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With more than 140 dApps now integrated into the Rootstock ecosystem and the growing number of users engaging with them, choosing the right wallet becomes crucial for managing assets effectively and securely. This article discusses various wallets compatible with Rootstock, providing insights into their features and compatibility. Wallets that support Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC Beexo Beexo supports Rootsock, BTC, and RBTC, offering both desktop/browser and mobile versions., but no Chrome extension. It provides a seamless and user-friendly payment experience, without complications, to send money globally and securely. Beexo wallet is the first wallet to integrate RIF Relay (formerly RIF Enveloping), a secure sponsored transaction system that allows users to pay transaction fees using ERC-20 tokens. This system enables end users to transact entirely using one asset, eliminating the need to manage a separate asset for gas, similar to traditional finance. Bridge MTPelerin Bridge MTPelerin supports Rootstock, BTC, RBTC, with testnet compatibility for BTC. It offers both desktop/browser and mobile versions, providing flexibility and comprehensive support for users. Depending on the amount of funds there may be a fee for the use of the service. Defiant Defiant is a non-custodial mobile-first wallet supporting Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC. Although it does not offer a Chrome extension or desktop/browser version, its mobile app is well-regarded for its user-friendly interface and robust security features. The Defiant wallet allows users to store, swap, and send crypto and stablecoins from the Bitcoin, Rootstock and Ethereum ecosystems Edge Edge supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC, along with testnet support for BTC and ETH. It offers desktop/browser and mobile versions, providing flexibility for users. Neither Edge nor any 3rd party can access your money or data. You get the financial privacy and autonomy that blockchain was designed for right at your fingertips. Enkrypt Enkrypt is a multichain, non-custodial, and open-source web3 browser wallet that supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC. It is primarily a Chrome extension, and does not offer desktop or mobile versions. Enkrypt allows you to add your Ledger or Trezor hardware wallets with full access to all Enkrypt’s features. The wallet does not charge fees for sending or receiving crypto assets. However, users will have to pay fees for the gas, which is charged by the networks. Exodus Exodus is a multi-asset wallet that supports BTC on Bitcoin & RBTC on Rootstock. It is available as a browser extension, mobile app, and/or desktop app. The wallet is designed to provide a balance of ease of use and security for both beginners and experienced users in the cryptocurrency space. Math Wallet Math Wallet supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC, available across Chrome, desktop, and mobile platforms. Its supported networks include Rootstock, ETH, Polkadot, Near, Solana, Binance Smart Chain, and many more. Its broad compatibility and multichain support make it an excellent choice for users managing multiple assets. Portis Portis provides a seamless experience for BTC, Rootstock, and RBTC users. It is available as a Chrome extension and desktop/browser application, ensuring easy access for users. Its multi-asset support makes it a strong contender for those deeply integrated into the Rootstock ecosystem. SafePal SafePal supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC, with availability as a Chrome extension and mobile app. Its focus on security and ease of use makes it a reliable choice for users seeking robust protection for their assets. Wallby Wallby supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC, available as a mobile app. While it lacks a Chrome extension and desktop/browser versions, its mobile focus ensures ease of use for on-the-go asset management. Wallets that support Rootstock and RBTC, but not BTC BlockWallet Block supports Rootstock and RBTC, available as a Chrome extension. While it lacks desktop/browser and mobile versions, its simplicity and specific focus on Rootstock make it an easy choice for users. Frontier Frontier supports Rootstock and RBTC and is available across Chrome, desktop, and mobile platforms. Its broad compatibility and multi-platform availability make it an appealing choice for users looking for flexibility and ease of access. Taho Taho supports Rootstock and RBTC, and is available as a Chrome extension. While it lacks Bitcoin support and desktop/mobile versions, it serves as a niche option for Rootstock-focused users. This wallet has an integration with Ledger, and allows swaps with no hidden fees. Other wallets in the Rootstock ecosystem Bitget Bitget supports BTC, RBTC, and RIF, and is available as a Chrome extension and mobile app. Its support for Bitcoin and Rootstock makes it a useful tool for users engaged in both ecosystems. MyCrypto MyCrypto, similar to MEW, focuses on RBTC support. It offers a Chrome extension and a desktop/browser version, catering to users who prefer managing their assets on a computer, but no mobile version. The desktop version provides additional methods for accessing a wallet, such as using a mnemonic phrase or a private key. And another fact about MyCrypto wallet is that it supports domain registration on the RIF Naming Service (RNS). Metamask Metamask is one of the most popular multi-chain wallet supporting RBTC, with compatibility for testnets including Ethereum and Rootstock, allowing users to get test RBTC and RIF. It is available as a Chrome extension, desktop application, and mobile app. You can either use the metamask-landing.rifos.org tool to download/install Metamask, and add Rootstock custom network or follow the steps listed in metamask.io. MEW (MyEtherWallet) MEW is well-known in the Ethereum community and also supports RBTC. This wallet is accessible via Chrome and offers an Android app. While it lacks Bitcoin support and desktop/browser versions, it is a reliable choice for RBTC users. What’s next Choosing the right wallet within the Rootstock ecosystem depends on your specific needs and preferences. Whether you prioritize multi-asset support, mobile access, or security features, there is a wallet tailored to your requirements. As the ecosystem continues to grow, staying informed about the latest wallet options will ensure you can manage your assets effectively and securely. Looking for more answers? Join the Rootstock community on Discord to get all your questions answered. With more than 140 dApps now integrated into the Rootstock ecosystem and the growing number of users engaging with them, choosing the right wallet becomes crucial for managing assets effectively and securely. dApps This article discusses various wallets compatible with Rootstock, providing insights into their features and compatibility. Wallets that support Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC Beexo Beexo supports Rootsock, BTC , and RBTC, offering both desktop/browser and mobile versions., but no Chrome extension. It provides a seamless and user-friendly payment experience, without complications, to send money globally and securely. Beexo BTC Beexo wallet is the first wallet to integrate RIF Relay (formerly RIF Enveloping), a secure sponsored transaction system that allows users to pay transaction fees using ERC-20 tokens. This system enables end users to transact entirely using one asset, eliminating the need to manage a separate asset for gas, similar to traditional finance. RIF Relay Bridge MTPelerin Bridge MTPelerin supports Rootstock, BTC , RBTC, with testnet compatibility for BTC. It offers both desktop/browser and mobile versions, providing flexibility and comprehensive support for users. Depending on the amount of funds there may be a fee for the use of the service. Bridge MTPelerin BTC Defiant Defiant is a non-custodial mobile-first wallet supporting Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC. Although it does not offer a Chrome extension or desktop/browser version, its mobile app is well-regarded for its user-friendly interface and robust security features. Defiant The Defiant wallet allows users to store, swap, and send crypto and stablecoins from the Bitcoin, Rootstock and Ethereum ecosystems Edge Edge Edge supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC, along with testnet support for BTC and ETH. It offers desktop/browser and mobile versions, providing flexibility for users. Edge BTC, Neither Edge nor any 3rd party can access your money or data. You get the financial privacy and autonomy that blockchain was designed for right at your fingertips. Enkrypt Enkrypt Enkrypt is a multichain, non-custodial, and open-source web3 browser wallet that supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC. It is primarily a Chrome extension, and does not offer desktop or mobile versions. Enkrypt Enkrypt allows you to add your Ledger or Trezor hardware wallets with full access to all Enkrypt’s features. The wallet does not charge fees for sending or receiving crypto assets. However, users will have to pay fees for the gas, which is charged by the networks. Exodus Exodus Exodus is a multi-asset wallet that supports BTC on Bitcoin & RBTC on Rootstock. It is available as a browser extension, mobile app, and/or desktop app. The wallet is designed to provide a balance of ease of use and security for both beginners and experienced users in the cryptocurrency space. Exodus Math Wallet Math Wallet Math Wallet supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC, available across Chrome, desktop, and mobile platforms. Its supported networks include Rootstock, ETH, Polkadot, Near, Solana, Binance Smart Chain, and many more. Math Wallet Its broad compatibility and multichain support make it an excellent choice for users managing multiple assets. Portis Portis Portis provides a seamless experience for BTC, Rootstock, and RBTC users. It is available as a Chrome extension and desktop/browser application, ensuring easy access for users. Its multi-asset support makes it a strong contender for those deeply integrated into the Rootstock ecosystem. SafePal SafePal SafePal supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC, with availability as a Chrome extension and mobile app. Its focus on security and ease of use makes it a reliable choice for users seeking robust protection for their assets. SafePal Wallby Wallby Wallby supports Rootstock, BTC, and RBTC, available as a mobile app. While it lacks a Chrome extension and desktop/browser versions, its mobile focus ensures ease of use for on-the-go asset management. Wallets that support Rootstock and RBTC, but not BTC Wallets that support Rootstock and RBTC, but not BTC BlockWallet BlockWallet Block supports Rootstock and RBTC, available as a Chrome extension. While it lacks desktop/browser and mobile versions, its simplicity and specific focus on Rootstock make it an easy choice for users. Block Frontier Frontier Frontier supports Rootstock and RBTC and is available across Chrome, desktop, and mobile platforms. Its broad compatibility and multi-platform availability make it an appealing choice for users looking for flexibility and ease of access. Frontier Taho Taho Taho supports Rootstock and RBTC, and is available as a Chrome extension. While it lacks Bitcoin support and desktop/mobile versions, it serves as a niche option for Rootstock-focused users. This wallet has an integration with Ledger, and allows swaps with no hidden fees. Taho Other wallets in the Rootstock ecosystem Bitget Bitget Bitget supports BTC, RBTC, and RIF, and is available as a Chrome extension and mobile app. Its support for Bitcoin and Rootstock makes it a useful tool for users engaged in both ecosystems. Bitget MyCrypto MyCrypto MyCrypto , similar to MEW, focuses on RBTC support. It offers a Chrome extension and a desktop/browser version, catering to users who prefer managing their assets on a computer, but no mobile version. MyCrypto The desktop version provides additional methods for accessing a wallet, such as using a mnemonic phrase or a private key. And another fact about MyCrypto wallet is that it supports domain registration on the RIF Naming Service (RNS) . RIF Naming Service (RNS) Metamask Metamask Metamask is one of the most popular multi-chain wallet supporting RBTC, with compatibility for testnets including Ethereum and Rootstock, allowing users to get test RBTC and RIF. Metamask It is available as a Chrome extension, desktop application, and mobile app. You can either use the metamask-landing.rifos.org tool to download/install Metamask, and add Rootstock custom network or follow the steps listed in metamask.io . metamask-landing.rifos.org metamask.io MEW (MyEtherWallet) MEW (MyEtherWallet) MEW is well-known in the Ethereum community and also supports RBTC. This wallet is accessible via Chrome and offers an Android app. While it lacks Bitcoin support and desktop/browser versions, it is a reliable choice for RBTC users. MEW What’s next What’s next Choosing the right wallet within the Rootstock ecosystem depends on your specific needs and preferences. Whether you prioritize multi-asset support, mobile access, or security features, there is a wallet tailored to your requirements. Choosing the right wallet within the Rootstock ecosystem depends on your specific needs and preferences. Whether you prioritize multi-asset support, mobile access, or security features, there is a wallet tailored to your requirements. As the ecosystem continues to grow, staying informed about the latest wallet options will ensure you can manage your assets effectively and securely. Looking for more answers? Join the Rootstock community on Discord to get all your questions answered. Looking for more answers? Join the Rootstock community on Discord to get all your questions answered. Looking for more answers? Join the Rootstock community on Discord to get all your questions answered. Rootstock community on Discord

