// Advanced Pen Testing \n// Red Teaming\n// Threat Hunting\n// Security Advisor As A Service\n

Halborn

halborn

Recently, we had the opportunity to catch up with David Schwed, the COO of Halborn, a blockchain cybersecurity firm. is a group of ethical hackers and blockchain specialists with a vision of ensuring top-notch security and safety. Halborn In our conversation, David spoke about prevailing concerns with and the future of Web3 security, the evolution of tech-based security, advice for developers in Web3 and much more. To start, can you please brief us about the current issues pertaining to Web3 security? I would argue there is not enough substance to term it ‘Web3 security’ yet. However, security in Web3, like Web3 itself, is in its early days. We are at a landmark phase where company-owned Web2 is being replaced by user-owned Web3. This ownership element is not only for the funds that a user owns. It is also for the responsibilities that come with ownership. Custody is the keyword. Every act of the user on a blockchain has a cost attached and as self-custodians, they are accountable for any outcome. Another important thing to realize is that most security breaches happen on the application and communication layer of blockchain. The core function of blockchain i.e. a distributed ledger is very rarely the place of attack. Observe closely and you see that smart contracts are mostly exploited during these hacks. Why? Because the environment for writing smart contracts is immature. Programming languages and EVMs are still largely experimental. Programming vulnerabilities account for a majority of security concerns. Lastly, dApp founders and teams think of Web3 security as an end-stage plug-in for their products. They rely on trust first and then tooling and solutions. However, recent hacks and thefts have shown why the element of trust needs to be eliminated and security needs to be a priority. Self-custody for the layman. Raw tooling for developers. Trust-driven DeFi ecosystem. All-in-all, Web3 security is undercooked and needs to be ramped up exponentially to meet today’s sophisticated attacks. What are your views on the evolution of tech-based security in recent times? Also, as we move into Web3, what are the trade-offs we can expect for robust security? Security technology has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. The security is more water-tight than ever before. There are two tangents to this. The first is concrete centralization by parties to store, secure, and render data inaccessible to any third party. And second, make hacks and thefts a costly affair in terms of resources needed. These two tangents have been manifested at scale into many security solutions. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have taken up security by a few notches. The duo has helped build automated and adaptive security networks. In the coming years, AI is set to improve further, and hopefully, it translates into a more secure future for all of us. Lately, blockchain-based cyber-security has started to find its ground. With foolproof authentication and no-trust models, the blend of blockchain into security solutions has started and is ought to grow further. Now, talking about what are the expected trade-offs for Web3 security. If we go by the theory of blockchain trilemma, scalability suffers as security is prioritized i.e. more nodes = more decentralization = more security. Apart from that, I also believe true anonymity cannot be made possible while still upholding the best security ethos. There will be an element of traceability intact. However, I also think Web3 security will be privacy-centric. So, the bottom line is, users’ data, identity, and activity won’t be tracked but can be traced - if needed. Can you share your thoughts on the adaptability of security solutions amidst the convergence of centralized Web2 and a fairly decentralized Web3? First of all, I’d say that cultural integration between the security builders of Web2 and those of Web3 is the top priority. The ethos and the values are very different between these two sects. A simple example of this is how the distribution of data storage is pursued by both these security groups. The Web2 sect views this as high-risk and conforms to their centralized ideals of a single database or server. However, in Web3, a distributed ledger is a means of security. The more the distribution, the more secure the network is. The convergence of security solutions for Web2 and Web3 is a tough ask because there is a contrasting approach to how security is approached. In Web2, there is scope for patches and hotfixes to secure networks. However, in Web3, security needs to be weaved into the architectural design. Making Web2 security solutions adapt to Web3 is a long-term game. From matching encryption standards to building strategic threat prevention tools, convergence needs to be built from scratch. There is room for establishing synergy between both security solutions. However, to ensure maximum security, natively developed solutions are needed. Web3 native knowledge and expertise is a different ball game and is a must while bootstrapping security for the dynamic space. What is your advice to the builders and developers in the Web3, crypto, and DeFi space from a security perspective? I have two pieces of advice for the builders and developers coming up in this space. It is a hard grind; however, neglecting security will only make it exponentially harder. The first one is, Build resilient products with great on-chain security. What I mean by this is to build products and services that have a security-first approach. Resilience is a much-needed trait for any DeFi product or dApp out there. Prioritize security alongside performance and user experience. On-chain security is often overlooked and taken notice of only after it wreaks havoc. From planning to post-deployment, smart contract audits, and cyber insurance, essentially what I’m trying to say is don’t leave any stone unturned when it comes to security and privacy. Second, Cultivate a culture of security and safety practices. Security literacy amongst users is pretty low in this space. The best practices are often expensive (say, a robust cold wallet) or too complex for the layman. Hence, the products and services need to have in-built security. Incentivizing the good players is as important as keeping the bad players away. Bug bounties are a great way to keep good players engaged in continuously improving security systems in Web3. Not only does this incentivize safeguard activities, but it also establishes a culture of security and development in the team. And as this spreads, more security best practices become accessible to all and can be equipped at zero opportunity cost. How do you foresee the future of security in Web3? What are the key developments in this area that you are keeping an eye on? Blockchain pushes for true ownership of money and personal data. Cryptocurrencies and DeFi add to the functionalities of money. ZKPs guarantee privacy. NFTs enable tokenization and control of assets. As you see, the potential is immense. However, for this potential to be realized, a safe, secure, and robust Web3 infrastructure is a must-have. There is no doubt that Web3 security has a huge room for improvement. Unlike other verticals, this needs to be prioritized and not chosen at convenience. A security-first approach is necessary to bring about the mass adoption of Web3, including institutional participation. And coming to the key developments I’m keen on, the first would be MPC i.e. multi-party computation. Roughly, it is where the custody of the private key is shared between the user and service provider, with no one having the full key at any given time. Also, I am a huge advocate of identity-first security. ZKPs are a great tool to enable this. Identity authentication and verification are a must to build security and privacy for the ecosystem. However, the catch is that the users need to be bestowed with control and consent over the data linked to their identity. Another potential game-changer in the space of Web3 security would be enterprise-grade audits. There are barely any. The Web2 cybersecurity giants have little to zero relevance in the Web3 space. So, native Web3 audit firms with a proactive approach are a must for the industry to grow.

David Schwed of Halborn Explores the Culture and Mechanics of Web3 Security

Navigating the Future: Enhancing Bitcoin's Scalability and Sustainability Introduction to Bitcoin's Scalability and Environmental Challenges Bitcoin, the first and most well-known cryptocurrency, has revolutionized the financial world since its inception in 2009. Offering a decentralized, secure, and transparent transaction mechanism, Bitcoin has paved the way for the development of numerous other cryptocurrencies and blockchain projects. However, its journey has not been without challenges. Among the most significant hurdles are scalability and environmental sustainability. The core technology of Bitcoin, the Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchain, demands extensive computational power, leading to high energy consumption and slow transaction processing times. These limitations have sparked intense debate within the crypto community and hindered Bitcoin's broader adoption, particularly in decentralized applications and social media platforms. The Layer-2 Revolution: A Scalable and Sustainable Solution To address these challenges, the blockchain community has turned to innovative solutions known as Layer-2 protocols. These protocols operate on top of the existing blockchain (Layer-1), aiming to enhance scalability without compromising security or decentralization. Social Network: Pioneering Bitcoin's Layer-2 Staking Protocol One of the most notable advancements in this space is the of the Social Network, a decentralized Bitcoin Layer-2 staking protocol. By launching its testnet, Social Network has introduced a to improving Bitcoin's scalability and environmental footprint. The protocol leverages recent technological upgrades and partnerships to provide a scalable, cost-efficient, and less energy-intensive solution. development groundbreaking approach Collaborations and Innovations A key to Social Network's success is its with industry leaders such as ChainSafe, Halborn Security, Threefold, BloxRoute, and LaunchNodes. These partnerships aim to create a secure and efficient BTC staking platform that supports decentralized social networks, leveraging the security and trustlessness of the Bitcoin blockchain. collaboration Beyond Social Network: The Broader Landscape of Layer-2 Solutions Layer-2 solutions are not limited to staking protocols. Other technologies, such as Rootstock and Stacks, extend Bitcoin's functionality through smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps), further enhancing the network's scalability and interoperability with Ethereum. These introduce new functionalities to the Bitcoin ecosystem, improving transaction speeds and offering new opportunities for blockchain applications. developments The Path Forward: Envisioning a Greener, More Connected Digital Future The unveiling of Layer-2 protocols, such as the Social Network, heralds an era of transformation for the Bitcoin network, emphasizing not just technological advancement but a commitment to ecological responsibility. These innovations signal a pivotal shift towards creating a Bitcoin ecosystem that is both scalable and environmentally conscious. The significance of these developments extends beyond the immediate community to hint at a future where blockchain technology is integral to a sustainable global digital economy. Bridging Technology and Sustainability Layer-2 solutions like Social Network are more than just technical feats; they are a testament to the blockchain community's resolve to foster a digital realm that prioritizes sustainability alongside scalability. This evolution is critical for the wider acceptance and integration of Bitcoin into decentralized applications, paving the way for a future where blockchain's potential is fully unleashed without sacrificing our planet's health. Catalyzing Transformation Across the Digital Landscape The ripple effect of Layer-2 advancements stretches far beyond the confines of the Bitcoin network. By addressing the pressing issues of scalability and environmental impact, these technologies open the door to an array of possibilities for decentralized platforms and applications. The emergence of these solutions could revolutionize how we interact with digital and financial systems, making them more accessible, efficient, and, importantly, sustainable. A Collaborative Journey Towards Innovation The path to realizing the full potential of blockchain technology is a collaborative endeavor, requiring the collective effort of developers, researchers, and industry visionaries. It is through this synergy that the community can navigate the complex web of challenges that lie ahead, driving forward innovations that balance technological advancement with environmental stewardship. Pioneering a Sustainable Digital Financial Ecosystem The transition towards Layer-2 solutions marks a critical step in Bitcoin's evolution, offering a blueprint for overcoming its inherent challenges. By enhancing the network's scalability and minimizing its ecological footprint, the blockchain community is laying the groundwork for a digital financial ecosystem that is inclusive, efficient, and, above all, sustainable. This journey is laden with both opportunities and obstacles, yet the promise of innovation and collaboration lights the way towards a brighter, greener future. The advancements in Layer-2 technologies are not just reshaping the Bitcoin network; they are redefining the boundaries of blockchain's role in a sustainable digital economy. As we stand on the brink of this new era, the collective endeavor of the blockchain community will undoubtedly propel us towards a future where digital innovation and environmental sustainability go hand in hand, heralding an age of digital finance that is as green as it is global. Don’t forget to like and share the story! This author is an independent contributor publishing via our brand-as-author program. Be it through direct compensation, media partnerships, or networking, the author has a vested interest in the company/ies mentioned in this story. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR Vested Interest Disclosure:

Social Network Leads the Charge in Bitcoin's Layer-2 Evolution: A Greener Future Awaits

