EvidentLaw

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A Floating City and The Blockade Runners by Jules Verne, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Chapter XXXIII here CHAPTER XXXIII. The storm was gathering, and a black arch of clouds had formed over our heads; the atmosphere was misty; nature was evidently about to justify Dr. Pitferge’s presentiments. The steam-ship had slackened her speed, and the wheels only made three or four revolutions a minute; volumes of white steam escaped from the half-open valves, the anchor-chains were cleared, and the British flag floated from the main-mast; these arrangements Captain Anderson had made preparatory to mooring. The pilot, standing on the top of the starboard paddle, guided the steam-ship through the narrow passages; but the tide was already turning, so that the “Great Eastern” could not yet cross the bar of the Hudson, and we must wait till next day. At a quarter to five by the pilot’s order the anchors were let go; the chains rattled through the hawse-holes with a noise like thunder. I even thought for a moment that the storm had burst forth. When the anchors were firmly embedded in the sand, the “Great Eastern” swung round by the ebb tide, remained motionless, and not a wave disturbed the surface of the water. At this moment the steward’s trumpet sounded for the last time; it called the passengers to their farewell dinner. The “Society of Freighters” would be prodigal with the champagne, and no one wished to be absent. An hour later the saloons were crowded with guests, and the deck deserted. However, seven persons left their places unoccupied; the two adversaries, who were going to stake their lives in a duel, the four seconds, and the Doctor, who was to be present at the engagement. The time and the place for the meeting had been well chosen; there was not a creature on deck; the passengers were in the dining-rooms, the sailors in their berths, the officers absorbed with their own particular bottles, and not a steersman on board, for the ship was motionless at anchor. At ten minutes past five the Doctor and I were joined by Fabian and Captain Corsican. I had not seen Fabian since the scene in the smoking-room. He seemed to me sad, but very calm. The thought of the duel troubled him little, apparently; his mind was elsewhere, and his eyes wandered restlessly in search of Ellen. He held out his hand to me without saying a word. “Has not Harry Drake arrived?” asked the Captain of me. “Not yet,” I replied. “Let us go to the stern; that is the place of rendezvous.” Fabian, Captain Corsican, and I, walked along the upper decks; the sky was growing dark; we heard the distant roar of thunder rumbling along the horizon. It was like a monotonous bass, enlivened by the hips and hurrahs issuing from the saloons; flashes of lightning darted through the black clouds, and the atmosphere was powerfully charged with electricity. At twenty minutes past five Harry Drake and his seconds made their appearance. The gentlemen bowed to us, which honour we strictly returned. Drake did not utter a word, but his face showed signs of ill-concealed excitement. He cast a look of malignant hatred on Fabian; but the latter, leaning against the hatchway, did not even see him; so absorbed was he in a profound meditation, he seemed not yet to have thought of the part he was to play in this drama. In the meanwhile Captain Corsican, addressing himself to the Yankee, one of Drake’s seconds, asked him for the swords, which the latter presented to him. They were battle swords, the basket-hilts of which entirely protected the hand which held them. Corsican took them, bent, and measured them, and then allowed the Yankee to choose. Whilst these preparations were being made, Harry Drake had taken off his hat and jacket, unbuttoned his shirt, and turned up his sleeves; then he seized his sword, and I saw that he was left-handed, which gave him, accustomed to right-handed antagonists, an unquestionable advantage. Fabian had not yet left the place where he was standing. One would have thought that these preparations had nothing to do with him. Captain Corsican went up to him, touched him, and showed him the sword. Fabian looked at the glittering steel, and it seemed as if his memory came back to him at that moment. He grasped his sword with a firm hand. “Right!” he murmured; “I remember!” Then he placed himself opposite Harry Drake, who immediately assumed the defensive. “Proceed, gentlemen,” said the Captain. They immediately crossed swords. From the first clashing of steel, several rapid passes on both sides, certain extrications, parries, and thrusts proved to me the equality in strength of the opponents. I augured well for Fabian. He was cool, self-possessed, and almost indifferent to the struggle; certainly less affected by it than were his own seconds. Harry Drake, on the contrary, scowled at him with flashing eyes and clenched teeth, his head bent forward, and his whole countenance indicative of a hatred which deprived him of all composure. He had come there to kill, and kill he would. After the first engagement, which lasted some minutes, swords were lowered. With the exception of a slight scratch on Fabian’s arm, neither of the combatants had been wounded. They rested, and Drake wiped off the perspiration with which his face was bathed. The storm now burst forth in all its fury. The thunder was continuous, and broke out in loud deafening reports; the atmosphere was charged with electricity to such an extent that the swords were gilded with luminous crests, like lightning conductors in the midst of thunder clouds. After a few moments’ rest, Corsican again gave the signal to proceed, and Fabian and Harry Drake again fell to work. This time the fight was much more animated; Fabian defending himself with astounding calmness, Drake madly attacking him. Several times I expected a stroke from Fabian, which was not even attempted. Suddenly, after some quick passes, Drake made a rapid stroke. I thought that Fabian must have been struck in the chest, but, warding off the blow, he struck Harry Drake’s sword smartly. The latter raised and covered himself by a swift semi-circle; whilst the lightning rent the clouds overhead. Suddenly, and without anything to explain this strange surrender of himself, Fabian dropped his sword. Had he been mortally wounded without our noticing it? The blood rushed wildly to my heart. Fabian’s eyes had grown singularly animated. “Defend yourself,” roared Drake, drawing himself up like a tiger ready to spring on to his prey. I thought that it was all over with Fabian, disarmed as he was. Corsican threw himself between him and his enemy, to prevent the latter from striking a defenceless man; but now Harry Drake in his turn stood motionless. I turned, and saw Ellen, pale as death, her hands stretched out, coming towards the duellists. Fabian, fascinated by this apparition, remained perfectly still. “You! you!” cried Harry Drake to Ellen; “you here!” His uplifted blade gleamed as though on fire; one might have said it was the sword of the archangel Michael in the hands of a demon. Suddenly a brilliant flash of lightning lit up the whole stern. I was almost knocked down, and felt suffocated, for the air was filled with sulphur; but by a powerful effort I regained my senses. I had fallen on one knee, but I got up and looked around. Ellen was leaning on Fabian. Harry Drake seemed petrified, and remained in the same position, but his face had grown black. Had the unhappy man been struck when attracting the lightning with his blade? Ellen left Fabian, and went up to Drake with her face full of holy compassion. She placed her hand on his shoulder; even this light touch was enough to disturb the equilibrium, and Drake fell to the ground a corpse. Ellen bent over the body, whilst we drew back terrified. The wretched Harry Drake was dead. “Struck by lightning,” said Dean Pitferge, catching hold of my arm. “Struck by lightning! Ah! will you not now believe in the intervention of thunder?” Had Harry Drake indeed been struck by lightning as Dean Pitferge affirmed, or rather, as the doctor on board said, had a blood-vessel broken in his chest? I can only say there was nothing now but a corpse before our eyes. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Jules Verne (2022). A Floating City and The Blockade Runners. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/67829/67829-h/67829-h.htm This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Nature was evidently about to justify Dr. Pitferge’s presentiments

