Dubbed the “finance COP,” the gathering in Baku is supposed to address the vast climate-finance gap faced by developing countries. Developed economies agreed to meet a US$100 billion annual target by 2020.

COP29 must deliver the goods | Opinion | Eco-Business | Asia Pacific

To achieve global climate goals, we can no longer ignore the people most exposed to the dire consequences of rising temperatures. As developed countries set new climate-finance targets at COP29, they should also devise more inclusive financial services

Inclusive finance is the key to climate action | Opinion | Eco-Business | Asia Pacific

By Alex Korotkov, CEO @ PineOx.com Hello, everyone. My name is Alex Korotkov. I'm a serial startup founder. I've developed several social apps previously with millions of Daily Active Users, including apps for Fox Sports, Liverpool FC, PSG, RMC Sport, and more. Also, I was an internationally acknowledged political prisoner in Belarus, and that's why I chose to start a startup in the social sphere. Despite the technological and chemical advancements of the last decades, 99.9% of CO2 extraction from the atmosphere still relies on trees and soil. This fundamental reality underpins our mission at PineOx, where we harness the power of technology not to replace, but to amplify these natural processes. Our approach is simple yet profound: facilitate tree planting on a massive scale to combat climate change effectively. As the CEO of PineOx and a software developer with over a decade of experience in creating apps, I have directed our efforts toward developing a platform that empowers individuals worldwide to participate in environmental preservation. Our application not only makes it easier for anyone to contribute to stopping climate change but also ensures that their efforts are transparent and impactful. Tech-Driven Solutions At PineOx, we leverage emerging technologies to enhance our tree-planting efforts. These technologies allow us to track the growth and carbon sequestration impact of each tree, ensuring every participant can see the tangible results of their contributions. We initiated PineOx because polls showed a significant increase in demand for solutions that enable widespread participation in climate action. The services currently available on the market, primarily from non-profits, lack the transparency and social components necessary for a B2C tool to succeed. By filling this gap, we aim to engage as many people as possible in becoming more environmentally responsible. Every tree planted through our app comes with a digital twin, represented by an image and location data. This feature allows our users to verify the progress of their seedlings either by visiting the planting sites or by viewing satellite imagery available on platforms like Google Maps. Engagement Through Innovation One of our core challenges is differentiating ourselves in a crowded market. At PineOx, we bet on a unique and engaging user experience through simple yet unorthodox mechanics. Users engage with our platform by completing sustainability quizzes, and PineOx commits to planting a real tree for every two quizzes completed. We then send the user an image and location of the planted tree, thus maintaining a transparent and direct connection between our users' actions and their environmental impact. Our app educates users about their CO2 footprint through an intuitive interface that calculates their annual emissions. We then translate these figures into the number of trees needed to offset their footprint, usually one tree every 7-14 days, depending on their lifestyle habits. This educational tool has surprised many of our users, who often don't realize the extent of their impact on the environment. To keep users engaged and informed about the importance of their contributions, especially during significant events like Earth Day, PineOx sends push notifications reminding them to plant more trees to maintain their CO2 neutrality. This reminder is not just a nudge; it's an invitation to participate further in quizzes that deepen their understanding of their environmental impact. Future Outlook Looking forward, PineOx is committed to expanding our technological capabilities to further enhance our environmental impact. Our future roadmap includes integrating more advanced digital solutions to enable broader participation in tree planting, addressing the urgent need to counteract rapid deforestation. By focusing on scalable solutions, PineOx aims to plant billions of trees each year, bridging the gap between deforestation and reforestation rates and ensuring a healthier planet for future generations. This story was distributed under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. By Alex Korotkov, CEO @ PineOx.com By Alex Korotkov, CEO @ PineOx.com By Alex Korotkov, CEO @ PineOx.com Hello, everyone. My name is Alex Korotkov. I'm a serial startup founder. I've developed several social apps previously with millions of Daily Active Users, including apps for Fox Sports, Liverpool FC, PSG, RMC Sport, and more. Also, I was an internationally acknowledged political prisoner in Belarus, and that's why I chose to start a startup in the social sphere. Despite the technological and chemical advancements of the last decades, 99.9% of CO2 extraction from the atmosphere still relies on trees and soil. This fundamental reality underpins our mission at PineOx, where we harness the power of technology not to replace, but to amplify these natural processes. Our approach is simple yet profound: facilitate tree planting on a massive scale to combat climate change effectively. As the CEO of PineOx and a software developer with over a decade of experience in creating apps, I have directed our efforts toward developing a platform that empowers individuals worldwide to participate in environmental preservation. Our application not only makes it easier for anyone to contribute to stopping climate change but also ensures that their efforts are transparent and impactful. Tech-Driven Solutions Tech-Driven Solutions At PineOx, we leverage emerging technologies to enhance our tree-planting efforts. These technologies allow us to track the growth and carbon sequestration impact of each tree, ensuring every participant can see the tangible results of their contributions. We initiated PineOx because polls showed a significant increase in demand for solutions that enable widespread participation in climate action. The services currently available on the market, primarily from non-profits, lack the transparency and social components necessary for a B2C tool to succeed. By filling this gap, we aim to engage as many people as possible in becoming more environmentally responsible. Every tree planted through our app comes with a digital twin, represented by an image and location data. This feature allows our users to verify the progress of their seedlings either by visiting the planting sites or by viewing satellite imagery available on platforms like Google Maps. Engagement Through Innovation Engagement Through Innovation One of our core challenges is differentiating ourselves in a crowded market. At PineOx, we bet on a unique and engaging user experience through simple yet unorthodox mechanics. Users engage with our platform by completing sustainability quizzes, and PineOx commits to planting a real tree for every two quizzes completed. We then send the user an image and location of the planted tree, thus maintaining a transparent and direct connection between our users' actions and their environmental impact. Our app educates users about their CO2 footprint through an intuitive interface that calculates their annual emissions. We then translate these figures into the number of trees needed to offset their footprint, usually one tree every 7-14 days, depending on their lifestyle habits. This educational tool has surprised many of our users, who often don't realize the extent of their impact on the environment. To keep users engaged and informed about the importance of their contributions, especially during significant events like Earth Day, PineOx sends push notifications reminding them to plant more trees to maintain their CO2 neutrality. This reminder is not just a nudge; it's an invitation to participate further in quizzes that deepen their understanding of their environmental impact. Future Outlook Future Outlook Looking forward, PineOx is committed to expanding our technological capabilities to further enhance our environmental impact. Our future roadmap includes integrating more advanced digital solutions to enable broader participation in tree planting, addressing the urgent need to counteract rapid deforestation. By focusing on scalable solutions, PineOx aims to plant billions of trees each year, bridging the gap between deforestation and reforestation rates and ensuring a healthier planet for future generations. This story was distributed under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here. This story was distributed under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here . here