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The Driving Force of Orion's Web3 Innovation with Stéphane Doueihi : Hello, Stéphane Doueihi; it's a pleasure to welcome you to our "Behind the Startup" series. We're excited to delve into your journey and the breadth of your expertise. Moreover, we would greatly appreciate it if you could shed light on the inspiration behind the ORION mission and how it envisions revolutionizing our online interactions through the utilization of technology. Ishan Pandey Web3 : Orion's mission is to revolutionize DeFi by integrating centralized and decentralized exchange liquidity, providing direct access from personal wallets. This approach lowers trading fees, democratizes access to prime crypto prices, and redistributes wealth globally. Our vision extends beyond traditional online interactions, harnessing Web3 technology to lead in DeFi trading innovation and establish Orion as a primary, community-driven crypto trading platform. Stéphane Doueihi : DAOs have gained a lot of attention recently. How is Orion utilizing DAO structures, and what are the advantages and challenges you've encountered in implementing them? Ishan Pandey : Our transition to a DAO structure signifies a major evolution in Orion's journey, emphasizing decentralized governance and community engagement. This shift towards a DAO model is pivotal, as it represents Orion’s commitment to transparency, resilience, and innovation in governance. It's a strategic move towards a more democratic and user-empowered ecosystem, aligning with the core principles of decentralization in DeFi. Stéphane Doueihi : As an early adopter in the blockchain domain, what inspired you to be an Orion DAO ambassador, and what do you envision for its role in the future of the crypto ecosystem? Ishan Pandey : My role as an Orion DAO ambassador and external representative at events and interviews is to advocate for Orion's trailblazing technology in blockchain and DeFi. I'm inspired by Orion's unique approach to liquidity aggregation, allowing decentralized access to top exchanges like Binance, KuCoin, and OKX, a feature that sets Orion apart in the blockchain world. Stéphane Doueihi My role as an Orion DAO ambassador also involves promoting Orion's unique liquidity protocol, which is a game-changer in the DeFi space. This protocol is not only powering Orion but is also available for third parties, potentially bringing all centralized exchange (CEX) liquidity into DeFi. This capability is pivotal in transforming how liquidity is accessed and utilized in the decentralized finance ecosystem. : Could you provide insights into ways you can support the ORION ecosystem, and how people are empowered being part of the eventual DAO? Ishan Pandey : In the Orion ecosystem, the veORN system offers significant APR for governance participation. Simultaneously, our 'Refer & Earn' program drives deeper user engagement with exponential rewards based on network effects, making it both sustainable and lucrative. These innovative programs empower users within the DAO, promoting a dynamic and active community central to Orion's decentralized philosophy. Stéphane Doueihi : Interoperability is a crucial aspect of blockchain. How does Orion facilitate the seamless exchange of assets across different blockchains, and what are the technical hurdles you've had to overcome to achieve this? Ishan Pandey : Orion Bridge exemplifies our commitment to seamless, ultra-fast, and secure cross-chain transfers. Its simplicity and user-friendliness, coupled with strong security measures, make it a standout in the blockchain space. This interoperability, integrated directly into Orion Terminal, offers users a hassle-free and secure trading experience across various blockchains. For more insights, I invite you to explore our detailed documentation. Stéphane Doueihi : Security is a paramount concern in the blockchain and cryptocurrency sector, especially considering the increasing sophistication of cyber threats. Can you share with us the details about the security audits and safeguards Orion has in place to protect its platform and users' assets? Additionally, how does Orion ensure ongoing security in the face of rapidly evolving digital threats? Ishan Pandey : Security is paramount at Orion. Our comprehensive approach includes rigorous audits by top firms like Halborn and continuous system monitoring. These measures, combined with our unique liquidity aggregation model, ensure a secure trading environment, protecting user assets against evolving digital threats. Stéphane Doueihi Uniquely, we are TVL-light by design, utilizing atomic swaps and other advanced technologies to ensure safer transactions, though these technologies are complex to implement. Our liquidity aggregation model further ensures a secure trading environment against evolving threats. : The crypto industry is known for its rapid innovations. How does Orion stay ahead of the curve in terms of technology and product development, and what strategies do you employ to remain competitive? Ishan Pandey : Orion has consistently stayed ahead of the curve, focusing on creating innovative products from scratch using first principles rather than merely copying or forking existing projects. Orion's achievements, including our unique decentralized access to major exchange order books, an ultra-fast cross-chain bridge, a 5-tier referral system, and much more (such as our upcoming mobile app!), underscore our commitment to staying ahead in the crypto market. Our approach to innovation, focusing on user-centric features and community feedback, positions us at the forefront of the DeFi space. Stéphane Doueihi : What are some of the most exciting use cases or trends you see emerging in the crypto and blockchain space, and how is Orion positioned to capitalize on these opportunities? Ishan Pandey Stéphane Doueihi: Account abstraction is an exciting trend, and we're exploring it to simplify our trading UI/UX. Orion's strategic positioning allows us to leverage such cutting-edge concepts, enhancing our liquidity aggregation technology and community-driven development, further establishing our leadership in the sector. Don’t forget to like and share the story! : Vested Interest Disclosure This author is an independent contributor publishing via our . Be it through direct compensation, media partnerships, or networking, the author has a vested interest in the company/ies mentioned in this story. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR brand-as-author program

Exploring the Future of Crypto Trading and Web 3 with Orion's Stéphane Doueihi

In the vast landscape of financial evolution, Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has emerged as a beacon of promise, offering solutions that challenge traditional banking's core. However, as with any innovation, it brings its own set of challenges. From daunting complexities that deter the average user to regulatory mazes that even experts and project founders struggle with, DeFi's journey to mainstream adoption is riddled with hurdles. It is because of these hurdles that I am writing to you. To tackle this problem, it's essential to provide a comprehensive perspective on the seemingly idealistic concept of DeFi. It's crucial for individuals to recognize and acknowledge these challenges, as users are currently facing distressing issues. And as long as these hurdles remain unresolved, going mainstream is a delusion. What is DeFi? Decentralized Finance, also known as , refers to a financial system where traditional financial services can be rendered in the blockchain without the help of intermediaries like banks. DeFi To send or receive money in traditional Finance, you need trusted intermediaries like banks or fintech platforms like PayPal to facilitate the transaction. However, the rise of DeFi has changed the game of money as it permits the trading of digital assets like Bitcoin without third parties or intermediaries. Scam Defi Projects and How People Lose Funds to Them Although DeFi has several advantages, it also comes with many risks. Here are three risks associated with DeFi: Wallet Hacks A popular method used to hack Wallets is the Read-Only Reentrancy. After lost $3.8 million to an attack in July this year, the company revealed that BlockSec recognized ‘read-only reentrancy’ as the root cause of DeFi attacks. Conic Finance Reentrancy is a smart contract bug that makes an intelligent contact vulnerable to hackers. The bug allows hackers to trick the smart contract into stealing assets by making external calls to a malicious contract. This means that users don’t need to share their private key (similar to your bank app password) before they can lose their money to hacks. Although DeFi accounted for a small portion of the lost to in 2022, DeFi is even dragged into these schemes, making investors more wary than ever. Ponzi Schemes Disguising as DeFi $7.8 billion Ponzi schemes Exit Scams An exit scam is a category under a rug pull that occurs when a founder creates a DeFi project and aggressively promotes it so people can invest. After gathering enough investor funds, he abandons the project and disappears. Losses in DeFi From 2020 to date Below are some hacks that happened from 2020 till now. 2020 DeFi Exploits and Hacks In 2020 alone, the crypto industry faced 17 major DeFi hacks that led to a cumulative loss of $154 million; see some of them below: bZx (February 15, 2020) bZx protocol was exploited twice in 4 days and lost over $900,000. The first attack occurred on Valentine's Day, where they lost $320,000. Later in the year, they lost $600,000 to hackers. Lendf. Me lost almost all its assets to an attack, as its locked value dropped from $25 million to about $10,000 in 24 hours. Lendf.Me (April 19, 2020) Harvest Finance, which lost $24 million, was among the noteworthy hacks in 2020. Following the hack, the platform recorded an over 50% drop in total value locked (TVL). Harvest Finance (October 26, 2020) Warp Finance —a DeFi platform for lending lost $7.7 million to a flash loan attack. Warp Finance (December 18, 2020) Over $2.4 billion was lost to DeFi hacks alone (an increase of 1,330% compared to 2020). Below are some projects that were affected by this hack. 2021 DeFi Exploits and Hacks THORChain suffered an exploit on June 28, 2021, where it lost $140,000, but another unfortunate exploit on July 15, where it lost $4,900,000. It suffered a third exploit on July 23, losing about $8 million. THORChain (July 23, 2021) DaoMaker lost $4 million in 2021 to a reentrancy attack, as reported by @Mudit__Gupta. Dao Maker (September 4, 2021) Poly Network is a DeFi app that helps traders move assets like Bitcoin from one blockchain to another. Poly Network lost roughly $600 million in 2021. The hacker noticed a Poly Networks code bug and manipulated the smart contract to withdraw any amount they wanted. Poly Network (August 10, 2021) However, Poly Network made a smart move after the hack. They contacted the hacker and offered them $500,000 and the role of Chief Security Adviser. Following the offer, the hacker returned all the stolen assets. An unknown hacker stole about $18.8 million (418,311,571 in AMP and 1,308.09 in ETH) from Cream Finance in a flash loan attempt. Cream Finance (August 30, 2021) 2022 DeFi Exploits, Hacks, and Scam To date, 2022 witnessed the highest combined loss from DeFi exploits. See some of them below. Qubit Finance is a DeFi that runs on the Binance blockchain. It lost over $80 million to an exploit in January 2022. Qubit (January 28, 2022) In February 2022, Wormhole, a multichain bridging platform, encountered one of the most significant losses from DeFi exploits. The breach resulted in a loss of $320 million worth of Wormhole (February 3, 2022) Wrapped Ethereum (WETH). Ronin Network is a gaming-focused platform that lost over $625 million in USDC and ether (ETH) to an exploit. The loss affected the popular Axie Infinity game and the Axie DAO. Ronin Network (March 29, 2022) 2023 DeFi Exploits, Hacks, and Scams was stolen in the year's first half, and here are some examples: Over $471.43 million SafeMoon lost $9 million worth of tokens (over $200,000,000) to a hack earlier this year. SafeMoon (March 29, 2023) While 2023 hasn’t ended yet, many more DeFi have lost millions of dollars, like Hundred Finance, which lost $7 million to hacking. Hundred Finance (April 15, 2023) On June 2, 2023, the founder of Uniswap responded to a tweet saying he wasn’t aware of the Uniswap event held by a group in Shenzhen, China (and it must be a scam). Uniswap (June 2, 2023) The fake event titled “First Uniswap Asian Summit” had the so-called “CEO of Uniswap” in attendance. The scammers had created a fork of the original Uniswap site with Chinese community content and links to the original app. Halborn tweeted a comprehensive list of hacks in 2023, with Poly Network suffering a repeat attack and loss of $10 million. Poly Network (July 2023) 2021 exploits were higher than the 2020 hacks. Then, in 2022, the hacked volume was higher than in 2021. The hacking in the Web3 is on an upward trend. Why DeFi Won’t Go Mainstream The continuous incidents and loss of money will only discourage investors as there is a lack of trust. Security Concerns DeFi needs regulation to prevent continuous losses, but regulation doesn't work well with decentralization. Regulation Concerns The main idea of decentralization is that no single party will have control over the platform, but with regulation, a body has to maintain control. However, due to the decentralized nature of DeFi, regulators will keep facing challenges with controlling it. Hence, the exploits will continue. This is because exploits are often done to smart contracts, not the regulatory bodies. DeFi remains challenging to non-technical users, and without the proper knowledge, users can lose money due to a mistake they made on the platform. Complexity What do all these figures mean? These figures mentioned here may sound like just numbers to you. However, these are people's hard-earned money. There are people's life-saving. These are people's school fees, house rent, etc. You may not be in support of people using money for such priorities to invest in crypto, but you cannot be quick to blame these investors if the protocols weren't secured enough to protect their funds. Some individuals put their money in low-yield and low-risk investment vehicles within the DeFi ecosystem to escape inflation in their local currency. There is an urgent need to address security concerns in DeFi before discussing mainstream adoption. Since DeFi is an open-source movement, developers and founders must work towards improving their smart contracts to stop hackers from taking advantage of bugs in the code. If things continue this way with losses from hacks, DeFi will remain an option, not the mainstream choice. So far, projects that conduct bounties for the community to find loopholes in their smart contracts haven't been exploited.