A Comprehensive Guide to Wallets Within the Rootstock Ecosystem

রুটস্টক ইকোসিস্টেমের মধ্যে ওয়ালেটের জন্য একটি ব্যাপক নির্দেশিকা

Ein umfassender Leitfaden zu Wallets im Rootstock-Ökosystem

Una guía completa de carteras dentro del ecosistema de portainjertos

Un guide complet des portefeuilles au sein de l'écosystème Rootstock

रूटस्टॉक पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र के भीतर वॉलेट्स के लिए एक व्यापक गाइड

Rootstock エコシステム内のウォレットに関する包括的なガイド

Rootstock 생태계 내 지갑에 대한 종합 가이드

Um guia abrangente para carteiras no ecossistema de porta-enxertos

Комплексное руководство по кошелькам в экосистеме Rootstock

Anaç Ekosistemindeki Cüzdanlara İlişkin Kapsamlı Bir Kılavuz

Hướng dẫn toàn diện về ví trong hệ sinh thái Rootstock

Rootstock 生态系统内钱包的综合指南

Authors:
(1) Simon Kafader, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (simon.kafader@inf.unibe.ch);
(2) Mohammad Ghafari, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (m.ghafari@auckland.ac.nz). Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction
II. Related Work
III. Background and Motivation
IV. FluentCrypto
V. Study Setup
VI. Study Result
VII. Threats to Validity
VIII. Conclusion and References III. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION Node.js is a popular open-source, cross-platform, backend JavaScript runtime environment to build scalable network applications.[1] It provides a built-in library called “crypto” which developers can use to perform cryptographic operations on data. According to the latest survey conducted by the Stack Overflow website in 2020,[2] for the second year in a row, Node.js is a worldwide leader among frameworks. However, to the best of our knowledge, there exists no work in academia to address crypto misuses in this environment. Consider Listing 1 that shows a code example to encrypt data with a private key. We access the cryptography module at line 1. We specify the encryption algorithm i.e., “des”, derive the encryption key using the Scrypt function, and define the initialization vector (iv) at line 2-4, respectively. Instances of the Cipher class are used to encrypt data, and we create and initialize such an instance at line 5. The cipher.update() method performs the actual encryption. It takes three arguments i.e., the data, the input encoding, and the output encoding. We call this method at line 6 to encrypt a piece of “utf-8”-encoded text and store the result in the hex format. In the end, at line 7, we call the cipher.final() method to indicate that the Cipher object is no longer needed and the encryption process is finalized. There are a number of caveats that developers should take into account to ensure that this code and its counterpart for decryption work correctly. For instance, the default string encoding used by the crypto module is utf-8. We also need a key of a certain length, depending on which cipher algorithm we choose for encryption. In this example, the iv and the key must have the same length i.e., number of bytes. If the encoding of the input data is given to the cipher.update() method, the data argument is a string in the specified encoding. Otherwise, data must be a Buffer. Likewise, if the encoding of the output is specified, a string in the specified encoding is returned. Otherwise, a Buffer is returned. Even if we assume that a novice developer will figure out how to write the code in Listing 1 that is functioning, it suffers from a number of security issues. We used Scrypt, a password-based key derivation function, which requires three arguments namely password, salt and the key length to construct the secret key. A salt is combined with the password to avoid producing an identical key for the same password, which substantially lessens the impact of pre-computed hash attacks especially against commonly used passwords[3]. Therefore, salt should be as unique as possible and it is recommended that salt is random and at least 16 bytes long. However, in the example, the salt is a fixed value and does not help in deriving distinct keys. The next security issue concerns the IV whose purpose is to ensure that an identical message encrypted with the same key leads to different encrypted outputs. This requires the IV to be unpredictable and unique; and ideally, cryptographically random so that an attacker cannot predict ahead of time what a given IV will be. Nevertheless, in the example, the IV is always a zero-filled buffer. Finally, DES is no longer a secure algorithm due to its comparatively short key size. We investigated obstacles as well as security risks that are associated with hashing, symmetric and asymmetric encryption in Node.js. We decided to focus on these cryptographic tasks as research as well as our experience show that they are commonly used to secure software systems [4]. It is notable that a developer must have knowledge about, for instance, the choice of algorithm, the correct key and IV generation process, and input and output encoding. Even worse, error messages are sometimes cryptic. For example, by default, Node.js crypto API assumes that the input encoding must be a buffer, and the failure in setting the right character encoding during decryption yields the “error:0606506D:digital envelope routines:EVP_DecryptFinal_ex:wrong final block length” error, which does not guide developers per se toward resolving the issue. It would have been much easier if developers could have just told the API that, for example, they want to encrypt data and then decrypt it later, without necessarily having to search for a (secure) algorithm; understanding how long the key and the IV have to be, and how to generate them securely; and with more useful error messages when something goes wrong. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. [1] https://nodejs.org [2] Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2020 [3] NIST recommendation for password-based key derivation Authors: (1) Simon Kafader, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (simon.kafader@inf.unibe.ch); (2) Mohammad Ghafari, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (m.ghafari@auckland.ac.nz). Authors: Authors: (1) Simon Kafader, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (simon.kafader@inf.unibe.ch); (2) Mohammad Ghafari, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (m.ghafari@auckland.ac.nz). Table of Links Abstract and I. Introduction II. Related Work III. Background and Motivation IV. FluentCrypto V. Study Setup VI. Study Result VII. Threats to Validity VIII. Conclusion and References Abstract and I. Introduction Abstract and I. Introduction II. Related Work II. Related Work III. Background and Motivation III. Background and Motivation IV. FluentCrypto IV. FluentCrypto V. Study Setup V. Study Setup VI. Study Result VI. Study Result VII. Threats to Validity VII. Threats to Validity VIII. Conclusion and References VIII. Conclusion and References III. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION Node.js is a popular open-source, cross-platform, backend JavaScript runtime environment to build scalable network applications.[1] It provides a built-in library called “crypto” which developers can use to perform cryptographic operations on data. According to the latest survey conducted by the Stack Overflow website in 2020,[2] for the second year in a row, Node.js is a worldwide leader among frameworks. However, to the best of our knowledge, there exists no work in academia to address crypto misuses in this environment. Consider Listing 1 that shows a code example to encrypt data with a private key. We access the cryptography module at line 1. We specify the encryption algorithm i.e., “des”, derive the encryption key using the Scrypt function, and define the initialization vector (iv) at line 2-4, respectively. Instances of the Cipher class are used to encrypt data, and we create and initialize such an instance at line 5. The cipher.update() method performs the actual encryption. It takes three arguments i.e., the data, the input encoding, and the output encoding. We call this method at line 6 to encrypt a piece of “utf-8”-encoded text and store the result in the hex format. In the end, at line 7, we call the cipher.final() method to indicate that the Cipher object is no longer needed and the encryption process is finalized. There are a number of caveats that developers should take into account to ensure that this code and its counterpart for decryption work correctly. For instance, the default string encoding used by the crypto module is utf-8. We also need a key of a certain length, depending on which cipher algorithm we choose for encryption. In this example, the iv and the key must have the same length i.e., number of bytes. If the encoding of the input data is given to the cipher.update() method, the data argument is a string in the specified encoding. Otherwise, data must be a Buffer. Likewise, if the encoding of the output is specified, a string in the specified encoding is returned. Otherwise, a Buffer is returned. Even if we assume that a novice developer will figure out how to write the code in Listing 1 that is functioning, it suffers from a number of security issues. We used Scrypt, a password-based key derivation function, which requires three arguments namely password, salt and the key length to construct the secret key. A salt is combined with the password to avoid producing an identical key for the same password, which substantially lessens the impact of pre-computed hash attacks especially against commonly used passwords[3]. Therefore, salt should be as unique as possible and it is recommended that salt is random and at least 16 bytes long. However, in the example, the salt is a fixed value and does not help in deriving distinct keys. The next security issue concerns the IV whose purpose is to ensure that an identical message encrypted with the same key leads to different encrypted outputs. This requires the IV to be unpredictable and unique; and ideally, cryptographically random so that an attacker cannot predict ahead of time what a given IV will be. Nevertheless, in the example, the IV is always a zero-filled buffer. Finally, DES is no longer a secure algorithm due to its comparatively short key size. We investigated obstacles as well as security risks that are associated with hashing, symmetric and asymmetric encryption in Node.js. We decided to focus on these cryptographic tasks as research as well as our experience show that they are commonly used to secure software systems [4]. It is notable that a developer must have knowledge about, for instance, the choice of algorithm, the correct key and IV generation process, and input and output encoding. Even worse, error messages are sometimes cryptic. For example, by default, Node.js crypto API assumes that the input encoding must be a buffer, and the failure in setting the right character encoding during decryption yields the “error:0606506D:digital envelope routines:EVP_DecryptFinal_ex:wrong final block length” error, which does not guide developers per se toward resolving the issue. It would have been much easier if developers could have just told the API that, for example, they want to encrypt data and then decrypt it later, without necessarily having to search for a (secure) algorithm; understanding how long the key and the IV have to be, and how to generate them securely; and with more useful error messages when something goes wrong. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 DEED license. available on arxiv [1] https://nodejs.org [2] Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2020 [3] NIST recommendation for password-based key derivation

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Microsoft und ARM: Eine schwierige Romanze, die sich über ein Jahrzehnt entwickelt hat

Microsoft y ARM: un romance complicado que lleva una década en desarrollo

Microsoft et ARM : une histoire d'amour mouvementée qui dure une décennie

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Microsoft ve ARM: On Yıldır Süregelen Kayalık Bir Romantizm

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微软与 ARM：十年磨一剑的爱情故事

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Gewalterkennung in Videos: Experimente und Ergebnisse

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Videolarda Şiddet Tespiti: Deneyler ve Sonuçlar

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Professional Screenwriters Share Pros and Cons of Co-Writing with AI

পেশাদার চিত্রনাট্যকাররা AI এর সাথে সহ-লেখার সুবিধা এবং অসুবিধাগুলি ভাগ করে নেন৷

Professionelle Drehbuchautoren teilen die Vor- und Nachteile des Co-Writings mit KI

Los guionistas profesionales comparten los pros y los contras de la coescritura con IA

Des scénaristes professionnels partagent les avantages et les inconvénients de la co-écriture avec l'IA

पेशेवर पटकथा लेखक एआई के साथ सह-लेखन के फायदे और नुकसान साझा करते हैं

プロの脚本家がAIとの共同執筆の長所と短所を語る

전문 시나리오 작가들이 공유하는 AI 공동 집필의 장단점

Roteiristas profissionais compartilham prós e contras da co-escrita com IA

Профессиональные сценаристы делятся плюсами и минусами совместного написания сценариев с искусственным интеллектом

Profesyonel Senaristler Yapay Zeka ile Birlikte Yazmanın Artılarını ve Eksilerini Paylaşıyor

Các nhà biên kịch chuyên nghiệp chia sẻ ưu và nhược điểm của việc đồng sáng tác với AI

