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Tips that would help you build integration tests using RSpec and Capybara. Integration testing can be intimidating to some, the idea of having to build test cases for the way your controllers are communicating with your view and model could make the best of us scratch our heads. But these are actually the easiest test cases to build and in this post, you’ll find some of the tricks I used to not scratch my head that much. For starters we need to know the definition of integration testing, Albert Einstein once said: “once you know exactly what to do you already solved 90% of your problem.” He didn’t quite say it that way but let us jump to the definition, shall we? Integration testing This s’ definition fits the most with what I’m trying to say: article While unit tests make sure that individual parts of your application work, integration tests are used to test that different parts of your application work together. They are normally used to test at least the most important workflows of applications. Even though you need your model, controller, and view, by the time you get to testing integration your application would already have a basic workflow (even if you used ) and if there is some feature your application is lacking off, just like unit testing, integration testing will help you fill in this gaps and build a solid workflow. TDD So without further ado let’s talk about the workflow Get started with Workflow This is a simple exercise lot’s of us ignore but to know the workflow of an application we have to yes you got it use it! When building test cases you are not just the programmer but the user as well, think of an application like let's say twitter what is the first thing it pops up when you open the browser with twitter I think you got it but here is an image The login and signup are the first workflow features you’ll see in many applications and the test cases for them are relatively easy to build. Up next I’ll describe a couple of test cases I build for a Twitter-based project I made while I was a student in . I will only focus on a couple of them because most of them are repetitive so I think it’s enough for you to build awesome test cases as well. Microverse Prerequisites and are both Ruby gems for testing so I figure you have your own Ruby on Rails application and some unit test cases for it working already, if not you can clone or download my and you’ll find instructions on how to run the app and the test cases on your computer (thank you for leaving a star in the project if you like it!). Rspec Capybara Workagram! Install and Configure Capybara Like I said before to keep going you need to have Rspec and Capybara already installed so if you do you can skip this step but if something is not working properly here is how I installed and configured both Rspec and Capybara I followed this to install and configure both Rspec and Capybara if you already have Rspec still you’d need to change some configuration files. article I won’t share the commands here but this is how my configuration files look like at the end so make sure yours do too: source git_source( ) { }

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. 'https://rubygems.org' :github |repo| "https://github.com/ .git" #{repo} :development :test do 'rspec-rails' end :test do # Adds support for Capybara system testing and selenium driver 'capybara' '>= 2.15' 'selenium-webdriver' end Gemfile.rb RSpec.configure config.expect_with expectations.include_chain_clauses_in_custom_matcher_descriptions = config.mock_with mocks.verify_partial_doubles = config.shared_context_metadata_behavior = config.filter_run_when_matching config.example_status_persistence_file_path = config.disable_monkey_patching!
  config.default_formatter = config.files_to_run.one?
  config.order = Kernel.srand config.seed # This file was generated by the `rspec --init` command. Conventionally, all # specs live under a `spec` directory, which RSpec adds to the `$LOAD_PATH`. # The generated `.rspec` file contains `--require spec_helper` which will cause # this file to always be loaded, without a need to explicitly require it in any # files. # # Given that it is always loaded, you are encouraged to keep this file as # light-weight as possible. Requiring heavyweight dependencies from this file # will add to the boot time of your test suite on EVERY test run, even for an # individual file that may not need all of that loaded. Instead, consider making # a separate helper file that requires the additional dependencies and performs # the additional setup, and require it from the spec files that actually need # it. # # See http://rubydoc.info/gems/rspec-core/RSpec/Core/Configuration do |config| # rspec-expectations config goes here. You can use an alternate # assertion/expectation library such as wrong or the stdlib/minitest # assertions if you prefer. :rspec do |expectations| # This option will default to `true` in RSpec 4. It makes the `description` # and `failure_message` of custom matchers include text for helper methods # defined using `chain`, e.g.: #     be_bigger_than(2).and_smaller_than(4).description #     # => "be bigger than 2 and smaller than 4" # ...rather than: #     # => "be bigger than 2" true end # rspec-mocks config goes here. You can use an alternate test double # library (such as bogus or mocha) by changing the `mock_with` option here. :rspec do |mocks| # Prevents you from mocking or stubbing a method that does not exist on # a real object. This is generally recommended, and will default to # `true` in RSpec 4. true end # This option will default to `:apply_to_host_groups` in RSpec 4 (and will # have no way to turn it off -- the option exists only for backwards # compatibility in RSpec 3). It causes shared context metadata to be # inherited by the metadata hash of host groups and examples, rather than # triggering implicit auto-inclusion in groups with matching metadata. :apply_to_host_groups :focus 'spec/examples.txt' 'doc' if :random # The settings below are suggested to provide a good initial experience # with RSpec, but feel free to customize to your heart's content. #   # This allows you to limit a spec run to individual examples or groups #   # you care about by tagging them with `:focus` metadata. When nothing #   # is tagged with `:focus`, all examples get run. RSpec also provides #   # aliases for `it`, `describe`, and `context` that include `:focus` #   # metadata: `fit`, `fdescribe` and `fcontext`, respectively. #   config.filter_run_when_matching :focus # #   # Allows RSpec to persist some state between runs in order to support #   # the `--only-failures` and `--next-failure` CLI options. We recommend #   # you configure your source control system to ignore this file. #   config.example_status_persistence_file_path = "spec/examples.txt" # #   # Limits the available syntax to the non-monkey patched syntax that is #   # recommended. For more details, see: #   #   - http://rspec.info/blog/2012/06/rspecs-new-expectation-syntax/ #   #   - http://www.teaisaweso.me/blog/2013/05/27/rspecs-new-message-expectation-syntax/ #   #   - http://rspec.info/blog/2014/05/notable-changes-in-rspec-3/#zero-monkey-patching-mode #   config.disable_monkey_patching! # #   # This setting enables warnings. It's recommended, but in some cases may #   # be too noisy due to issues in dependencies. #   config.warnings = true # #   # Many RSpec users commonly either run the entire suite or an individual #   # file, and it's useful to allow more verbose output when running an #   # individual spec file. #   if config.files_to_run.one? #     # Use the documentation formatter for detailed output, #     # unless a formatter has already been configured #     # (e.g. via a command-line flag). #     config.default_formatter = "doc" #   end # #   # Print the 10 slowest examples and example groups at the #   # end of the spec run, to help surface which specs are running #   # particularly slow. #   config.profile_examples = 10 # #   # Run specs in random order to surface order dependencies. If you find an #   # order dependency and want to debug it, you can fix the order by providing #   # the seed, which is printed after each run. #   #     --seed 1234 #   config.order = :random # #   # Seed global randomization in this process using the `--seed` CLI option. #   # Setting this allows you to use `--seed` to deterministically reproduce #   # test failures related to randomization by passing the same `--seed` value #   # as the one that triggered the failure. #   Kernel.srand config.seed end spec/spec_helper.rb ENV[ ] = File.expand_path( , __dir_ ) abort( ) Rails.env.production? ActiveRecord::Migration.maintain_test_schema! ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError => e
  puts e.to_s.strip
  exit Capybara.register_driver Capybara::Selenium::Driver.new(app, ) Capybara.javascript_driver = RSpec.configure config.fixture_path = config.use_transactional_fixtures = config.infer_spec_type_from_file_location! config.filter_rails_from_backtrace! config.before( ) DatabaseCleaner.clean_with( ) config.before( ) DatabaseCleaner.strategy = config.before( , ) DatabaseCleaner.strategy = config.before( ) DatabaseCleaner.start config.after( ) DatabaseCleaner.clean # This file is copied to spec/ when you run 'rails generate rspec:install' require 'spec_helper' require 'capybara/rspec' 'RAILS_ENV' || 'test' require '../config/environment' _ # Prevent database truncation if the environment is production 'The Rails environment is running in production mode!' if require 'rspec/rails' # Add additional requires below this line. Rails is not loaded until this point! # Requires supporting ruby files with custom matchers and macros, etc, in # spec/support/ and its subdirectories. Files matching `spec/**/*_spec.rb` are # run as spec files by default. This means that files in spec/support that end # in _spec.rb will both be required and run as specs, causing the specs to be # run twice. It is recommended that you do not name files matching this glob to # end with _spec.rb. You can configure this pattern with the --pattern # option on the command line or in ~/.rspec, .rspec or `.rspec-local`. # # The following line is provided for convenience purposes. It has the downside # of increasing the boot-up time by auto-requiring all files in the support # directory. Alternatively, in the individual `*_spec.rb` files, manually # require only the support files necessary. # # Dir[Rails.root.join('spec', 'support', '**', '*.rb')].each { |f| require f } # Checks for pending migrations and applies them before tests are run. # If you are not using ActiveRecord, you can remove these lines. begin rescue 1 end :selenium_chrome do |app| browser: :chrome end :selenium_chrome do |config| # Remove this line if you're not using ActiveRecord or ActiveRecord fixtures " /spec/fixtures" #{ .root} : :Rails # If you're not using ActiveRecord, or you'd prefer not to run each of your # examples within a transaction, remove the following line or assign false # instead of true. false # RSpec Rails can automatically mix in different behaviours to your tests # based on their file location, for example enabling you to call `get` and # `post` in specs under `spec/controllers`. # # You can disable this behaviour by removing the line below, and instead # explicitly tag your specs with their type, e.g.: # #     RSpec.describe UsersController, :type => :controller do #       # ... #     end # # The different available types are documented in the features, such as in # https://relishapp.com/rspec/rspec-rails/docs # Filter lines from Rails gems in backtraces. # arbitrary gems may also be filtered via: # config.filter_gems_from_backtrace("gem name") :suite do :truncation end :each do :transaction end :each js: true do :truncation end # This block must be here, do not combine with the other `before(:each)` block. # This makes it so Capybara can see the database. :each do end :each do end end spec/rails_helper.rb remember to run ‘bundle install’ after modifying the Gemfile if still doesn’t work you can look for the in my Workagram! repository complete Gemfile Authentication If your application supports users this is the most important and the first feature to test, because all the other features of your application will depend on a user to be logged in to be able to access them. Many applications would take a username and a password to log in a user but my Workagram! login only requires the Username, the code for this test case is pretty straight forward: RSpec.describe , let( ) { User.create( , ) }