Why DeFi Won’t Go Mainstream

Eowyn Chen, the pioneering force steering the helm of Trust Wallet, opens up in this candid chat about decentralization, navigating the crypto cosmos, and the perpetual balancing act between innovation and security. Dive into an enlightening conversation that merges the spirit of entrepreneurship with the quest for a decentralized future. Inside Look: How Trust Wallet's Security Scanner is Revolutionizing Crypto Safety Ishan Pandey: Hi Eowyn, welcome to our series “Behind the Startup.” Please tell us about yourself and the story behind Trust Wallet? Hello Ishan, it's a pleasure to be here and thank you for inviting me to this enlightening series. Eowyn Chen: I currently have the privilege to lead Trust Wallet as the CEO, steering one of the world’s largest multi-chain, non-custodial crypto wallets. Our vision is to empower tens of millions of users globally with freedom foundations - providing them with the ownership to directly manage their digital assets on blockchains. Before joining Trust Wallet, I sharpened my skills as the VP at Binance leading the central marketing team. Our mission was clear, yet ambitious: scaling user numbers from tens into hundreds of millions. We achieved this through great collaboration and support from the community. Prior to my immersion in the blockchain space, my career spanned different facets of business. I participated in the go-to-market launch for international startups. My foundation was laid at Oliver Wyman in New York, where I honed my skills as a management consultant for financial services and introduced me to blockchain as a technology that could improve the existing outdated financial tech stacks running behind the banks. Now, about Trust Wallet's genesis. Viktor, a freedom fighter and visionary, had been someone I shared many spirited discussions with and admired to work with one day since 2018. We knew each other in late 2018 when Binance acquired Trust Wallet. At the start of 2022, he reached a pivotal decision: his passion was steering him towards product and technical development only without worrying about the rest of the business. And I was at a turning point that I yearned to be closer to the innovative frontier of the industry and be closer to the decentralized community. Seeing the potentials of the great team and product, and aligning with his vision, I took up the reins. Our team at Trust Wallet is as unique and decentralized as the product we're building. We span across 19 different time zones. This geographical diversity is not merely a statistic; it's a testament to our commitment to creating a decentralized world. The decentralized nature of our team fosters creativity and innovation, allowing us to better understand the needs of our global user base. In essence, Trust Wallet is more than just a company; it’s part of a movement towards a more transparent and accessible world that empowers everyone for the digital future. We're not just building a product; we're on a journey with the community towards the mission. It's a thrilling journey, and I'm grateful for the opportunity to be a part of it. Thank you for letting me share our story. Ishan Pandey: Please tell us a little bit about Trust Wallet and how the company aims to address the crucial challenge of storing virtual assets securely amidst all-time-high cybersecurity threats? Certainly, Ishan, I'd love to dive into Trust Wallet's mission and how we're addressing the vital challenge of securely storing virtual assets, particularly in the context of the ever-increasing cybersecurity threats. Trust Wallet is a gateway that enables users to explore and interact with over 80 blockchains, access and manage NFTs on 15 chains and 10+ million digital assets. We pride ourselves on being the No. 1 mobile wallet globally in active usage and downloads; and since our web extension's launch in November 2022, we've rapidly risen to top-tier status with over a million installs as well. Eowyn Chen: Our aim? To demystify and simplify the Web3 experience. We strive to create a powerful yet user-friendly platform where people can securely access dApps, try DeFi, and stake crypto to contribute to chain security and get rewards. All these features are integrated into a seamless environment, marrying convenience with security. Security is not just an add-on at Trust Wallet; it's embedded in our core philosophy. We understand the gravity of cybersecurity threats, and we have initiated rigorous measures to assure our users that our mobile app and browser extension are robustly safeguarded. Here's what we've done: Intensive Auditing: To ensure our own operational and coding hygiene, we increasing our security audits and audit coverage to +30 a year, engaged multiple top-tier, third-party external auditors like Cure53, Certik, Halborn and Kudelski to assess our security, and published two updated s performed by Cure53 and Certik this year so far, with more to come. report User security features: we have updated our security scanner feature just a few weeks ago, which improves the UX and database accuracy to warn users of risks when sending funds to reported scammy addresses and dApps. We proactively decided to make tools open source and authored EIP-6865 to help the space all become cleaner, which I think security should be a public good that benefits all industry participants and leaves less room for evil to survive. Transparency: Our wallet-core is also open-source, which allows anyone to verify our security measures. We believe that transparency is crucial for building user trust, and we are committed to providing our users with utmost security and peace of mind when using web3 and wallets. User Education: Recognizing that security is a two-way street, we are relentless in educating our users. Through various community channels, we generate educational content to emphasize the importance of personal responsibility in safeguarding private keys. Learning and Growing: While we strive for excellence, we acknowledge that 100% security in the on-chain world may be unattainable. The true measure of our commitment lies in how we learn from each incident, taking full responsibility and turning those lessons into actionable improvements to help our users secure their assets and enrich their Web3 experience. Ishan Pandey: What are your views on the rise of AI and how it may be used for conducting cybersecurity attacks? AI holds remarkable potential in various fields, and its rise is a testament to the strides being made in technology. For instance, we use GPT-powered AI bots to support users on 80% of the basic blockchain and decentralized questions that could be solved through education. However, like any potent tool, its use for cybersecurity attacks is a concern. As AI evolves both technologically and regulatory-wise, it's important we maintain a balanced perspective, acknowledging its immense benefits while diligently working to mitigate risks. As with any potential or emerging threat, our security team has their finger on the pulse in this area and we continue to monitor it closely. Eowyn Chen: : This author is an independent contributor publishing via our . Be it through direct compensation, media partnerships, or networking, the author has a vested interest in the company/ies mentioned in this story. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR Vested Interest Disclosure brand-as-author program Ishan Pandey: How does the Security Scanner feature introduced by Trust Wallet contribute to the evolution of security practices in the world of cryptocurrency? Security isn't just a feature at Trust Wallet; it's an integral aspect of our mission to foster a safer and more transparent world of cryptocurrency. Hence we continuously try to improve existing features like security scanners to be more accurate and useful for users to make more informed and safer decisions. Eowyn Chen: Automatic scam protection: Users don't need to set up the security scanner. It warns them automatically if they try to send money to a scammer or use a harmful dApp. Transparency and Education: Our Scanner doesn't just identify a threat; it explains why something is being flagged. This transparency ensures that users know more about the underlying risks. It's a step toward building a more knowledgeable and resilient community of users. Data Accuracy: We gather threat data from various sources, including user-reported scammer addresses and malicious DApps. Our dedicated team verifies this information for increased accuracy. This collaborative approach helps keep users and transactions secure. User Autonomy and Control: In line with our commitment to providing a user-centric Web3 experience, Our Security Scanner warns but does not has right to block transactions, giving users the option to proceed or even turn off the feature. It's a delicate balance between safeguarding assets and preserving individual freedom, reflecting the ethos of the decentralized world. Openness and Collaboration: Our approach to security extends beyond our own ecosystem. By embracing open-source principles, we've made strides to foster an industry-wide movement towards standardized and more robust security practices. This spirit of collaboration represents a maturity in how security challenges can be tackled collectively. As mentioned above, we proactively decided to make our transaction simulation tool open source and authored EIP-6865 to help the space become cleaner, which I think security should be a public good that benefits all industry participants and leaves less room for evil to survive. Adaptability and Evolution: Security threats are ever-changing, and so is our Security Scanner. We constantly refine and update it to stay ahead of emerging risks, reflecting our belief that security is a dynamic process that must evolve with the landscape. Ultimately, user security features like the Security Scanner and transaction simulation serve to build trust and confidence in the Web3 experience. By providing a safe, transparent, and user-friendly tool, we're not just enhancing our own platform but contributing to the broader narrative of credibility and responsibility in the cryptocurrency world. Ishan Pandey:  Given the constant evolution of cybersecurity threats, how does Trust Wallet plan to continuously adapt and improve the Security Scanner feature to keep up with these changes? The relentless evolution of cybersecurity threats is indeed a profound challenge, one that demands an equally relentless response. At Trust Wallet, we don't see security as a static feature but as a dynamic, ongoing pursuit. Security Scanner and similar user features will always take an iterative development and update process. Eowyn Chen: As you mentioned, we've recently launched Security Scanner Version 2. This wasn't just an update; it marked a significant evolution with the introduction of risk descriptions to the addresses, improved risk detection accuracy, and the ability to scan for malicious dApps. For our Android users, this means enhanced protection when accessing potentially scam sites. Currently, the security scanner supports the EVM chains. In the near future, we plan to expand its compatibility to include additional networks, such as Solana, TRON, BTC etc. This development will provide a more comprehensive security solution, covering a broader range of digital assets and enhancing overall user protection. However, this is just one step in a continuous journey, and we are already hard at work on future iterations. Ishan Pandey: How might the SEC's potential regulation of cryptocurrencies impact the future development and adoption of these digital assets? The SEC's potential regulation of cryptocurrencies might be  a pivotal concern for the future of digital assets. On the one hand, clear regulations can foster trust and facilitate wider adoption, bringing Web3 closer to mainstream acceptance. It's an opportunity for the crypto industry to align with established regulatory standards, which can enhance consumer confidence. Eowyn Chen: On the other hand, inappropriate or overly restrictive regulations may stifle innovation, hampering growth, and potentially pushing activities into less secure environments. This could lead to higher risks for users. Recent legislative actions, like the "Keep Your Coins Act of 2023," reflect an evolving regulatory landscape and the efforts to establish protective frameworks for digital assets, including self-custody wallets. We believe it's essential for all stakeholders to work collaboratively and communicate effectively to create a balanced and wise regulatory approach that supports innovation while protecting users. The success of cryptocurrencies depends on finding this balance. Ishan Pandey: How are the roles of governments and regulatory bodies expected to evolve with the growth of the Web3, blockchain, and cryptocurrency sectors? The growth of Web3, blockchain, and cryptocurrencies is nothing short of exciting, but with this innovation comes a real responsibility. Governments and regulatory bodies will inevitably play a crucial role in shaping this new frontier. It's not just about rules and regulations; it's about building a bridge between the traditional world and this emerging technology landscape. Eowyn Chen: Collaboration is key. We need to work hand-in-hand with regulators to ensure that we're protecting consumers without stifling the creativity that makes this space so vibrant. This isn't a one-size-fits-all situation, and it's our collective responsibility to ensure that we're fostering innovation while keeping an ever-watchful eye on potential risks. It's a delicate balance, but I firmly believe that with transparent dialogue and a shared commitment to what's best for everyone involved, we can create an environment where Web3 doesn't just grow but thrives. Together, we can push the boundaries of what's possible, and in doing so, shape a future that benefits people all around the world. Don’t forget to like and share the story!

Behind Trust Wallet: A Glimpse into the World's Leading Multi-chain Crypto Wallet

Detrás de Trust Wallet: un vistazo a la billetera criptográfica multicadena líder en el mundo

Derrière Trust Wallet : un aperçu du leader mondial des portefeuilles cryptographiques multi-chaînes

ट्रस्ट वॉलेट के पीछे: दुनिया के अग्रणी मल्टी-चेन क्रिप्टो वॉलेट की एक झलक

Trust Wallet の裏側: 世界をリードするマルチチェーン暗号ウォレットを垣間見る

Por trás da Trust Wallet: um vislumbre da carteira de criptomoedas líder mundial em várias cadeias