专业编剧分享与人工智能合作写作的利弊

What Is the Network? A network is a group of two or more connected computing devices. Usually, all devices in the network are connected to a central hub — for instance, a router. A network can also include subnetworks or smaller subdivisions of the network. Subnetworking is how very large networks, such as those provided by ISPs, are able to manage thousands of IP addresses and connected devices. What Happens at the Network Layer? Anything that has to do with inter-network connections takes place at the network layer. This includes setting up the routes for data packets to take, checking to see if a server in another network is up and running, and addressing and receiving IP packets from other networks. This last process is perhaps the most important, as the vast majority of Internet traffic is sent over IP. What Is a Packet? All data sent over the Internet is broken down into smaller chunks called "packets." When Bob sends Alice a message, for instance, his message is broken down into smaller pieces and then reassembled on Alice's computer. A packet has two parts: the header, which contains information about the packet itself, and the body, which is the actual data being sent. At the network layer, networking software attaches a header to each packet when the packet is sent out over the Internet, and on the other end, networking software can use the header to understand how to handle the packet. A header contains information about the content, source, and destination of each packet (somewhat like stamping an envelope with a destination and return address). For example, an IP header contains the destination IP address of each packet, the total size of the packet, an indication of whether or not the packet has been fragmented (broken up into still smaller pieces) in transit, and a count of how many networks the packet has traveled through. What Is the (OSI) Model? (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that divides network communications functions into seven layers OSI Model Application


Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP.



presentation


Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer.



session


Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol).



Transport


Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP.



Network


Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP.



DataLink


Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here.



Physical

Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Layers Layer 1 Devices


Analog Modem


HUB



Layer 2 Devices


Switch


Wireless Access Point (Wap)



Layer 3 Devices

Multi-layer switch
Router Security Devices Firewall
intrusion detection system (IDS)
intrusion presentation system (IPS)
virtual private network (VPN) Optimization And Performance Devices In short, Network Optimization refers to the tools, techniques, and best practices used to monitor and improve network performance. It involves analyzing the network infrastructure, identifying bottlenecks and other performance issues, and implementing solutions to eliminate or mitigate them. Load balancer
Proxy server Networking Services And Application Network services are applications at the network application layer that connect users working in offices, branches, or remote locations to applications and data in a network. These services typically run on servers. VPN Types

site-to-site
host-to-site (remote access)
host-to-host (SSL) Protocol Used By Vpn Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Protocol What Protocols Are Used at the Network Layer? A protocol is an agreed-upon way of formatting data so that two or more devices are able to communicate with and understand each other. A number of different protocols make connections, testing, routing, and encryption possible at the network layer, including: IP (Internet Protocol)
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security)
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)
GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) Resources: https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-the-network-layer/ Thanks for reading. Regards, Elliot :) What Is the Network? What Is the Network? A network is a group of two or more connected computing devices. Usually, all devices in the network are connected to a central hub — for instance, a router . A network can also include subnetworks or smaller subdivisions of the network. Subnetworking is how very large networks, such as those provided by ISPs, are able to manage thousands of IP addresses and connected devices. router subnetworks What Happens at the Network Layer? What Happens at the Network Layer? Anything that has to do with inter-network connections takes place at the network layer. This includes setting up the routes for data packets to take, checking to see if a server in another network is up and running, and addressing and receiving IP packets from other networks. This last process is perhaps the most important, as the vast majority of Internet traffic is sent over IP. What Is a Packet? What Is a Packet? All data sent over the Internet is broken down into smaller chunks called "packets." When Bob sends Alice a message, for instance, his message is broken down into smaller pieces and then reassembled on Alice's computer. A packet has two parts: the header, which contains information about the packet itself, and the body, which is the actual data being sent. At the network layer, networking software attaches a header to each packet when the packet is sent out over the Internet, and on the other end, networking software can use the header to understand how to handle the packet. A header contains information about the content, source, and destination of each packet (somewhat like stamping an envelope with a destination and return address). For example, an IP header contains the destination IP address of each packet, the total size of the packet, an indication of whether or not the packet has been fragmented (broken up into still smaller pieces) in transit, and a count of how many networks the packet has traveled through. IP address What Is the (OSI) Model? What Is the (OSI) Model? (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that divides network communications functions into seven layers OSI Model OSI Model Application


Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP. presentation


Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. session


Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol). Transport


Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP. Network


Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. DataLink


Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Physical

Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Application Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP. Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP. Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP. Data generated by and usable by software applications. The main protocol used at this layer is HTTP . HTTP presentation Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. Data is translated into a form the application can accept. Some authorities consider HTTPS encryption and decryption to take place at this layer. HTTPS encryption session Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol). Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol). Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol). Controls connections between computers (this can also be handled at layer 4 by the TCP protocol ). TCP protocol Transport Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP. Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP. Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP. Provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties, as well as controlling the quality of service. The main protocols used here are TCP and UDP . UDP Network Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. Handles the routing and sending of data between different networks. The most important protocols at this layer are IP and ICMP. DataLink Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Handles communications between devices on the same network. If layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail, then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address. Ethernet is the protocol most used here. Physical Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Packets are converted into electrical, radio, or optical pulses and transmitted as bits (the smallest possible units of information) over wires, radio waves, or cables. Layers Layers Layer 1 Devices


Analog Modem


HUB Layer 2 Devices


Switch


Wireless Access Point (Wap) Layer 3 Devices

Multi-layer switch
Router Layer 1 Devices Analog Modem


HUB Analog Modem HUB Analog Modem Analog Modem HUB HUB Layer 2 Devices Switch


Wireless Access Point (Wap) Switch Wireless Access Point (Wap) Switch Switch Wireless Access Point (Wap) Wireless Access Point (Wap) Layer 3 Devices Multi-layer switch
Router Multi-layer switch Router Multi-layer switch Router Security Devices Security Devices Firewall intrusion detection system (IDS) intrusion presentation system (IPS) virtual private network (VPN) Firewall intrusion detection system (IDS) intrusion presentation system (IPS) virtual private network (VPN) Optimization And Performance Devices Optimization And Performance Devices In short, Network Optimization refers to the tools, techniques, and best practices used to monitor and improve network performance. It involves analyzing the network infrastructure, identifying bottlenecks and other performance issues, and implementing solutions to eliminate or mitigate them. Load balancer Proxy server Load balancer Proxy server Networking Services And Application Networking Services And Application Network services are applications at the network application layer that connect users working in offices, branches, or remote locations to applications and data in a network . These services typically run on servers. applications at the network application layer that connect users working in offices, branches, or remote locations to applications and data in a network VPN Types

site-to-site
host-to-site (remote access)
host-to-host (SSL) VPN Types site-to-site
host-to-site (remote access)
host-to-host (SSL) site-to-site host-to-site (remote access) host-to-host (SSL) site-to-site host-to-site (remote access) host-to-host (SSL) Protocol Used By Vpn Protocol Used By Vpn Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Protocol Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Protocol What Protocols Are Used at the Network Layer? What Protocols Are Used at the Network Layer? A protocol is an agreed-upon way of formatting data so that two or more devices are able to communicate with and understand each other. A number of different protocols make connections, testing, routing, and encryption possible at the network layer, including: IP (Internet Protocol) IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) IP (Internet Protocol) IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) Resources: https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-the-network-layer/ https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/what-is-the-network-layer/ Thanks for reading. Regards, Elliot :)

Network++ Part 1: A Beginner's Guide

Next-Gen FHE Toolchains for the Dev Multiverse: How TFHE Is Taking Us There

দেব মাল্টিভার্সের জন্য নেক্সট-জেন এফএইচই টুলচেইন: হাউ টিএফএইচই আমাদের সেখানে নিয়ে যাচ্ছে

FHE-Toolchains der nächsten Generation für das Dev-Multiversum: Wie TFHE uns dorthin bringt

Cadenas de herramientas FHE de próxima generación para el multiverso de desarrollo: cómo TFHE nos lleva allí

Chaînes d'outils FHE de nouvelle génération pour le multivers de développement : comment TFHE nous y emmène

देव मल्टीवर्स के लिए अगली पीढ़ी के FHE टूलचेन: TFHE हमें वहां कैसे ले जा रहा है

開発マルチバース向けの次世代 FHE ツールチェーン: TFHE が私たちをそこへ導く方法

Dev Multiverse를 위한 차세대 FHE 툴체인: TFHE가 우리를 그곳으로 데려가는 방법

Conjuntos de ferramentas FHE de última geração para o multiverso de desenvolvimento: como o TFHE está nos levando até lá

Инструментальные цепочки нового поколения FHE для мультивселенной разработчиков: как TFHE ведет нас туда

Dev Multiverse için Yeni Nesil FHE Araç Zincirleri: TFHE Bizi Oraya Nasıl Götürüyor?