Tech-Driven Tree Planting: How PineOx Moves Beyond Traditional Methods

টেক-চালিত বৃক্ষ রোপণ: কিভাবে PineOx প্রথাগত পদ্ধতির বাইরে চলে যায়

Technologiegestützte Baumpflanzung: Wie PineOx über traditionelle Methoden hinausgeht

Plantación de árboles impulsada por la tecnología: cómo PineOx va más allá de los métodos tradicionales

Plantation d'arbres basée sur la technologie : comment PineOx va au-delà des méthodes traditionnelles

तकनीक-संचालित वृक्षारोपण: पाइनऑक्स कैसे पारंपरिक तरीकों से आगे बढ़ता है

テクノロジーを活用した植樹: PineOx が従来の方法を超える方法

기술 중심 나무 심기: PineOx가 전통적인 방법을 뛰어넘는 방법

Plantio de árvores baseado em tecnologia: como o PineOx vai além dos métodos tradicionais

Посадка деревьев на основе технологий: как PineOx выходит за рамки традиционных методов

Teknoloji Odaklı Ağaç Dikimi: PineOx Geleneksel Yöntemlerin Ötesine Nasıl Geçiyor?

Trồng cây dựa trên công nghệ: PineOx vượt xa các phương pháp truyền thống như thế nào

科技驱动的植树：PineOx 如何超越传统方法

The TechBeat: Lumoz RaaS Introduces Layer 2 Solution on Move Ecosystem (11/22/2024)