  scenario visit root_path fill_in , user.username click_button sleep( ) expect(page).to have_content( ) click_on sleep( )
    expect(page). to have_content( ) 'login followed by logout' type: :feature do # The user must exist so we are creating it here :user username: 'maruk' fullname: 'Maria Eugenia Queme' 'login page' do # First we need to be in the root path # Secondly fill in the fields in this case only the username 'session_username' with: # Third we have to click the Log in button 'Log in' # We give it some time to load 3 # And lastly we are expecting our page to have the success message 'User Logged in' # Logging out it's much simplier after this 'Log out' 3 'Please log in' end end I’ve put comments to guide you through it but what I like the most about Capybara is that the commands are plain English instructions as you can see: visit, fill_in, click_button can’t get any easier than that! Awesome tip #1: sometimes we struggle knowing the names of the fields, how do we know we have to fill_in ‘session_username’ you’d ask, for that we can check it out with your browser’s developer tools inspecting the field and use what’s in the id selector. After building the authentication test case you can test everything else in no particular order, anything that looks like a form or requires to fill in a field and/or has a submit button should be tested (i.e sign up form, edit users’ info, post something, follow users, unfollow users, etc..). Lastly, I’m gonna show you how I build a test case to validate the posting feature of my Workagram! Posting feature I chose the posting feature to show next because of the posts in my Workagram! require an image similar to an Instagram post and I struggled a little when building this test case so I think these tips could be helpful for your own application, here is the code: RSpec.describe , let( ) { User.create( , ) } let( ) { }

  scenario visit root_path
    fill_in , user.username
    click_button sleep( ) expect(page). to have_content( ) attach_file , picture click_button sleep( ) expect(page). to have_content( ) expect(page).to have_css( ) 'Home management' type: :feature do # We need to create an user to authenticate :user username: 'maruk' fullname: 'Maria Eugenia Queme' # The image has to be saved somewhere in your project :picture 'app/assets/images/1000.png' 'Create valid work' do # Log in the user 'session_username' with: 'Log in' 3 # if succesfull we'll be in the main page 'WORKAGRAM SOMETHING' # We only need to attach a picture to post a job, the text is optional 'work_picture' # click on the Post button 'Post' # We let the page load for a while 3 # If everything went well it's expecting the success message to display on screen 'Work created!' # Also the main page would have to include the image of the post we just added "img[src*='1000.png']" end end Now that we have the authentication test case we‘ll need to put the code for it in every feature of our application otherwise we would have authentication errors. Awesome tip #2: We also need a variable to hold the picture’s location (it’s better if it’s within your project so your test cases work in other computers) Awesome tip #3: I use the “have_css” Capybara method when trying to validate anything that wasn’t plain text. That’s it! If you got this far I have to say you have enough to build your own test cases but if you still want to check out a couple more you can find them in my Workagram! Til the next time claps to you!

