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We are a new exchange launched in 2020 worldwide offering the ability to trade stock CFDs using Bitcoin. The platform allows traders to use up to 100x leverage on all contracts. The trading interface is beginner-friendly and fairly simple to understand while being responsive. Key Highlights: * Koinpro allows users to trade cryptos and stock CFDs using Bitcoin with up to x100 leverage options* The exchange has a $100 Million Insurance on Custodial Assets* Addition of innovative contracts like the ‘Double Up Contract’. Koinpro is a new exchange launched in 2020 worldwide offering the ability to trade stock CFDs using Bitcoin. The platform allows traders to use up to 100x leverage on all contracts. The trading interface is beginner-friendly and fairly simple to understand while being responsive. Pros of KoinPro: 1) Option to trade CFDs with cryptocurrencies2) Insurance up to $100 Million3) Good liquidity on most trading pairs4)Deposit Bonus Cons of KoinPro: 1) No corporate accounts for U.S. customers2) Relatively new exchangeKoinPro Features Even though Koinpro is a new exchange, it already offers a good amount of liquidity as well as a wide variety of tools and trading pairs including traditional stocks. Additionally, the platform allows users to open a free demo account from which they can trade and test all contracts and tools without any risk. Clean And Beginner-Friendly Trading Interface One of the main features of Koinpro is how simple and clean the trading interface is. It was specifically designed to help new users by getting rid of unnecessary numbers and stats. Placing a buy or sell order is extremely simple as users only need to specify the quantity of the asset they want to buy with a fixed leverage. Traders can of course use a ‘market’ order or a ‘limit’ order to purchase an asset at a specific price. Koinpro allows new users to open a free demo account loaded with $10,000 in play money so they can test the trading interface and all the other features easily. CFDs and Innovative Contracts Another innovative feature is the ability to trade CFDs (Contract for Differences) using Bitcoin. Koinpro allows users to trade Gold, Oil, DJ30, GER30, JPN225, SP500, TECH100, UK100, EUSTX50 and the AUS200 using Bitcoin. Basically all major indexes as well as Gold, Oil, BTC perpetual contract and a BTC double-up contract. The new BTC/USD Double-UP contract is a beginner-friendly contract that allows users to trade BTC at 100x leverage. The contract will automatically settle when your position gains or loses 100% of its value. Deposits, Withdrawals, and Fees Koinpro does not support any type of Fiat deposit but it also does not enforce KYC verification processes, ever. Users can deposit Bitcoin as well as a wide variety of Stablecoins that include, USDT, USDC, and PAX. There are no deposit fees but there is a deposit bonus on both USDT and Bitcoin deposits. Users can get up to 0.2 BTC for a deposit of 1 BTC and up to 2,000 USDT for a 10,000 USDT deposit. There are no extra fees when withdrawing. When it comes to fees, Koinpro offers some of the lowest trading fees in the industry with a universal flat fee of 0.075% on the perpetual contracts and 0.05% on the Double-UP contracts. Affiliate Program Koinpro has a unique affiliate program that is highly profitable for users. The exchange tracks up to three degrees of affiliate users which allows participants to share even more profit. Basically, users will earn 30% of the fees generated by any invite but also 9% for the second-level affiliates and 2.7% for the third-level affiliates. The KOI Token Koinpro has developed a utility token called KOI to provide customers with different rewards for helping the platform to grow. Additionally, KOI holders will be able to access unique content and other special offers and perks. The KOI repurchase program was introduced to allow users to repurchase KOI tokens while protecting them from volatile price moves. All repurchased tokens are burned. Koinpro Customer Support As usual, Koinpro offers an extensive FAQ section and a wide variety of guides on how to trade, use the exchange and other relevant information. This section is still being constantly updated but if customers need help with something else, they can easily submit a request which is usually answered within a few days by the Koinpro customer support team. Additionally, users can contact Koinpro through social media channels on Twitter, Bitcointalk or Telegram. Bitmex and OKEx as Rivals KoinPro is a fairly new futures exchange which means it has a ton of competition from older and more established exchanges like BitMEX or OKEx. Even though KoinPro has a decent amount of liquidity, giants like BitMEX easily dwarf the exchange in terms of trading volume. KoinPro does, however, offer a few innovative products and services compared to OKex or BitMEX. The ability to trade CFDs using only crypto and the Double-Up contract with x100 leverage are features not offered by any other exchanges. BitMEX BitMEX is the biggest crypto derivatives exchange and was launched back in 2014. The exchange was founded by Arthur Hayes, Samuel Reed and Ben Delo and has the biggest amount of liquidity in the market. BitMEX offers the ability to trade perpetual BTC contracts as well as other coins like ADA, BCH, EOS, ETH, LTC, TRX and XRP. BitMEX, however, does not offer the ability to trade CFDs like KoinPro and only allows 100x leverage on Bitcoin. The platform only allows users to withdraw Bitcoin, once per day. One of the biggest complaints about BitMEX is the lag caused by volatile and big market movements. When it comes to safety, BitMEX is regarded as a safe exchange and offers a good amount of live channels for users to contact its customer support team. BitMEX has a pretty traditional fee schedule with 0.075% on the taker fee and a maker fee of -0.025%. KoinPro offers similar fees with a 0.075% fee on all perpetual contracts. OKEx OKEx was also founded in 2014 by Star Xu and has become one of the biggest and most popular crypto derivatives exchanges in the world. OKEx offers a wider variety of products in comparison to BitMEX and also has great liquidity. Similar to most exchanges, OKEx does not allow U.S. costumers to use its services. Again, OKEx only allows up to 100x leverage on the BTCUSD swap contract and less for the rest. KoinPro has 100x leverage on all trading pairs and it’s the only one of both exchanges that offers CFDs with cryptos. When it comes to fees, OKEx has a 0.1% fee for the maker and 0.15% for the taker which is significantly higher than 0.075% on the perpetual contracts