Đằng sau Trust Wallet: Tổng quan về Ví tiền điện tử đa chuỗi hàng đầu thế giới

Trust Wallet 背后：世界领先的多链加密钱包一瞥

, I am a co-founder and security researcher from Cyfrin where we do smart contract audits. This is my opinionated take on top smart contract audit firms along with Cyfrin. The only way Web3 scales is if we increase our security, so I want to ensure that other top firms get the exposure they deserve. Auditors left off this list are not necessarily poor choices, I may have just missed them. What is a Smart Contract Audit A is a time-boxed security-based code review on your smart contract / Web3 system. An auditor’s goal is to find as many vulnerabilities as possible and educate the client on ways to improve the security of their codebase moving forward. smart contract audit Auditors use a combination of manual and automated tools to find these vulnerabilities. However, a smart contract audit does not guarantee your code is bug-free. At the end of the day, your protocol's security is yours and your auditor's responsibility, and sometimes multiple audits or another security tooling might be needed. A professional audit group can and will give you all the guidance you need to move forward on your security journey so you can feel confident deploying. You can learn more about what is a smart contract audit here. Why We Need Smart Contract Audits The image above represents the total dollar amount stolen from DeFi for the entire year of 2022, 80% of that value was exclusively in DeFi. According to , the current locked value of all DeFi is 50 billion dollars. DeFillama This means that over 6% of all DeFi value has been subject to a hack! If we want blockchain and DeFi to come to the masses, they cannot be worried that there is a 6% chance they will wake up to find their funds exploited. We have to do better than this. This is why audits are so important: Keep your protocol safe Help Web3 gain authority Educate your team on best practices That last bullet is what I call the Getting an audit and working with a group of security and smart contract experts can improve your team's skill in developing protocols. They should give you feedback on vulnerabilities educate your team on improving. They are security and developer experts, after all! hidden benefit of smart contract audits. and How to Choose a Smart Contract Auditor Understand the auditor skill set Understand your price point Understand their methodology Understand the auditor skill set You want to ensure the auditor has done work in the domain you’re looking for an audit on. If you want an audit on Solana and you work with an EVM specialist group, you’re going to have a bad time. Maybe you want a DeFi audit, and you’re working with a firm that only understands NFTs; this is also a recipe for disaster. An easy way to see what kinds of projects an auditor can do is to look at a list of their previous audits. Most auditors will have some publicly displayed audits as a showcase of work, and you can decide based on their past if they are right for you. Understand your price point Large firms will often cost more than smaller firms and independent auditors. Typically, you can find “cheaper” audits with smaller companies and independent auditors, but the quality can vary. I’ve seen a of fantastic solo auditors, though, so don’t discount a solo auditor who wants to audit your protocol. ton Pricing varies wildly depending on the auditors, so understand the next point to get the best idea for a price point. Understand their methodology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-T9F0anN1E&embedable=true Before locking down any payment, you need to verify the following: Exactly which auditor(s) will conduct the audit What tools will they use (fuzzing, formal verification, etc) If they want a communication channel between your developers and the auditors are not machine auditable and often come from poor implementation of business logic. Because of this, auditors need as much context as possible in the form of: 80% of hacks Documentation Q&A Channel with Developers Code Natspec If an auditor doesn’t tell you who is doing the audit, what tools they are using, or doesn’t want to have a direct line of communication between your protocol devs and the auditors, there is a good chance they are going to do shoddy work. Additionally, I think auditors should try to improve your test suite with , but it’s not required. fuzzing/property/invariant tests How to Prepare for a Smart Contract Audit Imagine two random developers drop 5,000 lines of code you’ve never seen on your desk and tell you that the code needs to be cleaned up and spotless in two weeks. Developer A tells you what the code should do, it has a test suite, and they say, “feel free to ask me any questions you may have!” Developer B says, “Don’t talk to me till it’s done.” Your review of developer A’s code will be 100 times better than developer B. Be like developer A. To get the most out of an audit, you should: Have clear documentation Robust test suite (Ideally, including ) fuzz tests Code should be commented & readable Modern best practices followed A communication channel between developers and auditors You are prepared to do an initial video walkthrough of your code You want to think of you and your auditor as a team to get the best results out of your audit. One of the best ways to do this is to have a dedicated channel where auditors can ask questions to the developers. Additionally, the more context, documentation, and information they can read, the better. Be sure it’s easy for anyone to walk through your code and understand what it’s supposed to do. 80% of all bugs are due to business logic issues, so the auditors need to understand what the protocol should do more than they should understand the actual code! You can learn more about the . smart contract auditing process here Top Smart Contract Auditors I wanted to make sure you had all this context before giving you this list because I’ve seen protocols that want an audit for one of two reasons: Marketing Security & Marketing Be like #2. Getting “an” audit and treating all audits the same can be tempting but should be done. You want to treat an audit like you and your auditor are teaming up to secure your code. not Here it is, my list of top 7 auditors in no particular order, and why I think they are a top auditor. Cyfrin As someone who wants to see the success of Web3, I was furious with the state of security in Web3. $3.8B lost in 2022 is a horrifying statistic, so I felt compelled to jump in and help secure DeFi and blockchain. Please keep in mind I am the co-founder of . Cyfrin The Cyfrin team has some of the top engineers and auditors in the space, like: | #1 Ranked Auditor as of Writing on Code4rena Hans | Ex-Chainlink Labs Engineer in charge of $5B+ DeFi integrations Alex | Code4rena Top Finisher and Experienced FinTech Engineer 0Kage | Code4rena Top Finisher & Expert Solidity Engineer Carlos | Expert Solidity Engineer Gio | Patrick Most Watched Solidity Education Video(s) of All Time We thrive on finding as many bugs as possible and finding ways to and test suite. improve your codebase Web3 security needs a new narrative, and we are excited to push the security space forward. We are a smaller group at the time of writing as we only launched 2 months ago! You can find a , including the Beanstalk Wells integration and LinkPool. list of notable audits (and skillsets) for Cyfrin here Trail Of Bits I tell people to check out . They are one of the firms in Web3 security consistently pushing the bar in a practical sense. They don’t just give an audit, they give you all the tools you need to be successful in smart contract security as well. always Trail of Bits The Trail of Bits team builds some of the most popular and widely used tools like: Slither Manticore Echidna Properties And so many more. They are dedicated to educating the Web3 space as well with tons of free educational content and blogs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pWYvtx_sjA&embedable=true Trail of Bits is a large group consistently rated one of the top firms in Web3 for good reason, and I’d definitely classify myself as a fanboy. You can find a , like Uniswap, Yearn, and Compound. list of notable audits (and skillsets) for Trail Of Bits here OpenZeppelin is another group that constantly pushes the envelope by raising the state of Web3, which is why I’m a massive fan of their work. The is the standard library for solidity that 95% of the rest of Web3 uses and trusts to build their smart contracts. OpenZeppelin OpenZeppelin Contracts You should hold onto every report you read from the OpenZeppelin team like gold, as the information they give is some of the best in the business, and their team is constantly raising the bar for security. OpenZeppelin is a large group used by some of the top protocols in the space, like Aave, Optimism, and Compound. I really can’t speak highly enough about the skills of this team. You can find a list of notable audits (and skillsets) for OpenZeppelin here. Consensys Diligence Part of the team, one of the most well-known groups in Web3 behind projects like Metamask, Infura, and Truffle, their security team is also first-class. They are a large group with a great track record. Consensys The Diligence team is another team that values powerful fuzzing and recently came out with a product. To me, this signals that they not only understand security, but they understand trying to scale security throughout all of Web3. You can tell when a group cares when they make tooling & educational material that makes your life better instead of hoarding it all for themselves. fuzzer-as-a-service They additionally have tooling (similar to Trail of Bits) if you want to go the extra mile. formal verification You can see a , including Aragon, RocketPool, and Fei. list of Consensys Diligence audits here SpearbitDAO is a decentralized network of security experts that shakes the game up. Spearbit Unlike traditional auditing firms, which employ teams of full-time security researchers, Spearbit sources top talent from everywhere in the Web3 ecosystem to assemble the best possible team. Now you might be thinking, “wait, wouldn’t the quality vary if they have different auditors on different projects?”- however, this hasn’t stopped them from consistently being one of the best in the business. SpearbitDAO proves the decentralization ethos works, as many top auditors and researchers go solo — so periodically combining them into one group makes them all the better! You can see a list of , including SudoSwap, LooksRare, and ArtGobblers. SpearbitDAO audits here Dedaub A lesser-known group, I’ve only seen the team ship amazing reports, and it was a little confusing to me why so few people know about them. Dedaub They are another team that ships more than , with coding libraries and helpful alpha on social media. just security audits As an ex-Chainlink engineer myself (ex-DevRel technically), I’ve witnessed the good this team can do on an audit. You can see a list of projects , including Chainlink, Liquity, and Blur. they’ve worked with Trust is a solo auditor consistently at the top of the competitive audit leaderboards and has done fantastic work educating all of Web3. I especially wanted to highlight him to say you don’t always need to go with a firm! Solo auditors can often be cheaper, with as much skill or more than a massive firm. Trust He has , consistently gives , and has made a massive impact in keeping Web3 safe by himself! an auditor course beautiful write-ups I had the pleasure of interviewing him, and he gave me all the tips and tricks one would need to move forward and be a successful security engineer in Web3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRK2rLFPU0o&embedable=true You can see a list of including The Graph and Vagabond. Trust audits here, More I wanted to keep the list short because the algorithm likes it like that, but here are some more firms and solo auditors that do a fantastic job. Let me know if you think I’m missing any, and I’ll do an assessment. Firms Sigma Prime MixBytes WatchPug Halborn Code4rena Sherlock Runtime Verification Certora Paladin Dedaub Solo Pashov 0x52 obront.eth Romanboehr cccz Akshay Srivastav Kaden.eth Also published . here