How to Build Awesome Integration Tests with Capybara

Tips, Tricks, and Tough Lessons Learned. 👇 As a founder, you’re naturally scrappy. You’ve probably done everything (from the financials to the hiring and product decisions) yourself. But lately, something feels different. Maybe you’re months behind on hiring the key people that you need, or your current team members are asking for career plans.You know you want to be a great place to work, but you don’t think you’re big enough to hire HR. What next? In this guide, I’ll walk you through some of my favourite tools and tricks to build a solid HR foundation on your own — no hire required. I’ll also tell you exactly when it’s time to give up the solo act and bring in a professional. PS: Note that this guide focuses on Canadian startups, but should be generally applicable anywhere. PPS: Keep reading for a special announcement! Problem: You’re in administration overload Maybe you’re running payroll yourself, or, as more than one CEO has confessed to me, keeping all your contracts in a box. You’re furiously googling safety policies and laws on paying out vacation. Or, maybe you’re not doing any of this at all, and are praying nothing bad will happen (because it hasn’t yet, right?). You don’t run the rest of your business based on chance, so why put your head in the sand? Get started: Let’s get you out of the banker box of shame- you need HR software. A good system stores and reports on employee information, helps with benefits and payroll, keeps contracts handy, and even tracks vacations. Two great options are the Toronto-founded and easy to use , and the slightly more feature-heavy . If you’re over 10 people, this software is essential. Collage BambooHR You need policies on things like health and safety, and standardized employment contracts. Open source policies are a thing if you to look and have the time to adapt and customize them. know where When to get HR: HR software is generally easy to set up, but it does require you to have an idea of the guidelines you want it to handle. It also requires you to keep its information current and relevant. When the record upkeep becomes too time consuming and when you want customized programs and policies, hire a pro. If you’re getting tapped on the shoulder too often with questions about benefits, it’s time. Problem: Recruiting isn’t going fast enough. You’ve secured funding and defined your product roadmap. You figure you’ll hire a few developers, maybe a designer and product manager. You post some jobs on your website, but somehow the applications aren’t rolling in. Your managers are too busy doing manager stuff, and the process with the candidates you have takes forever. do Get started: Get in sales mode. What’s different and unique about working for your company? Wealthsimple, an innovator in the fintech space, offers benefits suited to financial wellness. FreshBooks highlights its quirky culture by publishing its annual halloween festivities. This isn’t a list of daily tasks we’re writing- it’s a piece of marketing! Once you have a draft, is a tool I love. It uses machine learning to help you craft the best posting possible. Textio Posting your newly-amazing job on your careers page won’t be enough. Be sure you’re on specialized sites such as , , , and . StartupNorth TechVibes AngelList Stack Overflow Host meetups and events in your own space (it makes you memorable to attendees) and send your best people to speak at other events. People want to work with other smart people who can teach them new things. Now that you’ve got them, how to manage all those candidates? and are at the top of the game when it comes to organizing your recruiting. They’ll also give you an idea of key metrics like which sources are bringing you the best hires, and how long it’s taking each team to interview. Greenhouse Lever Repeat after me: no hiring over coffee or beers! We all think we’re much better judges of character than we are. To make a real weighed decision, you need a more scientific process. Not sure how to design a great interview? is an amazing resource. This Re:Work guide from Google Found the right person, but not sure what to pay? Aside from chats with your fellow founders, , and have salary tools that are useful. PayScale Glassdoor LinkedIn When to get HR: If you still aren’t getting the right candidates, or if your managers are too busy to do all of this effectively, level up. Recruiting is a lot of work, and you’ll need to move quickly. A pro can also help you develop a better interview process, a full compensation strategy, and help you craft the hiring plan you’ll need to achieve your product goals. Problem: You’re no longer flat. In the early days, it’s likely that no one thought about reporting structures. You were proud of being flat. It posed no problem- issues could be worked out easily with a chat across the table. Suddenly, you’re hearing that people want growth plans and career paths . Your leadership team is overwhelmed and can no longer manage 10+ people each while executing and playing visionary. The right thing to do is to get more people into management, but your top performers have no experience with that. How can you help them? Get started: Don’t be afraid to ditch the flat structure. Well-trained, empathetic managers are key to driving performance. If you’re in Toronto, is a great place to send newly promoted engineering managers. For startup focused manager training in all disciplines, Melissa and Johnathan of are the go-to’s. In the meantime, Google’s on management and countless books are there for inspiration. How about a manager book club? UpSpark’s tech lead training Raw Signal re:Work guides When to get HR: When those managers need an ongoing partner and guidance. When people are asking for defined career paths and formal feedback, like reviews. In my experience, this is all likely to happen around a headcount of 50, or shortly after leaving the “flat” zone. Problem: You’re scared of being the next Uber. You’ve read about the scandals, and they terrify you. You don’t have a harassment policy, but you don’t think it will happen at company. You want to be inclusive, but aren’t sure how to get more diverse candidates to apply. your Get started: My advice is to make sure you have an inclusive culture first, before diving into recruiting. In fact, Here’s more on how: I wrote a whole post on it. Open source some policies on harassment and on parental leave. Great resources include the TWG/Tech Girls Canada collaboration “ ”, and the newly launched . Change Together Parental Leave Playbook Facebook has also open sourced some videos. You can watch these with your whole team and discuss them afterwards. great unconscious bias training Be sure to have an anonymous feedback process that goes straight to you- even a google form will do. If you have employees that are also interested in making an impact here, consider forming a task force. One idea I really love is building an apprenticeship program to develop a pipeline of engineers from less traditional backgrounds. is a great example, run and managed by employee members of their diversity guild. Rangle.io’s Bridge program When to get HR: This is a tricky area, and one where I really recommend at least having an occasional onsite professional (like a part time contractor) on hand. Some people will never be comfortable talking to you or their manager about tough issues. If you do have absolutely any harassment complaint arise, seek help immediately. Ideally, have a professional assess and strategize your policies, processes, and benefits anything goes wrong. before Problem: You don’t know what people think at all. You used to have the pulse on everything- now you’re not so sure. Maybe because you’re so busy or because you’re “the boss”, you feel like people come to you less and less. It’s lonely at the top, and you’re worried about missing key information. Get started: Keep it personal. You can’t meet with every team member every week, but you can hold the occasional . skip level Collect some data! is my favourite tool for surveys. I use it for everything from measuring happiness to seeing how a training program affected performance. I’m nerdy about people data, and I find it’s the best at catching trends. Other options are , which gives you less but more frequent data, and Toronto-based . CultureAmp TinyPulse Fortay When to get HR: The tough thing about asking people how they feel and want they want is that you have to follow up. If it surfaces that everyone wants 360 reviews or a formal mentorship program, you’ll need the time and expertise to carry that out. Otherwise, you’ll risk losing their trust. Why should they give you feedback when nothing’s ever done about it? If it’s more work than you can handle, bring in professional help. What next? With so many great tools available, bootstrapping your startup’s HR has never been easier. If you have the time and the will, you can begin to build bedrock on your own. However, for those without the luxury of time, or reaching the next step in their growth, it won’t be enough. Companies need someone experienced that they can trust, and who understands the unique challenges of a startup’s culture. That’s why, after years of building HR at top startups (like and ), I’m launching . Wealthsimple FreshBooks Bright + Early is a modern HR consultancy that’s laser focused on helping early to midstage startups, part time. We use design thinking and an iterative, inclusivity-focused approach to do work that grows people, teams and companies. No culture compromise required. If you’ve realized you need a little bit of help (or a lot of it), 🚀 Bright + Early let’s talk about working together. Happy building! *Illustration by Laura Callaghan Side note: For any readers who are already HR pros, I’m looking for my replacement to lead the People Operations team at Wealthsimple . This is a really exciting opportunity to take a company beyond the stage I describe above: specifically, from a midsize company to a global one. It’s a VP level role working with an absolute rocketship of a team. If you’re experienced with and passionate about taking companies from 200 to infinity, contact me directly.

How To Bootstrap Your Startup’s HR (And When Not To)

By definition, a metaverse is a virtual reality space and a manifestation of actual reality. It is an interconnected world that exists online, allowing users to connect virtually through games or other forms of entertainment. Essentially a gaming metaverse is a fully immersive online world built upon the premise of interconnectivity through games. Movies such as Ready Player One and the Matrix have made the idea of a gaming metaverse popular. Thus, paving the way for companies such as Oculus and Epic Games to create experiences that lean into the concept of a gaming metaverse. As gaming becomes more popular and technology improves, the notion of a metaverse is becoming more like reality than just science fiction. It raises many questions regarding the politics of a metaverse. Who controls the metaverse? Is it safe? How financially and legally viable is it? To understand these questions better, it is worth understanding how we got to this point in the first place. From Globalisation to Virtual Globalisation A metaverse is intricately tied to the notion of globalisation. We can define globalisation as the growing interconnectivity of society on a global scale. It is a process of global change. Over time, the world has become more connected through three systems of globalisation. Economic globalisation-Nation-states become more connected through financial means such as lowering trade barriers. Digital globalisation- Nations have become more intertwined due to the proliferation of technology such as mobile phones and social media. Political globalisation- Governments engage and interact more globally, forming international organisations, signing trade agreements and alliances. Although it is easy to look at each part of globalisation as a separate entity, it would be wrong. Each process of globalisation work in conjunction with one another, shaping the world as it becomes more interconnected. Currently, we are experiencing one of the most rapid global transformations in history. However, globalisation hasn't just emerged as a phenomenon. The world has undergone several golden eras of globalisation, such as during the industrial revolution in Europe. Thus, humanity has always been getting more connected, but the rate of connectivity has varied. To understand the gaming metaverse, an understanding of globalisation is critical. Globalisation will create the metaverse through more connectivity but will change itself in the process. The idea of political, economic and digital globalisation will change fundamentally in a metaverse to create a virtual means of globalisation that is unknown to us. The Economics of a Metaverse Popular culture and entertainment have portrayed the metaverse as having an online currency system, much like today's in-game currency. Currency is tied to individual players and used to level up your player avatar in a so-called metaverse. This currency may come in game-specific NFT's such as those used in the and other cryptocurrencies. SandBox As a metaverse starts to develop, with more users using online currency to buy goods, the global economic system and globalisation will change fundamentally due to a shift toward NFT's and crypto. How governments trade, purchase assets and store our earnings will change as metaverses become more prominent. Similarly, how our wealth is protected will also change. As a result, systems will need to be put in place to ensure our finances are adequately protected and the world economic system is stable. The Politics of a Metaverse Political globalisation will also be shaped enormously by the emergence of a gaming metaverse. While governments carry our policy decisions through international organisations and political agreements, the power may rapidly change as companies build gaming metaverses. The policy will be shaped by ensuring these new metaverses are safe and legally viable  globally and within nation-states themselves. The power of companies creating a metaverse will also have to be checked, with companies such as Facebook having to be legally accountable for creating virtual universes. Similarly, how much influence governments can have in a gaming metaverse also raises interesting questions. How will authoritarian regimes such as China control the metaverse? Will they create their own? Will governments have no control? Questions will need to be raised about who holds power in the gaming metaverse and how accountable these people are. An Expanding Digital Metaverse As technology evolves and the metaverse becomes a reality, digital globalisation will be at its peak. The near-seamless interconnected world of a metaverse will see digital expansion at a rate never seen before as the gaming metaverse takes shape. Social media, mobile connectivity, and everything digital will gradually coalesce in a perfect blend of fully immersive connectivity. Gone are the days of bad internet connectivity and latency, and in with the days of seamless global connectivity. The world will become heavily shaped by digital globalisation which will realise the birth of the gaming metaverse towards a new form of virtual globalisation. Final Thoughts The gaming metaverse will bring about a new wave of globalisation, called virtual globalisation. Virtual globalisation will fundamentally change how the world will work with the emergence of a metaverse. The world will change politically, economically and digitally as a new world is created through a metaverse, shaping power relations, economic ties and digital advancement. Thus, virtual means of globalisation will change the world. This article is part of hosted by HackerNoon in partnership with . The Gaming Metaverse Writing Contest The Sandbox Submit your #gaming-metaverse story today for your chance to win up to $2000 in SAND tokens.