The First Amendment Implications of TikTok's Ban

Performance Analysis of Diverse Hateful Meme Detection Datasets

Decoding Success: Case Studies of 3 Successful Tech Enterprises

This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Ayei E. Ibor, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (2) Mark Hooper, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (3) Carsten Maple, Trustworthy Digital Infrastructure for Identity Systems, The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom; (4) Gregory Epiphaniou, WMG, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Background Review of Literature Methodology Discussion of Findings Conclusion and Future Work & References 4. Methodology To underscore the importance of interoperability in developing countries, an investigation and comparison of current interoperability solutions in the identity ecosystem was performed. This investigation identified the current limitations of existing solutions and provided the basis for our findings, which are relevant to achieving interoperability for foundational identity systems in developing nations. As a guide, we have presented an approach for the investigation of requirements in Figure 2. The approach in Figure 2 is an easy stepwise guide. The steps include: i) Identify key processes against which baseline requirements should be derived: these processes are already identified in this work. ii) Define common interoperability criteria for eID schemes in candidate countries: this is an important step that must be fulfilled based on the identified key processes of step 1. iii) Baseline requirements against common interoperability criteria, select and compare country-specific eID schemes with current interoperability solutions such as eIDAS and X-Road: this step allows for the identification of common functionalities among eID schemes relative to defined common interoperability criteria. iv) Decide on the benchmarking requirements: it is important to decide on the benchmarking requirements to adequately scope the functional requirements useful for a fully functional interoperable system. v) Use benchmarking requirements against specific eID schemes: using benchmarking requirements against specific eID schemes is useful for identifying missing requirements and functionalities. vi) Identify and scope common functional requirements between eID schemes: this is a significant step that ensures that all requirements for interoperability are adequately captured. vii) Perform requirements gap analysis by identifying missing requirements between eID schemes for all processes defined and recording the differences between eID schemes: the missing requirements must be identified in this step concerning the processes defined in step 1. All significant differences between eID schemes must be recorded (e.g. in Africa and Europe). viii) Define missing capabilities to fulfil newly established requirements: it may be necessary to define missing capabilities in the investigated eID schemes that are relevant to the identified requirements to realise an interoperable identity system. However, this may not be the case where such eID schemes fulfil most of the baseline requirements for interoperability. 4.1 Current Interoperability Solutions For the creation of effective, long-lasting, and usable identity ecosystems, interoperability is essential. Two major interoperability solutions in the identity ecosystem are discussed in this research. These include the Estonian X-Road and the electronic identification and trust services (eIDAS) of the European Union. X-Road is a data exchange layer solution that implements the interoperability of information systems. It allows organisations to exchange data through a secure channel over the Internet. This solution is centrally managed but supports a distributed exchange layer that provides a standardised and secure channel for producing and consuming services (X-Road, 2023a, 2023b). X-Road enhances the confidentiality, integrity, and interoperability between organisations that rely on it for data exchange (Bakhtina et al., 2022; Saputro et al., 2020). Jointly implemented by Estonia and Finland, it has been adopted by several countries and organisations (Saputro et al., 2020). As stated in Solvak et al. (2019), X-Road establishes online connections between service providers and data registries (such as the Population Register, Health Insurance Register, etc.). The citizens who use the X-Road system only give their information to the government once, and the public authority then stores and exchanges the information among itself via the X-Road system (Bhattarai et al., 2019). By signing the messages with the X-Road member's signature key and using a mutually authorised Transport Layer Security (TLS) channel, security servers guarantee the integrity and secrecy of the exchanged messages. By recording the exchanged messages and routinely timestamping the message logs, the signed communications' long-term evidential value is protected. To obtain information on the validity of certificates and timestamp-signed messages, the security servers communicate with trust services. In terms of message exchange, the trust service calls are asynchronous (X-Road, 2023c, 2023d). To exchange messages between a service client and a service provider, three protocols are used. These include X-Road message protocol, X-Road message transport protocol, and OCSP response retrieval protocol (X-Road, 2020). When an interested party such as an organisation joins an X-Road ecosystem, certificates issued by a reputable Certification Authority (CA) are used to verify the identification of each organization and security server. Each security server serves as the technical entry point that manages access control on the organisation level during the data exchange process between registered X-Road members (European Commission, 2023a; X-Road, 2023a). The combination of timestamping and a digital signature ensures that data delivered via X-Road cannot be disputed. On the other hand, eIDAS is a European Union’s framework to ensure that electronic transactions between businesses, citizens, and public agencies are safer and more efficient, regardless of the European country they take place in. It is established by a European Regulation that was implemented in 2014. By introducing a common framework for eID and trust services, the eIDAS regulation makes it easier to supply business services across the EU. It encourages interoperability across the 28 EU nations, making certain that nations mutually recognise each other's electronic identities and trust services across borders (Mocanu et al., 2019). The goal of electronic identification is to completely transform how customers engage with online services. The Member States of the EU may choose to identify citizens electronically. A small number of Member States have created national programs to provide their citizens with electronic identity (eID), with greatly diverse architectures (Lips, Bharosa and Draheim, 2020). National systems, therefore, vary not only in the volume of citizen data they process but also in the degree of data protection they provide to this data. As claimed by Cuijpers and Schroers (2014) and Hölbl, Kežmah and Kompara (2023), businesses and customers can more easily access services or conduct commercial transactions by using electronic identity, or eID, to identify who they are (identification process) and demonstrate that they are who they claim to be (authentication process). Similarly, the regulation stipulates that it will be necessary for all EU nations to accept notified eID systems from other nations by September 2018. When conducting electronic transactions, especially those between firms and clients who are based in another EU country, trust services attempt to improve the trust of EU residents and enterprises (Sharif et al., 2022). The trust services in eIDAS as discussed in ANSSI (2023) and European Commission (2023b) include Electronic Signature (eSignature), Electronic Seal (eSeal), Electronic Timestamp (eTimestamp), Website Authentication Certificates (WACs), and Electronic Registered Delivery Service (eDelivery). eIDAS has been exploited by both the public and private sectors in the EU. Some of the sectors that have benefited from the regulation include the financial services, online retail, transport, and professional services sectors. One of the largest potential beneficiaries of eID and trust services is the financial services industry due to the possibility of enormous commercial opportunities and enhanced cross-border services (Cuijpers and Schroers, 2014; European Commission, 2023b). To meet rising client demand for online services as well as stricter compliance requirements, the identification, authentication, and safeguarding of transactions in the financial services sector are becoming increasingly digitised. 4.2 Comparison of X-Road and eIDAS as Interoperability Solutions The comparison of X-Road and eIDAS is given in Figure 3. This comparison is performed based on identity creation and management, proof of identity, creating and issuing identity credentials, issuing a derived credential, managing the identity credential lifecycle, granting access to an identity holder, data exchange mechanism, security of identification data, and privacy of identification data. This paper is available on under CC 4.0 license. Arxiv

The Methods We Used to Investigate and Compare Cross-Border Interoperable Identity Systems

Finding and retaining active users is a constant pain point for any business, and in the brave new world of Web3 technology, it is a battlefield swarming with bots, lukewarm participants, and unethical practices that ebb away trust and confidence. Many projects constantly grapple with identifying genuine users who are actively engaged in the DeFi space. However, the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) promises to be a game changer as it offers a powerful tool to cut through the noise and identify high-quality users. In most cases, Web3 projects rely on outdated strategies like airdrops and gamified quests to attract users and grow their communities. While these methods might provide a spurt of activity or result in a temporary hype, they often fail to capture long-term engagement, which is a fundamental requirement for a sustainable growth pattern. Take for instance, airdrops are widely used to attract participants solely interested in free crypto tokens, and gamified tasks can bring about liquidity challenges when rewards are no longer forthcoming. While they offer a semblance of growth, these methods fail to differentiate between users who are genuinely interested in the project's goals and functionality, and those who are only involved for quick monetary gains. How AI Is Transforming the User Engagement Landscape Artificial Intelligence is no longer a buzzword. It is a reality that is unfolding in our everyday lives. The impact of AI in the crypto ecosystem has mostly been a positive one. Crypto platforms like BonusBlock and DIA are utilizing AI to analyze on-chain data, which paints a detailed picture of a user's behavior within the DeFi ecosystem. AI models have been deployed in the following instances: Protocol interactions: This is to determine how frequently a user interacts with different protocols. Token diversity: To help identify the number of tokens a user holds as a means of indicating a broader interest across the DeFi space. Liquidity: This underlines how AI can be used to track a user’s contributions to liquidity pools, signifying a stake in the DeFi market's health. Staking: Determining a user’s interest in staking is a way to measure his commitment to specific projects. Governance: Voting in governance proposals indicates a user's active involvement in shaping DeFi protocols. By analyzing this data, AI can identify users who are financially active and genuinely engaged with DeFi, weeding out bots, airdrop farmers, and those with only a passing interest. Example 1: Bonus Block In this example, AI is primarily deployed by Bonus Block, a web3 engagement protocol, to facilitate user acquisition through BONUS, its native token. Users receive rewards in the form of the platform’s token for their on-chain activity, a strategy designed to encourage them to actively participate in the DeFi space. Through this means, users with higher engagement scores, identified through AI analysis, gain greater visibility to projects seeking qualified users. Example 2: DIA, an AI-powered platform, deploys cross-chain oracles to assess a user's creditworthiness in the DeFi ecosystem. The key purpose it serves is to allow projects to identify users who are trusted borrowers and lenders. Benefits of AI-centric Approach Acquiring users in web3 utilizing an AI-powered approach creates a win-win situation for users and projects. It gives web3 projects access to genuinely interested users who are more likely to be converted to long-term members of the community. Users, on the other hand, can leverage their on-chain activity to showcase their value and potentially earn rewards from projects seeking their engagement. Additionally, AI can be used to analyze user sentiment on social media platforms to gauge interest in specific projects and identify potential early users. The Future of Web3 User Acquisition While AI-based user acquisition is still a new marketing experiment, it promises to transform how users are acquired and retained in web3. It goes to show that the success of any web3 project does not only lie in their marketing strategies, but in building genuine connections. AI will feature prominently in the future when the need to leverage AI for intelligent targeting, personalized experiences, and community engagement, arises.  It will help Web3 projects grow a loyal user base that actively contributes to the growth and sustainability of Defi. Conclusion AI is ushering in a new era in web3 user acquisition, offering a better alternative to traditional airdrops and gamified concepts. By analyzing on-chain data and identifying active users, it can provide a solution to the prevalence of bots and unethical practices. With the help of AI, blockchain projects can reach high-quality users who are more likely to become loyal members. As AI continues to attract significant attention in web3, its potential to reshape Web3 user acquisition entirely is evidently present, helping us to imagine a future that is built on genuine engagement and mutual benefit for both projects and users.