that KoinPro is offering. OKEx allows its customers to buy cryptos with fiat currencies using a VISA or a Mastercard with a 5% fee per transaction. Generally, OKEx seems to be a safe exchange to use although there have been some rumors about the platform being hacked in the past. The customer support does receive a lot of criticism with mixed opinions on how slow the system currently is. Conclusion Koinpro might be a new exchange but the team behind the platform has a lot of experience and knows how to handle the crypto market. With a wide variety of contracts and the ability to trade CFDs using Bitcoin, Koinpro is rapidly becoming a very popular and much-needed futures exchange. We are a new exchange launched in 2020 worldwide offering the ability to trade stock CFDs using Bitcoin. The platform allows traders to use up to 100x leverage on all contracts. The trading interface is beginner-friendly and fairly simple to understand while being responsive. Key Highlights : Key Highlights * Koinpro allows users to trade cryptos and stock CFDs using Bitcoin with up to x100 leverage options * The exchange has a $100 Million Insurance on Custodial Assets * Addition of innovative contracts like the ‘Double Up Contract’. Koinpro is a new exchange launched in 2020 worldwide offering the ability to trade stock CFDs using Bitcoin. The platform allows traders to use up to 100x leverage on all contracts. The trading interface is beginner-friendly and fairly simple to understand while being responsive. Koinpro Pros of KoinPro: Pros of KoinPro: 1) Option to trade CFDs with cryptocurrencies 2) Insurance up to $100 Million 3) Good liquidity on most trading pairs 4)Deposit Bonus Cons of KoinPro: Cons of KoinPro: 1) No corporate accounts for U.S. customers 2) Relatively new exchangeKoinPro Features Even though Koinpro is a new exchange, it already offers a good amount of liquidity as well as a wide variety of tools and trading pairs including traditional stocks. Additionally, the platform allows users to open a free demo account from which they can trade and test all contracts and tools without any risk. Koinpro Clean And Beginner-Friendly Trading Interface Clean And Beginner-Friendly Trading Interface One of the main features of Koinpro is how simple and clean the trading interface is. It was specifically designed to help new users by getting rid of unnecessary numbers and stats. Placing a buy or sell order is extremely simple as users only need to specify the quantity of the asset they want to buy with a fixed leverage. Traders can of course use a ‘market’ order or a ‘limit’ order to purchase an asset at a specific price. Koinpro allows new users to open a free demo account loaded with $10,000 in play money so they can test the trading interface and all the other features easily. CFDs and Innovative Contracts CFDs and Innovative Contracts Another innovative feature is the ability to trade CFDs (Contract for Differences) using Bitcoin. Koinpro allows users to trade Gold, Oil, DJ30, GER30, JPN225, SP500, TECH100, UK100, EUSTX50 and the AUS200 using Bitcoin. Basically all major indexes as well as Gold, Oil, BTC perpetual contract and a BTC double-up contract. The new BTC/USD Double-UP contract is a beginner-friendly contract that allows users to trade BTC at 100x leverage. The contract will automatically settle when your position gains or loses 100% of its value. Deposits, Withdrawals, and Fees Deposits, Withdrawals, and Fees Koinpro does not support any type of Fiat deposit but it also does not enforce KYC verification processes, ever. Users can deposit Bitcoin as well as a wide variety of Stablecoins that include, USDT, USDC, and PAX. Koinpro There are no deposit fees but there is a deposit bonus on both USDT and Bitcoin deposits. Users can get up to 0.2 BTC for a deposit of 1 BTC and up to 2,000 USDT for a 10,000 USDT deposit. There are no extra fees when withdrawing. When it comes to fees, Koinpro offers some of the lowest trading fees in the industry with a universal flat fee of 0.075% on the perpetual contracts and 0.05% on the Double-UP contracts. Affiliate Program Affiliate Program Koinpro has a unique affiliate program that is highly profitable for users. The exchange tracks up to three degrees of affiliate users which allows participants to share even more profit. Basically, users will earn 30% of the fees generated by any invite but also 9% for the second-level affiliates and 2.7% for the third-level affiliates. The KOI Token The KOI Token Koinpro has developed a utility token called KOI to provide customers with different rewards for helping the platform to grow. Additionally, KOI holders will be able to access unique content and other special offers and perks. The KOI repurchase program was introduced to allow users to repurchase KOI tokens while protecting them from volatile price moves. All repurchased tokens are burned. Koinpro Customer Support Koinpro Customer Support As usual, Koinpro offers an extensive FAQ section and a wide variety of guides on how to trade, use the exchange and other relevant information. This section is still being constantly updated but if customers need help with something else, they can easily submit a request which is usually answered within a few days by the Koinpro customer support team. Additionally, users can contact Koinpro through social media channels on Twitter, Bitcointalk or Telegram. Bitmex and OKEx as Rivals Bitmex and OKEx as Rivals KoinPro is a fairly new futures exchange which means it has a ton of competition from older and more established exchanges like BitMEX or OKEx. Even though KoinPro has a decent amount of liquidity, giants like BitMEX easily dwarf the exchange in terms of trading volume. KoinPro does, however, offer a few innovative products and services compared to OKex or BitMEX. The ability to trade CFDs using only crypto and the Double-Up contract with x100 leverage are features not offered by any other exchanges. BitMEX BitMEX BitMEX is the biggest crypto derivatives exchange and was launched back in 2014. The exchange was founded by Arthur Hayes, Samuel Reed and Ben Delo and has the biggest amount of liquidity in the market. BitMEX offers the ability to trade perpetual BTC contracts as well as other coins like ADA, BCH, EOS, ETH, LTC, TRX and XRP. BitMEX, however, does not offer the ability to trade CFDs like KoinPro and only allows 100x leverage on Bitcoin. The platform only allows users to withdraw Bitcoin, once per day. One of the biggest complaints about BitMEX is the lag caused by volatile and big market movements. When it comes to safety, BitMEX is regarded as a safe exchange and offers a good amount of live