The Gaming Metaverse and the Rise of  Virtual Globalisation 

Exponential View Azeem Azhar ’s Weekly Wondermissive: Future, Tech & Society . This issue has been supported by our partner: Ocean Protocol sgCarMart is building Singapore's very first 'Know-Your-Vehicle' data marketplace on Ocean Protocol to help used car buyers make smarter buying decisions This week I am sending the same issue to free and Premium members. Like, comment or share this email by pressing the little buttons at the top of this email. Dept of the near future 🍏 After 23 years, Apple’s design chief Jony Ive, the “ ”, is stepping away from the empire he helped build. Ive’s departure, which according to insiders, was preceded by a long, steady withdrawal from the daily work of the company, is being read as a sign of the increasing shift away . most unremarkable remarkable person you could meet from the Steve Jobs era into one driven more by operations than inspiration 🤭 Despite all the early hype around voice assistants, usage is abysmal. Either the industry has yet to find the right use case for voice technology, or perhaps, , “[n]obody wants to walk around their house talking to a computer.” Fun fact: 10,000 Amazon employees work on the Alexa voice assistant. as one founder points out 🚨 An exceptional piece of research from Jordan Dworkin measures jobs, and concludes that service and industrial sector workers are likely to struggle with transitions more than those in business, scientific and medical sectors. the impact of automation in different professions against the ability of workers to transition to new Optimal recommendations should not only consider a new job’s automatability and growth potential, but also its similarity to the job a worker is leaving. Skills most associated with less automatable jobs differ across sectors, and skills that facilitate job transitions may be distinct from those that facilitate within-job skill redefinition. Automation will likely have complex effects on the job market that are not fully captured by the likelihood of individual jobs becoming automated. Instead, it is important that policy-makers, businesses and workers consider the relationships between jobs when determining who is at the highest risk of long-term displacement and which transition or reskilling opportunities they should pursue. ⚖️ . With those two countries removed from the dataset, income inequality has worsened in the remaining 143 countries measured in the study. Growth in regional income inequality in Asia outside of China and India is particularly significant. (Sorry, paywalled!) 📧 He explains: “What I see in Superhuman though is a company that has mistaken taking advantage of people for good design. They’ve identified a feature that provides value to some of their customers (i.e. seeing if someone has opened your email yet) and they’ve trampled the privacy of every single person they send email to in order to achieve that”. To his credit, Rahul Vohra of Superhuman, ending the practice. (This is part of the norming process we are going through as we grapple with these technologies, see the Dept of Surveillance below and my End Note.) Income inequality declined globally between 1988 and 2015, but only if we count India and China Mike Davidson raises an important question about Superhuman, an email client favoured by the digerati. Superhuman tracks when recipients open mail. responded effectively 🌡️ Climate crisis: 413.76ppm | 3,972 days Each week, we’re going to remind you of the CO2 levels in the atmosphere and the number of days until reaching the 450ppm threshold, the point at which significant portions of our planet’s ice will melt away. (as of July 1): 413.76 ppm; 12 months ago: 409ppm; 50 years ago: 326.66ppm; 250 years ago, est: 250ppm. Share this reminder with your community by forwarding this email or . 🔥 . European average temperatures were more than 2°C above normal, and temperatures were up to 10°C above normal over parts of France, Germany and Spain. Globally, the average temperature was about 0.1°C higher than during the previous warmest June. That was only three years ago. The speed at which temperature records are now being broken is an alarming sign of the future we may be facing. 🚫 The tide appears to be finally turning against fossil fuels, however. . Over 100 leading global financial institutions are pulling back from the sector, creating a “progressive strangulation” on access to capital markets and insurance for coal companies. Earlier this week, for example, insurer Chubb Ltd announced that and that it would phase out its coverage for existing risks which exceed this threshold by 2022. Researchers from the US and China find that . If we are to meet that target there is no room for new carbon-emitting energy infrastructure, and some existing infrastructure must be retired prematurely. as much as 200 gigatons of carbon from the atmosphere. The latest measurement tweeting this This June was the hottest ever recorded Capital is exiting the coal business, according to a recent report by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis it would not underwrite new risks for companies which generate more than 30% of their revenue from coal committed emissions from existing and proposed energy infrastructure represent more than the entire remaining carbon budget for the 1.5 °C climate target Planting a trillion trees could capture Dept of artificial intelligence Unsupervised word embeddings capture latent knowledge from materials science literature. . Essentially, a machine learning system, requiring little training, was able to process more than three million abstracts in materials science. By looking at relationships between words and phrases, it was able to suggest hitherto unknown materials with thermoelectric properties. (Find a less technical .) The implications for science are significant. As a reminder, claimed: “on a per-dollar or per-person basis, science is becoming far less efficient.” If science is suffering diminishing returns, this might mean fewer insights to inspire breakthroughs that we need as we strain our planetary boundaries. AI is making progress in helping scientists. Think of Deepmind’s Alphafold predicting the 3-D structure of folded proteins or helping chemists understand millions of reaction pathways. And firms like Zymergen and LabGenius use machine learning tools to accelerate genomic research and drug development. The beauty of this current paper is that the technique, word2vec, is really rather simple compared to some breakthrough approaches. And the authors have . Elsewhere: This paper had scientists abuzz with the potential summary here this excellent essay on the stagnation of science made their code available for all . Sandhu draws out the point that some degree of bias is inherent and even necessary—the important thing is to explicitly recognise and understand which biases are present, how they're influencing the output and what the implications are. An excellent breakdown by Jaspreet Sandhu of the concepts and current state of knowledge about the role bias plays in machine learning MIT researchers . reckon they can predict emotional states by reflected wifi signals Dept of surveillance Worth noting just how surveillance, by government and private sector, has exploded as an issue. We covered this in , but there are a handful of more interesting developments. These indicate we need a new agreement around consumer and citizen privacy, and more clarity on how these technologies could be used. Partly it is about law and regulation. Partly it is about norms and behaviour. See my End Note. 👎 Dave Lee: . “Is Facebook fixing itself, or merely making it harder for us to see it’s broken?” Shoshana Zuboff doesn’t think we’ve failed to rein in Facebook and Google; . She argues that lawmakers need to “outlaw the secret theft of private experience”, disrupt revenue flows and business models based on surveillance, develop laws and regulations which protect users and empower new forms of grassroots collective action against the tech giants. 🔈Shoshana and I a couple of weeks ago. 🚓 The London Metropolitan Police’s facial recognition program continues to draw attention for all the wrong reasons. The system’s sky-high levels of inaccuracy (with a 98% false positive rate) have been repeatedly in the past. In that context, the revealed in the latest independent report commissioned by Scotland Yard almost looks like an improvement—although, in fact, it could be higher than that, as some of the “suspects” could not be found to verify whether or not the program had accurately identified them. The report also identified significant operational problems and issues around informed consent, or lack thereof. In the US, The group points to a well-known study which showed that major US retailers, Walmart and Home Depot, offered lower prices to users browsing anonymously. (Some anonymous users were offered 15% lower prices than identifiable users.) 🇪🇺 . The group are concerned about both state and commercial surveillance, but their report overall encourages the uptake and expansion of AI across multiple levels of society. last week’s special issue Facebook may be pivoting to something worse she thinks we haven’t really tried had a great conversation about surveillance capitalism highlighted 81% inaccuracy rate a consumer advocacy group has asked the Federal Trade Commission to investigate the practice of “surveillance scoring” customers’ financial status. An independent group advising the European Commission on whether and how to regulate AI has recommended an outright ban on the use of AI for mass-scale credit scoring and blanket surveillance Short morsels to appear smart at dinner parties 💔 🙈 Waymo has been given the to carry passengers in its self-driving vehicles on public roads. Women in most leadership skills. Could blockchain help ? 👀 Apple is trying to . 🙀 It wasn't your imagination: The world's of individual atoms. 👂 Five couples lined up at Russia’s largest fertility clinic for . Globalisation is already dead. go-ahead by Californian regulators score higher than men save politics from big money make eye contact using FaceTime way less awkward wiggling the mouse in Windows 95 really did make it run faster. smallest MRI visualises the magnetic field CRISPR babies to avoid deafness End note How should we make sense of the surveillance-privacy axis? Well, it is another instance of the ethics of invention. To quote Sheila Jasonoff from her book, (See what I did there?): The Ethics of Invention The challenge for modern societies is to develop sufficiently powerful and systematic understanding of technology for us to know where the possibilities lie for meaningful political action and responsible governance. The bargains struck in enhancing human capability do not have to be Faustian, ratified between unequal bargaining partners under conditions of blind ignorance or irreducible uncertainty. I want to talk about email tracking as such a technology. The story about Superhuman broke this week. The firm’s email client did, apparently, cross a boundary. The product had a tracking capability which meant that a sender could see a recipient’s rough location and online status, without opt-in or opt-out. But understand that elements of this capability are now foisted on us across the board. Superhuman was far from unique. Add-ons like Mailtrack and Boomerang have provided similar email tracking capabilities for close to a decade. Messengers like Signal, WhatsApp and iMessage also give away the recipient’s status information. Superhuman’s response has been rapid and significant. The firm put a moratorium on that particular technology while they figure out what the non-Faustian bargain should be. (I offered Rahul, the CEO, about what a product fix might look like.) some typo-ridden suggestions The reality is that we are all in a process where we figure out positive-sum arrangements for these enhancing technologies. The technologies will shape our norms, yes. But our norms should also shape the technologies. Incidentally, you may wonder what kind of tracking happens on emails sent by ? Well, in the case of this newsletter, every single recipient is on here via a double-opt-in. You have selected to receive the newsletter and confirmed you wanted to receive it. Exponential View In common with virtually every other newsletter, our mailing platform provides us with operational data that includes which users opened the mail, and which links they clicked on. We use this data for operational reasons. Most commonly, we use it to track open and click rates. If we see these changing, usually declining (!!), we can make course corrections. Often a declining open rate means we are being caught by spam filters, and need to take action. Sometimes a declining open rate means that I’ve started to bore you, and we need to shake things up. We have also drilled down into per-user open rates to understand cohort behaviours. This helps us to talk to you about improving . Exponential View We’ve also used open rate information as a way of identifying the most engaged readers. These users have become eligible for perks like early-access copies to new books or exclusive invites to events and conferences. Many hundreds of you have benefitted from this in the past few years. Of course, today those occasional goodies are now . concentrated on members of our Premium tier We don’t provide an opt-out for tracking these metrics. It is essential operating data for us. If you are uncomfortable with it, you could also use a separate email box to receive your weekly wondermissive. is rather good for those types of things. If your heebies are still jeebieing, I encourage you to use the unsubscribe link at the foot of the email. ProtonMail Have a great week! Azeem