AI In Web3 User Acquisition: Exploring Bonus Block And DIA

USA v. Samuel Bankman-Fried Court Filing, retrieved on March 15, 2024 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This part is 25 of 33. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here II. A Sentence of 40 to 50 Years Is Necessary to Protect the Public and for Specific Deterrence Under Section 3553(a), the need for the sentence to “protect the public from further crimes of the defendant” and “afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct” must be considered. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(B), (C). Here, a sentence in the range of 40 to 50 years, but short of a life sentence, is necessary to serve this purpose. As this Court has observed previously in sentencing a defendant, “[i]t’s very easy sometimes … to say, well, look at all the trouble the defendant has gotten himself into, look at the harm that’s been done to his family, look at the loss he suffered himself, there is no way he’ll ever do something like this again.” United States v. Laguardia, No. 19 Cr. 893 (LAK) (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2021) (Sent. Tr. at 45). But “in the case of someone who, at least when they got into it, thought everything was going to work out fine,” there is the possibility that “the next time temptation comes along, you’ll think it will work out fine, too, and the bad outcome the first time was a mistake,” and so the sentence must “reflect[] some of that risk.” (Id.) Indeed, the fact that a past fraud does not necessarily deter a future one is evidenced by the number of first-time fraudsters in this district who have become recidivists. See, e.g., United States v. Jonathan Ghertler, No. 23 Cr. 100 (ER) (investment fraud scheme following over a dozen prior convictions); United States v. Franklin Ray, No. 22 Cr. 228 (AT) (orchestrating a Ponzi scheme after having served a prior twoyear sentence for bank and wire fraud); United States v. Vitaly Borker, No. 22 Cr. 273 (JSR) (defendant convicted of wire fraud for operation of fraudulent eyeglasses website after two prior federal convictions for the same conduct); United States v. Joseph Meli, No. 19 Cr. 480 (RA) (defendant convicted of participating in a Broadway ticket resale investment fraud scheme after previously serving a 78 month sentence for the same scheme); United States v. Edward Durante, No. 15 Cr. 171 (ALC) (beginning a new investment fraud scheme while serving a 121 month sentence for fraud); United States v. John Galanis, No. 15 Cr. 643 (PKC) (defendant convicted of securities fraud after 1973 and 1988 convictions for mail fraud and securities fraud). The risk of recidivism here is real, and little of the defendant’s sentencing submission addresses it. It is necessary that the sentence imposed disable the defendant from being in a position in the future where he could perpetrate a fraud. A sentence that resulted in the release of the defendant while he is at a working age would leave open the very real possibility that he perpetrates again. That is the case for several reasons. First, the defendant’s criminal conduct to date demonstrates that the defendant is undeterred from criminal conduct based on the potential to damage to others, the possibility of incarceration, or respect for the law or the common ethical and moral understandings that members of society observe in every-day life. Bankman-Fried not only engaged in one of the largest frauds in history, but he demonstrated a willingness to engage in other criminal conduct with impunity. He committed what is believed to be the largest campaign finance offense of all time. He authorized the payment of a foreign bribe in excess of $100 million. He broke the federal laws around licensing, and lied to a bank. That track record makes clear that this defendant is uninhibited when it comes to engaging in additional criminal conduct. Second, the defendant’s time on pretrial supervision shows that even when the defendant is confronted with the imminent prospect of a substantial restraint on his liberty, he is not deterred from engaging in criminal conduct. As the Court knows well, prior to being detained, the defendant had several infractions during his period of home incarceration. Those repeatedly resulted in further restrictions and admonitions from the Court. Nonetheless, believing he would get away with it, the defendant engaged in witness tampering. While the severity of that conduct pales in comparison to what he did to FTX’s customers and investors, it is evidence of the fact that a restriction on the defendant’s liberty alone is not a deterrent to future misconduct. Third, the defendant’s sentencing submission asserts “[h]e will never again be in the position of running a financial company, or accepting customers’ funds.” (Def. Mem. at 69). But the defendant’s say so does not make it true. There is a significant likelihood that if the defendant is released back into society at a young enough age he will have the opportunity to engage in another fraud. Con artists who turn back to crime after being caught take advantage of humanity’s willingness to extend a second chance, the shortness of society’s memory, and recidivists’ ability to persuade people that things are not what they seem to be. The defendant has already proven adept at crafting a self-serving public image, and his sentencing submission itself shows that he is already attempting to reframe his crimes as mere mistakes or misunderstandings. And so it is conceivable that someday, if he is released from prison, the defendant will start anew, launch a new cryptocurrency exchange or another business, which he will say has been done the right way because he has learned his lesson. And people may hand over their money again, and history could repeat itself. That is not just speculation. In the days following FTX’s bankruptcy, and even after the defendant had been indicted, he mused about launching “Archangel LTD,” which would be an alternative to FTX’s bankruptcy and would result in the re-launching of an exchange. (Ex. B, Google Document by Samuel Bankman-Fried). He mused about ideas for restoring his image, like “focus on the fact that the Chapter 11 team has no idea how to run FTX” and is “run by a cartel of lawyers,” “come out as extremely pro crypto, pro freedom,” “go on Tucker Carlsen, come out as a republican,” “have Michael Lewis interview me,” “radical honesty on Twitter,” or some other narrative like “SBF died for our sins.” (Exs. C and D, Google Documents by Samuel BankmanFried). The point is that the defendant is motivated to launch his redemption narrative and has already been thinking about how to spin it. It is realistic that he will settle on a narrative, lean into it, and convince other people to part with their money based on lies and the promise of false hope. And, of course, one does not need to run a large company to instill confidence in others and then abuse that confidence for personal gain. Fourth, the defendant may feel compelled to do this fraud again, or a version of it, based on his use of idiosyncratic, and ultimately for him pernicious, beliefs around altruism, utilitarianism, and expected value to place himself outside of the bounds of the law that apply to others, and to justify unlawful, selfish, and harmful conduct. Time and time again the defendant has expressed that his preferred path is the one that maximizes his version of societal value, even if imposes substantial short term harm or carries substantial risks to others. During trial, Ellison told a story about the defendant’s willingness to take risks: “He talked about being willing to take large coin flips, like a coin flip where—if it comes up tails, you might lose $10 million, but if it comes up heads, you might make slightly more than $10 million,” and he “talked about this in the context of thinking about what was good for the world, saying that he would be happy to flip a coin, if it came up tails and the world was destroyed, as long as if it came up heads the world would be like more than twice as good.” (Tr. 694-95). The defendant talked about this concept on Twitter, saying that “[i]f you look at the scale of funds spent on disease, global warming, emerging technological risk, animal welfare, nuclear warfare safety, etc., you get numbers reaching into the trillions,” and “when the backdrop is trillions of dollars, there’s essentially no risk aversion on the scale of thousands or millions.” (Ex. E, Twitter thread by Samuel Bankman-Fried). He added that that “mean[s] you should be willing to accept a significant chance of failing to do much good sometimes…. And that’s ok. If it was the right play in EV [expected value], sometimes you win and sometimes you lose.” (Id.) And in the days after FTX’s collapse, the defendant told the journalist Kelsey Piper in a conversation he believed was off the record that while he had previously said a person should not “do unethical shit for the greater good,” that was “not true,” just a “PR” answer, and the ethics stuff was mostly a “front.”[12] Of course, the criminal law does not select among personal philosophies or punish particular moral codes. But it does punish equally someone who claims that their unlawful conduct was justified by some personal moral system, and the goals of sentencing require consideration of the way in which the defendant’s manipulation of intellectual and moral philosophy to justify his illegal and harmful conduct makes it likely that he will reoffend. In this case, the defendant’s professed philosophy has served to rationalize a dangerous brand of megalomania—one where the defendant is convinced that he is above the law and the rules of the road that apply to everyone else, who he necessarily deems inferior in brainpower, skill, and analytical reasoning. The trial evidence made clear that the defendant justified enriching and aggrandizing himself, burnishing his own image, and putting billions of dollars of other people’s money at his own disposal, because he believed in the virtue of his own power, decision-making, superiority, and spending. By that same token, the defendant believed and appears still to believe that it is rational and necessary for him to take great risks including imposing those risks on others, if he determines that it will serve what he personally deems a worthy project or goal, even if the risks he takes are unethical, illegal, and likely to result in a “loss.” Under this philosophy, if the defendant is released from prison, and has the opportunity to advance his own distorted version of what is best for him and society, even if it requires breaking the law and harming others, he should do that again. Indeed, according to his sentencing submission, by his own “calculations” the “expected value of his life” is presently in the “negative territory.” (Def. Mem. at 68). Such a calculus will inevitably lead him to trying again. And, evidently, the possibility of further incarceration would not alter that value calculus. Thus, the defendant’s sentence needs to be of a sufficient enough length that it will not just deter a white collar defendant, but that it will disable this defendant from committing crimes again. See, e.g., United States v. Valente, 915 F.3d 916, 925 (2d Cir. 2019) (Lynch, J., concurring) (noting that the purposes of sentencing in Section 3553(a)(2) include “protecting the public from future crimes the defendant might commit (incapacitation)”). The defendant argues in his sentencing submission that the collateral consequences of his conviction, and the loss of his personal assets are sufficient punishment. (Def. Mem. at 64-65). But everything about the defendant’s history suggests such damage and discomfort will not deter him. While the Government does not believe the defendant needs to spend the rest of his life in prison to protect the public, a sentence of 40 to 50 years is necessary to ensure that the defendant cannot be released from prison and given the opportunity to commit fraud again. Continue Reading . Here [12] Kelsey Piper, Sam Bankman-Fried Tries to Explain Himself, Vox (Nov. 16, 2022), https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23462333/sam-bankman-fried-ftx-cryptocurrency-effectivealtruism-crypto-bahamas-philanthropy. About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case retrieved on March 15, 2024, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. storage.courtlistener