channels for users to contact its customer support team. BitMEX has a pretty traditional fee schedule with 0.075% on the taker fee and a maker fee of -0.025%. KoinPro offers similar fees with a 0.075% fee on all perpetual contracts. OKEx OKEx OKEx was also founded in 2014 by Star Xu and has become one of the biggest and most popular crypto derivatives exchanges in the world. OKEx offers a wider variety of products in comparison to BitMEX and also has great liquidity. Similar to most exchanges, OKEx does not allow U.S. costumers to use its services. Again, OKEx only allows up to 100x leverage on the BTCUSD swap contract and less for the rest. KoinPro has 100x leverage on all trading pairs and it’s the only one of both exchanges that offers CFDs with cryptos. When it comes to fees, OKEx has a 0.1% fee for the maker and 0.15% for the taker which is significantly higher than 0.075% on the perpetual contracts that KoinPro is offering. OKEx allows its customers to buy cryptos with fiat currencies using a VISA or a Mastercard with a 5% fee per transaction. Generally, OKEx seems to be a safe exchange to use although there have been some rumors about the platform being hacked in the past. The customer support does receive a lot of criticism with mixed opinions on how slow the system currently is. Conclusion Conclusion Koinpro might be a new exchange but the team behind the platform has a lot of experience and knows how to handle the crypto market. With a wide variety of contracts and the ability to trade CFDs using Bitcoin, Koinpro is rapidly becoming a very popular and much-needed futures exchange. Koinpro

How Does Our Exchange Compare to The Established Derivatives Exchanges of Today?

We have the definition of money all wrong. And it's the reason so many conversations around Cardano and Bitcoin end with "I still don't see how any of it has value." Every Wednesday, I jump on a call with COR's Cardano stake pool operators to discuss server updates, block production on the Cardano blockchain, and how to best explain money and the value of what we do. Most of us intuitively understand that money is flawed but don't comprehend why. So we produced a video explaining this problem and why staking Cardano is the best solution. But in this article, I want to further clarify Cardano's success in the context of the history of money. Why Cardano Staking Has Real Value https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7H22pMUWWU Where The Definition of Money Went Wrong I am not alone in my view that confusion around crypto is rooted in a poor understanding of money. The Bitcoin maximalist Robert Breedlove has a podcast called, He defines money as a medium of exchange and artfully explains how Bitcoin perfectly satisfies . The "What is Money?" Show. the Austrian properties of money But his definition of money is built on the wrong assumption. We didn't invent money to replace bartering as a medium of exchange. Even though it is true that we all use money as a medium of exchange, we have forgotten the other vital half of the definition. And as a result, the symbolic, religious, and spiritual power of money is out of reach for regular people. Whether it's a relationship to your tribe or your king, history clearly shows that the value of money is rooted in relationships. But before unveiling this power through the proper definition, I need to provide the full story. What Humans Used Before Money The of barter economies isn't there. And anthropologists have long agreed that the bartering narrative promoted by economists like Carl Menger and Adam Smith is entirely false. The truth is a bit more complicated. evidence Instead of barter, people relied on various forms of gift economies. Let me explain with a present-day example. Splitting the Bill (Illustration) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsMdnCO7AOA You may be familiar with that awkward moment at the end of a night of bar hopping and sloppy McDoubles, when someone asks, how are we going to split the bill? I have two friend groups with very different approaches. The first just take turns covering the bill at each location. Everyone may not have spent the exact same at the end of the night, but there is faith that it will even out over time. This approach is a classic example of a gift economy. It only works if there is faith in the relationship. Everyone needs to be okay with sacrificing a little in faith that the others will do the same in the future. The second group is old friends from high school. We live at opposite ends of the country, so there is less faith that the first approach will even out over time. So instead, we take particular account of what we owe each night we go out. And before we part ways, we make sure to settle all debts over Venmo or Cash App. When we look through the history of human civilization, we see a very similar pattern. In the early stages of human progress, identical to my first group of friends. These were small tribes and villages connected through solid social bonds. people relied on systems of gift-giving The Earliest Prototypes of Money The earliest prototypes or precursors to money were seashells. But they weren't used in the way we would imagine. The thing with humans is that we love to mark social bonds with physical, religious, and ceremonial symbols. Wedding rings are a great example. These seashells were primarily a symbol of relationship with added benefits resembling something like money. , tribespeople in the highlands of New Guinea would give these seashells to their neighbors to symbolize their obligation to help each other. As this practice evolved, seashells became a sort of credit score, where households with lots of shells . This notoriety increased demand to a point where tribes with similar values and traditions would exchange these shells for protection and supplies. However, this exchange system never became universal because it relied on the trust of small localized tribes. Ten thousand years ago gained influence and power in the tribe How Money Evolved From Seashells to Gold Coins So just like my high school friends, economies of gift-giving face the same problem when they scale into the size of city-states. It gets harder to trust people that live far away or are strangers. This stepping stone is critical to understanding the evolution of money. In an over-commercialized society, we forget that humans are inherently collaborative and wired to work together for our survival. But we are wired to only collaborate with people we trust and know. The ancient Sumerians of Uruk were one of the first known cities to institute a solution. They gave their the authority