Top 7 Smart Contract Auditors to Check For Your Smart Contract

Information is the foundation of good decision-making. Cryptocurrency innovates at the speed of light. New protocols are constantly coming to market, promising to solve some of mankind's greatest financial troubles. While their intentions might be good, the result is a cluttered, noisy environment that promotes FOMO & makes it nearly impossible to make sound decisions. In order to succeed in the wild, volatile, & often opaque world of cryptocurrency it is necessary to quiet the noise & hone in on real signals. The best way to do that is by building out your own Crypto ToolKit. Quick Notes on building a Crypto ToolKit: -) Do not use every single tool (unless you’re a crypto savant) -) Review each resource/tool individually (5–10 min per resource) -) Select only the ones that appeal most to your specific preferences As you might already be aware, the crypto-verse is highly fragmented in the sense that there are many different chains & protocols. Given that not all chains & protocols are interoperable (yet), all of the tools listed provided below are will be as general & multi-purpose as possible. Without further ado, Let's dive in: 📊 Market Data 📊 The starting point of almost every person’s crypto journey, Market Data providers are listing sites that aggregate all open financial digital asset data. All of the fundamental economic elements, Price, Volume, Circulating supply, Orderbooks, market dominance, historic data, & everything else. 1) Token Terminal - https://tokenterminal.com/ 2) Messari - https://messari.io/ 3) Crypto Slate - https://cryptoslate.com/coins/ 4) CoinGlass - https://www.coinglass.com/ Coin Market Cap -** 5) https://coinmarketcap.com/ - 6) Coin Gecko https://www.coingecko.com/ 7) Coin Metrics - https://coinmetrics.io/ 8) Coinlib - https://coinlib.io/ 9) Crypto Compare - https://www.cryptocompare.com/ 10) CoinCap - https://coincap.io/ - 11) CoinRanking https://coinranking.com/ 12) Coin360 — https://coin360.com/ — 13) Bitgur https://bitgur.com/ — 14) Nomics https://nomics.com/ - 15) CryptoWatch https://cryptowat.ch/ 16) BraveNewCoin — https://bravenewcoin.com/ 17) LiveCoinWatch — https://www.livecoinwatch.com/ 18) MultiCoinCharts - https://www.multicoincharts.com/home/ 19) Nansen - https://www.nansen.ai/ 20) CoinPaprika - https://coinpaprika.com/ 21) CoinAlpha - https://coinalpha.app/ 22) CoinScope - https://www.coinscope.co/ 23) DropsTabs - https://dropstab.com/ 24) CryptoView - https://www.cryptoview.com/ 25) CoinCarp - https://www.coincarp.com/ 26) Mytokencap - https://www.mytokencap.com/ 27) CoinCodex — https://coincodex.com/ — 28) CoinLobster https://coinlobster.com/ 💱 DEFI Dashboard & Aggregators💱 Decentralized finance is an incredibly broad term that includes a wide range of applications that vary based on functionality & intended purpose. While the majority of current DEFI activity happens across 4 blockchains (Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon & Solana) there are so many up & coming alternative platforms such as Optimism & Arbitrum that have been garnering attention that for the sake of brevity I will only list the few products that I am personally familiar with. 1) Dapp Radar — https://dappradar.com/defi 2) DEFI Llama — https://defillama.com/ 3) DEFI Prime — https://defiprime.com/ 4) DEFI Pulse — https://www.defipulse.com/ 5) YieldWatch - https://www.yieldwatch.net/ 6) ZapperFI - https://zapper.xyz/ 7) Zerion - https://zerion.io/ 8) InstaDapp - https://instadapp.io/ 9) Frontier - https://www.frontier.xyz/ 10) Apebored - https://apeboard.finance/ 11) Debank - https://debank.com/ - 12) APYvision https://app.apy.vision/ - 13) Plasma Finance https://plasma.finance/ - 14) Farm Army https://farm.army/ - 15) DEFISaver https://defisaver.com/ - 16) Gnosis Safe https://gnosis-safe.io/ - 17) DefiYield https://defiyield.app/ 18) Coin98 - https://coin98.com/ 19) AstroTools - https://astrotools.io/ 20) MultiFarm - https://www.multifarm.fi/ 21) OctoFi - https://octo.fi/ 22) Parallel - https://parallel.fi/ 23) Exponential - https://exponential.fi/ 24) WalletDefi - https://walletdefi.app/ 25) DEFImarketCap - https://defimarketcap.io/ 26) QuantifyCrypto - https://quantifycrypto.com/ 📰 News 📰 Crypto is becoming all the more politicized as time goes on. An absurd amount of crypto/DEFI news sites pop up constantly & push their own agendas. The best way to source news (in any industry) is by having a few reliable individual outlets & cross-referencing information across them all. 1) CoinDesk - https://www.coindesk.com/ 2) Coin Telegraph - https://cointelegraph.com/ 3) Bitcoin Magazine - https://bitcoinmagazine.com/ 4) The Cryptonomist - https://en.cryptonomist.ch/ 5) Be In Crypto - https://beincrypto.com/ 6) CoinGape - https://coingape.com/ 7) CryptoSlate - https://cryptoslate.com/ 8) Crypto Briefing - https://cryptobriefing.com/ 9) CryptoDaily - https://cryptodaily.co.uk/ 10) Crypto Potato - https://cryptopotato.com/ 11) BraveNewCoin - https://bravenewcoin.com/ 12) Coin Journal - https://coinjournal.net/ 13) Coin Speaker - https://www.coinspeaker.com/ 14) CoinCu - https://news.coincu.com/ 15) Bitcoinist - https://bitcoinist.com/ 16) CryptoPanic - https://cryptopanic.com/ 17) Crypto News - https://cryptonews.com/ 18) U Today - https://u.today/ 19) CoinGraph - https://www.coingraph.news/ - 20) Decrypt https://decrypt.co/ - 21) Blockworks https://blockworks.co/ - 22) CryptoCapitalNews https://cryptocapitalnews.com/ — 23) Protos https://protos.com/ 👛 Wallets 👛 Wallets are the foundation for getting involved & staying in crypto. Wallets are exactly what they sound like, places to securely store/view your crypto asset holdings. Wallets typically come in 2 flavors, Chain-specific & Chain-agnostic. Chain-specific wallets are tied to a single blockchain platform (i.e ETH/BNB). These will only be able to store their native chain tokens, but allow the users to interact with on-chain assets/applications. Whereas chain-agnostic wallets might allow their users to store crypto assets from any blockchain, but that is the limit of their capabilities as they are usually single-purpose only (storage) 1) MetaMask - https://metamask.io/ 2) MEW - https://www.myetherwallet.com/ 3) Dynamic - https://www.dynamic.xyz/ 4) XDEFI - https://www.xdefi.io/ 5) Enkryptic - https://www.enkrypt.com/ 6) Argent - https://www.argent.xyz/ 7) Dopamine - https://dopamineapp.com/ 8) TrustWallet - https://trustwallet.com/ 9) Eidoo - https://eidoo.app/ 10) Dapppocket - https://www.dapppocket.io/ 11) Atomic Wallet - https://atomicwallet.io/ 12) Bread Wallet - https://brd.com/ 13) Guarda - https://guarda.com/ 14) Exodus - https://www.exodus.com/ 15) ZenGo - https://zengo.com/ 16) Coinomi - https://www.coinomi.com/en/ 17) Luno - https://www.luno.com/en-US 18) Ambire - https://www.ambire.com/ 19) Jaxx - https://jaxx.io/ 20) Edge - https://edge.app/ 21) Freewallet - https://freewallet.org/ 22) Coinbase Wallet - https://www.coinbase.com/wallet 23) Coin Wallet - https://coin.space/ 24) Ballet Wallet - https://www.ballet.com/coins/ 25) Unstoppable - https://unstoppable.money/ 26) Brave Wallet - https://brave.com/wallet/ 27) BitPay - https://bitpay.com/wallet/ 28) Crypto.com - https://crypto.com/us/defi-wallet 🔎 Explorers 🔍 Explorers are software tools that allow users to inspect the activity that has happened/is happening on-chain. Explorers are typically built-to-blockchain, meaning every chain needs its own explorer. Given the girth of data these tools access, explorers tend to be multi-purpose tools (i.e. data providers/ analytics dashboards/compliance). 1) Ethscan - https://etherscan.io/ 2) Bitquery - https://explorer.bitquery.io/ 3) Blockchair - https://blockchair.com/ 4) Tokenview - https://tokenview.io/ 5) Blockcypher - https://www.blockcypher.com/ 6) GetBlock - https://getblock.io/explorers/ 7) ViewBlock - https://viewblock.io/ - 8) BreadCrumbs https://www.breadcrumbs.app/ 9) Beaconchain - https://beaconcha.in/ 10) Blockstream - https://blockstream.info/ 11) Ethplorer - https://ethplorer.io/ 12) OXT - https://oxt.me/ 13) Xscan - https://xscan.io/ 14) Sochain - https://sochain.com/ 15) OkLink - https://www.oklink.com/en 16) Pingpub - https://ping.pub/ ⛓ On-Chain Data ⛓ On-chain data tools are closely related to explorers in the sense that they allow users to inspect the activity that has happened / is happening on-chain. The main difference between the On-chain Data tools & Explorers is the UI & granularity of data they provide.*The main difference between On-Chain data providers & traditional market data is the absence of information that is external to any blockchain. 1) Glassnode - https://glassnode.com/ 2) Dune Analytics - https://dune.com/home 3) IntoTheBlock - https://www.intotheblock.com/ - 4) Mempool https://mempool.space/ 5) Artemis - https://www.artemis.xyz/ - 6) Parsiq https://www.parsiq.net/ 🌉 Bridges 🌉 Within the context of cryptocurrency, a bridge is a software tool or protocol that allows otherwise non-compatible blockchains a method to transfer digital assets between one another. 1) MultiChain - https://multichain.org/ 2) CrossChain Bridge - https://www.crosschainbridge.org/ 3) Celer C Bridge - https://cbridge.celer.network/1/56/USDC 4) Synapse - https://synapseprotocol.com/ 5) Connext - https://bridge.connext.network/USDC-from-ethereum-to-binance 6) Relay - https://www.relaychain.com/ 7) Symbiosis - https://symbiosis.finance/ 8) Umbria - https://umbria.network/ 9) EverBridge - https://www.everrise.com/everbridge/ 10) Bungee - https://www.bungee.exchange/ 11) Portal Bridge - https://www.portalbridge.com/#/transfer 12) Nomad - https://www.nomad.xyz/ 13) Hop - https://hop.exchange/ 14) PolyBridge - https://bridge.poly.network/ 15) SolarBeam - https://app.solarbeam.io/bridge 16) Orbitchain - https://orbitchain.io/about 💹 DEXes 💹 Decentralized Exchanges are the new financial trading paradigm. Generally free from traditional regulatory scrutiny, DEXs are places to buy, sell, swap & provide liquidity for crypto assets. 1) UniSwap - https://uniswap.org/ 2) 1inch - https://app.1inch.io/ 3) DexTools - https://www.dextools.io/app/en 4) DexGuru - https://dex.guru/ 5) GeckoTerminal - https://www.geckoterminal.com/ 6) PancakeSwap - https://pancakeswap.finance/ 7) TraderJoe - https://traderjoexyz.com/avalanche 8) Arken - https://swap.arken.finance/ 9) Flooz - https://flooz.trade/trade 10) Balancer - https://balancer.fi/ 11) Bancor - https://home.bancor.network/ 12) Airswap - https://www.airswap.io/#/ - 13) Sushiswap https://www.sushi.com/ 14) Paraswap - https://www.paraswap.io/ 15) Jupiter - https://jup.ag/ 16) ThorChain - https://thorchain.org/ 17) WooFi - https://fi.woo.org/ 18) DYDX - https://trade.dydx.exchange/ - 19) Slingshot https://app.slingshot.finance/swap/ETH 20) Apex Exchange - https://www.apex.exchange/ 21) Osmosis - https://app.osmosis.zone/ 22) Curve - https://curve.fi/#/ethereum/swap 23) Tokenlon - https://tokenlon.im/instant 24) Swapz — https://www.swapz.app/ 📅 Calendars & Event Schedules 📅 Keeping up with the Kardashians is much easier than keeping up with your favorite crypto protocol; the question then becomes HOW do you plan to manage the onslaught on events? While there is no easy answer, using a Crypto Calander will definitely help: 1) CoinMarketCal - https://coinmarketcal.com/en/ 2) CoinDar - https://coindar.org/ 3) CoinsCalendar - https://coinscalendar.com/ 4) CryptoTotem - https://cryptototem.com/ico-calendar/ 5) CoinCarp events - https://www.coincarp.com/events/ 6) VestLabs - https://vestlab.io/calendar 🪂 Airdrops 🪂 The most popular tool for distribution in the entire industry, airdrops are incentives that are offered/provided at the earlier stages of a project’s development to help bootstrap it’s alpha community members. 1) Earnifi - https://earni.fi/ 2) airdropsio - https://airdrops.io/ 3) AirDropAlert - https://airdropalert.com/ 4) AirdropsLive - https://airdrops.live/ 5) AirdropBob - https://www.airdropbob.com/ 6) AirDropAddict - https://airdropaddict.com/ 7) CoinAirDrops - https://coinairdrops.com/ 8) ICOdrops - https://icodrops.com/ 💸 Grants 💸 Grants are a necessary component to helping startups & innovators get their ideas off the ground. In the world of crypto & blockchain grants are usually offered & deployed on a chain/case-specific basis. In order to be properly up to date on grant opportunities it is best to be actively involved in individual projects and/or blockchains. 1) Blockchain Grants - https://www.blockchaingrants.org/ 2) GitCoin - https://gitcoin.co/grants/ 3) Consensys - https://consensys.net/grants/ — 4) Concoridum https://concordium.com/grants/ 5) Web3 grants - https://web3grants.net/ 6) Web3Foundation - https://web3.foundation/grants/ 7) Ramp Rate - https://ramprate.com/blockchain-grant-opportunities/ - 8) Unigrants https://www.unigrants.org/ 9) Aave grants - https://aavegrants.org/ 10) Near grants - https://near.org/ecosystem/get-funding/ 11) Eth Foundation - https://esp.ethereum.foundation/ 12) Zcash grants - https://grants.zfnd.org/ 13) Alchemy Dev grants - https://www.alchemy.com/developer-grant-program — 14) dydx grants https://www.dydxgrants.com/ 15) Solana grants — https://solana.org/grants 16) Gate grants - https://www.gate.io/grants 17) Cryptoneur - https://www.cryptoneur.xyz/en/web3-grants 🛡 Audits 🛡 Audits are used to assess the quality/security of a protocol. When considering a protocol to use, it is nearly impossible to understand all of the associated risk factors, even for professionals. It is crucial that every serious project employs some form of audit for every individual piece of software. 1) Certik - https://www.certik.com/ 2) Consensys Dilligence - https://consensys.net/diligence/ 3) Hacken - https://hacken.io/services/smart-contract-security-audit/ 4) Open Zepplin - https://www.openzeppelin.com/security-audits 5) Trail of Bits - https://www.trailofbits.com/ 6) Slowmist - https://www.slowmist.com/ 7) Solidified - https://solidified.io/ 8) Chain Security - https://chainsecurity.com/smart-contract-audit-reports/ 9) PeckShield - https://peckshield.com/#home 10) Halborn - https://halborn.com/ 11) Quantstamp - https://quantstamp.com/ 12) Solidity Finance - https://solidity.finance/ - 13) Immune Bytes https://www.immunebytes.com/ 14) NumenCyber - https://www.numencyber.com/ 🌊😎 Cool & Honorable Mentions 😎🌊 There are always exotic instruments & services being built to help make sense of the wild world of crypto; some of these are difficult to classify but still deserve attention for serving their own unique & useful purpose(s). 1) Fiat Leak - https://fiatleak.com/ 2) Everest - https://everest.link/ 3) Revoke.cash - https://revoke.cash/ 4) CryptoQuant - https://cryptoquant.com/asset/btc/summary - 5) CryptoFees https://cryptofees.info/ - 6) Hashrate Index https://data.hashrateindex.com/asic-index-data — 7) LunarCrush https://lunarcrush.com/home — 8) Santiment https://santiment.net/ 9) Gas Fee Calculator - https://www.cryptoneur.xyz/en/gas-fees-calculator This list is by no means exhaustive, there are thousands of other tools/resources out there. Odds are, you do not even need 1/10 of those on this list; so my recommendation is don’t waste time wishing for better tools — learn how to masterfully use a few key ones provided above. If you went through the entire list, you might have noticed that there are no CEFI (centralized financial) tools on this list. This was done on purpose, given the madness that transpired with centralized exchanges/service providers throughout 2022. If you would like me to add any specific resource that might be beneficial to others, just drop a comment below or send me a DM on Twitter. Otherwise; I hope you find these tools helpful in building your knowledge & financial freedom. Thank you so much for reading! 🥂🚀 See you in the next Bull Market 🚀🥂 Also published here.