🔮 AI & science; Apple & Ive; job transitions under automation; killing globalisation++ #225

I write a weekly newsletter, , in which I explore the intersections of and society. Exponential View technology This week’s issue looks into the most recent developments of crypto technologies and artificial intelligence. DEPT OF THE NEAR FUTURE 🏬 within 23 years, suggests ING, a bank. 3D printing might foster local production and cut world trade as much as 40% Lower cross-border trade in industrial machinery, automotive and consumer products may take the lead in supressing world trade given that these sectors are front runner industries in 3D printing and have a significant share in cross-border trade. Of course, one scenario for the “new local production” is that the IP (templates, designs, etc) is actually held by global corporations resulted in the bulk of the value going back to those corporations (rather than benefitting local economies.) We looked at the broader relationship . between 3D printing, international security and deglobalisation in EV#68 🛰️ , asks Reader, Trent McConaghy: Will blockchains take us to self-actualisation EV Think of tokenized ecosystems as public utilities. A shared infrastructure for file storage and for databases and so on. So far it’s only been for internet infrastructure, like e-gold for bits. But it could also be , there’s nothing stopping us from tokenizing hyperloop for Europe, crowdfunding a hyperloop for Europe or crowdfunding asteroid mining. about atoms 💬 Data scientist, Cathy O’Neil, on how the : commercialisation of futurism and how it impedes progress Moreover, the technologists and the technoutopianists always refer to either chess or Go when painting their pretty picture of the because those are two instances where everyone can agree on what success looks like: there is a clear winner and a clear loser. But that clarity of purpose and model of success gets a lot trickier on a planet that is quickly losing its supply of clean water and burning too much fossil fuel. future 🐖 Time to say : goodbye to industrial farming What will future generations, looking back on our age, see as its monstrosities? […] one of them, I believe, will be the mass incarceration of animals, to enable us to eat their flesh […] The shift will occur with the advent of cheap . artificial meat 🎣 Tobias Stone’s fascinating take on the , tracing the way from kids in Kosovo who found a way to make money online to American who bit the bait. In the end, Facebook is the one to blame. EV touched ( ) (See also, .) demand and supply side of fake news Medium registration required. the science behind why fake news is so hard to stop One has to wonder how many of those Swastika-carrying young men we recently saw on the streets of America spend their nights at home being inflamed and provoked by some enterprising boys in the Balkans. I wonder if you can trace a line from a boy buying new trainers in Kosovo from the profits of his fake-news business to a white supremacist punching a protestor on the other side of the world. 🔮 , argues lobbyist, Bruce Mehlman. What can we learn from the last one? but very US-focussed presentation. (A brief summary of .) We are navigating a new gilded age THOUGHT-PROVOKING, his great presentation is here DEPT OF CRYPTO . including a nice infographic of a smart contract in action. IEEE Spectrum on blockchains and how they will change the world Very good basic introduction, 👾 David Galbraith argues that : blockchains’ real value comes from their unhackability not their decentralisation a public database based on this technology that is literally money, that has managed to survive being successfully hacked for several years, is nothing short of miraculous. IMF Director, Christine Lagarde, currencies: acknowledges the path forward for crypto And yet, why might citizens hold virtual currencies rather than physical dollars, euros, or sterling? Because it may one day be easier and safer than obtaining paper bills, especially in remote regions. And because virtual currencies could actually become more stable. In the meantime, Goldman weighs . launching digital currency trading operation Timothy B. Lee argues that by going through the speculative bubble phase. With new wealth inciting further investments and relatively easy way in, we’re seeing the dotcom bubble all over. Not surprisingly, recent that most ICOs fail. Between July and September of this year failure counts for 59%: cryptocurrency market will find long-term stability research shows Also, the level of capital raised from a failed token distribution is rapidly declining, from a median of $4mm in July 2017 to $2mm in September 2017 and 21 (43% of the total) raised $1mm or less from their efforts. over the “increasing risk of financial scams”. South Korea bans ICOs Wu-Tang Clan member Ghostface Killah . He co-founded Cream Capital, a company aiming to raise up to $30m in an ICO, and create a digital currency that will be integrated into debit cards. (Cream, as in: ). one of the latest celebrities to hop on the ICO craze train Cash Rules Everything Around Me DEPT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Great interview with reader EV John Havens on the key ethical questions facing AI. If people don’t have access to their data, they can’t correct errors about that data. This isn’t about bias — simply facts. Third party data brokers not providing access to data means a lot of awesome AI tech either can’t be built or will be built on data not representing factual aspects of the people it’s trying to help. This is the big (data) elephant in the room regarding AI, since so much of the tech is built on human data. But humans need to be provided with access and agency over their data so there can be symmetry regarding how people are tracked with tools that allow them to project their own “terms and conditions” to the digital and soon- to-be-here virtual arenas. DeepMind to investigate AI bias, aligning technology with ethical values, and researching economic impact of automation featuring at least one reader :) created Ethics & Society research group Exponential View 💊 reader, Zavain Dar, , a company leveraging intelligent modelling of thousands of diseases to create novel drugs that work. EV explains why he has backed Recursion Pharma One major industry theme is the that AI will force a growth in processing to the edge of the network, shifting the balance from core cloud-based computing. One player, Efinix programmable edge chips that are less complex to construct, run on half the power and are ¼ the size of comparable FPGAs. Xilinx, company that invented the FPGA, is one of the major investors. as announced Google Pixel , translating between 40 languages in real time during conversations. earbuds leverage Google Translate data at its best 📈 more microprocessors than Intel. Apple ships 11,500 crashes later, Carnegie Mellon researchers . teach an algorithm to autonomously navigate a drone Udacity’s autonomous vehicle spin-off, Voyage, axis in retirement communities. tests its self-driving t Full issue is available , and you’ll find all the past 133 issues . here right here