to keep and maintain a record of debts between strangers. It worked because it took a relationship that everyone trusted to bridge trust between strangers. religious leaders Over time, competition over limited resources changed that religious relationship from authority into a military one. And instead of shared values of human flourishing and collaboration, military leaders reinforced trust with power and the threat of violence. This, of course, took many shapes and forms, with steps toward progress and steps back. But one thing that emerged was a new relationship pattern between governments and the governed. Kings who used military strength to rule would choose a commodity to and send out as a gift to their . The king would then ask for a portion of it back for peace and safety. pay the military subjects This commodity was ultimately a symbol of the king's sovereignty. But since it was the required payment for taxes, it was also a standard, more efficient measurement of debt. After many iterations, kings landed on as the best way to embody their sovereignty and measure value. And as kingdoms coalesced around gold as the divine symbol of sovereignty, it evolved to be a reliable medium of exchange between tribes, empires, and nation-states. gold coins The Definition of Money There is no denying that people use money as a medium of exchange. But its evolutionary roots in ceremonialized social bonds reveal the source of its value and power. A better definition of money then is the embodiment of a social bond used for the explicit purpose of settling debts. At the core of every social bond is a promise to help both parties flourish. And the fiat paper currencies across the globe are no different. At one point in time, we called them promissory notes. In the US, our currency once embodied the government's promise to always back its value in gold. But it broke that promise. And part of the reason why we don't understand the value of money today is that we forget that all fiat currency represents a broken promise. The Corruption of Money All currency and the social bonds they represent need trust to have value. So things go wrong when the confidence of a city, state, or nation hinges on a single king or Federal Reserve Committee. Kings can break trust by becoming neglectful greedy tyrants. And Federal Reserve committees use monetary policy to choose winners and losers in the American economy. Our video explains just how these elites manipulate the true power of money to their favor. History shows that when leaders break this trust, things get messy. Governments and their currencies crumble, humans build a new center of power with a new currency, and the cycle continues. But it doesn't repeat exactly. The general trend is a move toward government innovations that further decentralize power centers. Cryptocurrencies represent a paradigm shift in this evolution. We understand that we can't trust strangers, and we can't trust our leaders, but we trust in our evolutionary programming to work together under the right conditions. can From Cardano's inception, its open-source community of developers has worked to embed those conditions into money itself. And it's working. The peer reviewed code attracts developers who are committed to its values of decentralization, scalability and governance. These developers then build the ecosystem and  secure trust between stake pool operators, stake pool delegators, and endless list of dApps and their users. And since anyone can build on it, the cycle continues. The Cardano community’s commitment to what can really be summed up as, humanitarian values, positions it to be the currency of the people. And when you put it in the context of history, it seems as inevitable as the innovation of the internet. As its founder most famously said, the . future is decentralized Why Cardano Ada is the Currency of the People Given this revised story of money, it is clear that at the core of every tribe, community, and country, there is this rudimentary understanding that we need to work together to flourish. This bonding principle is called unity. It is also called love. Because to truly be unified, we need to sacrifice something. We need to stake our time, energy, passion, and attention in the betterment of our community. When you take a look under Cardano's technical hood, you see the very same pattern of love. The math is called the , but the design is simple. Stake pools mint every Ada token by proving that they staked their time, energy, passion, and attention to the project. Ouroboros Proof of Stake Consensus Mechanism But instead of proving this using costly computing power, they do it by showing proof of financial stake in the ownership of Cardano Ada. Cardano's proof of stake not only solves the problem of energy consumption and increasingly centralized cryptocurrency mining industries, but also provides a fundamental layer of demand for the Ada currency. When you compare the consensus mechanism to Ethereum and Bitcoin, the increased efficiency and reduced operations cost are staggering. One Ethereum transaction takes the same amount of electricity it takes to power an average American home for 1.5 weeks. For Bitcoin, it is equal to 6 weeks. But for Cardano, it is less than an hour of electricity. But decentralization is essential here. Because if efficiency is accomplished by using a small centralized group of individuals, it becomes easier for them to manipulate the conditions of trust in their favor. There is plenty of other venture capital-backed proof of stake blockchains doing just that. Making decentralized staking a fundamental requirement of Cardano's existence further secures the value of equal opportunity for all into the Ada token. It only makes sense then that this technology has developed a strong global community. And for the first time in history, we have witnessed a sense of shared identity take shape around a currency instead of the other way around. The beauty of Cardano is that we can see the fruits of this core principle in every decision made by this tribe. In 2021, it became the and was the . most decentralized blockchain most developed project on Github Every time developers face a choice to sacrifice decentralization for a competitive edge; they say "no." And it's because they understand that its core value proposition isn't "number go up" for investors, it's "freedom go up" for its tribe. The Future of Crypto The crypto revolution needs competition. And it will always need competition. The evolution of money has never been straightforward. It has twisted and turned, moved forward and back, with fierce debates on its