Why Sam Bankman-Fried Must Get a 40–50 Year Sentence

Comparing Tools for Fitting Mutational Signatures: The Results of Our Work

For a change of pace, I'd like to do a bit of a dev log. Some time ago, I participated in a game jam and made this game – – a short puzzle game, where you place cheese around the maze to lure the mice out. It was fun, but there were evidently some shortcomings. Of Mice and Bad Choices One of the major ones is the behavior of mice is unintuitive. The players mentioned that they would expect mice to be repelled by a disliked cheese, not just freeze. Plus, implementing this mechanic would allow for a much more rich puzzle design. So, I think this is a good opportunity how automated testing can be done in Godot. Testing Tools There are a few testing frameworks that are available for Godot 4, but the one that caught my I is . GUT is pretty simple: Godot Unit Test (GUT) It can be installed from AssetLib in one click. It provides a class that we can extend for our test scripts: just add functions starting with and write some assertations – typical unit test structure. test_ It has a nice UI with the ability to use Godot's debugger and run individual tests. It can be run from CLI and in CI (but I will deal with this later). My Testing Framework For this particular case, I wanted to have a way of defining complex scenarios, the same way I define levels for the game – in engine editor rather than in code (this way, the tests would be closer to reality). Hence, I want to do these things: Have a single runner function that takes a map in and runs the tests. Have a collection of maps, each having a set of scenarios (test cases) to execute. Have a way to define test cases in a drag-n-drop way: place a mouse, and set where it should be in N turns. So, let's unwrap this. Test Case Definitions Let's define a new class `MouseTestCase.` We want it to inherit (as we want to place it on a scene. And we want it to find to of its children (that we will place on a scene ourselves): a mouse and its expected final position (as a Marker) Node2D extends Node2D
class_name MouseTestCase

@export var steps_left = 0 # How many steps to simulate
@export var done = false

@onready var mouse: Mouse = $Mouse
@onready var expected_position = SnapUtils.get_tile_map_position($TestMarker.position) Now, we can put it on a scene, and we are good! We know where a mouse starts, we know where it should end up, and in how many steps. Test Maps Now, let's make a bunch more of them, and make a map to test our repellent behavior. This behavior is somewhat complex, hence, we want to cover many slightly different cases: A mouse wants to move away from the disliked cheese/ A mouse wants to keep the direction of movement (i.e., avoids turns) A mouse prefers left turns to right and U-turns The resulting map defining 12 test cases to cover this behavior is shown above (imagine how tedious it could be to hard code all those coordinates in code). Test Runner The only thing left to do is the test runner function. The function needs to: Load the map we've defined above. Simulate game steps forward until all test cases are done. On each step, iterate over all test cases, and if they are done, check whether the expected position is reached. The code is quite simple. func run_level_with_mouse_test_cases(map_path: String):
	var level = load(map_path)
	map.load_level(level)
	
	var cases = MouseTestCase.cast_all_cases(get_tree().get_nodes_in_group(MouseTestCase.MTC_GROUP_NAME))
	
	while (cases.any(func(case): return not case.done)):
		map.move_mice()
		for case in cases:
			if not case.done:
				case.steps_left -= 1
				if case.steps_left == 0:
					case.done = true
					assert_eq(case.get_mouse_position(), case.expected_position, case.get_parent().name+"/"+case.name) I imagine this will evolve, but the current implementation is good enough for now. I've written the tests, implemented the mechanic, and the tests actually confirm that the mechanic is implemented correctly! Discussions Here, I've shown one way to approach the tests in games. Obviously, there are many more things to improve here, and I encourage readers to take the code and the framework and adapt it to their needs. As always, the code is available on GitHub: You can also have a look at that introduces testing. For bonus points, if someone can make them work in CI, that'd be brilliant. Cheers. https://github.com/d-lowl/of-mice-and-bad-choices the specific PR

Testing in Godot: How I Personally Approach It

গডট-এ পরীক্ষা: আমি ব্যক্তিগতভাবে এটিকে কীভাবে গ্রহণ করি

Testen in Godot: Wie ich persönlich daran herangehe

Pruebas en Godot: cómo las abordo personalmente

Tests dans Godot : comment je l'aborde personnellement

गोडोट में परीक्षण: मैं इसे व्यक्तिगत रूप से कैसे अपनाता हूं

Godot でのテスト: 私個人のアプローチ方法

Godot에서 테스트하기: 개인적으로 접근하는 방법

Testes em Godot: como eu abordo isso pessoalmente

Тестирование в Godot: как лично я к этому подхожу

Godot'ta Test Yapmak: Kişisel Olarak Buna Nasıl Yaklaşıyorum?