Chuỗi công cụ FHE thế hệ tiếp theo dành cho Đa vũ trụ Dev: TFHE đang đưa chúng ta đến đó như thế nào

面向 Dev Multiverse 的下一代 FHE 工具链：TFHE 如何带领我们实现这一目标

How Spherex is Tackling Smart Contract Vulnerabilities

স্ফেরেক্স কীভাবে স্মার্ট চুক্তির দুর্বলতাগুলি মোকাবেলা করছে

Wie Spherex Schwachstellen bei Smart Contracts behebt

Cómo Spherex está abordando las vulnerabilidades de los contratos inteligentes

Comment Spherex s'attaque aux vulnérabilités des contrats intelligents

स्फेरेक्स स्मार्ट कॉन्ट्रैक्ट की कमजोरियों से कैसे निपट रहा है

Spherex がスマート コントラクトの脆弱性にどのように取り組んでいるか

Spherex가 스마트 계약 취약점을 해결하는 방법

Como a Spherex está lidando com vulnerabilidades de contratos inteligentes

Как Spherex устраняет уязвимости смарт-контрактов

Spherex Akıllı Sözleşme Güvenlik Açıklarıyla Nasıl Mücadele Ediyor?

Spherex đang xử lý các lỗ hổng hợp đồng thông minh như thế nào

Spherex 如何解决智能合约漏洞

As I sit here, enveloped in the hum of technology and surrounded by the glow of screens, I can't help but feel a sense of excitement and wonder. The concept of a digital and virtual world has captivated imaginations for years, and now, the idea of a metaverse is finally materializing. The metaverse, a virtual realm designed to be immersive, interactive, and shared by countless individuals, was once a staple of science fiction but is now emerging as a tangible reality, thanks to advancements in virtual and augmented reality technologies. My first experience with a VR headset was unforgettable. It felt like stepping into an entirely new dimension, with a profound sense of immersion and presence. Today, with companies like Meta Quest3, Apple Vision Pro, Lenovo ThinkReality VRX, and HTC Vive introducing high-quality VR headsets, VR has transcended its gaming origins and found utility across diverse industries such as healthcare, education, and architecture. The metaverse represents a natural evolution from VR, aspiring to create a fully realized digital domain that transcends the constraints of the physical world. It offers a canvas where social norms and value systems can be reimagined and liberated from the shackles of cultural and economic rigidity. The possibilities are endless - envision a world where one can traverse any landscape and undertake any endeavor. Art has always held a special allure for me, and the advent of NFTs has opened up new possibilities. NFTs, digital assets representing unique items like art, music, or collectibles, are stored on a blockchain, ensuring their scarcity and authenticity. Remarkably, artists can now sell their creations at prices that reflect their value. Gamification is a fundamental aspect of the metaverse, fostering the development of captivating and interactive experiences that drive user engagement and loyalty. Within the metaverse, gamification takes myriad forms, including virtual rewards, challenges, social interactions, and role-playing. It enhances the allure of the metaverse, making it a more enjoyable and immersive environment that beckons people to spend more time within its digital confines. Numerous companies are actively developing products and services for the metaverse, spanning virtual reality headsets, augmented reality devices, smart glasses, game development software, and blockchain-based games. Apple introduced its first spatial computer device, Apple Vision Pro, and is making headway with AR technology. Apple is looking towards a vision of mixed reality. Meta Platforms Inc.: Facebook is known for its social media platforms. Meta rebranded to focus on the metaverse, with plans to create virtual office spaces, shopping, events, travel, and socializing. Microsoft: Microsoft Mesh provides a business function that builds on Microsoft Teams. It allows people to meet virtually through avatars or holograms. Nvidia is developing the NVIDIA Omniverse Cloud, a suite of cloud services for development teams and artists to create and operate metaverse apps. Epic Games: Famous for Fortnite, Epic Games invests in the metaverse, with plans to create virtual social experiences and infrastructure for metaverse avatars. Roblox: A platform where people can play games made by Roblox users, with plans to build a metaverse where people can create avatars in games, purchase items, socialize, and use real voice chat. Unity Software Inc. is a game development software company used by those in the metaverse. It provides software to build and run 2D and 3D games and software to monetize creations. Decentraland is a decentralized virtual reality platform that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications. The Sandbox is a metaverse platform owned by Animoca Brands on which users can create, sell, and own digital assets and experiences. Axie Infinity is a blockchain-based game in which players collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Axes. Battle Infinity: A blockchain-based game that allows players to collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Battle Infinity. Bloktopia: A blockchain-based game that allows players to collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Bloktopia. NFT Worlds allows users to create, buy, and sell NFTs (non-fungible tokens) representing digital assets. Lenovo: It aims to make the ThinkReality VRX headset, focusing on virtual conferencing. The journey toward a digital and virtual world is exhilarating, and I am privileged to be a part of it. The metaverse, NFTs, and gamification represent just the beginning of a transformative era. I eagerly anticipate the unfolding of this journey, whether as an artist, a gamer, or simply an enthusiast of cutting-edge technology. Join me on this journey towards a digital and virtual world. Let's explore the metaverse, NFTs, and gamification together. Who knows what the future holds, but I'm excited to find out. As I sit here, enveloped in the hum of technology and surrounded by the glow of screens, I can't help but feel a sense of excitement and wonder. The concept of a digital and virtual world has captivated imaginations for years, and now, the idea of a metaverse is finally materializing. The metaverse, a virtual realm designed to be immersive, interactive, and shared by countless individuals, was once a staple of science fiction but is now emerging as a tangible reality, thanks to advancements in virtual and augmented reality technologies. As I sit here, enveloped in the hum of technology and surrounded by the glow of screens, I can't help but feel a sense of excitement and wonder. The concept of a digital and virtual world has captivated imaginations for years, and now, the idea of a metaverse is finally materializing. The metaverse, a virtual realm designed to be immersive, interactive, and shared by countless individuals, was once a staple of science fiction but is now emerging as a tangible reality, thanks to advancements in virtual and augmented reality technologies. My first experience with a VR headset was unforgettable. It felt like stepping into an entirely new dimension, with a profound sense of immersion and presence. Today, with