Many crypto enthusiasts are on the hunt for the next “100x gem.” While it’s possible to find one, most people lose funds long before they do. Maybe if they opened their eyes and saw the behemoth right in front of them, they’d still have skin in the game. In 2024, well over a decade after its initial launch, Bitcoin is still untouched in terms of its influence and market position in the cryptocurrency space. Since 2016, other infrastructures like Ethereum and Solana have gained momentum in recent times through the introduction of smart contracts, NFTs, and more. However, the Bitcoin ecosystem has followed suit wherever it could thanks to additions such as the lightning network, runes, and ordinals. In a recent in-depth interview with Markus Bopp, the CEO of Tap Protocol, I explored the nuances, benefits, and challenges of these latest developments to unravel what the future truly holds for the BTC ecosystem. Let’s get to it. Understanding native bitcoin assets In simple terms, native bitcoin assets refer to applications and digital assets built directly on the so-called Layer 1 network of Bitcoin. As such, these don’t include third party networks such as Wormhole, where only wrapped BTC are used. These assets are inherently tied to Bitcoin's infrastructure, benefiting from its decentralization and immutability. Examples include using Bitcoin's Script language to create simple smart contracts or leveraging existing transaction types to develop new asset classes. In contrast, building alongside Bitcoin involves creating Layer 2 solutions, sidechains, or even forking Bitcoin's codebase to develop new, independent blockchains (which for example has previously happened with Bitcoin Cash, BSV, and Bitcoin Gold). Layer 2 solutions can provide more flexibility and functionalities, such as complex smart contracts and faster transaction times. However, they also come with unique challenges, particularly regarding security and asset traceability. “In terms of assets, the origin matters. Doesn’t matter if it’s for collectibles or NFTs. For assets that originate on an L2, tracing their origin can be challenging if the L2 ceases to exist. While you could argue that bridging these assets back to Bitcoin could solve the problem, you'd still need to recover the L2 protocol that created these assets. With multiple L2s, the likelihood of losing track of their origins becomes pretty high,” according to Bopp. The benefits of building on the Bitcoin blockchain Bitcoin's blockchain has historically been a hotbed of innovation. By building on Bitcoin, developers can create entirely new asset classes that are virtually unparalleled in security and exposure. After all, the biggest benefit of the Bitcoin network is its enormous size and security –its extensive decentralization ensures that assets remain virtually unhackable (e.g. through double spending attacks), making it an ideal platform for long-term projects. “This approach opens up tons of opportunities for consumers and miners. Many of them are finding new ways to take advantage of these options,” stated Bopp. The drawbacks Despite its advantages, building on Bitcoin does come with quite a few challenges. Many essential tools and products are yet to be developed, which can slow adoption and limit possibilities compared to more established platforms like Ethereum. Bitcoin's relatively simple scripting language lacks the capabilities of more advanced smart contract platforms. This can make developing complex dApps directly on Bitcoin more difficult. Moreover, unlike Ethereum, which generates a new block every 10-20 seconds, Bitcoin's slower block time of roughly 10 minutes can be a major drawback for time-sensitive use cases. While this ensures greater security, it may not be a dealbreaker for some developers. However, the Bopp said there is a flip side. “This might not be a real negative, as it allows new ecosystems to develop and new discoveries to be made.” The case for native Bitcoin assets Native Bitcoin assets offer superior security and traceability compared to those built on sidechains or L2 solutions. This makes them more reliable for long-term value storage and regulatory compliance. Developers can leverage its established security, decentralization, and regulatory standing by building directly on Bitcoin. This reduces risks and enhances the credibility of the assets created. “Bitcoin lacks native smart contract support. I can’t argue that. And yes, it has slower block finality. But building on Bitcoin as a platform remains advantageous. Building on the native chain is important since many L1-based products should inherit the regulatory characteristics already applied to Bitcoin,” according to Bopp. Given Bitcoin's established status and ongoing development, assets built on its blockchain are more likely to withstand the test of time, offering a safer investment for the future. The Growing Popularity of Bitcoin L2 Solutions Layer 2 solutions are gaining traction for their ability to address Bitcoin's scalability and speed issues. Technologies like the Lightning Network enable faster transactions and lower fees, making Bitcoin more practical for everyday use. But with Tap Protocol, it’s unnecessary. Tap’s solution enables smart contract development directly on the Bitcoin ecosystem without needing a Layer 2 built on top of it. “Tap Protocol created smart contract capability to take something DeFi users love and make it possible on the Bitcoin chain,” said Bopp. Bitcoin Is Still the Future of Finance and Innovation Bitcoin remains a foundational pillar in the evolving landscape of blockchain technology and digital finance. Its network offers unparalleled security and traceability for assets built directly on its blockchain. Tap Protocol’s developers have found the answer to one of the ecosystem’s biggest challenges with their product: enabling the use of smart contracts directly on Bitcoin’s blockchain. No sidechain or L2 is needed. The emerging tech and teams working on these solutions underscore Bitcoin's flexibility and ongoing potential to adapt and grow. As native Bitcoin assets and alternative blockchain solutions continue to develop, Bitcoin's established regulatory framework and foundational strengths ensure its continued relevance and prominence in the financial industry. Many crypto enthusiasts are on the hunt for the next “100x gem.” While it’s possible to find one, most people lose funds long before they do. Maybe if they opened their eyes and saw the behemoth right in front of them, they’d still have skin in the game. Many crypto enthusiasts are on the hunt for the next “100x gem.” While it’s possible to find one, most