200+ Essential Crypto & DEFI Tools for 2023

The Crypto Industry Needs to Solve Custody and UX Problems

Popular cryptocurrency wallet providers MetaMask and Phantom said today that they had patched a security flaw that could, in some cases, from a hacked computer's disk, enabling many browser-based extensions of wallets are at risk of being hacked. allow attackers to obtain mnemonic phrases Previously on MetaMask: Hacked: MetaMask User Lost US$81,000 In ETH Popular cryptocurrency hot wallet providers and (Solana ecosystem) disclosed on the 16th that they have recently patched a security flaw. The vulnerability stems from a problem in Javascript that may cause the mnemonic to be stored in memory for a period of time, , thereby controlling the victim user's encrypted assets and NFTs. MetaMask Phantom allowing an attacker to obtain the mnemonic from an unencrypted hard drive The vulnerability was discovered in May last year by blockchain security firm , which, in addition to MetaMask and Phantom, has notified at least ten other browsers, and extension-based wallet providers, according to . Halborn Coindesk UPDATE: Some Wallets Have Fixed Vulnerabilities confirmed that wallets that have fixed the vulnerability include MetaMask, Phantom, Brave, and xDefi. Halborn that they learned of the vulnerability in September 2021 and fully patched it in April this year. At the same time, they added that another critical security patch would be rolled out next week. Phantom announced today said that users using mobile device applications are not affected, but a small number of users in many browser wallets, including MetaMask, will face security risks. The team released MetaMask expansion version 10.11.3 in March. Fixed the bug, so these shouldn't be an issue for users of this version and newer. MetaMask Conditions for an Attack The team further explained that there is a possibility of being attacked if the following three conditions are met: The hard disk is not encrypted. Import the annotation words into a hacked computer or someone you do not trust. Use the "Show Mnemonic" feature when importing. Final Words - Transfer Assets to New Wallet Addresses MetaMask recommends that It also provides guidelines for migrating account funds and states that third-party migration tools must be used at your own risk. users consider transferring funds from these wallet accounts to ensure safety if they meet the above conditions. The team further suggested that if users are concerned about assets being affected, they can consider However, co-founder , who received a $50,000 bounty from MetaMask for reporting the bug, Steve Walbroehl, told that enabling disk encryption on the system and using hardware wallets to manage assets. Steve Walbroehl Coindesk most users are still advised to move to a new wallet address. Further Reading: Protect Your Crypto Wallets With InfoSec - The Three-Tier Wallet System and Crypto-Hygiene Thank you for reading. May InfoSec be with you🖖.

Crypto Wallets Exposed "Mnemonic Phrase Vulnerabilities" (4 Already Fixed)

Everything Missing in Cosmos DeFi

Cosmos DeFi-এ সবকিছু অনুপস্থিত

Alles, was in Cosmos DeFi fehlt

Todo lo que falta en Cosmos DeFi

Tout ce qui manque dans Cosmos DeFi

कॉसमॉस डेफी में सब कुछ गायब है

Cosmos DeFi に欠けているものすべて

코스모스 DeFi에 빠진 모든 것

Tudo que falta no Cosmos DeFi

Все, чего не хватает в Cosmos DeFi

Cosmos DeFi'de Eksik Olan Her Şey

Mọi thứ còn thiếu trong Cosmos DeFi

Cosmos DeFi 中缺失的一切

PNEUMATIC MAIL TUBES

Things To Make by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . A SELF-LAUNCHING MODEL AEROPLANE. here XXV. A SELF-LAUNCHING MODEL AEROPLANE. By V. E. Johnson, M.A. This article deals not with a scale model—a small copy of some full-sized machine—but with one designed for actual flight; with one not specially intended to create records either of length or duration, but which, although small details must perforce be omitted, does along its main lines approximate to the “real thing.” Partly for this reason, and partly because it proves a far more interesting machine, we choose a model able to rise from the ground under its own power and make a good flight after rising, assuming the instructions which we give to have been carefully carried out. It is perhaps hardly necessary to add that such a machine can always be launched by hand when desired. Before entering into special details we may note some broad principles which must be taken into account if success is to attend our efforts. Important Points.—It is absolutely essential that the weight be kept down as much as possible. It is quite a mistake to suppose that weight necessarily means strength. On the contrary, it may actually be a cause of weakness if employed in the wrong place and in the wrong way. The heavier the machine, the more serious the damage done in the event of a bad landing. One of the best and easiest ways of ensuring lightness is to let the model be of very simple construction. Such a model is easier to build and more efficient when constructed than one of more complicated design. Weigh every part of your model as you construct it, and do not be content until all symmetrically arranged parts which should weigh the same not only look alike but do actually balance one another. (Note.—The writer always works out the various parts of his models in grammes, not ounces.) If a sufficiently strong propeller bearing weighing only half a gramme can be employed, so much the better, as you have more margin left for some other part of the model in which it would be inadvisable to cut down the weight to a very fine limit. Details.—To pass now to details, we have four distinct parts to deal with:— The framework, or fuselage. The supporting surfaces, consisting of the main plane, or aerofoil, behind, and the elevator in front. The propellers. The motor, in this case two long skeins of rubber; long, because we wish to be able to give our motor many turns, from 700 to, say, 1,000 as a limit, so that the duration of flight may be considerable. [Illustration: FIG. 129.-Sections of backbone for model aeroplane.] The Backbone.—For the backbone or central rod take a piece of pitch pine or satin walnut 52 inches long, 5/8 inch deep, and 1/2 inch broad, and plane it down carefully until it has a T-shaped section, as shown in Fig. 129, and the thickness is not anywhere more than 1/8 inch. It is quite possible to reduce the thickness to even 1/16 inch and still have a sufficient reserve of strength to withstand the pull of 28 strands of 1/16-inch rubber wound up 1,000 times; but such a course is not advisable unless you are a skilful planer and have had some experience in model-making. If you find the construction of the T-shaped rod too difficult, two courses are open— (l) To get a carpenter to do the job for you, or (2) To give the rod the triangular section shown in Fig. 129, each side of the equilateral triangle being half an inch long. [Illustration: FIG. 150—Side elevation of model aeroplane.] The top of the T or the base of the triangle, as the case may be, is used uppermost. This rod must be pierced in three places for the vertical masts employed in the bracing of the rod, trussing the main plane, and adjusting the elevator. These are spaced out in Fig. 130, which shows a side elevation of the model. Their sectional dimensions are 1/16 by 1/4 inch; their respective lengths are given in Fig. 130. Round the front edges and sharpen the rear. In Fig. 130 is shown the correct attitude or standing pose necessary to make the model rise quickly and sweep boldly up into the air without skimming the ground for some 10 to 20 yards as so many models do. E is the elevator (7 by 3 inches); A the main plane (5-1/2 by 29 inches); W the wheels; and RS the rear skid, terminating in a piece of hooked steel wire. The vertical bracing of these masts is indicated. The best material to use for the purpose is Japanese silk gut, which is very light and strong. To brace, drill a small, neat hole in the mast and rod where necessary, pass through, and tie. Do the same with each one. To return to the central mast, which must also form the chassis. This is double and opened out beneath as shown in Fig. 131, yz being a piece similar to the sides, which completes, the triangle x y z and gives the necessary rigidity. Attach this piece by first binding to its extremities two strips of aluminium, or by preference very thin tinned iron, Tl and T2. Bend to shape and bind to xy, xz as shown in Fig. 131. [Illustration: FIG. 131.—Front elevation of chassis.] [Illustration: FIG. l32.-Wheel for model aeroplane chassis.] [Illustration: FIG. 133.—Plan of model aeroplane.] The Wheels and Chassis.—WW are the two wheels on which the model runs. They are made of hollow brass curtain rings, 1 inch in diameter, such as can be bought at four a penny. For spokes, solder two strips of thin tinned iron to the rings, using as little solder as possible. (Fig. 132.) To connect these wheels with the chassis, first bind to the lower ends of xy, xz two strips of thin tinned iron, T3 and T4, after drilling in them two holes of sufficient size to allow a piece of steel wire of “bonnet pin” gauge to pass freely, but not loosely, through them. Soften the wire by making it red hot and allowing it to cool slowly, and solder one end of this wire (which must be quite straight and 5-1/4 inches long) to the centre of the cross pieces or spokes of one wheel. Pass the axle through the holes in the ends of xy, xz, and solder on the other wheel. Your chassis is then finished. The rear skid (RS in Fig. 130) is attached to the central rod by gluing, and drilling a hole through both parts and inserting a wooden peg; or the upright may be mortised in. On no account use nail, tack, or screw. Attach the vertical masts and the horizontal ones about to be described by gluing and binding lightly with thread, or by neatly glued strips of the Hart’s fabric used for the planes. Horizontal Spars, etc.—To consider now the horizontal section or part plan of the model, from which, to avoid confusion, details of most vertical parts are omitted. Referring to Fig. 133, it will be seen that we have three horizontal masts or spars—HS1, 4 inches; HS2, 6 inches; and HS3, slightly over 12 inches long. The last is well steamed, slightly curved and left to dry while confined in such a manner as to conform to the required shape. It should so remain at least twenty-four hours before being fixed to the model. All the spars are attached by glue and neat cross bindings. If the central rod be of triangular instead of T section, the join can be made more neatly. The same remarks apply to the two 9 and 10 inch struts at the propeller end of the rod, which have to withstand the pull of the rubber motor on PPl. These two pieces will have a maximum strength and minimum weight if of the T section used for the rod. If the work is done carefully, 1/4 inch each way will be sufficient. Main Plane and Elevator.—The framework of each plane is simply four strips of satin walnut or other suitable wood, 1/4 inch broad and 1/16 inch or even less in thickness for the main plane, and about 1/16 by 1/16 inch for the elevator. These strips are first glued together at the corners and left to set. The fabric (Hart’s fabric or some similar very light material) is then glued on fairly tight—that is, just sufficiently so to get rid of all creases. The main plane is then fixed flat on to the top of the central rod by gluing and cross binding at G and H. (A better but rather more difficult plan is to fasten the rectangular frame on first and then apply the fabric.) The same course is followed in dealing with the elevator, which is fixed, however, not to the rod, but to the 4-inch horizontal spar, HS1, just behind it, in such a manner as to have a slight hinge movement at the back. This operation presents no difficulty, and may be effected in a variety of ways. To set the elevator, use is made of the short vertical mast, M1. A small hole is pierced in the front side of the elevator frame at Z, and through this a piece of thin, soft iron wire is pushed, bent round the spar, and tied. The other end of the wire is taken forward and wrapped three or four times round the mast M1, which should have several notches in its front edge, to assist the setting of the elevator at different angles. Pull the wire tight, so that the elevator shall maintain a constant angle when once set. H H1 is a piece of 25 to 30 gauge wire bent as shown and fastened by binding. It passes round the front of the rod, in which a little notch should be cut, so as to be able to resist the pull of the twin rubber motors, the two skeins of which are stretched between H H1 and the hooks formed on the propeller spindles. If all these hooks are covered with cycle valve tubing the rubber will last much longer. The rubber skeins pass through two little light wire rings fastened to the underside ends of HS2. (Fig. 133.) The front skid or protector, FS, is made out of a piece of thin, round, jointless cane, some 9 inches in length, bent round as shown in Fig. 134, in which A B represents the front piece of the T-shaped rod and x y z a the cane skid; the portion x y passing on the near side of the vertical part of the T, and z a on the far side of the same. At E and F thread is bound right round the rod. Should the nose of the machine strike the ground, the loop of cane will be driven along the underside of the rod and the shock be minimized. So adjust matters that the skid slides fairly stiff. Note that the whole of the cane is on the under side of the top bar of the T. [Illustration: FIG. 134.—Front skid and attachment to backbone.] Bearings.—We have still to deal with the propellers and their bearings. The last, TN and TNl (Fig. 133), are simply two tiny pieces of tin about half a gramme in weight, bent round the propeller spar HS3 at B and B1. Take a strip of thin tin 1/4 inch wide and of sufficient length to go completely round the spar (which is 1/4 by 1/8 inch) and overlap slightly. Solder the ends together, using a minimum amount of solder. Now bore two small holes through wood and tin from rear to front, being careful to go through the centre. The hole must be just large enough to allow the propeller axle to run freely, but not loosely, in it. Primitive though such a bearing may seem, it answers admirably in practice. The wood drills out or is soon worn more than the iron, and the axle runs quite freely. The pull of the motor is thus directed through the thin curved spar at a point where the resistance is greatest—a very important matter in model aeroplane construction. To strengthen this spar further against torsional forces, run gut ties from B and Bl down to the bottom of the rear vertical skid post; and from B to B1 also pass a piece of very thin piano wire, soldered to the tin strips over a little wooden bridge, Q, like a violin bridge, on the top of the central rod, to keep it quite taut. [Illustration: FIG. 135—“Centrale” wooden propeller.] Propellers.—To turn now to the propellers. Unless the reader has already had fair experience in making model propellers, he should purchase a couple, one right-handed and one left-handed, as they have to revolve in opposite directions. It would be quite impossible to give in the compass of this article such directions as would enable a novice to make a really efficient propeller, and it must be efficient for even a decent flight with a self-launching model. The diameter of the two propellers should be about 11-1/2 to 11-3/4 inches, with a pitch angle at the extremities of about 25 to 30 degrees as a limit. The “centrale” type (Fig. 135) is to be preferred. Such propellers can be procured at Messrs. A. W. Gamage, Ltd., Holborn, E.C.; Messrs. T. W. K. Clarke and Co., Kingston-on-Thames; and elsewhere. For the particular machine which we are considering, the total weight of the two propellers, including axle and hook for holding the rubber, should not exceed 3/4 oz. This means considerable labour in cutting and sandpapering away part of the boss, which is always made much too large in propellers of this size. It is wonderful what can be done by care and patience. The writer has in more than one case reduced the weight of a propeller by more than one-half by such means, and has yet left sufficient strength. The combined axle and hook should be made as follows:—Take a piece of thin steel wire, sharpen one end, and bend it as shown at C (Fig. 136). Pass the end B through a tight-fitting hole in the centre of the small boss of the propeller, and drive C into the wood. Solder a tiny piece of 1/8-inch brass tubing to the wire axle at A, close up to the rubber hook side of the propeller, and file quite smooth. The only things now left to do are to bend the wire into the form of a hook (as shown by the dotted line), and to cover this hook, as already advised, with a piece of valve tubing to prevent fraying the rubber skeins. [Illustration: FIG. 136.—Axle and hook for propeller.] Weight.—The weight of a model with a T-shaped central rod 1/16 inch thick should be 4-1/2 oz. Probably it will be more than this—as a maximum let us fix 6 oz.—although 4-1/2 oz. is quite possible, as the writer has proved in actual practice. In any case the centre of gravity of the machine without the rubber motor should be situated 1 inch behind the front or entering edge of the main plane. When the rubber motor (14 strands of 1/16-inch rubber for each propeller, total weight 2 oz.) is in position, the centre of gravity will be further forward, in front of the main plane. The amount of rubber mentioned is for a total weight of 6-1/2 oz. If the weight of the model alone be 6 oz., you will probably have to use 16 strands, which again adds to the weight, and makes one travel in a vicious circle. Therefore I lay emphasis on the advice, Keep down the weight. The front edge of the elevator should be set about 3/8 inch higher than the back, and the model be tried first as a glider, with the rubber and propellers in position. If it glides satisfactorily, wind up the motor, say 500 turns, and launch by hand. When a good flight has been obtained, and the correct angle of the elevator has been determined, place the model on a strip of linoleum, wind up, and release the propellers. The model should rise in its own length and remain in the air (if wound up 900 turns) at least three quarters of a minute. Choose a calm day if possible. If a wind blows, let the model face the breeze. Remember that the model flies high, and select a wide open space. Do not push the model forward; just release the propellers, held one in each hand near the boss by the fingers and thumb. As a lubricant for the rubber use pure glycerine. It is advisable to employ a geared-up mechanical winder, since to make 1,800 turns with the fingers is rather fatiguing and very tedious. Simple as this model may seem in design, one built by the writer on exactly the lines given has met the most famous flying models of the day in open competition and proved successful against them. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2005). Things To Make. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14664/pg14664-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