Blockchains & human progress; the new gilded age; 3D printing vs globalisation; industrial farming…

Hello JavaScript Enthusiasts! Welcome to a new edition of "This Week in JavaScript"! This Week in JavaScript Today, we're covering major VSCode improvements, the long-awaited k6 1.0 release, Node.js 24 features, and a roundup of essential tools you should know about! Node.js 24: More Power, More Features Node.js 24: More Power, More Features Node.js 24 has landed with significant improvements across the board: Node.js 24 has landed with significant improvements Node.js 24 has landed with significant improvements Major Updates: Major Updates: V8 13.6: Adds support for Float16Array, explicit resource management, and RegExp.escape.
npm 11: Improved performance and enhanced security features.
AsyncLocalStorage Overhaul: Now uses AsyncContextFrame by default for more efficient context tracking.
URLPattern Goes Global: Available without explicit imports.
Permission Model Improvements: Flag simplified from --experimental-permission to just --permission.
Test Runner Enhancements: Automatically waits for subtests to finish. V8 13.6: Adds support for Float16Array, explicit resource management, and RegExp.escape. V8 13.6: npm 11: Improved performance and enhanced security features. npm 11: AsyncLocalStorage Overhaul: Now uses AsyncContextFrame by default for more efficient context tracking. URLPattern Goes Global: Available without explicit imports. URLPattern Goes Global: Permission Model Improvements: Flag simplified from --experimental-permission to just --permission. Permission Model Improvements: Test Runner Enhancements: Automatically waits for subtests to finish. Test Runner Enhancements: This release will enter long-term support in October, offering a solid foundation for your production applications. Visual Studio Code 1.100: AI Gets Personal Visual Studio Code 1.100: AI Gets Personal Visual Studio Code just hit version 1.100, and it's a game-changer for AI-assisted coding: Visual Studio Code just hit version 1.100 Visual Studio Code just hit version 1.100 Key Highlights: Key Highlights: Custom Instructions: Create .instructions.md files to set personal guidelines for the AI model – think code style preferences and framework choices.
Reusable Prompts: Save common chat requests with .prompt.md files for repetitive tasks.
Faster Agent Mode: Dramatic speed improvements for large files with new editing formats from both OpenAI and Anthropic.
Multi-Window Support: Enhanced experience when working with chat and editors across multiple windows. Custom Instructions: Create .instructions.md files to set personal guidelines for the AI model – think code style preferences and framework choices. Custom Instructions: Reusable Prompts: Save common chat requests with .prompt.md files for repetitive tasks. Reusable Prompts: Faster Agent Mode: Dramatic speed improvements for large files with new editing formats from both OpenAI and Anthropic. Faster Agent Mode: Multi-Window Support: Enhanced experience when working with chat and editors across multiple windows. Multi-Window Support: This release transforms how the AI assistant understands your coding style, making it feel like it's truly part of your development team. k6 Hits 1.0: JavaScript Load Testing Grows Up k6 Hits 1.0: JavaScript Load Testing Grows Up After years of development, k6 has officially reached version 1.0, offering a mature solution for realistic load testing: k6 has officially reached version 1.0 k6 has officially reached version 1.0 What Makes It Special: What Makes It Special: Tests as Code: Write load tests in JavaScript that can be version-controlled and integrated with CI pipelines.
Powerful Performance: Built on Go for efficiency, but with a familiar JavaScript API for web developers.
Multi-Protocol Support: Works with HTTP, WebSockets, gRPC, Browser interactions, and more.
Realistic Traffic Simulation: Generate significant load even on modest hardware. Tests as Code: Write load tests in JavaScript that can be version-controlled and integrated with CI pipelines. Tests as Code: Powerful Performance: Built on Go for efficiency, but with a familiar JavaScript API for web developers. Powerful Performance: Multi-Protocol Support: Works with HTTP, WebSockets, gRPC, Browser interactions, and more. Multi-Protocol Support: Realistic Traffic Simulation: Generate significant load even on modest hardware. Realistic Traffic Simulation: Perfect for ensuring your applications can handle real-world traffic patterns before issues arise in production. Tools & Releases You Should Know About Tools & Releases You Should Know About Let's speed-run through some of the other big tool updates this week! ESLint v9.26.0: Your linter just got superintelligent with AI integration! The new Model Context Protocol server lets GitHub Copilot run linting commands directly in your workflow, while new protection against globalThis shadowing eliminates those weekend-ruining bugs that plague JavaScript developers.
Mapbox GL JS 3.12: Transform boring maps into breathtaking 3D masterpieces with experimental road intersections and shadow rendering for elevated lines. With butter-smooth pattern transitions and performance improvements, your users might spend more time admiring your maps than using your app!
Relay v19: The GraphQL type-safety guardian angel you never knew you needed! Required @alias directives on conditional fragments save you from mysterious runtime errors, while the included codemod automatically fixes your existing code while you grab coffee.
Electron 36: Making web devs feel like native app wizards with Chromium 136, V8 13.6, and Node 22.14.0 in one powerful package. The showstopper? macOS Writing Tools integration that gives your desktop apps spell-checking capabilities that would make Grammarly jealous.
Mantine 8.0: The React UI library that finally fixed time zones! Featuring deeply nested menu submenus, a TimePicker component that makes dealing with time actually enjoyable, and string-based date values that finally end those timezone headaches that had you considering a career change. ESLint v9.26.0: Your linter just got superintelligent with AI integration! The new Model Context Protocol server lets GitHub Copilot run linting commands directly in your workflow, while new protection against globalThis shadowing eliminates those weekend-ruining bugs that plague JavaScript developers. ESLint v9.26.0: Mapbox GL JS 3.12: Transform boring maps into breathtaking 3D masterpieces with experimental road intersections and shadow rendering for elevated lines. With butter-smooth pattern transitions and performance improvements, your users might spend more time admiring your maps than using your app! Mapbox GL JS 3.12: Relay v19: The GraphQL type-safety guardian angel you never knew you needed! Required @alias directives on conditional fragments save you from mysterious runtime errors, while the included codemod automatically fixes your existing code while you grab coffee. Relay v19: Electron 36: Making web devs feel like native app wizards with Chromium 136, V8 13.6, and Node 22.14.0 in one powerful package. The showstopper? macOS Writing Tools integration that gives your desktop apps spell-checking capabilities that would make Grammarly jealous. Electron 36: Mantine 8.0: The React UI library that finally fixed time zones! Featuring deeply nested menu submenus, a TimePicker component that makes dealing with time actually enjoyable, and string-based date values that finally end those timezone headaches that had you considering a career change. Mantine 8.0: And that's it for the thirty-fourth issue of "This Week in JavaScript." This Week in JavaScript. Feel free to share this newsletter with a fellow developer, and make sure you're following for more weekly updates.