Thử nghiệm ở Godot: Cá nhân tôi tiếp cận nó như thế nào

Godot 中的测试：我个人是如何处理它的

This paper is under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv Authors: (1) Linda Pigureddu, University of Turin, Italy, 332079@edu.unito.it; (2) Cristina Gena, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Turin, Italy, cristina.gena@unito.it. Table of Links Introduction The Project Memes Conclusion and References THE PROJECT The laboratory Pepper was placed, in the role of mediator and dialogue partner, within the therapeutic laboratory[2] to promote autonomy and functional acquisition in autistic children with low support needs (level 1 support according to DSM-5 [1]). During the laboratory, conducted between the end of February 2021 and the beginning of June 2021, the exchanges, and interactions between autistic children in rehabilitation settings were explored, supported by the robot Pepper aiming to create an environment that would stimulate the development of social and communication skills, as well as strengthen the acquisition of strategies and autonomies related to daily activities, such as snack preparation [14]–[17]. Four autistic children with low support needs (level 1 support), aged 11 to 14 years, participated in the lab. During the lab sessions, the children had the opportunity to interact both directly with the robot and to participate in group activities, guided and coordinated by Pepper itself and the specialized operators, including educators, speech therapists, and psychologists [14]–[17]. The workshop sessions (16 in total), which were held weekly with a duration of two hours each, were recorded via a fixed camera, in addition to Pepper's 2D cameras (forehead camera and tablet camera), to allow post-hoc analysis to be conducted. During the meetings, two trainee students filled out evaluation forms provided by the psychotherapists, noting the progress of the sessions in a diary. These notes were later reworked to make reports, shared within the working group, reflecting the children's evolving behavior during their interactions with the robot [14]–[17]. To ensure the children's privacy, the "PepperForAutism" application was implemented in the robot during data collection, which consists of three main modules (Android app, web platform and backend) integrated into Jumple SRL's Pyramid platform. This system enabled the Pepper robot to uniquely identify the child with whom it was interacting, allowing data to be collected anonymously through association with a random ID known only to authorized individuals [14]–[17]. 1.1. The lab's sessions in details The sessions, lasting about two hours, were conducted by one or two specialized operators (educators, speech therapists, psychologists, etc.) assisted by two or three trainees. These were held in a room furnished with table and chairs and equipped with the tools necessary to carry out the activities, inside an apartment located in the center of Turin, made available by the Paideia Foundation also equipped with a bathroom, living room and kitchen. During the sessions, each child was given the opportunity to interact directly with Pepper and perform the activities planned for the group through the directions provided by the robot, with the help of the specialized operators and in a real context setting to leverage the benefit of a real-world evaluation [23]. Each session was phased and was conducted according to the following structure: 1. Welcome: children were made to sit in the apartment and welcomed by the therapists and the robot who, at the beginning of each session, provided directions on how to prepare to participate in the workshop. 2. First social time: dialogue session with the robot on a pre-established topic of interest (e.g., music, video games, etc.). The conversation is designed to be initialized by both the children and the robot. In the first case, "Getting Acquainted", the children would stand in front of the robot and, after waiting for it to catch their presence, proceed to ask a question of any sort. In the second case, identified as "Making Friends," Pepper would call the children one at a time to suggest a topic of conversation to each, according to a script updated weekly, in the expectation of engaging the other participants in a group conversation. 3. Development of practical skills (snack preparation and/or homework execution): Pepper played the role of activity coordinator, offering snack preparation instructions and explanatory videos displayed on the built-in tablet, in to guide the children in performing the task, with the therapists ready to intervene if needed. Starting from the 11th meeting, this phase was enriched by the inclusion of the activity of doing school homework. The children, who had been previously warned about the need to come equipped with their own school supplies, were asked to consult their journal to select a subject whose homework they wished to complete with the assistance of Pepper, who, after identifying a range of topics, proceeded by providing information on what materials were necessary or optional to proceed effectively with the task they chose. Again, the use of explanatory videos was provided. 4. Second social moment: post snack (or post homework) dialogue. The conversation is guided in the mode ("Moment of Knowledge" or "Making Friends") not explored in the First Social Moment. 5. Final Feedback: Before ending the session with greetings, Pepper asks the children to give their opinions about the meeting. In this phase, children were asked to stand in front of the robot and state their mood, choosing from the illustrated faces on the integrated tablet suitable for representing sadness, neutrality, and happiness. Because the workshop took place during a period characterized by social distancing due to the Covid-19 pandemic, children were required to wear a clear visor as an alternative to the surgical mask so that Pepper could take a picture, which was later used by the trainees to assess the consistency of the emotion indicated by the child with his or her facial expressions and the mood inferred by the robot [16]. 1.2. Welcome At the beginning of each meeting, Pepper welcomed the children and provided them with instructions for getting ready for and participating in the lab. These instructions included descriptive phrases and directives similar to those found in social stories, with the purpose of guiding and supporting the children during the activities. This phase is the one that produced the most noticeably positive results. Although Pepper offered to repeat the welcome directions each time, the children demonstrated that they remembered from one encounter to the next the rules of the lab and were able to correctly follow the instructions to take off their shoes and coats and to sanitize their hands before entering the lab, while still benefiting from the psychologist's help when necessary [17]. Starting therapeutic sessions in this way is both functional for the organizational and managerial purposes of the lab itself, and in line with the natural inclination of autistic minds to seek order and behavioral patterns that facilitate schematization of routines, predictability of events, and, in general, repetition [1]. This choice offers participants a sensitive approach toward the peculiarities of their minds, allowing them to feel immediately at ease, making it easier to introduce the activities planned for the day, and encourages children to be genuine and spontaneous, immediately comforting them by implicitly declaring that they are entering a safe environment, designed specifically to support and stimulate their minds, with no prejudice about their frailties. 1.3. Practical skills training At this stage, the robot is assigned to coordinate the activity of snack preparation, offering snacks with recipes that were from time to time more and more complex, listing ingredients, encouraging children to get organized, providing guidance on the procedures both verbally and using pictures, animations and demonstration videos played on the built-in tablet, and giving children the opportunity to review the steps if necessary. During this activity, provision was made for Pepper to enter Waiting Mode, both to allow the children time to carry out the assignments and the opportunity for the group to spontaneously chat during the meal. On most occasions, the children took advantage of this time to share their suggestion for questions to ask Pepper during the conversational moments, and about activities and topics they would like to cover and proposal to improve the robot’s dialogue structure to make it more friendly and pleasant to talk with. This was also because the time spent with Pepper was perceived as valuable, and the children were inclined to focus on it even when they were not communicating with it directly since they felt empowered with the responsibility and opportunity to contribute to the improvement of the robot. The snack time produced good results and, in addition to being evidently stimulating for the young participants, was also one of their favorite moments; in fact, in most of the encounters they asked to start the lab session with this activity. The children showed appreciation for Pepper's help and, from the very beginning, good levels of autonomy, although the excitement associated with this time often affected the ability to maintain high concentration levels, as indicated by the scores given by the operatives [17]. Beginning in the eleventh meeting, the school homework activity was introduced, in which Pepper offered the children directions on what tools would be needed and tricks for doing the task they chose, always accompanying the verbal instructions with multimedia elements played on the integrated tablet when needed [17]. Regarding this phase, there was not sufficient data collected to assess its effectiveness, but it is still possible to consider the direct feedback from the children, who repeatedly and openly stated that they did not want to «waste» their time in the lab with ordinary activities, suggesting alternative skill-building activities (e.g., chemistry or robotics experiments), while only on one occasion one child did say that he appreciated the time devoted to doing homework, as it allowed him to associate the lab with the environment more familiar to him, of school. 1.4. Conversations During the dialogue moments, the children were directly asked whether they wanted to "get acquainted" or "make friends" with the robot. In the former, they were given the opportunity to ask questions of their interest directly to Pepper, while in the latter, it was Pepper who asked them questions about their interests so as to encourage a collective conversation on the topic. Unfortunately, both modes did not produce satisfactory results, as they were too far removed from the human conversational style [20], consisting of simple repartee, without the possibility of in depth or direct conversation development with the robot, due to the lack of an open conversational system that would allow the robot to use a communicative style more similar to natural language [17]. Giving children the opportunity to ask questions to the robot at a time when it lacked the ability to draw on ontologies to respond but had a dialogue system based on the manual and weekly update of its script, has produced various difficulties during the conversational moments. apart from not taking into account the difficulty of autistic people in initializing conversations [21], has produced several situations of misunderstanding, in which the robot, for technical difficulties (e.g. background noise, speech defects, etc.) or the absence of the input provided by the child within its script, it found itself unable to provide a coherent and satisfactory response [17]. After few interactions, the children began to ask themselves about Pepper with derisive attitude, deliberately asking nonsensical questions attempting to get funny answers or to evaluate how far they could go before sending cause a malfunction. An example of mocking interaction that has produced a lot of hilarity and has been revived during several meetings is related to the understanding by the children that pronounce at the beginning of the question the keywords «have you ever been in...» allowed access to the standard answer: «no, but I would like to visit the whole world», even though the question was not completed with a real location, prompting participants to ask if Pepper had ever visited the Moon, heaven or the land of the stupidity. As per the goal of stimulating the social interaction between the participants, the technical difficulties that emerged during this phase encouraged the children's curiosity about the robot, encouraging collective discussion about how Pepper works and brainstorming suggestions for improvements to make it a more enjoyable conversation partner. On the other hand, the analysis of these phases, despite not having produced satisfactory therapeutic results, is extremely interesting to conduct an evaluation of interactions aimed at improving the dialogue system, pointing out that, even before technical problems, communication with the robot is deficient because it is not fluent in the slang used by children, compromising its position as a mediator because it is unable to act as an interpreter between children and specialized adults working in the laboratory. [2] Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the bioethical committee of the University of Turin, with approval number: 0664572.