nature and power. Why do we think that crypto would be any different? Crypto tribalism is a big turn-off, but the competition that comes with it is essential for producing financial ecosystems that offer the most opportunity to the most number of people. The COR operators and I are committed to helping Cardano achieve that ultimate vision, but we encourage the competition. We celebrate innovation across the industry because it invites more to participate. We are discovering more ways to expand opportunities through blockchain technology as an industry. For example, we are: Finding more decentralized and equitable ways to extend financial services like lending, investing and payment processing to people once cut out of those opportunities. Finding ways for artists to monetize their art without the exploitative managers and distributors. Providing fair systems of distributing property rights in both the metaverse and physical reality. The beauty of Cardano is that we are offering all of these applications on the most decentralized and secure blockchain. We may not be the fastest to market, but our commitment to core principles will prove that it offers the most opportunity to the largest number of people. Check out our to learn how to join this revolution and stake with us. Stake Pool

Why The Real Definition of Money Explains the Rise of Cardano

While regarding how to form a DAC, people are too optimistic or ideal. It seems DAC will start from scratch by itself when connecting people (it's definitely not, remember the Guild that the Mandalorian has joined, it is a typical DAC, you can see how complicated it is), no clear path was given or discussed so far. DAC would be the mainstream value creation entity in the Value Internet Era. In my last article, I talked about why the new DAC style organization should be the study focus of the Token Economy. As a new paradigm, we've also noticed that a lot of people have discussed what DAO/DAC is. You know, just as people could incorporate a limited liability company in only a few days, there should be a handbook to guide how to establish a DAC so that people who have interest could follow the process, design the mechanism, and make it done. So, today we will present a minimum viable model for building up a DAC, which is a combination of the Token Economy, DAC Smart Contract, DevOps, Microservices, and Governance Protocol. Some context we should know in advance. 1. DAC will be the primary value creation entity in the value internet era, every of which serves to accomplish a clear business goal. 2. The competitive collaboration among multidisciplinary stakeholders in each DAC and among different DACs is the course of how the value will be created. 3. Although DAC is also a business organization, and I mentioned "forming" a DAC, DAC is not formed. DAC is an organic organization that will grow and evolves in the progress of value creation (stakeholders collaborate to reach consensus). 4. DAC is also a kind of Smart Organization, which means all the business activities in the DACs are programmable. The DAC digests value(input) and produces a new value(output), so the input and output value needs to be digitalized and tokenized. 5. Then, we need to redefine the scope of "Value" because, in the traditional business model, all the economic resources, no matter how many different dimensions they have, will be reduced only to one dimension, which is evaluated by Money. While in the DAC, all the various aspects of value can be recognized and represented (thanks to Blockchain and Cryptoeconomics). Generally speaking, we can define a model containing a simplified two dimensions of "value". : the mapping of the value in the real world, which can be divided into three categories: X Token (XT) Digital Currency: the value representation in payment scenario, i.e., DC/EP, Libra, etc. Digital Asset: the value representation of tokenized assets, i.e., Big Data, Real Estate, etc. Digital Commodity: the value representation of tokenized commodities or its derivatives, i.e., vouchers for picking up, order deposits, etc. generated by the algorithm, which is the representation of values created in the cyber world. Utility Token (UT): It represents the benefits of DAC community members as the consideration of the work, time, or other resources the community members have contributed in the course of value creation. It also represents the privileges for the UT holding community members to exert in the community operation, governance (e.g., voting power), offering priority of service or products, and the use of data assets. The generating of UT is dependent on the production, exchange, and trading process of XT, but UT is not directly related to the assets in the real world, it is a value-added value. For example, a community member will get a different amount of UT if he is in below value creation scenarios: Example of UT releasing in different scenarios 6. All these tokens (XT and UT) will be evaluated and priced by the decentralized market, and the value of UT is restricted by XT's value to ensure the credibility of UT. 7. To regulate the relationship among different stakeholders in the collaboration, a new governance model will be introduced to the model (I will bring more details in the next article). 8. We will introduce different Microservice tools into the process to make the value creation activities programmable. A microservice [1] architectural style is an approach to developing a single application as a suite of small services, each running in its own process and communicating with lightweight mechanisms, often an HTTP resource API. These services are built around business capabilities and independently deployable by fully automated deployment machinery. There is a bare minimum of centralized management of these services, which may be written in different programming languages and use diverse data storage technologies. So, the value creation activities in the real world would be defined as different Microservices, and the execution results will be stored as Data Assets, which are recognizable, auditable, and referable. During the collaboration, community members will use a series of microservice tools to record and store the values they created, such as the open-source tools of data input, data management, data storage, collaborative software, wallet, real-world data connection, etc. 9. The traditional Smart Contract is only a blank template, which offers flexibility but also is very hard to use , just as Conner Brown said . So we upgrade the traditional Smart Contract to the new DAC Smart Contract via introducing DevOps methodology, which includes