companies like Meta Quest3, Apple Vision Pro, Lenovo ThinkReality VRX, and HTC Vive introducing high-quality VR headsets, VR has transcended its gaming origins and found utility across diverse industries such as healthcare, education, and architecture. My first experience with a VR headset was unforgettable. The metaverse represents a natural evolution from VR , aspiring to create a fully realized digital domain that transcends the constraints of the physical world. It offers a canvas where social norms and value systems can be reimagined and liberated from the shackles of cultural and economic rigidity. The possibilities are endless - envision a world where one can traverse any landscape and undertake any endeavor. The metaverse represents a natural evolution from VR Art has always held a special allure for me , and the advent of NFTs has opened up new possibilities. NFTs, digital assets representing unique items like art, music, or collectibles, are stored on a blockchain, ensuring their scarcity and authenticity. Remarkably, artists can now sell their creations at prices that reflect their value. Art has always held a special allure for me Gamification is a fundamental aspect of the metaverse, fostering the development of captivating and interactive experiences that drive user engagement and loyalty. Within the metaverse, gamification takes myriad forms, including virtual rewards, challenges, social interactions, and role-playing. It enhances the allure of the metaverse, making it a more enjoyable and immersive environment that beckons people to spend more time within its digital confines. Gamification is a fundamental aspect of the metaverse, Numerous companies are actively developing products and services for the metaverse, spanning virtual reality headsets, augmented reality devices, smart glasses, game development software, and blockchain-based games. Numerous companies Apple introduced its first spatial computer device, Apple Vision Pro, and is making headway with AR technology. Apple is looking towards a vision of mixed reality. Apple introduced its first spatial computer device, Apple Vision Pro , and is making headway with AR technology. Apple is looking towards a vision of mixed reality. Apple Apple Vision Pro Meta Platforms Inc.: Facebook is known for its social media platforms. Meta rebranded to focus on the metaverse, with plans to create virtual office spaces, shopping, events, travel, and socializing. Meta Platforms Inc. : Facebook is known for its social media platforms. Meta rebranded to focus on the metaverse, with plans to create virtual office spaces, shopping, events, travel, and socializing. Meta Platforms Inc. Meta Platforms Inc. Microsoft: Microsoft Mesh provides a business function that builds on Microsoft Teams. It allows people to meet virtually through avatars or holograms. Microsoft : Microsoft Mesh provides a business function that builds on Microsoft Teams. It allows people to meet virtually through avatars or holograms. Microsoft Microsoft Mesh Nvidia is developing the NVIDIA Omniverse Cloud, a suite of cloud services for development teams and artists to create and operate metaverse apps. Nvidia is developing the NVIDIA Omniverse Cloud , a suite of cloud services for development teams and artists to create and operate metaverse apps. Nvidia NVIDIA Omniverse Cloud Epic Games: Famous for Fortnite, Epic Games invests in the metaverse, with plans to create virtual social experiences and infrastructure for metaverse avatars. Epic Games : Famous for Fortnite, Epic Games invests in the metaverse , with plans to create virtual social experiences and infrastructure for metaverse avatars. Epic Games Epic Games invests in the metaverse Roblox: A platform where people can play games made by Roblox users, with plans to build a metaverse where people can create avatars in games, purchase items, socialize, and use real voice chat. Roblox : A platform where people can play games made by Roblox users, with plans to build a metaverse where people can create avatars in games, purchase items, socialize, and use real voice chat. Roblox build a metaverse Unity Software Inc. is a game development software company used by those in the metaverse. It provides software to build and run 2D and 3D games and software to monetize creations. Unity Software Inc . is a game development software company used by those in the metaverse. It provides software to build and run 2D and 3D games and software to monetize creations. Unity Software Inc Unity Software Inc . Decentraland is a decentralized virtual reality platform that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications. Decentraland is a decentralized virtual reality platform that allows users to create, experience, and monetize content and applications. Decentraland Decentraland The Sandbox is a metaverse platform owned by Animoca Brands on which users can create, sell, and own digital assets and experiences. The Sandbox is a metaverse platform owned by Animoca Brands on which users can create, sell, and own digital assets and experiences. The Sandbox The Sandbox Axie Infinity is a blockchain-based game in which players collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Axes. Axie Infinity is a blockchain-based game in which players collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Axes. Axie Infinity Axie Infinity Battle Infinity: A blockchain-based game that allows players to collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Battle Infinity. Battle Infinity : A blockchain-based game that allows players to collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Battle Infinity. Battle Infinity Battle Infinity Bloktopia: A blockchain-based game that allows players to collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Bloktopia. Bloktopia : A blockchain-based game that allows players to collect, breed, and battle creatures known as Bloktopia. Bloktopia Bloktopia NFT Worlds allows users to create, buy, and sell NFTs (non-fungible tokens) representing digital assets. NFT Worlds allows users to create, buy, and sell NFTs (non-fungible tokens) representing digital assets. NFT Worlds NFT Worlds Lenovo: It aims to make the ThinkReality VRX headset, focusing on virtual conferencing. Lenovo : It aims to make the ThinkReality VRX headset, focusing on virtual conferencing. Lenovo Lenovo The journey toward a digital and virtual world is exhilarating, and I am privileged to be a part of it. The metaverse, NFTs, and gamification represent just the beginning of a transformative era. I eagerly anticipate the unfolding of this journey, whether as an artist, a gamer, or simply an enthusiast of cutting-edge technology. Join me on this journey towards a digital and virtual world. Let's explore the metaverse, NFTs, and gamification together. Who knows what the future holds, but I'm excited to find out. Join me on this journey towards a digital and virtual world. Let's explore the metaverse, NFTs, and gamification together. Who knows what the future holds, but I'm excited to find out.