Visual Studio Code 1.100: AI Gets Personal!

It’s Time To Create a Global Cybercrime Authority: WEF Blog

የኦሪጂናል ግምገማዎች በይነገጽ ግምገማዎች ላይ ይጠቀማል

WEF призовава дезинформацията да бъде третирана като киберпрестъпност

সাইবার অপরাধ হিসেবে গণমাধ্যমকে অপব্যবহারের আহ্বান

WEF fordert, dass Desinformation als Cyberkriminalität behandelt wird

WEF: Η παραπληροφόρηση πρέπει να αντιμετωπίζεται ως κυβερνοεγκλήματα

WEF pide que la desinformación sea considerada ciberdelincuencia

WEF poziva na tretiranje dezinformacija kao kibernetičkog kriminala

WEF、不正情報をサイバー犯罪と見なすよう求める

WEF ragina dezinformaciją traktuoti kaip kibernetinį nusikaltimą

WEF aicina pret dezinformāciju izturēties kā pret kibernoziegumiem

Ny WEF dia mitaky ny fitsaboana ny disinformation ho toy ny heloka bevava amin'ny aterineto

WEF бара дезинформација да се третира како сајбер-криминал

https://store.nandan.dev/l/javascript-interview-prep-handbook?embedable=true https://store.nandan.dev/l/javascript-interview-prep-handbook?embedable=true Okay, so if you have ever deep-dived into JavaScript interviews or just casually scrolled through dev Twitter (yes, that’s a thing), you would have stumbled upon someone throwing around the words polyfill like they were born building web browsers. polyfill And if you’re like me, you probably nodded along, opened a tab to Google it later, and… procrastinated. But no worries. You’re here now, and we are going to figure this out together. together. First things first — What the heck is a polyfill? First things first — What the heck is a polyfill? A polyfill is just a piece of code (usually JavaScript) that adds functionality to older browsers that do not natively support a certain feature. polyfill adds functionality to older browsers Think of it like you bringing a power bank to an event where there are no charging points. Your phone is old? No problem. You got the backup. Now… Why Call, Apply, and Bind? Now… Why Call, Apply, and Bind? Because they’re like the Avengers of function manipulation in JavaScript. And also because they confuse almost everyone at first. call lets you call a function with a given this value and arguments.
apply is like call, but arguments are passed as an array.
bind doesn’t immediately invoke the function. It returns a new function with a given this. call lets you call a function with a given this value and arguments. call apply is like call, but arguments are passed as an array. apply call bind doesn’t immediately invoke the function. It returns a new function with a given this. bind returns a new function Here is a detailed write-up on call, apply & bind. Here is a detailed write-up on call, apply & bind Simple enough, right? Now let’s make our versions Polyfill for call Polyfill for call Here’s how we can build a polyfill for call: polyfill for call Function.prototype.myCall = function(context,...args){ 
    context = context || globalThis;
    let Symbolfn = Symbol("fn"); // Unique key
    context[Symbolfn] = this; // Assign 'this' function to the context
    let result = context[Symbolfn](...args); // Call the function
    delete context[Symbolfn];  // Clean up
    return result;
}

// Usage
function sayHello(greeting) {
  console.log(`${greeting}, ${this.name}`);
}

const user = { name: "Nandan" };
sayHello.myCall(user, "Hello"); Function.prototype.myCall = function(context,...args){ 
    context = context || globalThis;
    let Symbolfn = Symbol("fn"); // Unique key
    context[Symbolfn] = this; // Assign 'this' function to the context
    let result = context[Symbolfn](...args); // Call the function
    delete context[Symbolfn];  // Clean up
    return result;
}

// Usage
function sayHello(greeting) {
  console.log(`${greeting}, ${this.name}`);
}

const user = { name: "Nandan" };
sayHello.myCall(user, "Hello"); Cool, right? Not rocket science. Polyfill for apply Polyfill for apply Now, let’s tweak it a bit for apply: apply Function.prototype.myApply = function(context,args){
    context = context || globalThis;
    let Symbolfn = Symbol("fn");
    context[Symbolfn] = this;
    let result = args ? context[Symbolfn](...args) : context[Symbolfn]();
    delete context[Symbolfn];
    return result;
}

// Usage
sayHello.myApply(user, ["Hi"]); Function.prototype.myApply = function(context,args){
    context = context || globalThis;
    let Symbolfn = Symbol("fn");
    context[Symbolfn] = this;
    let result = args ? context[Symbolfn](...args) : context[Symbolfn]();
    delete context[Symbolfn];
    return result;
}

// Usage
sayHello.myApply(user, ["Hi"]); Polyfill for bind Polyfill for bind Now comes the big boss bind. bind Function.prototype.myBind = function(context,...initialArgs){
    let fn = this;
    return function(...functArgs){
        return fn.apply(context, [...initialArgs,...functArgs])
    }
}

// Usage
const boundSayHello = sayHello.myBind(user, "Hey");
boundSayHello(); // Outputs: Hey, Nandan Function.prototype.myBind = function(context,...initialArgs){
    let fn = this;
    return function(...functArgs){
        return fn.apply(context, [...initialArgs,...functArgs])
    }
}

// Usage
const boundSayHello = sayHello.myBind(user, "Hey");
boundSayHello(); // Outputs: Hey, Nandan bind doesn’t call the function right away.
It returns a new function that you can call later.
We merge the arguments provided at bind-time and call-time. bind doesn’t call the function right away. It returns a new function that you can call later. new function We merge the arguments provided at bind-time and call-time. That’s it — You just built call, apply, and bind polyfills! That’s it — You just built call, apply, and bind polyfills! Honestly, when I first read about polyfills, I thought it was some deep internal browser magic. Turns out, it’s just about creatively manipulating JavaScript’s behavior. If you take one thing from this post, let it be this: “The cowards never started and the weak died along the way. That leaves us, ladies and gentlemen. Us.” “The cowards never started and the weak died along the way. That leaves us, ladies and gentlemen. Us.” (Yeah, that’s a quote from Shoe Dog. Still fits perfectly here, doesn’t it?) Shoe Dog Here’s one if you want to read a review of the book Shoe Dog, written by me. Here’s one if you want to read a review of the book Shoe Dog, written by me. That’s all, folks! I hope you found this short note on Polyfills of Call, Apply & Bind helpful. If you enjoyed this, check out more articles on my Blog, https://blog.nandan.dev/ https://blog.nandan.dev/ Feel free to comment, email me at connect@nandan.dev, or connect with me on Twitter, Instagram, or GitHub. Don’t forget to subscribe to my newsletter for regular updates on JavaScript topics! connect@nandan.dev connect@nandan.dev Twitter | Instagram | Github | Website Twitter Twitter Instagram Instagram Github Github Website Website