seven factors: [2] [3] Context: Describe the time and space boundaries of the DAC; Boundaries: When and How the boundaries of the previously defined "Context" could be broken Goals: Mission Statement regarding the detailed problems that DAC aims to solve, and can be broken down to small goals in different stages; Measurable Effects: Conditional statements of the observable implementation outcomes that satisfy the "Goals"; Input: Values input into DAC, including XT and UT; Activities: Detailed implementation process, including the production, exchange, and trading of the values, executed by various Microservices; Output: The output value of these activities, acting as the value input for the next step. Triangle Logic Model With all the context bearing in mind, the overall logic of growing a DAC is illustrated as a triangle model, in which Time and Space will be connected by the upgraded Smart Contract to trigger the evolution of the DAC. A new paradigm to form the DAC So, what do Time and Space stand for? As for "Time", it means the values in the real world and the cyber world, will be regulated by the traditional law and governance methods (Auditing, Compliance, Tax, etc.), registered on the chain, and represented by XT and UT separately. In this mechanism, Time is seen as an inaccessible coordinate, and the apparent passage of time arises as a consequence of correlations between the subsystems of a global state, while with the global consensus mechanism of the blockchain, these tokens are unique on the chain of time consequence and cannot be tampered with. [4] As for "Space", it means the business activities in the DAC, which are observable, auditable, and can be processed through various microservices. The "Smart Contract" is used to connect "time" and "space" to complete the business activities in the DAC, but this is not a one-way process of assigning tasks and execution tasks, it's a DevOps process of continuous integration, delivery, and improvement. DAC Smart Contract Template It is a complicated procedure to accomplish the business goals for a DAC, and each step (containing one or more microservices) in the process can be administered by the DAC Smart Contract, with clear goals and observable, measurable outcomes, and the output will become the input for the next step, so all the business activities are connected, and that's the way a DAC can initiate. In the value creation activities, the community members implement different tasks by contributing time and resources. As a result, they will get UT as the incentives, and the more they help, the more UT they can get. UT holders will have the right to get involved with the DAC operation, governance, and the use of community data assets. This is a virtuous circle, which will incentivize people to join the community, to reach the consensus, and to contribute. That's the way a DAC can grow its consensus community. With the contribution and feedback from the participated community members, the complicated process will be templated and marked as data assets for all the members to refer, to optimize, which will significantly facilitate the communication and collaboration among community members, and that's the way a DAC can develop and evolve. Token Economic Model of DAC UT is generated during the process of microservices dealing with XT, so the relationship between XT and UT is not independent but coupled. Whether a token economic model is well-founded for a DAC depends on the interaction design between XT and UT. DAC Token Economic Model Firstly, UT can facilitate value creation for XT. With the existence of UT, the contribution of community members will no longer be measured randomly, and holding different amounts of UT will have different kinds of rights to exert over the XT, such as the priority in trading and picking up the products represented by XT, discount on transaction fees, etc. So, UT will encourage community members to participate in the value production process of XT. Secondly, the holding and trading of UT in the market will influence the pricing of XT, which means UT will act as a price evaluator for XT in some circumstances. If the longer in time, the more in quantity that a community member holds the UT, the more discounts he can get for purchasing the XT, then whether he would like to keep UT will be an index for judging the demand of XT, just like the interaction between the spot market and futures market in the traditional finance. If a plenty number of community members would like to hold UT, which reflects in the market is the price of UT is getting higher, and it also shows that the demands for XT are also very high, then the price of XT will increase as well. When people find it profitable for holding UT and XT, more and more people will join the community and participate in the value creation activities, and that's the virtuous circle. So, , to grow a DAC from the beginning, you will need to define the goals and measurable outcomes for the DAC, and what the XT and UT are within your DAC, what kind of business activities can be categorized as Microservices, what type of process you will follow in the execution of XT, and then compose these context into the DAC smart contract. key takeaways Of course, you also should design the token economic model to regulate the relationship between XT and UT. Just as the Mandalorian said, this is the way. In the next article, I will give more details on the governance protocol, and also present two use cases. Please stay tuned! References: [1] https://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html#footnote-etymology [2] https://medium.com/@Conner_/bitcoin-the-blockchain-for-truly-smart-contracts-f7100b73da01 [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps [4] https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2019.0470 (Contributed by Kevin Liu from Metis Lab)

Time, Space, and DACs: The Way Ahead