The Power of Memes: The Pepper Robot as a Communicative Aid for Autistic Children - The Project

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have been some of the most trending technological niches of recent times, and with good reason. The release of the GPT series large language models and ChatGPT lead to a major recalibration of general attitudes toward these technologies. In the ensuing months since its launch and success, ChatGPT has grown to a massive degree and roped in over 100 million monthly users. The rise in popularity of OpenAI’s GPT iterations has kickstarted what is evidently a pitched competition between numerous companies to put out their versions of emerging AI technologies. As tech rivalries and the race to create faster, better, and more efficient artificial intelligence becomes heated, its foray into numerous sectors of human activity is inevitable. Unsurprisingly, finance too will not remain untouched by AI’s pervasive reach in today’s world. Stuart Russell in his book , highlights the importance of natural language processing (NLP) for communication. NLP is a breakthrough that has allowed computers to understand human language better, and when it comes to investing and securities, clear communication is essential. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Alongside artificial intelligence and the extensive data sets of language models, big data and analytics is gaining a concerted push. This holds specific implications for the niche of securities and investing as automated computing protocols might just be able to decipher numerous patterns in large chunks of data, helping inform investor decisions. While the arrival of chatbots has rekindled the discussions surrounding machine learning and AI, the potential for the booming technological niche is vast in the financial sector, given that companies and individuals are perpetually in need of pointed and objective investment advice based on fact. We explore the possibilities artificial intelligence holds for the investing and finance landscape as the world propels toward rapid transformation in technologies amidst a period of economic flux. Why can AI be Useful in Investing? The world of investing and finance has transformed over the years and has become increasingly reliant on technology. This reliance is fueled by consistent alongside an increased focus on data and analytics. Moreover, global financial markets are dictated by geopolitical, economic, and natural events alongside their impacts on the mass psyche. growth in computational capabilities Apart from the obvious element of bias and human emotion, investing is further complicated by the extent of research and attention to detail when speculating the potential domino effect created by global happenings. This is where AI can be of special interest. Artificial intelligence’s primary purpose has always been to supplement human thought and effort instead of replacing it entirely. Machine learning (ML) protocols and other intelligent systems are capable of observing and identifying market signals as well as skimming through voluminous amounts of data in short periods from a neutral standpoint. This function of reducing cognitive load on human overseers allows financial advisors to remain focused on performing crucial tasks such as investment decision-making and the monitoring of more nuanced assets. Apart from saving time, AI might also ease the pressure on wealth managers and advisors, helping them remain committed to their duties. With a vast array of signals, trends, and impending economic events, AI can also be a great preemptive tool that helps analysts predict periods of crises and growth. Besides predictions and analysis, AI tools can also change the way assets are managed overall. From tracking growth to allocating funds adequately, fund management has become progressively more convoluted. A major area where machine learning algorithms can be deployed involves the detection of key global signals that are significant to investors. Correlating data points in vast blocks of information is something ML protocols can be to do, allowing fund managers to not only assess developing signs in the market but also identify assets that might have a better shot at growth. primed Furthermore, AI can also be used to enhance the relationships between fund managers and their clients. Chatbots and other forms of responsive tools can be utilized to streamline the initial process of interactions and verification, allowing managers to remain focused on their tasks at hand. Clients can also have easier and more secure access to their information through AI-supported platforms that can emphasize ease of usage and navigability on the platform. Such intuitive tools can be improved further by utilizing users’ feedback on the platform. The same algorithm can also be deployed to track overall portfolio performance, optimizing the fund manager’s decisions with a specific focus on each investor’s unique profile. Integrating Human and AI Expertise for Better Investment Outcomes Leveraging artificial intelligence in fintech and investments relies on AI technologies supplementing existing human frameworks and systems to truly enhance outcomes. AI’s primary focus will remain centered around helping investors make better decisions and choices in their respective investment journeys apart from enhancing existing software systems and architecture. Despite the extensive data sets AI and ML models are trained on, there might always be situations and patterns that might fall outside of these tools’ training protocols. This creates a potential vacuum and might lead to instances of error and misjudgment. Human intuitiveness and expertise can offset these limitations and extend the overall effectiveness of AI technologies in finance. Moreover, AI must only be an accessory that provides decision-makers with essential information and data so they may act on it based on their discretion. Risk management with AI tools can be a bonus, as these technologies are capable of providing insights into individual risk quotients on each asset. Similarly, these insights can also be customized based on client requirements and their respective portfolio goals. This might be of significance as markets can quickly become agitated and volatile with various movements that involve government regulations, investor sentiment, and . macro & microeconomic markers Finance experts coupled with their AI assistants might just be able to revolutionize navigating tough markets with both technology and a human touch. AI and the Future of Investing The dawn of artificial intelligence tools in the investing sphere is bound to mitigate risks and provide timely alerts and insights to both individual investors and fund managers. Machine learning protocols can help with the identification of key markers, allowing investors to rely on pinpoint data based on real-time information. Not only does this provide help with long-term insights and reliable metrics, but it also helps investors react to market changes quickly, allowing sufficient leeway to navigate choppy markets. Objective analysis of data and investor sentiment is another benefit of autonomous systems which when coupled with subject matter expertise can provide the best outcomes for investors. As these technologies grow to encompass virtually every sphere of human activity, it is only natural that finance and investing, too, shall come under its sway. Apart from maintaining a keen watch on these crucial developments in the world of technology, exploring opportunities with the help of these intelligent systems will slowly take center stage as AI is scaled up and improved over time.

How AI is Set to Change the Investing Landscape

320 Stories To Learn About Deep Learning

77 Stories To Learn About Ai Top Story

Okay, so this isn’t probably the kind of content you think it is. I’m not here to provide you with a blueprint or sure ways to make it as a Web 3 person or anything like that. All I simply aim to do with this post is open your eyes to what opportunities and options you have and then leave the decision-making to you. So, have you heard about Web 3.0? Well, to be honest, it’s probably harder to have not heard about the latest wave maker in the online space, so yes, you probably have. However, the real question is, have you actually heard the right things? Myths About Web 3.0 I was going to dive right into debunking some of the common rumors and myths about the Web 3.0 space, but then it occurred to me that you may not even be aware of what Web 3.0 is in the first place. So I’ll start there. What Is Web 3.0? To explain what Web 3.0 is in such a way that you’ll understand very well, it’s important to take a trip down memory lane and visit Web 3.0’s well… older siblings, I suppose? Web Evolution and Stuff So it all started when someone got the bright idea that libraries weren’t good enough for communicating information and let’s face it, I sorta agree with them, after all even way back then (the 1990s) people were already spending a lot of time on their mobile devices and computers. Of course, just like books in a library, Web 1 was designed strictly to communicate information to interested parties. Although “designed” here may be a wrong choice of words since this was more of a limitation than an intentional fact. As you would expect, all users could do was browse through the information provided with no way of communicating back their preferences. All they could do was read through and hope that the next upload would contain the information they needed. Now that I’m writing this “out loud,” it seems to me that the only thing web1 had going for it over a traditional library is its information accessibility. Then came Web 2. Of course, it doesn’t take a genius to figure out that Web 2’ primary design was to introduce the interaction features that Web 1 lacked. This is why Web 2 is also commonly referred to as the Social web. Now, here’s where things get interesting. Did you know that what we have currently, that is, what most people interact with when they get on their mobile devices or laptops, is actually Web 2? That’s right, your Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (now known as “X”), and even web techs like ReactJs and AngularJs are all Web 2. Evidently, the internet is still in its itty-bitty stages, and this only makes one truly wonder just how far this particular piece of technology can go. At this point, pause, take a deep breath, and let’s recap all we’ve covered in this particular section: Web 1.0 was producer-focused Web 2.0 is consumer-focused That’s all. Now, I want you to think really hard… what limitations currently exist with Web 2.0 that could have prompted the development of Web 3.0? After all, “if it ain’t broke, no one would be fixing it.” Come up with anything yet? Alright, fine, I’ll tell you some (yes, some because I don’t claim to know everything myself, although I do know quite a bit). Let me also mention that it’s only by understanding the current limitations of Web 2.0 that you can truly appreciate Web 3.0 and all that it entails. It’s only then that Web 3 won’t be that vague concept in your head. That said, let’s take a look at the major limitations of Web 2.0: Major Limitations of Web 2.0 #1. Centralization: This is perhaps the most significant limitation of Web 2.0. Remember, from the summary above, I mentioned that Web 2.0 is consumer-focused, at least it was supposed to be. In addition to this, the baseline concept behind the internet is that it gives everyone borderless freedom. Of course, with great power comes great responsibility (yes, that was a Spiderman quote. I love Marvel…deal with it). Anyways, it was always bound to happen that some individuals would misuse this freedom of near-limitless access to information. But this doesn’t really have anything to do with the centralization point, so I’ll just pull the plug here. Back to the point at hand, centralization. Web 2.0 was meant to put power in the hands of the people and give them the freedom to make their own choices… literally. However, if you look around today, you’ll discover that this isn’t the case at all. What we currently have is major corporations controlling vast amounts of web traffic and data. Now, before you say,  “What does this have to do with me?” just think of the implications and risks in terms of privacy, data security, and my personal favorite, censorship. Speaking of privacy, let’s take a look at point 2 #2. Privacy Concerns: Surely you’ve had experiences where you just finished conversing about a particular item you’re interested in with your friend, and then you go online only to start seeing ads related to that specific thing. The reason for this is simple; your devices are actually actively gathering information from you… or, to be more precise, the corporations behind them are. This reminds me of a joke I saw on X some days ago where a particular guy was confused about why the calculator app was asking for microphone permissions. What does it want to do, calculate audibly? Lol. Anyway, if you go through court records, you’ll find cases of sanctions or fines placed against several bigwig institutions repeatedly for data misuse and privacy breaches. Now, I believe in always offering practical examples whenever I can, so here’s one: In 2019, the FTC imposed a $5 Billion penalty on Facebook after finding them guilty of violating privacy restrictions and regulations. You can , but in summary, the gist is about how Facebook has been monetizing user information since 2018, a move that has reportedly earned the company over $55 billion in revenue in that period. read the full gist here I guess now you know why those pesky ads keep popping up no matter where you go. Now, this should make you wonder about the kind of data specifics these corporations and institutions are leaking daily. I’ll stop here before I start sounding like a conspiracy theorist, but to check out. Let’s take one more limitation of Web 2.0. here’s another resource #3. Scalability Issues: Unless you’re really deep into tech, you may not be aware of it right now, but Web 2.0 has serious scalability issues. , the internet population as of October 2023 was about 5.3 billion, and this number is only getting larger by the day. Now, take a moment to consider the level of work an internet infrastructure built in the 2000s is putting in just to match up to user standards. According to Statistica Wait, that’s not all; you’re also already aware that technology has been evolving rapidly over the past few years. It is worth mentioning that now, tech has evolved to the point where there are advancements that Web 2.0 can no longer support due to its scalability issues. Compared to Web 3.0, Web 2.0’s data usage efficiency and AI integration appear clumsy at best. There’s also the fact that data integration and interoperability across services and platforms in Web 2.0 is sorely lacking. I know how you must be feeling now. Suddenly, the current version of the internet isn’t as perfect as it appears to be, right? But remember, it’s still only early days as far as the internet is concerned. Besides, there’s already an upgrade in place—web 3.0. If you agree that Web 3.0 was developed and introduced as a solution to Web 2.0’s issues, and you already know what those issues are, I’ll leave you with a question. Based on all of the above, what exactly is Web 3, and how does it provide solutions to these problems? Find out in the next post. Bye for now.