A SELF-LAUNCHING MODEL AEROPLANE.

After a long interval, I am again impelled by the restless spirit within me to continue my narration

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures by Charles Babbage is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Registering Operations here Chapter 8. Registering Operations One great advantage which we may derive from machinery is from the check which it affords against the inattention, the idleness, or the dishonesty of human agents. Few occupations are more wearisome than counting a series of repetitions of the same fact; the number of paces we walk affords a tolerably good measure of distance passed over, but the value of this is much enhanced by possessing an instrument, the pedometer, which will count for us the number of steps we have made. A piece of mechanism of this kind is sometimes applied to count the number of turns made by the wheel of a carriage, and thus to indicate the distance travelled: an instrument, similar in its object, but differing in its construction, has been used for counting the number of strokes made by a steam-engine, and the number of coins struck in a press. One of the simplest instruments for counting any series of operations, was contrived by Mr Donkin.(1*) Another instrument for registering is used in some establishments for calendering and embossing. Many hundred thousand yards of calicoes and stuffs undergo these operations weekly; and as the price paid for the process is small, the value of the time spent in measuring them would bear a considerable proportion to the profit. A machine has, therefore, been contrived for measuring and registering the length of the goods as they pass rapidly through the hands of the operator, by which all chance of erroneous counting is avoided. Perhaps the most useful contrivance of this kind, is one for ascertaining the vigilance of a watchman. It is a piece of mechanism connected with a clock placed in an apartment to which the watchman has not access; but he is ordered to pull a string situated in a certain part of his round once in every hour. The instrument, aptly called a tell-tale, informs the owner whether the man has missed any, and what hours during the night. It is often of great importance, both for regulations of excise as well as for the interest of the proprietor, to know the quantity of spirits or of other liquors which have been drawn off by those persons who are allowed to have access to the vessels during the absence of the inspectors or principals. This may be accomplished by a peculiar kind of stop-cock—which will, at each opening, discharge only a certain measure of fluid the number of times the cock has been turned being registered by a counting apparatus accessible only to the master. The time and labour consumed in gauging the contents of casks partly filled, has led to an improvement which, by the simplest means, obviates a considerable inconvenience, and enables any person to read off, on a scale, the number of gallons contained in any vessel, as readily as he does the degree of heat indicated by his thermometer. A small stop-cock connects the bottom of the cask with a glass tube of narrow bore fixed to a scale on the side of the cask, and rising a little above its top. The plug of the cock may be turned into three positions: in the first, it cuts off all communication with the cask: in the second, it opens a communication between the cask and the glass tube: and, in the third. It cuts off the connection between the cask and the tube, and opens a communication between the tube and any vessel held beneath the cock to receive its contents. The scale of the tube is graduated by pouring into the cask successive quantities of water, while the communication between the cask and the tube is open. Lines are then drawn on the scale opposite the places in the tube to which the water rises at each addition, and the scale being thus formed by actual measurement,(2*) the contents of each cask are known by inspection, and the tedious process of gauging is altogether dispensed with. Other advantages accrue from this simple contrivance, in the great economy of time which it introduces in making mixtures of different spirits, in taking stock, and in receiving spirit from the distiller. The gas-meter, by which the quantity of gas used by each consumer is ascertained, is another instrument of this kind. They are of various forms, but all of them intended to register the number of cubic feet of gas which has been delivered. It is very desirable that these meters should be obtainable at a moderate price, and that every consumer should employ them; because, by making each purchaser pay only for what he consumes, and by preventing that extravagant waste of gas which we frequently observe, the manufacturer of gas will be enabled to make an equal profit at a diminished price to the consumer. The sale of water by the different companies in London, might also, with advantage, be regulated by a meter. If such a system were adopted, much water which is now allowed to run to waste would be saved, and an unjust inequality between the rates charged on different houses by the same company be avoided. Another most important object to which a meter might be applied, would be to register the quantity of water passing into the boilers of steam-engines. Without this, our knowledge of the quantity evaporated by different boilers, and with fireplaces of different constructions, as well as our estimation of the duty of steam-engines, must evidently be imperfect. Another purpose to which machinery for registering operations is applied with much advantage is the determination of the average effect of natural or artificial agents. The mean height of the barometer, for example, is ascertained by noting its height at a certain number of intervals during the twenty-four hours. The more these intervals are contracted, the more correctly will the mean be ascertained; but the true mean ought to be influenced by each momentary change which has occurred. Clocks have been proposed and made with this object, by which a sheet of paper is moved, slowly and uniformly, before a pencil fixed to a float upon the surface of the mercury in the cup of the barometer. Sir David Brewster proposed, several years ago to suspend a barometer, and swing it as a pendulum. The variations in the atmosphere would thus alter the centre of oscillation, and the comparison of such an instrument with a good clock, would enable us to ascertain the mean altitude of the barometer during any interval of the observer's absence.(3*) An instrument for measuring and registering the quantity of rain, was invented by Mr John Taylor, and described by him in the Philosophical Magazine. It consists of an apparatus in which a vessel that receives the rain falling into the reservoir tilts over as soon as it is full, and then presents another similar vessel to be filled, which in like manner, when full, tilts the former one back again. The number of times these vessels are emptied is registered by a train of wheels; and thus, without the presence of the observer, the quantity of rain falling during a whole year may be measured and recorded. Instruments might also be contrived to determine the average force of traction of horses—of the wind—of a stream or of any irregular and fluctuating effort of animal or other natural force. Clocks and watches may be considered as instruments for registering the number of vibrations performed by a pendulum or a balance. The mechanism by which these numbers are counted is technically called a scapement. It is not easy to describe: but the various contrivances which have been adopted for this purpose, are amongst the most interesting and most ingenious to which mechanical science has given birth. Working models, on an enlarged scale, are almost necessary to make their action understood by the unlearned reader; and, unfortunately, these are not often to be met with. A very fine collection of such models exists amongst the collection of instruments at the University of Prague. Instruments of this kind have been made to extend their action over considerable periods of time, and to register not merely the hour of the day, but the days of the week, of the month, of the year, and also to indicate the occurrence of several astronomical phenomena. Repeating clocks and watches may be considered as instruments for registering time, which communicate their information only when the owner requires it, by pulling a string, or by some similar application. An apparatus has recently been applied to watches, by which the hand which indicates seconds leaves a small dot of ink on the dial-plate whenever a certain stop or detent is pushed in. Thus, whilst the eye is attentively fixed on the phenomenon to be observed, the finger registers on the face of the watch-dial the commencement and the end of its appearance. Several instruments have been contrived for awakening the attention of the observer at times previously fixed upon. The various kinds of alarums connected with clocks and watches are of this kind. In some instances it is desirable to be able to set them so as to give notice at many successive and distant points of time, such as those of the arrival of given stars on the meridian. A clock of this kind is used at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. An earthquake is a phenomenon of such frequent occurrence, and so interesting, both from its fearful devastations as well as from its connection with geological theories, that it becomes important to possess an instrument which shall, if possible, indicate the direction of the shock, as well as its intensity. An observation made a few years since at Odessa, after an earthquake which happened during the night, suggests a simple instrument by which the direction of the shock may be determined. A glass vase, partly filled with water, stood on the table of a room in a house at Odessa; and, from the coldness of the glass, the inner part of the vessel above the water was coated with dew. Several very perceptible shocks of an earthquake happened between three and four o'clock in the morning; and when the observer got up, he remarked that the dew was brushed off at two opposite sides of the glass by a wave which the earthquake had caused in the water. The line joining the two highest points of this wave was, of course, that in which the shock travelled. This circumstance, which was accidentally noticed by an engineer at Odessa,(4*) suggests the plan of keeping, in countries subject to earthquakes, glass vessels partly filled with treacle, or some unctuous fluid, so that when any lateral motion is communicated to them from the earth, the adhesion of the liquid to the glass shall enable the observer, after some interval of time, to determine the direction of the shock. In order to obtain some measure of the vertical oscillation of the earth, a weight might be attached to a spiral spring, or a pendulum might be sustained in a horizontal position, and a sliding index be moved by either of them, so that the extreme deviations should be indicated by it. This, however, would not give even the comparative measure accurately, because a difference in the velocity of the rising or falling of the earth's surface would affect the instrument. NOTES: Transactions of the Society of Arts, 1819, p. 116. The contrivance is due to Mr Hencky, of High Holborn, in whose establishment it is in constant use. About seven or eight years since, without being aware of Sir David Brewster's proposal. I adapted a barometer, as a pendulum, to the works of a common eight day clock: it remained in my library for several months, but I have mislaid the observations which were made. Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de Petersburgh, 6e serie, tom. i. p. 4. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (2003). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4238/pg4238.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Registering Operations