A starting point for building secure application architecture for busy developers Software developers today are encouraged to focus on building, and that’s a great thing. We’re benefitting from maker culture, an attitude of “always be shipping,” open source collaboration, and a bevy of apps that help us prioritize and execute with maximum efficiency. We’re in an environment of constant creation, where both teams and solo entrepreneurs can be maximally productive. Sometimes, this breakneck-speed productivity shows its downsides. As I learn more about security best practices, I can’t help but see more and more applications that just don’t have a clue. A lack of awareness of security seems to lead to a lack of prioritization of those tasks that don’t directly support bringing the product to launch. The market seems to have made it more important to launch a usable product than a secure one. The prevailing attitude seems to be “we can do the security stuff later.” Cobbling together a foundation based more on expediency than longevity is a bad way to build applications and a great way to build security debt. Security debt, like technical debt, is amassed by making (usually hasty) decisions that can make it more difficult to secure the application later on. If you’re familiar with the concept of “pushing left” (or if you read my ), you’ll know that when it comes to security, sometimes there isn’t a version of “later” that isn’t late. It’s a shame, especially since following some basic security practices with high benefit yield early on in the development process doesn’t take significantly more time than following them. Often, it comes down to having some basic but important knowledge that enables you to make the more secure decision. article about sensitive data exposure too not While application architecture varies greatly, a few basic principles can commonly be applied. This article will provide a high-level overview of areas that I hope will help point developers in the right direction. There must be a reason we call it application “architecture,” and I like to think it’s because the architecture of software is similar in some basic ways to the architecture of a building. (Or at least, in my absolute zero building-creation expertise, how I imagine a pretty utilitarian building to be.) Here’s how I like to summarize three basic points of building secure application architecture: Separated storage Customized configuration Controlled access and user scope This is only a jumping-off point meant to get us started on the right foot. A complete picture of a fully-realized application’s security posture includes areas outside the scope of this post, including authentication, logging and monitoring, integration, and sometimes compliance. 1. Separated Storage The concept of separation, from a security standpoint, refers to storing files that serve different purposes in different places. When we’re constructing our building and deciding where all the rooms go, we similarly create the lobby on the ground floor and place administrative offices on higher floors, perhaps off the main path. While both are rooms, we understand that they serve different purposes, have different functional needs, and possibly have very different security requirements. When it comes to our files, the benefit is perhaps easiest for us to understand if we consider a simple file structure: application/
 ├───html/
 │   └───index ├───assets/
 │   ├───images/
 │   │   ├───rainbows │   │   └───unicorns │   └───style └───super-secret-configurations/
     └───master-keys.txt .html .jpg .jpg .css In our simplified example, let’s say that all our application’s images are stored in the application/assets/images/ directory. When one of our users creates a profile and uploads their picture to it, this picture is also stored in this folder. Makes sense, right? It’s an image, and that’s where the images go. What’s the issue? If you’re familiar with navigating a file structure in a terminal, you may have seen this syntax before: . The two dots are a handy way of saying, “go up one directory.” If we execute the command in the directory of our simple file structure above, we’d go up into , and then up again to the root directory, . This is a problem because of a wee little vulnerability dubbed . ../../ cd ../../ images/ assets/ application/ path traversal While the dot syntax saves us some typing, it also introduces the interesting advantage of not actually needing to know what the parent directory is called in order to go to it. Consider an attack payload script, delivered into the images/ folder of our insecure application, that went up one directory using cd ../ and then sent everything it found to the attacker, on repeat. Eventually, it would reach the root application directory and access the super-secret-configurations/ folder. Not good. While other measures should certainly be in place to prevent path traversal and related user upload vulnerabilities, the simplest prevention by far is a separation of storage. Core application files and assets should not be combined with other data and especially not with . It’s best to keep user-uploaded files as well as activity logs (which may contain juicy data and can be vulnerable to injection attacks) separate from the main application. user input Separation can be achieved in a few ways, such as by using a different server, a different instance, a separate IP range, or a separate domain. 2. Customized Configuration While spending time on customization may be frowned upon in some scenarios when it comes to developing quickly, one area that we definitely want to customize is configuration settings. is listed in the OWASP Top 10 since a significant number of security incidents occur because a server, firewall, or administrative account is running in production with default settings in play. Upon the opening of our new building, we’d hopefully be more careful to ensure we haven’t left any keys in the locks. Security misconfiguration Usually, the victims of attacks related to default settings aren’t specifically targeted. Rather, they’re found by automated scanning tools that attackers run over many possible targets, effectively prodding at many different systems to see if there’s any rollover and to expose some useful exploit. The automated nature of this attack means that it’s important for us to review settings for every piece of our architecture. Even if an individual piece doesn’t seem significant, it may provide a vulnerability that allows an attacker to use it as a gateway to our larger application. In particular, examine architecture components for unattended areas such as: Default accounts, especially with default passwords, left in service; Example web pages, tutorial applications, or sample data left in the application; Unnecessary ports left in service, or ports left open to the internet; Unrestricted permitted HTTP methods; Sensitive information stored in automated logs; Default configured permissions in managed services; and, Directory listings, or sensitive file types, left accessible by default. This list isn’t exhaustive, and specific architecture components, such as cloud storage or web servers, will have other features that can be configured and thus should be reviewed. In general, we can reduce our application’s attack surface by being minimalists when it comes to architecture components. If we use fewer components or don’t install modules we don’t really need, we’ll have fewer possible attack entry points to configure and safeguard. 