Build Your Own Polyfills for Call, Apply, and Bind in JavaScript

Why Global Digital Ambitions Will Fail Without Connectivity and Power

Authors:
(1) UTKUCAN BALCI, Binghamton University, United States;
(2) MICHAEL SIRIVIANOS, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus;
(3) JEREMY BLACKBURN, Binghamton University, United States. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Background & Related Work 3 Data 3.1 Identifying Tankie Subreddits 3.2 Identifying Ideology Subreddits and 3.3 Post Collection 4 User-Base Analysis and 4.1 Graph Construction & Community Detection 4.2 Community Growth 4.3 User Migrations Over Time 5 Content Analysis and 5.1 What do tankies talk about? 5.2 Who are tankies talking about? 5.3 Misalignment Analysis 5.4 Toxicity Analysis 5.5 Domain Analysis 5.6 Lemmygrad Analysis 6 Discussion & Conclusion and 6.1 Limitations 6.2 Implications & future work, and References A DATA B NAMED ENTITIES C MISALIGNMENT ANALYSIS D DOMAIN ANALYSIS D DOMAIN ANALYSIS We examine the differences in the popularity of domains between tankies and their similar ideologies in this section. This analysis will also help us to understand if there are any platforms specifically used by tankies. We first look for the popular domains shared by tankies to have a better understanding of the further results in this section. Popular Domains Shared By Tankies. We detect 146,078 URLs from 7,049 different domains (including suffixes) tankies share. Table 11 shows top 20 domains shared by tankies after removing top 1,000 globally most visited domains by Majestic [74]. From the table, we see online Marxist/Marxist-Leninist hubs (marxist.org and workers.today), American left-wing alternative news sources (thegrayzone.com, peoplesworld.org, and foreignpolicy.com), and the web page of the Communist Party USA (cpusa.org), a Venezuelan alternative news source (telesurenglish.net), a British far-left alternative news site (newworker.org), a Reddit-like Marxist-Leninist platform (lemmygrad.ml), Chinese news outlets (cgtn.com and globaltimes.cn), and Chinese far-left platforms (redsails.org and qiaocollective.com). Representative Domains of Tankies Based On Sharing Amount. To understand how representative (regarding the sharing amount of each domain) these domains are for tankies compared to other far-left communities, we take the advantage of Tf-Idf algorithm by approaching the domains as words. In a nutshell, Tf-Idf statistically measures the importance of a word for a document by normalizing the term frequencies of each word by their inverse document frequencies, which helps us to regard the most frequent words in the entire collection of documents similar to words that occur with low frequency [89]. So, when we create a list of domains by putting them into this list by the number of times they appeared for each community in the far-left, we can eliminate the commonly and frequently shared domains, which leaves us the sharing amount-wise more significantly shared domains for each community. Table 12 and Table 13 present the top 10 domains ranked by their Tf-Idf scores for tankies and other far-left communities. Our analysis of the most representative domains shared by tankies yields several intriguing insights. Notably, we observe that newworker.org is the most representative domain for tankies in terms of sharing volume. Furthermore, lemmygrad.ml ranks as the third most representative domain in terms of sharing volume among tankies, which may suggest that this platform functions as an alternative social media platform, predominantly utilized by tankies, in lieu of Reddit. We see two Chinese news outlets (globaltimes.cn and cgtn.com) and a web page of a podcast related to China’s engagement in Africa (chinaafricaproject.com), also a Sri Lankan news outlet (sundaytimes.lk). Additionally, we see trotskyistplatform.com on r/communism’s representative domains, which supports our findings based on the difference in the level of leaning toward Stalinism between tankies and this community. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. Authors: (1) UTKUCAN BALCI, Binghamton University, United States; (2) MICHAEL SIRIVIANOS, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus; (3) JEREMY BLACKBURN, Binghamton University, United States. Authors: Authors: (1) UTKUCAN BALCI, Binghamton University, United States; (2) MICHAEL SIRIVIANOS, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus; (3) JEREMY BLACKBURN, Binghamton University, United States. Table of Links Abstract and 1 Introduction Abstract and 1 Introduction 2 Background & Related Work 2 Background & Related Work 3 Data 3 Data 3.1 Identifying Tankie Subreddits 3.1 Identifying Tankie Subreddits 3.2 Identifying Ideology Subreddits and 3.3 Post Collection 3.2 Identifying Ideology Subreddits and 3.3 Post Collection 4 User-Base Analysis and 4.1 Graph Construction & Community Detection 4 User-Base Analysis and 4.1 Graph Construction & Community Detection 4.2 Community Growth 4.2 Community Growth 4.3 User Migrations Over Time 4.3 User Migrations Over Time 5 Content Analysis and 5.1 What do tankies talk about? 5 Content Analysis and 5.1 What do tankies talk about? 5.2 Who are tankies talking about? 5.2 Who are tankies talking about? 5.3 Misalignment Analysis 5.3 Misalignment Analysis 5.4 Toxicity Analysis 5.4 Toxicity Analysis 5.5 Domain Analysis 5.5 Domain Analysis 5.6 Lemmygrad Analysis 5.6 Lemmygrad Analysis 6 Discussion & Conclusion and 6.1 Limitations 6 Discussion & Conclusion and 6.1 Limitations 6.2 Implications & future work, and References 6.2 Implications & future work, and References A DATA A DATA B NAMED ENTITIES B NAMED ENTITIES C MISALIGNMENT ANALYSIS C MISALIGNMENT ANALYSIS D DOMAIN ANALYSIS D DOMAIN ANALYSIS D DOMAIN ANALYSIS We examine the differences in the popularity of domains between tankies and their similar ideologies in this section. This analysis will also help us to understand if there are any platforms specifically used by tankies. We first look for the popular domains shared by tankies to have a better understanding of the further results in this section. Popular Domains Shared By Tankies. We detect 146,078 URLs from 7,049 different domains (including suffixes) tankies share. Table 11 shows top 20 domains shared by tankies after removing top 1,000 globally most visited domains by Majestic [74]. From the table, we see online Marxist/Marxist-Leninist hubs (marxist.org and workers.today), American left-wing alternative news sources (thegrayzone.com, peoplesworld.org, and foreignpolicy.com), and the web page of the Communist Party USA (cpusa.org), a Venezuelan alternative news source (telesurenglish.net), a British far-left alternative news site (newworker.org), a Reddit-like Marxist-Leninist platform (lemmygrad.ml), Chinese news outlets (cgtn.com and globaltimes.cn), and Chinese far-left platforms (redsails.org and qiaocollective.com). Popular Domains Shared By Tankies. Representative Domains of Tankies Based On Sharing Amount. To understand how representative (regarding the sharing amount of each domain) these domains are for tankies compared to other far-left communities, we take the advantage of Tf-Idf algorithm by approaching the domains as words. In a nutshell, Tf-Idf statistically measures the importance of a word for a document by normalizing the term frequencies of each word by their inverse document frequencies, which helps us to regard the most frequent words in the entire collection of documents similar to words that occur with low frequency [89]. So, when we create a list of domains by putting them into this list by the number of times they appeared for each community in the far-left, we can eliminate the commonly and frequently shared domains, which leaves us the sharing amount-wise more significantly shared domains for each community. Representative Domains of Tankies Based On Sharing Amount. Table 12 and Table 13 present the top 10 domains ranked by their Tf-Idf scores for tankies and other far-left communities. Our analysis of the most representative domains shared by tankies yields several intriguing insights. Notably, we observe that newworker.org is the most representative domain for tankies in terms of sharing volume. Furthermore, lemmygrad.ml ranks as the third most representative domain in terms of sharing volume among tankies, which may suggest that this platform functions as an alternative social media platform, predominantly utilized by tankies, in lieu of Reddit. We see two Chinese news outlets (globaltimes.cn and cgtn.com) and a web page of a podcast related to China’s engagement in Africa (chinaafricaproject.com), also a Sri Lankan news outlet (sundaytimes.lk). Additionally, we see trotskyistplatform.com on r/communism’s representative domains, which supports our findings based on the difference in the level of leaning toward Stalinism between tankies and this community. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv

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