people lose funds long before they do. Maybe if they opened their eyes and saw the behemoth right in front of them , they’d still have skin in the game. behemoth right in front of them behemoth right in front of them In 2024, well over a decade after its initial launch, Bitcoin is still untouched in terms of its influence and market position in the cryptocurrency space. Since 2016, other infrastructures like Ethereum and Solana have gained momentum in recent times through the introduction of smart contracts, NFTs, and more. However, the Bitcoin ecosystem has followed suit wherever it could thanks to additions such as the lightning network, runes, and ordinals. In a recent in-depth interview with Markus Bopp, the CEO of Tap Protocol, I explored the nuances, benefits, and challenges of these latest developments to unravel what the future truly holds for the BTC ecosystem. Let’s get to it. Understanding native bitcoin assets Understanding native bitcoin assets In simple terms, native bitcoin assets refer to applications and digital assets built directly on the so-called Layer 1 network of Bitcoin. As such, these don’t include third party networks such as Wormhole, where only wrapped BTC are used. These assets are inherently tied to Bitcoin's infrastructure, benefiting from its decentralization and immutability. Examples include using Bitcoin's Script language to create simple smart contracts or leveraging existing transaction types to develop new asset classes. In contrast, building alongside Bitcoin involves creating Layer 2 solutions , sidechains, or even forking Bitcoin's codebase to develop new, independent blockchains (which for example has previously happened with Bitcoin Cash, BSV, and Bitcoin Gold). creating Layer 2 solutions creating Layer 2 solutions Layer 2 solutions can provide more flexibility and functionalities, such as complex smart contracts and faster transaction times. However, they also come with unique challenges, particularly regarding security and asset traceability. “In terms of assets, the origin matters. Doesn’t matter if it’s for collectibles or NFTs. For assets that originate on an L2, tracing their origin can be challenging if the L2 ceases to exist. While you could argue that bridging these assets back to Bitcoin could solve the problem, you'd still need to recover the L2 protocol that created these assets. With multiple L2s, the likelihood of losing track of their origins becomes pretty high,” according to Bopp. The benefits of building on the Bitcoin blockchain The benefits of building on the Bitcoin blockchain Bitcoin's blockchain has historically been a hotbed of innovation. By building on Bitcoin, developers can create entirely new asset classes that are virtually unparalleled in security and exposure. After all, the biggest benefit of the Bitcoin network is its enormous size and security –its extensive decentralization ensures that assets remain virtually unhackable (e.g. through double spending attacks), making it an ideal platform for long-term projects. “This approach opens up tons of opportunities for consumers and miners. Many of them are finding new ways to take advantage of these options,” stated Bopp. The drawbacks The drawbacks Despite its advantages, building on Bitcoin does come with quite a few challenges. Many essential tools and products are yet to be developed, which can slow adoption and limit possibilities compared to more established platforms like Ethereum. Bitcoin's relatively simple scripting language lacks the capabilities of more advanced smart contract platforms. This can make developing complex dApps directly on Bitcoin more difficult. Bitcoin's relatively simple scripting language Bitcoin's relatively simple scripting language Moreover, unlike Ethereum, which generates a new block every 10-20 seconds, Bitcoin's slower block time of roughly 10 minutes can be a major drawback for time-sensitive use cases. While this ensures greater security, it may not be a dealbreaker for some developers. However, the Bopp said there is a flip side. “This might not be a real negative, as it allows new ecosystems to develop and new discoveries to be made.” The case for native Bitcoin assets The case for native Bitcoin assets Native Bitcoin assets offer superior security and traceability compared to those built on sidechains or L2 solutions. This makes them more reliable for long-term value storage and regulatory compliance. Developers can leverage its established security, decentralization, and regulatory standing by building directly on Bitcoin. This reduces risks and enhances the credibility of the assets created. “Bitcoin lacks native smart contract support. I can’t argue that. And yes, it has slower block finality. But building on Bitcoin as a platform remains advantageous. Building on the native chain is important since many L1-based products should inherit the regulatory characteristics already applied to Bitcoin,” according to Bopp. Given Bitcoin's established status and ongoing development, assets built on its blockchain are more likely to withstand the test of time, offering a safer investment for the future. The Growing Popularity of Bitcoin L2 Solutions The Growing Popularity of Bitcoin L2 Solutions Layer 2 solutions are gaining traction for their ability to address Bitcoin's scalability and speed issues. Technologies like the Lightning Network enable faster transactions and lower fees, making Bitcoin more practical for everyday use. But with Tap Protocol, it’s unnecessary. Tap’s solution enables smart contract development directly on the Bitcoin ecosystem without needing a Layer 2 built on top of it. “Tap Protocol created smart contract capability to take something DeFi users love and make it possible on the Bitcoin chain,” said Bopp. Bitcoin Is Still the Future of Finance and Innovation Bitcoin Is Still the Future of Finance and Innovation Bitcoin remains a foundational pillar in the evolving landscape of blockchain technology and digital finance. Its network offers unparalleled security and traceability for assets built directly on its blockchain. Tap Protocol’s developers have found the answer to one of the ecosystem’s biggest challenges with their product: enabling the use of smart contracts directly on Bitcoin’s blockchain. No sidechain or L2 is needed. The emerging tech and teams working on these solutions underscore Bitcoin's flexibility and ongoing potential to adapt and grow. As native Bitcoin assets and alternative blockchain solutions continue to develop, Bitcoin's established regulatory framework and foundational strengths ensure its continued relevance and prominence in the financial industry.