What the Heck is Web3!?

82 Stories To Learn About Neural Networks

Let's learn about via these 63 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Space /Learn Repo 1. Exodus from Mars Mother Earth, the womb of the solar system. Every other place, foster homes for her unwanted children. What is next? 2. The Impact of Web3 and Blockchain on the Space Industry How can Web3 and Blockchain, two new technologies that are more associated with grifting and scams have anything to do with the space race? 3. Lets Go Beyond Nuclear Fusion and Extract Energy from Blackholes I actually have been thinking about this for many years, and up until recently it has been confirmed. This is nothing new, as cosmologist and thermonuclear physicist Yakov Zeldovich have discussed this nearly half a century ago. 4. The Westall UFO Incident Explained In Under 5 Minutes The Westall UFO [incident] occurred on April 6, 1966, in the Melbourne suburb of Westall, Victoria, Australia. The incident involved multiple reports of... 5. DIY Tutorial: Building a System to Track and Communicate with Satellites in Orbit The purpose of my project is to build a system for tracking satellites in orbit and will make it possible to communicate with the satellites 6. Why Every Company Will Eventually Become a Space Company At some point, every company will become a space company. Sounds stupid at the moment but soon all companies will want to be part of the industry. Here's how. 7. How Twilio Sent Code to Space In a first of its kind mission, Twilio invited participants to launch their code into the stratosphere, and have it run in space. 8. “A robot army isn’t an ideal opponent, but I would have a water gun” Naturally, another good portion of the population would be trying to destroy everything around them for stupidity’s sake. 9. I'll pick up the check - from space! Everyone is all like, don't come back from space Jeff, but let me you tell you something, I am single and ready to mingle. 10. Can Mankind Survive as an Interplanetary Species? Humanity is well on the way to becoming an interplanetary species, but can we overcome the challenges of survival on another planet? 11. With Close to $100 million in Total Sales in Metaverses, NFTs Are Boosting Commerce in Metaverses Space is a 3D virtual world experience which provides its citizens powerful tools to create content, build businesses, interact collaboratively, and own and mon 12. Nominee Paul Bailey is Building the Future of Automated Space Systems Paul Bailey from the United States has been nominated for a 2020 Noonie in the Software Development category. He is a System Architect at CognitiveSpace, a company performing R&D in the field of aerospace engineering. 13. How to Build SpaceX’s Starship The Starship is a reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle (rocket) designed to travel to space with cargo and humans on board. 14. What Is Elon Musk's Deal with Space Colonization and Underpopulation? Elon Musk is just too busy to explain why we should worry more about underpopulation than the overpopulation problem. 15. Videos About Space We Shouldn't Undervalue ▶️ Ok, let's explore a few cool videos that I think a lot of addicted to space people should watch. 16. This Swiss Company is Building a Constellation of Nano-Satellites Astrocast is a company working to provide 100% of global coverage for IoT with an innovative constellation of nano-satellites. 17. Student Spaceshot Rocket Clubs — Part 1 (USA) In the past few years, liquid propulsion and spaceshot rocket clubs have popped up at high schools and colleges worldwide. Let's take a look at some of them. 18. Everything You Need to Know About Nasa's Perseverance Rover NASA's latest and greatest $2.7 Billion rover, Perseverance, was launched on July 30, 2020. It was a huge deal, and you're probably confused as to why. NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab manufactured Percy, and it is expected to land on Mars on February 18, 2021. Though it looks like a tiny robot to the eye, it is the size of an SUV and weighs 1025 kg (2260 lb). Let's start with the purpose of the whole mission. Perseverance serves four purposes. 19. Starship Transformer: Launch And Land Anywhere  Even In Wind The moment SpaceX mastered rocket engine vectoring all kinds of cool new space ship design possibilities suddenly opened. 20. What is SpaceX's Starlink Project? - A Brief Summary SpaceX is preparing to deliver high-speed internet to the world by sending about 30 thousand satellites into the Earth's orbit. 21. Tesla Cybertruck: Built for Mars, Available on Earth Elon Musk is known for his incredibly ambitious, multi-year visions for the future. Tesla’s initial Master Plan, funding cheap vehicles with expensive ones, was realized with the Model 3. Now the Cybertruck is part of a whole new Master Plan that has much more to do with SpaceX than Tesla. You might love the Cybertruck, or you might hate it, but it was never designed for you. Cybertruck was designed to be extremely rugged, Mars rugged. 22. Merging The Galaxies With The Metaverse Space research meets the metaverse using advanced technologies like blockchain, AI, VR and cryptocurrency. Explore multiple use cases of metaverse in space and 23. We Need Some SPACE: What Is Missing From DORA? The SPACE framework offers a holistic approach which takes into account wellbeing, collaboration and satisfaction alongside the usual performance metrics. 24. Fermi Paradox: Is Earth on Quarantine? Someone asks me a year ago about what Fermi Paradox is. And it's not a simple question, especially when you dig deeper. So I'm sharing a list of excellent clips that you might enjoy. Especially with recent news from our science friends - I think this article should be published. 25. Sustainable Agriculture, Space Colonization, And Food Security Challenges As humans colonize space, advances in key agricultural technologies are key to achieving long term survivability and also help Earth at the same time. 26. On MoonDAO's Unending Ambition to Decentralize The Space Industry MoonDAO will stop at nothing to decentralize the space industry, or so it seems, and with a consortium of 1,000 crypto investors throwing 2,620 ETH behind it 27. A Beginner's Guide for Alien Invaders Exclusively on HackerNoon! An original never-before-published science fiction story! 28. The Minkowski's Four-Dimensional Space Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein is part of HackerNoon’s Book Blog Post series. 29. Always Bet Musk's Oxen! Fresh off the Virgin Martian Express, Jackson had a layover at the Blue Origin moon base. He was trying to get to the Starbase Autonomous Zone 30. Why SpaceX’s Historic Starship Flight Wasn't a “Failure” This week, the coverage of one of humanity’s most impressive milestones was reduced to a climax of fire. Starship didn’t fail. Science divulgation, however, might have. 31. The Noonification: Can Mankind Survive as an Interplanetary Species?  (10/20/2022) 10/20/2022: Top 5 stories on the Hackernoon homepage! 32. Advancements in Airplane Tech Could Lead Major Airports to Become Spaceports Hypersonic aviation is going to open up more opportunities than it realises and airports need to be on the ball to become spaceports themselves. 33. Why Netflix’s Squid Game is NOT Close to Reality I'm not thrilled, and I'm far away from being obsessed with Netflix's Squid Game. 34. The Universe is So Big, Aliens Must Exist This Slack discussion by Utsav Jaiswal, Arthur, Patrick Lee (Mentor) and Limarc occurred in hackernoon's official #slogging-beta channel. 35. Spacecraft Engineering Models: How to Migrate UML to TypeQL How to map UML to TypeQL. Read how the European Space Agency migrated their spacecraft engineering models from UML to TypeQL for use in a TypeDB database. 36. Big ‘Earth Observation’ Data: Challenges and Applications As nearly a thousand Earth observation satellites currently orbit the planet, terabytes of remote sensing data and satellite imagery of land, vegetation, water bodies, glaciers, urban landscapes, and other geographic features become available for end users across multiple industries. Modern GIS systems allow the collection of all such geospatial data in one place for a comprehensive analysis of the area under study. 37. SpaceX Starlink Master Plan A parody, not written by Elon Musk 38. The Computational Infrastructure Behind Habidatum Location Risk Score Learn about space-time indexing at scale using quadkeys and clickhouse. 