tickling, laughter thus bears to the sexual sphere is well indicated, as Groos has pointed out, by the fact that in sexually-minded people sexual allusions tend to produce laughter, this being the method by which they are diverted from the risks of more specifically sexual detumescence. [12] [13] Reference has been made to the view of Alrutz, according to which tickling is a milder degree of itching. It is more convenient and probably more correct to regard itching or pruritus, as it is termed in its pathological forms, as a distinct sensation, for it does not arise under precisely the same conditions as tickling nor is it relieved in the same way. There is interest, however, in pointing out in this connection that, like tickling, itching has a real parallelism to the specialized sexual sensations. Bronson, who has very ably interpreted the sensations of itching (New York Neurological Society, October 7, 1890; Medical News, February 14, 1903, and summarized in the British Medical Journal, March 7, 1903; and elsewhere), regards it as a perversion of the sense of touch, a dysæsthesia due to obstructed nerve-excitation with imperfect conduction of the generated force into correlated nervous energy. The scratching which relieves itching directs the nervous energy into freer channels, sometimes substituting for the pruritus either painful or voluptuous sensations. Such voluptuous sensations may be regarded as a generalized aphrodisiac sense comparable to the specialized sexual orgasm. Bronson refers to the significant fact that itching occurs so frequently in the sexual region, and states that sexual neurasthenia is sometimes the only discoverable cause of genital and anal pruritus. (Cf. discussion on pruritus, British Medical Journal, November 30, 1895.) Gilman, again (American Journal of Psychology, vi, p. 22), considers that scratching, as well as sneezing, is comparable to coitus. The sexual embrace has an intimate connection with the phenomena of ticklishness which could not fail to be recognized. This connection is, indeed, the basis of Spinoza's famous definition of love,—"Amor est titillatio quædam concomitante idea causæ externæ,"—a statement which seems to be reflected in Chamfort's definition of love as "l'échange de deux fantaisies, et le contact de deux epidermes." The sexual act, says Gowers, is, in fact, a skin reflex. "The sexual parts," Hall and Allin state, "have a ticklishness as unique as their function and as keen as their importance." Herrick finds the supreme illustration of the summation and irradiation theory of tickling in the phenomena of erotic excitement, and points out that in harmony with this the skin of the sexual region is, as Dogiel has shown, that portion of the body in which the tactile corpuscles are most thoroughly and elaborately provided with anastomosing fibres. It has been pointed out that, when ordinary tactile sensibility is partially abolished,—especially in hemianæsthesia in the insane,—some sexual disturbance is specially apt to be found in association. [14] [15] In young children, in girls even when they are no longer children, and occasionally in men, tickling may be a source of acute pleasure, which in very early life is not sexual, but later tends to become so under circumstances predisposing to the production of erotic emotion, and especially when the nervous system is keyed up to a high tone favorable for the production of the maximum effect of tickling. "When young," writes a lady aged 28, "I was extremely fond of being tickled, and I am to some extent still. Between the ages of 10 and 12 it gave me exquisite pleasure, which I now regard as sexual in character. I used to bribe my younger sister to tickle my feet until she was tired." Stanley Hall and Allin in their investigation of the phenomena of tickling, largely carried out among young women teachers, found that in 60 clearly marked cases ticklishness was more marked at one time than another, "as when they have been 'carrying on,' or are in a happy mood, are nervous or unwell, after a good meal, when being washed, when in perfect health, when with people they like, etc." (Hall and Allin, "Tickling and Laughter," American Journal of Psychology, October, 1897.) It will be observed that most of the conditions mentioned are such as would be favorable to excitations of an emotionally sexual