Exploring Native Bitcoin Ecosystem Assets vs Alternatives 

Inside WeFi: Exploring the $WFI Token and Project’s Ecosystem

WeFi এর ভিতরে: $WFI টোকেন এবং প্রকল্পের ইকোসিস্টেম অন্বেষণ করা

Inside WeFi: Udforskning af $WFI-tokenet og projektets økosystem

Dentro de WeFi: exploración del token $WFI y el ecosistema del proyecto

Dentro de WeFi: explorando o $WFI Token e o ecosistema do proxecto

WeFi के अंदर: $WFI टोकन और प्रोजेक्ट के इकोसिस्टम की खोज

WeFiの内側: $WFIトークンとプロジェクトのエコシステムを探る

WeFi 내부: $WFI 토큰과 프로젝트 생태계 탐색

WeFi ичинде: $WFI Токенин жана Долбоордун экосистемасын изилдөө

Na kati ya WeFi: Koluka $WFI Token mpe Écosystème ya Projet

ພາຍໃນ WeFi: ການສຳຫຼວດ $WFI Token ແລະລະບົບນິເວດຂອງໂຄງການ

Ndani ya WeFi: Kuchunguza Tokeni ya $WFI na Mfumo wa Ikolojia wa Mradi

Ngaphakathi kwe-WeFi: Ukuphonononga i-Token ye-WFI ye-$ kunye ne-Ecosystem yeProjekthi