3. Controlled Access and User Scope One of the more difficult security problems to test for in an application is improperly configured access control. Automated testing tools have limited capability to find areas of an application that one user shouldn’t be able to access. And so, this is often left to manual testing or source code review to discover. By considering this vulnerability early on in the software development lifecycle when architectural decisions are being made, we reduce the risk that it becomes a problem that’s harder to fix later. After all, we wouldn’t simply leave our master keys out of reach on a high ledge and hope no one comes along with a ladder. is listed in the OWASP Top 10, which goes into more detail on its various forms. As a simple example, consider an application that has two levels of access: administrators and users. We may build a feature for our application, such as the ability to moderate or ban users, with the intention that only administrators would be allowed to use it. If we’re aware of the possibility of access control misconfigurations or exploits, we may decide to build the moderation feature in a completely separate area from the user-accessible space, such as on a different domain, or as part of a model that users don’t share. This greatly reduces the risk that an access control misconfiguration or elevation of privilege vulnerability might allow a user to improperly access the moderation feature later on. Broken access control Robust access control in our application, of course, necessitates further support to be effective. And so, we should consider factors such as sensitive tokens or keys passed as URL parameters or whether a control fails securely or insecurely. Nevertheless, by considering authorization at the architectural stage, we can set ourselves up to make further reinforcements easier to implement. Security Basics for Maximum Benefit Similar to avoiding racking up technical debt by choosing a well-vetted framework, developers can avoid security debt by becoming aware of common vulnerabilities and the simple architectural decisions we can make to help mitigate them. For a much more detailed resource on how to bake security into our applications from the start, the is a robust guide. OWASP Application Security Verification Standard

The Basics of Secure Application Architectures - Separation, Configuration, and Access

After a long and loving battle experience using i3 as my workhorse window manager on my old laptop, I’ve decided to mainly use Unity on my new laptop instead. I’m a huge fan of tiling window managers as a result of my i3 experience, however, the time it took to configure everything is longer than I wanted to spend getting set up before getting to work with my new laptop. (Read: just can’t resist spending hours ricing.) I got really hooked on i3’s functionality though and needed to find ways to replicate it in Unity. Thankfully it only really took a few small adjustments. For anyone looking to use a full-featured desktop environment that comes pretty close to the functionality of a tiling window manager, I hope these tweaks are useful for you. Workspaces You can create workspaces in Unity that resemble workspaces in i3. Set up workspaces Unity Tweak Tool > Workspace Settings Where to find it: Set “Horizontal workspaces” to as many as you’d like, and “Vertical workspaces” to 1. This will allow you to access spaces by moving right and left. Keyboard Shortcuts System Settings > Keyboard Where to find it: Switch workspaces System Settings > Keyboard > Navigation Where to find it: You can set keyboard shortcuts that assign numbers to your workspaces, and that let you move left and right between them. Move windows around (snap) System Settings > Keyboard > Windows Where to find it: You can maximize and restore windows using shortcut keys. In my case I have them set to “Ctrl+Super+Up” and “Ctrl+Super+Down” respectively. I discovered this by accident, and I’m not sure if it’s listed somewhere I can’t find. If I press “Ctrl+Super” and a left or right arrow key, I can snap a window to the left or right half of the screen. Custom shortcuts System Settings > Keyboard > Custom Shortcuts Where to find it: “Custom Shortcuts” allows you to set any keybinds you’re missing from i3. The most important ones for me were the shortcuts to launch a terminal and to use rofi. Lose the Launcher Unity Tweak Tool > Launcher Where to find it: Turn on “Auto-hide” and set “Reveal sensitivity” to zero. Start programs automatically at logon Startup Applications Where to find it: Similar to using with Cron. @reboot Ricing C’mon, of course I wasn’t just going to leave it stock… Unity Tweak Tool You can do a fair bit with Unity Tweak Tool. Here’s my setup: : Numix : Numix-circle : Paper : Noto Sans CJK JP Light 10 : Ubuntu Mono Regular : Sans Regular 11 : Noto Sans CJK JP Light 10 Theme Icons Cursor Default font Monospace font Document font Window title font Remove Panel (top status bar) shadow Rename or delete this file: Where to find it: /usr/share/unity/icons/panel_shadow.png Log out and in again to restart Unity. Panel opacity Unity Tweak Tool > Panel > Transparency level Where to find it: Misc other settings Unity Tweak Tool > Web Apps > Integration prompts OFF, uncheck Preauthorized domains Where to find it: Autostart Open VPN Not strictly a Unity thing, but useful. Download required packages: openvpn network-manager-openvpn network-manager-openvpn-gnome Download your file from your console page and rename it with . Create a file with your username on line 1 and your password on line 2. (Yeah, it’s plain text. Ubuntu’s encrypted folder is a good place to store it.) client.ovpn client.conf keys.txt .Private In the file: - replace instances of “openvpn” with your actual IP address - add the file name directly after , just like this: client.conf keys.txt auth-user-pass auth-user-pass keys.txt Add both and to client.conf keys.txt /etc/openvpn Finally, in , uncomment /etc/default/openvpn AUTOSTART="all" Display IP address in the Panel Uses a light little utility called . indicator-ip From the terminal, run . sudo apt install indicator-ip Add it to Startup Applications to run it automatically. If you have a cat Maybe uncheck this System Settings > Keyboard box: Hope that was helpful! Check back for more tips later — I’ll continue to update this post as I discover them! Have one to share? Let me know! Originally published at vickylai.io .

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