character. The palms of the hands may be very ticklish during sexual excitement, especially in women, and Moll (Konträre Sexualempfindung, p. 180) remarks that in some men titillation of the skin of the back, of the feet, and even of the forehead evokes erotic feelings. It may be added that, as might be expected, titillation of the skin often has the same significance in animals as in man. "In some animals," remarks Louis Robinson (art. "Ticklishness," Dictionary of Psychological Medicine), "local titillation of the skin, though in parts remote from the reproductive organs, plainly acts indirectly upon them as a stimulus. Thus, Harvey records that, by stroking the back of a favorite parrot (which he had possessed for years and supposed to be a male), he not only gave the bird gratification,—which was the sole intention of the illustrious physiologist,—but also caused it to reveal its sex by laying an egg." The sexual significance of tickling is very clearly indicated by the fact that the general ticklishness of the body, which is so marked in children and in young girls, greatly diminishes, as a rule, after sexual relationships have been established. Dr. Gina Lombroso, who investigated the cutaneous reflexes, found that both the abdominal and plantar reflexes, which are well marked in childhood and in young people between the ages of 15 and 18, were much diminished in older persons, and to a greater extent in women than in men, to a greater extent in the abdominal region than on the soles of the feet; her results do not directly show the influence of sexual relationship, but they have an indirect bearing which is worth noting. [16] The difference in ticklishness between the unmarried woman and the married woman corresponds to their difference in degree of modesty. Both modesty and ticklishness may be said to be characters which are no longer needed. From this point of view the general ticklishness of the skin is a kind of body modesty. It is so even apart from any sexual significance of tickling, and Louis Robinson has pointed out that in young apes, puppies, and other like animals the most ticklish regions correspond to the most vulnerable spots in a fight, and that consequently in the mock fights of early life skill in defending these spots is attained. In Iceland, according to Margarethe Filhés (as quoted by Max Bartels, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1900, ht. 2-3, p. 57), it may be known whether a youth is pure or a maid is intact by their susceptibility to tickling. It is considered a bad sign if that is lost. I am indebted to a medical correspondent for the following communication: "Married women have told me that they find that after marriage they are not ticklish under the arms or on the breasts, though before marriage any tickling or touching in these regions, especially by a man, would make them jump or get hysterical or 'queer,' as they call it. Before coitus the sexual energy seems to be dissipated along all the nerve-channels and especially along the secondary sexual routes,—the breasts, nape of neck, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, armpits, and hair thereon, etc.,—but after marriage the surplus energy is diverted from these secondary channels, and response to tickling is diminished. I have often noted in insane cases, especially mania in adolescent girls, that they are excessively ticklish. Again, in ordinary routine practice I have observed that, though married women show no ticklishness during auscultation and percussion of the chest, this is by no means always so in young girls. Perhaps ticklishness in virgins is Nature's self-protection against rape and sexual advances, and the young girl instinctively wishing to hide the armpits, breasts, and other ticklish regions, tucks herself up to prevent these parts being touched. The married woman, being in love with a man, does not shut up these parts, as she reciprocates the advances that he makes; she no longer requires ticklishness as a protection against sexual aggression." About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Havelock Ellis (2004). Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 4. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13613/pg13613-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org, located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html.