Can You Forgive Her? by Anthony Trollope is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . The Bills Are Made All Right here The Bills Are Made All Right. Mr. Vavasor was at his wits' end about his daughter. She had put her name to four bills for five hundred pounds each, and had demanded from him, almost without an apology, his aid in obtaining money to meet them. And she might put her name to any other number of bills, and for any amount! There was no knowing how a man ought to behave to such a daughter. "I don't want her money," the father said to himself; "and if she had got none of her own, I would make her as comfortable as I could with my own income. But to see her throw her money away in such a fashion as this is enough to break a man's heart." Mr. Vavasor went to his office in Chancery Lane, but he did not go to the chambers of Mr. Round, the lawyer. Instead of calling on Mr. Round he sent a note by a messenger to Suffolk Street, and the answer to the note came in the person of Mr. Grey. John Grey was living in town in these days, and was in the habit of seeing Mr. Vavasor frequently. Indeed, he had not left London since the memorable occasion on which he had pitched his rival down the tailor's stairs at his lodgings. He had made himself pretty well conversant with George Vavasor's career, and had often shuddered as he thought what might be the fate of any girl who might trust herself to marry such a man as that. He had been at home when Mr. Vavasor's note had reached his lodgings, and had instantly walked off towards Chancery Lane. He knew his way to Mr. Vavasor's signing-office very accurately, for he had acquired a habit of calling there, and of talking to the father about his daughter. He was a patient, persevering man, confident in himself, and apt to trust that he would accomplish those things which he attempted, though he was hardly himself aware of any such aptitude. He had never despaired as to Alice. And though he had openly acknowledged to himself that she had been very foolish,—or rather, that her judgement had failed her,—he had never in truth been angry with her. He had looked upon her rejection of himself, and her subsequent promise to her cousin, as the effects of a mental hallucination, very much to be lamented,—to be wept for, perhaps, through a whole life, as a source of terrible sorrow to himself and to her. But he regarded it all as a disease, of which the cure was yet possible,—as a disease which, though it might never leave the patient as strong as she was before, might still leave her altogether. And as he would still have clung to his love had she been attacked by any of those illnesses for which doctors have well-known names, so would he cling to her now that she was attacked by a malady for which no name was known. He had already heard from Mr. Vavasor that Alice had discovered how impossible it was that she should marry her cousin, and, in his quiet, patient, enduring way, was beginning to feel confident that he would, at last, carry his mistress off with him to Nethercoats. It was certainly a melancholy place, that signing-office, in which Mr. John Vavasor was doomed to spend twelve hours a week, during every term time, of his existence. Whether any man could really pass an existence of work in such a workshop, and not have gone mad,—could have endured to work there for seven hours a day, every week-day of his life, I am not prepared to say. I doubt much whether any victims are so doomed. I have so often wandered through those gloomy passages without finding a sign of humanity there,—without hearing any slightest tick of the hammer of labour, that I am disposed to think that Lord Chancellors have been anxious to save their subordinates from suicide, and have mercifully decreed that the whole staff of labourers, down to the very message boys of the office, should be sent away to green fields or palatial clubs during, at any rate, a moiety of their existence. The dismal set of chambers, in which the most dismal room had been assigned to Mr. Vavasor, was not actually in Chancery Lane. Opening off from Chancery Lane are various other small lanes, quiet, dingy nooks, some of them in the guise of streets going no whither, some being thoroughfares to other dingy streets beyond, in which sponging-houses abound, and others existing as the entrances to so-called Inns of Court,—inns of which all knowledge has for years been lost to the outer world of the laity, and, as I believe, lost almost equally to the inner world of the legal profession. Who has ever heard of Symonds' Inn? But an ancestral Symonds, celebrated, no doubt, in his time, did found an inn, and there it is to this day. Of Staples' Inn, who knows the purposes or use? Who are its members, and what do they do as such? And Staples' Inn is an inn with pretensions, having a chapel of its own, or, at any rate, a building which, in its external dimensions, is ecclesiastical, having a garden and architectural proportions; and a façade towards Holborn, somewhat dingy, but respectable, with an old gateway, and with a decided character of its own. The building in which Mr. John Vavasor had a room and a desk was located in one of these side streets, and had, in its infantine days, been regarded with complacency by its founder. It was stone-faced, and strong, and though very ugly, had about it that air of importance which justifies a building in assuming a special name of itself. This building was called the Accountant-General's Record Office, and very probably, in the gloom of its dark cellars, may lie to this day the records of the expenditure of many a fair property which has gotten itself into Chancery, and has never gotten itself out again. It was entered by a dark hall, the door of which was never closed; and which, having another door at its further end leading into another lane, had become itself a thoroughfare. But the passers through it were few in number. Now and then a boy might be seen there carrying on his head or shoulders a huge mass of papers which you would presume to be accounts, or some clerk employed in the purlieus of Chancery Lane who would know the shortest possible way from the chambers of some one attorney to those of some other. But this hall, though open at both ends, was as dark as Erebus; and any who lingered in it would soon find themselves to be growing damp, and would smell mildew, and would become naturally affected by the exhalations arising from those Chancery records beneath their feet. Up the stone stairs, from this hall, John Grey passed to Mr. Vavasor's signing-room. The stairs were broad, and almost of noble proportions, but the darkness and gloom which hung about the hall, hung also about them,—a melancholy set of stairs, up and down which no man can walk with cheerful feet. Here he came upon a long, broad passage, in which no sound was, at first, to be heard. There was no busy noise of doors slamming, no rapid sound of shoes, no passing to and fro of men intent on their daily bread. Pausing for a moment, that he might look round about him and realize the deathlike stillness of the whole, John Grey could just distinguish the heavy breathing of a man, thereby learning that there was a captive in, at any rate, one of those prisons on each side of him. As he drew near to the door of Mr. Vavasor's chamber he knew that the breathing came from thence. On the door there were words inscribed, which were just legible in the gloom—"Signing Room. Mr. Vavasor." How John Vavasor did hate those words! It seemed to him that they had been placed there with the express object of declaring his degradation aloud to the world. Since his grandfather's will had been read to him he had almost made up his mind to go down those melancholy stairs for the last time, to shake the dust off his feet as he left the Accountant-General's Record Office for ever, and content himself with half his official income. But how could he give up so many hundreds a year while his daughter was persisting in throwing away thousands as fast as, or faster than, she could lay her hands on them? John Grey entered the room and found Mr. Vavasor sitting all alone in an arm-chair over the fire. I rather think that that breathing had been the breathing of a man asleep. He was resting himself amidst the labours of his signing. It was a large, dull room, which could not have been painted, I should think, within the memory of man, looking out backwards into some court. The black wall of another building seemed to stand up close to the window,—so close that no direct ray of the sun ever interrupted the signing-clerk at his work. In the middle of the room there was a large mahogany-table, on which lay a pile of huge papers. Across the top of them there was placed a bit of blotting-paper, with a quill pen, the two only tools which were necessary to the performance of the signing-clerk's work. On the table there stood a row of official books, placed lengthways on their edges: the "Post-Office Directory," the "Court Circular," a "Directory to the Inns of Court," a dusty volume of Acts of Parliament, which had reference to Chancery accounts,—a volume which Mr. Vavasor never opened; and there were some others; but there was no book there in which any Christian man or woman could take delight, either for amusement or for recreation. There were three or four chairs round the wall, and there was the one arm-chair which the occupant of the chamber had dragged away from its sacred place to the hearth-rug. There was also an old Turkey carpet on the floor. Other furniture there was none. Can it be a matter of surprise to any one that Mr. Vavasor preferred his club to his place of business? He was not left quite alone in this deathlike dungeon. Attached to his own large room there was a small closet, in which sat the signing-clerk's clerk,—a lad of perhaps seventeen years of age, who spent the greatest part of his time playing tit-tat-to by himself upon official blotting-paper. Had I been Mr. Vavasor I should have sworn a bosom friendship with that lad, have told him all my secrets, and joined his youthful games. "Come in!" Mr. Vavasor had cried when John Grey disturbed his slumber by knocking at the door. "I'm glad to see you,—very. Sit down; won't you? Did you ever see such a wretched fire? The coals they give you in this place are the worst in all London. Did you ever see such coals?" And he gave a wicked poke at the fire. It was now the 1st of May, and Grey, who had walked from Suffolk Street, was quite warm. "One hardly wants a fire at all, such weather as this," he said. "Oh; don't you?" said the signing-clerk. "If you had to sit here all day, you'd see if you didn't want a fire. It's the coldest building I ever put my foot in. Sometimes in winter I have to sit here the whole day in a great-coat. I only wish I could shut old Sugden up here for a week or two, after Christmas." The great lawyer whom he had named was the man whom he supposed to have inflicted on him the terrible injury of his life, and he was continually invoking small misfortunes on the head of that tyrant. "How is Alice?" said Grey, desiring to turn the subject from the ten-times-told tale of his friend's wrongs. Mr. Vavasor sighed. "She is well enough, I believe," he said. "Is anything the matter in Queen Anne Street?" "You'll hardly believe it when I tell you; and, indeed, I hardly know whether I ought to tell you or not." "As you and I have gone so far together, I think that you ought to tell me anything that concerns her nearly." "That's just it. It's about her money. Do you know, Grey, I'm beginning to think that I've been wrong in allowing you to advance what you have done on her account?" "Why wrong?" "Because I foresee there'll be a difficulty about it. How are we to manage about the repayment?" "If she becomes my wife there will be no management wanted." "But how if she never becomes your wife? I'm beginning to think she'll never do anything like any other woman." "I'm not quite sure that you understand her," said Grey; "though of course you ought to do so better than any one else." "Nobody can understand her," said the angry father. "She told me the other day, as you know, that she was going to have nothing more to do with her cousin—" "Has she—has she become friends with him again?" said Grey. As he asked the question there came a red spot on each cheek, showing the strong mental anxiety which had prompted it. "No; I believe not;—that is, certainly not in the way you mean. I think that she is beginning to know that he is a rascal." "It is a great blessing that she has learned the truth before it was too late." "But would you believe it;—she has given him her name to bills for two thousand pounds, payable at two weeks' sight? He sent to her only this morning a fellow that he called his clerk, and she has been fool enough to accept them. Two thousand pounds! That comes of leaving money at a young woman's own disposal." "But we expected that, you know," said Grey, who seemed to take the news with much composure. "Expected it?" "Of course we did. You yourself did not suppose that what he had before would have been the last." "But after she had quarrelled with him!" "That would make no difference with her. She had promised him her money, and as it seems that he will be content with that, let her keep her promise." "And give him everything! Not if I can help it. I'll expose him. I will indeed. Such a pitiful rascal as he is!" "You will do nothing, Mr. Vavasor, that will injure your daughter. I'm very sure of that." "But, by heavens—. Such sheer robbery as that! Two thousand pounds more in fourteen days!" The shortness of the date at which the bills were drawn seemed to afflict Mr. Vavasor almost as keenly as the amount. Then he described the whole transaction as accurately as he could do so, and also told how Alice had declared her purpose of going to Mr. Round the lawyer, if her father would not undertake to procure the money for her by the time the bills should become due. "Mr. Round, you know, has heard nothing about it," he continued. "He doesn't dream of any such thing. If she would take my advice, she would leave the bills, and let them be dishonoured. As it is, I think I shall call at Drummonds', and explain the whole transaction." "You must not do that," said Grey. "I will call at Drummonds', instead, and see that the money is all right for the bills. As far as they go, let him have his plunder." "And if she won't take you, at last, Grey? Upon my word, I don't think she ever will. My belief is she'll never get married. She'll never do anything like any other woman." "The money won't be missed by me if I never get married," said Grey, with a smile. "If she does marry me, of course I shall make her pay me." "No, by George! that won't do," said Vavasor. "If she were your daughter you'd know that she could not take a man's money in that way." "And I know it now, though she is not my daughter. I was only joking. As soon as I am certain,—finally certain,—that she can never become my wife, I will take back my money. You need not be afraid. The nature of the arrangement we have made shall then be explained to her." In this way it was settled; and on the following morning the father informed the daughter that he had done her bidding, and that the money would be placed to her credit at the bankers' before the bills came due. On that Saturday, the day which her cousin had named in his letter, she trudged down to Drummonds', and was informed by a very courteous senior clerk in that establishment, that due preparation for the bills had been made. So far, I think we may say that Mr. George Vavasor was not unfortunate. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2006). Can You Forgive Her?. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19500/pg19500-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

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