Image Attributed to @LucianoInf Now second only to South Korea as the biggest crypto market in Asia, Hong Kong's future might be one of decentralised ledgers, Bitcoin and Crypto-Currencies. Hong Kong will always hold a special place in my heart. For just shy of two years from 2016 to 2018 I lived and worked in the city, and still today it sits close to the top of the list of my preferred jurisdictions for business incorporation. Hong Kong is, as ever, a great place to do business and with its grit and its tenacity is very much the New York City of East Asia, or at least, it was. Every so often a need arises to clear up some business or banking in the city and so I find myself landing at its world class airport and dining at its world class restaurants with old friends and contacts. People who are close to the action and keyed in to the city's inner workings. Yet, as an infrequent visitor my eyes and ears observe changes not so obvious to those stuck in the daily grind, in the same way the ageing process is invisible from one day to the next, but stark and profound as the years roll by. Hong Kong is struggling to reinvent itself. Before you boomers get all giddy with your 'muh China', hold on. This isn't an article about the Chinese Government, I rather want to lay out my thoughts around Hong Kong itself, as well as the city relative to its immediate region. I don't intend to make the case for Singapore, which, despite being arguably the greatest beneficiary of Hong Kong's headaches, is still a top contender for title of the most boring place in Asia. I intend only to outline the unique challenges and opportunities faced by one of the most magnificent - and least boring - cities in the world. Gateway to the Middle Kingdom Incorporating your business in Hong Kong still makes sense in many cases. Hong Kong is pragmatic, with systems and infrastructure that is well established to facilitate commerce and trade. Structures can be highly tax efficient, and while getting a bank account has become more difficult, once established, the banking services at your disposal are second-to-none. Hong Kong is still a respected jurisdiction globally. Yet for entrepreneurs and companies alike the case for incorporating in Hong Kong has often been as part of an overall strategy to do business in and with the mainland. Because of the prevalence of a legal system and system of governance with its foundations in the British style, foreigners could come to Hong Kong and feel just enough familiarity not to be scurrying back to wherever they came from (and often this meant quite a lot of familiarity was on offer). Recently a contact of mine who does business in the mainland linked me to a new structure in Shanghai for establishing 100% foreign owned companies. While the corporate tax rate on the mainland is higher (25% vs 16.5% in Hong Kong), the fees associated with establishing such an entity are far lower, and skipping Hong Kong to go directly to the supplier or client has the benefit of reduced friction and complexity. There is no obvious remedy to this dilemma for Hong Kong. As companies have become more confident engaging directly with the mainland, the appeal of Hong Kong in this respect has waned. Added to this the fact that Hong Kong itself is too small to be a genuine start-up hub, there exists a need for the city to take a new approach. Economic Woes At the same time as Hong Kong's role as gateway to the mainland has diminished, there has been an ever growing inflow of both capital and people from the mainland. Every year the prevalence of Mandarin on the streets of the city grows, but, in the wake of the pandemic, this growth has been offset by an exodus of both Hong Kongers (primarily to the UK, Canada and Australia) and Western Expats. This population shuffle fundamentally changes the fabric of Hong Kong society, and is a phenomenon seen elsewhere, including for example in Germany. Those leaving Hong Kong are by-and-large wealthier than the average Hong Konger, and with them goes their skills and capital worsening the city's already pessimistic demographic outlook (with a Total Fertility Rate of 0.7 according to the World Bank, Hong Kong's ageing population - an almost worldwide issue - is one of its greatest challenges in the years ahead). Arrivals from the mainland have helped to offset this exodus, but only so much, and with the collapse in the Yen, Tokyo is increasingly attractive to wealthy Chinese looking to diversify themselves both financially and by way of residency. The fact that Hong Kong remains one of the most expensive places in the world only adds fuel to the fire. As the saying goes, one man's (or city's) loss is another's gain, and as already mentioned, Singapore has been effective in attracting capital and businesses included in the exodus. At the same time, countries such as Malaysia with its sizeable Chinese diaspora and corporate structures offering tax rates as low as 3% (via the Labuan incorporation route), are also seeing an uptick in interest from those who might otherwise have stayed in the Fragrant Harbour. While the economy on the mainland has been sluggish, the PBOC has adjusted rates downwards. Hong Kong's peg however has dictated that the Hong Kong Monetary Authority has followed the Fed's increases over the past few years. This has resulted in a policy rate that sits at 5.25% vs 3.10% for the PBOC at the time of writing (5 years ago the PBOC rate stood at 4.31% while the HKMA policy rate was around 1%). While the