One form of touch sensation

Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry

BY PROFESSOR HUXLEY

Mr. Stratton to his Son

For many years one of the main means of cancer diagnosis was a biopsy. A doctor would take a sample of the tissue in question, and a pathologist, among other tests, would make a thorough examination of it under the microscope. They would look for the affected cells, or for some other signs of developing the disease. That being said, this process is and was quite tedious, as the abnormal cells are minuscule compared to the enormous image of the tissue – the actual whole slide image. Modern histopathology involves multiple methods to analyze human cells, including tissue scans and anamnesis data. Today, healthcare organizations rely on or to save a digital scan of the entire histology result. WSI scans help doctors to analyze larger areas to detect malignant cells or other mutations in specific organ tissue. Whole Slide Imaging WSI However, the process of working with WSI is enormously time-consuming, since such slides usually have large resolutions. Running through them manually is a tough and time-consuming task. Given that this problem exists, the MobiDev team challenged themselves to search for an AI pathology solution capable of working with WSI and supporting digital healthcare workflows. Image credits to National Cancer Institute. What is WSI? WSI image is a high-resolution, large format scan of human tissue. WSI images are also called microscope slides, as they represent an enlarged image of cells and subcellular structure. Such slides are obtained by making multiple scans of different areas of a tissue sample and montaging them into one large image. As an output, we receive a high-quality digital scan that can be zoomed in up to 40 times without losing much detail. Compared to the traditional microscopic analysis of histology, WSI provides a number of advantages: Whole slide images usually come in giant resolutions like 100,000 x 100,000 pixels and bigger, which gives a lot of clarity when visually inspecting tissue areas. WSI is a digital scan that covers much larger areas all at once and is easier to zoom in/zoom out, compared to a microscopic view. The image can be sent to the healthcare experts as a digital copy. Additionally, WSI scans can’t deteriorate like specimens on a glass slide. However, in terms of operability, WSI analysis is not so great due to the time and effort needed during the manual examination. In real-world practice, a doctor would sit before the image scanning by eye, zooming in and out for hours. In the case of manual examination, a whole slide should be examined to spot suspicious cell structures or mutations, because skipping some areas may result in medical error. This is a general problem for healthcare workflows since long processes prevent quick diagnosis and efficient treatment, which are critical for patients with cancer and for histopathology as a whole. With the advances in digital pathology and fluctuations in healthcare regulatory requirements, the application of artificial intelligence became possible to use to process clinical data. Given the fact that WSI is a gigapixel-sized image document that contains tons of unstructured data, the problem with manual examination can be addressed through machine learning. Applying AI for WSI scans processing Independent of the content in the image, WSI allows for the image to be broken down into features which are used for training machine learning models that are capable of running object detection, recognition, and classification tasks. These tasks are handled with computer vision that relies on optical sensors or digitally processes images to extract meaningful information. However, since we don’t know where the potential tumor cells are, we can’t perform one essential ML task: data labelling. Labels are required to tell the model what these or those cells are for it to learn the difference between normal and damaged tissue. To solve this, convolutional neural networks, or CNNs, are used. CNN requires little pre-processing of data input, as they are mainly used for visual data to find patterns autonomously. Applied to WSI scans, CNN is capable of extracting features out of weakly labelled, or completely unlabeled data. Extracted features then can be used to represent the whole slide in compact form, which can be helpful for image storing or grouping similar items. However, minor pre-processing steps are still required, since it’s too CPU-demanding for the model to work with the whole slide. Due to the giant image size, the image is most likely to be sliced into equally-sized square images. So now, let’s look at the example in practice. MobiDev’s Research: WSI processing through CLAM approach With their extensive expertise in computer vision, Mobidev approached the WSI processing system design through clustering. This is a constrained attention multiple instance learning ( ) approach. As a training dataset, publicly available Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma was used. CLAM dataset To prepare data for training, images need to be cut into patches (equally sized square images), because the initial image size is too large. Also, the data used for the experiment was weakly labeled, meaning there were no labels for each patch of images. The task was to create a model capable of analyzing WSI scans and then highlight regions of interest, or in other words, suspicious cells, found in the tissue. As long as healthcare is based on critical decisions, the role of AI in pathology is to support the doctor with hints to speed up the diagnostic process. However, the prediction should also be descriptive, as long as the user has to understand how the model derived this or that result. This is what’s called AI explainability as a feature of modern AI pathology systems. You can read more about the forms and approaches in AI explainability in decision-making applications. CLAM is a data-efficient approach to working with weakly-labeled whole-slide imagery. The essence of it can be broken down into a number of steps: On the WSI, the tissue/cell sample is segmented from the background using computer vision algorithms. Within the segmented area, the tissue is split in equally-sized square patches (usually 256px). Patches are encoded once by a pretrained CNN into a descriptive feature representation. During training and inference, extracted patches in each WSI are passed to a CLAM model as feature vectors. For each class, the attention network ranks each region in the slide and assigns an attention score based on its relative importance to the slide-level diagnosis. Attention-pooling weighs patches by their respective attention scores and summarizes patch-level features into slide-level representations, which are used to make the final diagnostic prediction. The attention scores can be visualized as a heatmap to identify ROIs and interpret the important features. Left: direct visualization of the attention scores. Each pixel represents a 256px patch. Right: attention scores blended onto the WSI. The colored regions represent the most attended parts of the sample. As we can see, the CLAM’s attention network is quite interpretable. It outputs “importance scores” for each patch, so those can be visualized as a heatmap. If you take a closer look at the WSI on the right, you may see the affected cells colored blue, meaning the network determined they would affect the prediction the most. Using neural networks to process weakly labeled WSI images provides a couple of advantages in this case. First of all, we can discover clinically relevant, but previously unrecognized morphological characteristics that have not been used in visual assessment by pathologists. Secondly, the model can recognize features that are beyond human perception, which can potentially provide more accurate diagnostic results and have a positive impact for surgical or therapeutic results. Addressing the WSI complexity and interpretability This approach addresses important WSI processing difficulties. For example, to handle the large size of the slide, we segment the actual tissue from the scan background, trimming unnecessary information. Then, we split the remaining ROI into tiles that are treated equally to fit them into the GPU. Also, another difficulty is labeling. It takes hours for a pathologist to look through the slide and diagnose, let alone label it, i.e. identifying affected cells. On the contrary, CLAM is designed to work with this kind of weakly-labeled data, where only the slide-level labels are known (i.e. diagnosis.) CLAM itself determines which regions of the tissue affect the predicted diagnosis. Written by , AI Engineer at . Anton Kantsemal MobiDev The full article was originally published and is based on MobiDev technology research. here

How AI Is Helping To Diagnose Cancer

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