A Journey Towards Digital and Virtual Worlds

Omnity Network, the first fully on-chain Bitcoin asset hub, plans to provide Bitcoin liquidity and security to any connected chain. The Bitcoin interoperability hub, launched after the Bitcoin halving, was the first protocol to support Runes interoperability with its Red Envelope HOPE YOU GET RICH Runes token ($RICH.) Omnity's omnichain hub is built on the Internet Computer (ICP). ICP's Chain Fusion Technology allows Omnity to read and write directly to the Bitcoin network, sidestepping the congestion and high user fees. Ordinal NFT and Runes asset standards have increased Bitcoin's potential as a general-purpose settlement layer, but these assets can bottleneck the Bitcoin network. Omnity says it has solved this problem without compromising security or decentralization. It is now expanding its scope to include Bitcoin staking and shared security to become the "Liquidity and Security Hub of the Bitcoin Ecosystem." Omnity's novelty lies in its ability to achieve a user experience comparable to trust-based bridges without relying on off-chain witnesses or relayers due to its 100% end-to-end on-chain tech stack. As the liquidity and security hub of the Bitcoin ecosystem, Omnity's goal is to support Bitcoin Shared Security Services for execution chains or Layer-2s (L2s) by providing L2s multibillion-dollar-level security at a modest cost. Any end-user-facing, highly usable blockchain that deals with Bitcoin assets and needs to peg security to the Bitcoin Network could then be connected through Omnity. Armed with ICP's Chain Fusion, Omnity acts as the "bond" between the Bitcoin settlement layer and unlimited execution layers, ready to handle massive transactions because ICP is infinitely scalable. Omnity's roadmap includes the launch of Bitcoin Staking in Q3 2024, followed by Bitcoin Shared Security in Q4 2024. Omnity's Service Nervous System (SNS) governance token, $OT, will also be released in Q4, granting voting rights via $OT SNS staking. The SNS framework is the Internet Computer's built-in solution for creating and maintaining decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) to govern Dapps. Omnity’s SNS DAO shall implement voting rights for determining protocol upgrades, blockchain connections to the Omnity Interoperability Network, and Bitcoin L2 connections to use Omnity's shared security. "We hope that Bitcoin will be the settlement layer for the world economy because it is a common good. No one can control Bitcoin. It's an impartial and non-abusable settlement layer," said Louis Liu, Founder of Omnity. "Similarly, Omnity is an ‘unopinionated infrastructure.’ We don't care what type of blockchain it is. We care about what our users are willing to use. If it can bring some utility, entertainment, or profit to Bitcoin asset holders, Omnity will direct Bitcoin assets to that blockchain." From a technical perspective, Omnity relies on ICP's Bitcoin integration to bring Bitcoin assets, BTC, or Runes to ICP. A dedicated subnet has made ICP an impartible part of the Bitcoin network. Dfinity Foundation has a world-class cryptography research team that supported the development of Chain Key Cryptography, the cornerstone of ICP and the Bitcoin integration, safeguarding assets worth billions in USD. However, connections to all other blockchains rely fully on the Omnity team's extensive experience with IBC Protocol implementations and on-chain light clients. "As the only team to implement IBC-ICS 28 on Rust/Wasm chains, Omnity has transplanted many kinds of on-chain light clients, such as Tendermint, Substrate, and NEAR light clients, to enable trustless interoperability,” says Liu. Omnity can immediately support Tendermint-based, Substrate-based, and Polygon CDK-based blockchains, with plans to include OP stack-based L2s and others. Omnity Network , the first fully on-chain Bitcoin asset hub, plans to provide Bitcoin liquidity and security to any connected chain. The Bitcoin interoperability hub, launched after the Bitcoin halving, was the first protocol to support Runes interoperability with its Red Envelope HOPE YOU GET RICH Runes token ($RICH.) Omnity Network Omnity Network Omnity's omnichain hub is built on the Internet Computer (ICP). ICP's Chain Fusion Technology allows Omnity to read and write directly to the Bitcoin network, sidestepping the congestion and high user fees. Internet Computer Internet Computer Chain Fusion Technology Chain Fusion Technology Ordinal NFT and Runes asset standards have increased Bitcoin's potential as a general-purpose settlement layer, but these assets can bottleneck the Bitcoin network. Omnity says it has solved this problem without compromising security or decentralization. It is now expanding its scope to include Bitcoin staking and shared security to become the "Liquidity and Security Hub of the Bitcoin Ecosystem." Omnity's novelty lies in its ability to achieve a user experience comparable to trust-based bridges without relying on off-chain witnesses or relayers due to its 100% end-to-end on-chain tech stack . As the liquidity and security hub of the Bitcoin ecosystem, Omnity's goal is to support Bitcoin Shared Security Services for execution chains or Layer-2s (L2s) by providing L2s multibillion-dollar-level security at a modest cost. 100% end-to-end on-chain tech stack 100% end-to-end on-chain tech stack Any end-user-facing, highly usable blockchain that deals with Bitcoin assets and needs to peg security to the Bitcoin Network could then be connected through Omnity. Armed with ICP's Chain Fusion, Omnity acts as the "bond" between the Bitcoin settlement layer and unlimited execution layers, ready to handle massive transactions because ICP is infinitely scalable. Omnity's roadmap includes the launch of Bitcoin Staking in Q3 2024, followed by Bitcoin Shared Security in Q4 2024. Omnity's Service Nervous System (SNS) governance token, $OT, will also be released in Q4, granting voting rights via $OT SNS staking. The SNS framework is the Internet Computer's built-in solution for creating and maintaining decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) to govern Dapps. Omnity’s SNS DAO shall implement voting rights for determining protocol upgrades, blockchain connections to the Omnity Interoperability Network, and Bitcoin L2 connections to use Omnity's shared security. Service Nervous System (SNS) Service Nervous System (SNS) "We hope that Bitcoin will be the settlement layer for the world economy because it is a common good. No one can control Bitcoin. It's an impartial and non-abusable settlement layer," said Louis Liu, Founder of Omnity. "Similarly, Omnity is an ‘unopinionated infrastructure.’ We don't care what type of blockchain it is. We care about what our users are willing to use. If it can bring some utility, entertainment, or profit to Bitcoin asset holders, Omnity will direct Bitcoin assets to that blockchain." From a technical perspective, Omnity relies on ICP's Bitcoin integration to bring Bitcoin assets, BTC, or Runes to ICP. A dedicated subnet has made ICP an impartible part of the Bitcoin network. Dfinity Foundation has a world-class cryptography research team that supported the development of Chain Key Cryptography , the cornerstone of ICP and the Bitcoin integration, safeguarding assets worth billions in USD. Dfinity Foundation Dfinity Foundation Chain Key Cryptography Chain Key Cryptography However, connections to all other blockchains rely fully on the Omnity team's extensive experience with IBC Protocol implementations and on-chain light clients. "As the only team to implement IBC-ICS 28 on Rust/Wasm chains, Omnity has transplanted many kinds of on-chain light clients, such as Tendermint, Substrate, and NEAR light clients, to enable trustless interoperability,” says Liu. IBC Protocol IBC Protocol Omnity can immediately support Tendermint-based, Substrate-based, and Polygon CDK-based blockchains, with plans to include OP stack-based L2s and others.

Omnity Network's Fully Onchain Hub Announces Bitcoin Staking and Shared Security

ওমনিটি নেটওয়ার্কের সম্পূর্ণ অনচেইন হাব বিটকয়েন স্টেকিং এবং শেয়ার্ড সিকিউরিটি ঘোষণা করেছে

Der vollständig Onchain-Hub von Omnity Network kündigt Bitcoin-Staking und gemeinsame Sicherheit an

El centro totalmente en cadena de Omnity Network anuncia participación y seguridad compartida de Bitcoin

Le hub entièrement en chaîne d'Omnity Network annonce le jalonnement Bitcoin et la sécurité partagée

ओम्निटी नेटवर्क के पूर्णतः ऑनचेन हब ने बिटकॉइन स्टेकिंग और साझा सुरक्षा की घोषणा की

オムニティネットワークの完全オンチェーンハブがビットコインのステーキングと共有セキュリティを発表

Omnity Network의 완전 온체인 허브, 비트코인 스테이킹 및 공유 보안 발표

Hub Fully Onchain da Omnity Network anuncia piquetagem de Bitcoin e segurança compartilhada

Полностью ончейн-концентратор Omnity Network объявляет о стейкинге биткойнов и общей безопасности

Omnity Network'ün Tamamen Zincir Üzerindeki Merkezi, Bitcoin Staking ve Paylaşımlı Güvenliği Duyurdu

Trung tâm Onchain hoàn chỉnh của Omnity Network công bố đặt cọc Bitcoin và bảo mật chia sẻ

Omnity Network 的 Fully Onchain Hub 宣布推出比特币质押和共享安全

NFT Gaming, Crypto's Role in AGI, and Web3 Future: A Deep-Dive with Chris Trew of Stratis