39. UFOs: Five things we can be pretty sure about technologically superior civilizations If we believe in evolution then, however, sophisticated form of life they are. They probably evolved from the simplest life forms  daily fighting for survival. 40. Main Reasons To Build Intelligent Space Stations With An Artificial Gravity It’s been the dream of many space enthusiasts from the 1960s to live in an intelligent artificial gravity space station ever since it was popularized by NASA chief scientist Von Braun and the legendary film: ‘Space Odyssey: 2001’. Unfortunately, generating artificial gravity for astronauts was not a priority for NASA as astronauts were able to reduce some of the impact of weightlessness on their bodies thanks to a ruthless exercise regimen. Further, a ship that contains a centrifuge for generating artificial gravity would be extremely expensive to launch to orbit. So, NASA ended up sticking with a compact and modular station that is more affordable with their budget and that doesn’t deal with weightlessness risk and accepted the risks it posed to astronauts in the international space station. Below is a comprehensive list of health risks astronauts face in the zero-g space station. Weightlessness risks are highlighted in the red box. 41. Quantum Origin, CosmicOS, and Lambda Calculus In regards to Quantum Origin, you may have read my post from June. This is a follow up to it. In our observable universe, it seems infinite in terms of the scale everything is in, whether going on in the micro, nano or cosmic scales and beyond. I followed up on the fact that there are certain mathematical patterns in regards to everything and I'm evidentially wanting to make a theory of everything. Proof in regards to my mathematical proposals in terms of computation would be solving the holy grail of man's biggest questions. While I'm confident in regards to the math and the way things are structured, there are things I have thought about in regards to taking things a step further. 42. About Man's Need to Go to Space Human Expansion: the space industrialization 43. Building a Decentralized and Uncensorable Internet — The Nexus Protocol Building a Decentralized and Uncensorable Internet — The Nexus Protocol 44. NASA Discovers Evidence of ‘Water Worlds’ in Deep Space Scientists have spotted two water worlds, Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 d, that they think could be teeming with water. 45. How Starlink is Disrupting the Internet Starlink, by SpaceX, will provide internet from the constellation of low Earth orbit satellites with low latency and high speed compared to submarine cables. 46. The United States Lost the Space Race With the discovery of water ice on the moon, a self-sufficient base becomes a real possibility. We're going to the moon, but only if some corporation takes us. 47. In Memoriam: the Fallen Defenders of G'oldurree When We Are Gone, Will There Be Anyone to Mourn Our Passing? 48. First-ever Image Of A Multi-planet System Around A Sun-like Star In this thread, the HackerNoon Community discusses their thoughts on scientific evolution, its consequences, and our favorite Hubble images. 49. Spacetex: Clothes Made for Space, the Fiber Behind Gravity Spacetex textile is changing the game in fashion introducing subcategories such as Dystopian Fashion and Techwear. 50. Latin America Seeks its Riches in Space by Reaching Jupiter in 30 Days JOVE is a novel solar-powered mission that will use the solar wind's momentum, speed, and direction as the propulsive thrust to reach Jupiter in 30 days 51. The REAL Life of Pi: Ethereal, Romantic, Mysterious And Completely Memorizing “Probably no symbol in mathematics has evoked as much mystery, romanticism, misconception and human interest as the number Pi” ~William L. Schaaf, Nature and History of Pi. π 52. Space Exploration: New Frontier For Technological Innovations From the earliest known periods of human history, people have always been fascinated by the big yellow ball that provided light and heat, the tiny light dots shimmering in and regularly recurring tailed streaks dashing across the night sky. We wanted to know more about those objects, but the crippling limitations in our knowledge and technology didn’t allow that. 53. Starhopper: The Prototype Of Starship By SpaceX SpaceX is a space exploration company owned by a genius and a visionary Elon Musk who’s also the CEO of Tesla Inc. The main goal of SpaceX is to make space travel and exploration easy and efficient. Throughout the years, Elon Musk has done a lot of amazing things and has stayed completely open to the questions of the people. I think that Elon Musk’s transparency is his best quality. Anyways, let’s take a closer look at the latest advancement of SpaceX. 54. Can Satellites Help Combat Global Warming? In this slogging thread, our technology channel took the chance to discuss this news about the possibility of satellites helping fight global warming. 55. The Ongoing Mars Missions: Are We Ready to Live on the Red Planet? Back in the '60s, we saw the biggest and heated space race to the moon and now we are in the space race to Mars. The coming year is going to bring some exciting news and adventures about life on Mars. NASA is not alone this time either, there are several other space agencies sending Mars missions. But why are these space organizations spending their millions on such missions? Just to know one thing— could humans live on Mars? Does life exist on the red planet? 56. What 2021 Scientific Discovery Excited You the Most? In this slogging thread, our community shared their favorite scientific discoveries of the year. 57. The Long Game in the Space Industry: Why the Need to Transcend Requires Time and Effort Monica’s log, Stardate… I have been wanting to articulate some of my thoughts about the notion of time and effort for the space industry. Allow me to state some of my premises in advance. 58. Houston, We Have a Problem. There’s Not Enough Women on this Spaceship! Celebrate this Intentional Holiday with Girls that Rule the World! 59. The Space Tech Startup Making Our Internet A Better Place With Lasers🖖 Greetings, humans. I remote chat this afternoon with Rohit Jha, the CEO & Co-Founder of Transcelestial Technologies, a startup building light speed communications infrastructure for the next 100 years. 60. Visualizing Asteroids in Python with Bokeh and NASA APIs A GET request to the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) web service on September 18, 2020, returned the above photo of the spiral galaxy Arp 78.  APOD is one of many APIs available through NASA Open APIs.  Like APOD, some include imagery, such as the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) API, which returns images like this: 61. Into Space MANY of my readers will remember the mysterious radio messages which were heard by both amateur and professional short wave operators during the night 62. NexOS, Internet of Things (IoT), And Beyond: Part I Understanding the inspiration and history behind Nexus helps convey the current vision. This is the first of three articles covering pertinent aspects of Nexus’ history in which the context is set for the burgeoning NexOS (Nexus Operating System), and its innovative security principles are introduced. 63. Argentina’s Steady And Visionary Path To Space Is An Inspiring Tale Which path is required for us to reach new worlds? Argentina’s history in the space industry shows an unwavering course of perseverance and resilience. Thank you for checking out the 63 most read stories about Space on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

63 Stories To Learn About Space

223 Stories To Learn About Science

Craig Wright And What The Judges  Said About His Claims

ক্রেগ রাইট এবং বিচারকরা তার দাবি সম্পর্কে কি বলেছেন

Craig Wright und was die Richter zu seinen Ansprüchen sagten

Craig Wright y lo que dijeron los jueces sobre sus afirmaciones

Craig Wright et ce que les juges ont dit à propos de ses allégations

क्रेग राइट और न्यायाधीशों ने उनके दावों के बारे में क्या कहा

クレイグ・ライトと彼の主張について裁判官が言ったこと

크레이그 라이트(Craig Wright)와 판사가 그의 주장에 관해 말한 내용

Craig Wright e o que os juízes disseram sobre suas reivindicações

Крейг Райт и что судьи сказали по поводу его претензий

Craig Wright ve Hakimlerin İddiaları Hakkında Ne Söylediği

Craig Wright và những gì các thẩm phán nói về tuyên bố của ông

克雷格·赖特和法官对他的主张的评价

Stories, News & Mentions about EVIDENTLAW

Evidentlaw’s Stories on HackerNoon