Transcendence Book 9: Far-skies

Authors:
(1) Tamay Aykut, Sureel, Palo Alto, California, USA;
(2) Markus Hofbauer, Technical University of Munich, Germany;
(3) Christopher Kuhn, Technical University of Munich, Germany;
(4) Eckehard Steinbach, Technical University of Munich, Germany;
(5) Bernd Girod, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Related Works Virtual Audience Framework Conclusions & References II. RELATED WORK In this section, we summarize techniques for synthesizing acoustic audience feedback. Then, we give an overview of how integrating audience feedback in virtual events is handled currently. A. Sound Synthesis Traditional sound synthesis techniques can be separated into five categories: sample-based, physical modeling, signal modeling,abstract synthesis [9], and learning-based synthesis. More recently, deep-learning-based synthesis approaches have redefined the possibilities in sound synthesis [8]. In sample-based synthesis, audio recordings are cut and spliced together to produce new sounds. The most common example of this is granular synthesis [10]. A sound grain is generally a small element or component of a sound, typically between 10 ms to 200 ms in length. Concatenative synthesis is a subset of granular synthesis [11]. The goal is to select and recombine the grains in a way that avoids perceivable discontinuities. Instead of using prerecorded audio data, physical modeling synthesis aims to model the underlying physical process of a sound system. Physical models require solving partial differential equations for each sample [12]. The resulting models are computationally intensive, requiring significant GPU resources to run in real time [13], [14]. In signal modeling synthesis, sounds are created based on an analysis of real-world sounds. The analyzed waveform is then used for synthesis. The most common method of signal modeling synthesis is Spectral Modeling Synthesis [15]. Spectral modeling can be approached by analyzing the original audio file, selecting a series of sine waves to be used for synthesis, and then combining it with a residual noise shape to produce the original sound [16]. In abstract synthesis, sounds are obtained using abstract methods and algorithms, typically to create entirely new sounds. An example is Frequency Modulation (FM) synthesis [17]. Two sine waves are multiplied together to create a more complex, richer sound that might not exist in the natural world. Early video game sounds were often based on FM synthesis. These sounds can be created and controlled in realtime due to the low complexity of the required process. Finally, in deep-learning-based synthesis, large amounts of recordings are used to obtain a sound synthesis model in a data-driven way [18], [19]. Autoencoders have shown great promise for this task [20], both for music [21] and speech synthesis [22]. Architectures such as WaveNet [3] allow to learn a generative synthesis model directly from real-world recordings, generating significantly more natural sounds than parametric systems. While such models are complex and computationally expensive, recent architectures have increased the inference speed [23], [24], [25]. In 2023, Meta released Audiocraft, which includes text-to-sound systems such as AudioGen [8] or MusicGen [26]. These models allow turning natural text into arbitrary sound, or into music. For the proposed framework, this flexible language-based approach allows easily turning abstract audience feedback data into sound by turning the abstract data into a text prompt first. B. Acoustic Feedback Synthesis Next, we address specific implementations of sound synthesis for creating the most common acoustic feedback sounds of clapping, whistling, booing, and laughter. Since the physical mechanism of Clapping is straightforward, synthesizing clapping sounds can be approached using physical modeling [27]. Whistling can be approached using abstract FM synthesis [28]. Booing can be generated using both abstract or sample-based synthesis [29]. The most complex and challenging sound to synthesize in a virtual audience is Laughter. Since an individual laughter is already a complex sound and additionally varies significantly from person to person, the most promising approaches for laughter synthesis are based on deep learning. Mori et al. [30] used WaveNet [3] to generate synthetic laughter that outperformed laughter synthesized using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). They used the Online Gaming Voice Chat Corpus [31] to condition WaveNet, allowing them to control the amplitude envelope of the synthesized laughter. Despite the improved naturalness, the resulting laughter was still largely perceived as noisy and echoic. Another approach used transfer learning from models trained with speech data to circumvent the problem of lack of laughter training data [6]. First, text-to-speech is trained and then fine-tuned with smiled speech and laughter data. MelGAN [32] is used to obtain the output waveform. Finally, generative artificial intelligence methods such as Generative Spoken Language Modeling [33] or AudioGen [8] can be used to generate laughter from text prompt. Fine-tuning these models specifically for laughter is a promising direction for natural-sounding laughter synthesis. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. Authors: (1) Tamay Aykut, Sureel, Palo Alto, California, USA; (2) Markus Hofbauer, Technical University of Munich, Germany; (3) Christopher Kuhn, Technical University of Munich, Germany; (4) Eckehard Steinbach, Technical University of Munich, Germany; (5) Bernd Girod, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. Authors: Authors: (1) Tamay Aykut, Sureel, Palo Alto, California, USA; (2) Markus Hofbauer, Technical University of Munich, Germany; (3) Christopher Kuhn, Technical University of Munich, Germany; (4) Eckehard Steinbach, Technical University of Munich, Germany; (5) Bernd Girod, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Abstract & Introduction Related Works Related Works Virtual Audience Framework Virtual Audience Framework Conclusions & References Conclusions & References II. RELATED WORK In this section, we summarize techniques for synthesizing acoustic audience feedback. Then, we give an overview of how integrating audience feedback in virtual events is handled currently. A. Sound Synthesis A. Sound Synthesis Traditional sound synthesis techniques can be separated into five categories: sample-based, physical modeling, signal modeling,abstract synthesis [9], and learning-based synthesis. More recently, deep-learning-based synthesis approaches have redefined the possibilities in sound synthesis [8]. In sample-based synthesis, audio recordings are cut and spliced together to produce new sounds. The most common example of this is granular synthesis [10]. A sound grain is generally a small element or component of a sound, typically between 10 ms to 200 ms in length. Concatenative synthesis is a subset of granular synthesis [11]. The goal is to select and recombine the grains in a way that avoids perceivable discontinuities. Instead of using prerecorded audio data, physical modeling synthesis aims to model the underlying physical process of a sound system. Physical models require solving partial differential equations for each sample [12]. The resulting models are computationally intensive, requiring significant GPU resources to run in real time [13], [14]. In signal modeling synthesis, sounds are created based on an analysis of real-world sounds. The analyzed waveform is then used for synthesis. The most common method of signal modeling synthesis is Spectral Modeling Synthesis [15]. Spectral modeling can be approached by analyzing the original audio file, selecting a series of sine waves to be used for synthesis, and then combining it with a residual noise shape to produce the original sound [16]. In abstract synthesis, sounds are obtained using abstract methods and algorithms, typically to create entirely new sounds. An example is Frequency Modulation (FM) synthesis [17]. Two sine waves are multiplied together to create a more complex, richer sound that might not exist in the natural world. Early video game sounds were often based on FM synthesis. These sounds can be created and controlled in realtime due to the low complexity of the required process. Finally, in deep-learning-based synthesis, large amounts of recordings are used to obtain a sound synthesis model in a data-driven way [18], [19]. Autoencoders have shown great promise for this task [20], both for music [21] and speech synthesis [22]. Architectures such as WaveNet [3] allow to learn a generative synthesis model directly from real-world recordings, generating significantly more natural sounds than parametric systems. While such models are complex and computationally expensive, recent architectures have increased the inference speed [23], [24], [25]. In 2023, Meta released Audiocraft, which includes text-to-sound systems such as AudioGen [8] or MusicGen [26]. These models allow turning natural text into arbitrary sound, or into music. For the proposed framework, this flexible language-based approach allows easily turning abstract audience feedback data into sound by turning the abstract data into a text prompt first. B. Acoustic Feedback Synthesis B. Acoustic Feedback Synthesis Next, we address specific implementations of sound synthesis for creating the most common acoustic feedback sounds of clapping, whistling, booing, and laughter. Since the physical mechanism of Clapping is straightforward, synthesizing clapping sounds can be approached using physical modeling [27]. Whistling can be approached using abstract FM synthesis [28]. Booing can be generated using both abstract or sample-based synthesis [29]. The most complex and challenging sound to synthesize in a virtual audience is Laughter. Since an individual laughter is already a complex sound and additionally varies significantly from person to person, the most promising approaches for laughter synthesis are based on deep learning. Mori et al. [30] used WaveNet [3] to generate synthetic laughter that outperformed laughter synthesized using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). They used the Online Gaming Voice Chat Corpus [31] to condition WaveNet, allowing them to control the amplitude envelope of the synthesized laughter. Despite the improved naturalness, the resulting laughter was still largely perceived as noisy and echoic. Another approach used transfer learning from models trained with speech data to circumvent the problem of lack of laughter training data [6]. First, text-to-speech is trained and then fine-tuned with smiled speech and laughter data. MelGAN [32] is used to obtain the output waveform. Finally, generative artificial intelligence methods such as Generative Spoken Language Modeling [33] or AudioGen [8] can be used to generate laughter from text prompt. Fine-tuning these models specifically for laughter is a promising direction for natural-sounding laughter synthesis. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. This paper is available on arxiv under CC 4.0 license. available on arxiv

Related Works on Acoustic Audience Feedback in Large Virtual Events

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