increase in rates in the USA was implemented to reign in inflation, Hong Kong suffered no such comparable phenomenon - although it did suffer significant capital outflows - and the increase in rates has been in direct contradiction to conventional economic wisdom that may have encouraged a policy of easing rather than tightening over the last few years had it not been for the peg. Crypto In February 2022, with the invasion of Ukraine by Russia marking a dramatic escalation in hostilities, Chinese policy makers and tycoons alike were undoubtedly keenly observing the geopolitical fallout. If not already clear, this event and the close to three years since has demonstrated the closeness of these two civilisational states. However, and perhaps more importantly, it has exposed the extent to which the United States will go to both pursue sanctions and weaponise the financial system that it controls via the greenback. Many, including myself, did not think that Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin would do it, and many others believed that the Russia - which had popularly, and falsely, been described by many in the West as a 'gas station masquerading as a country' (John McCain, 2015) - would quickly crumble under the weight of economic exclusion. As is usually the case, pretty much nothing happened according to consensus. Russia which had been so successful in its quick, practically bloodless annexation of Crimea, did not scare the Ukrainians back to the negotiating table. Conversely, the Russian economy has actually experienced something of an economic boom. However, and the point I want to drive home, from the perspective of those in Asia, it was a test case for what Hong Kong may face in the wake of any escalation in the straits of Taiwan. China's approach to crypto-currencies has been mixed at best. While officially there are bans on crypto, it is no coincidence that Hong Kong, which initially pushed back so hard on this financial innovation, has now seen a dramatic uptick in crypto assets. In a recent report by Chainalysis Hong Kong saw the fastest growth in its region at 86% from July 2023 to June 2024. In light of the situation in Ukraine, it is possible that crypto could be considered a useful tool in mitigating the effects of an economic war, such as that which the West has waged on Russia. At the very least, it does provide an incentive for regulators to look the other way or turn a blind eye. Conclusion With approximately 7.5 million inhabitants, Hong Kong just doesn't have the scale to make it a stand-out start-up hub, and its role as a conduit into the mainland will in all probability be further eroded by the likes of Shanghai and Shenzhen. Nevertheless, its role as a critical financial centre may be reinvigorated by a realignment towards crypto-assets and the newly emerging financial paradigm unfolding before our very eyes. Whether Trump's reelection will inspire a rapprochement and deescalation of the now vivid geopolitical schism calving up the world is yet to be seen. Nevertheless, one thing is abundantly clear, if Hong Kong is to retain its prestige and replicate its past success, things will need to change. Image Attributed to @LucianoInf Image Attributed to @LucianoInf Now second only to South Korea as the biggest crypto market in Asia, Hong Kong's future might be one of decentralised ledgers, Bitcoin and Crypto-Currencies. Now second only to South Korea as the biggest crypto market in Asia, Hong Kong's future might be one of decentralised ledgers, Bitcoin and Crypto-Currencies. Hong Kong will always hold a special place in my heart. For just shy of two years from 2016 to 2018 I lived and worked in the city, and still today it sits close to the top of the list of my preferred jurisdictions for business incorporation. Hong Kong is, as ever, a great place to do business and with its grit and its tenacity is very much the New York City of East Asia, or at least, it was. Every so often a need arises to clear up some business or banking in the city and so I find myself landing at its world class airport and dining at its world class restaurants with old friends and contacts. People who are close to the action and keyed in to the city's inner workings. Yet, as an infrequent visitor my eyes and ears observe changes not so obvious to those stuck in the daily grind, in the same way the ageing process is invisible from one day to the next, but stark and profound as the years roll by. Hong Kong is struggling to reinvent itself. Before you boomers get all giddy with your 'muh China', hold on. This isn't an article about the Chinese Government, I rather want to lay out my thoughts around Hong Kong itself, as well as the city relative to its immediate region. I don't intend to make the case for Singapore, which, despite being arguably the greatest beneficiary of Hong Kong's headaches, is still a top contender for title of the most boring place in Asia. I intend only to outline the unique challenges and opportunities faced by one of the most magnificent - and least boring - cities in the world. Gateway to the Middle Kingdom Incorporating your business in Hong Kong still makes sense in many cases. Hong Kong is pragmatic, with systems and infrastructure that is well established to facilitate commerce and trade. Structures can be highly tax efficient, and while getting a bank account has become more difficult, once established, the banking services at your disposal are second-to-none. Hong Kong is still a respected jurisdiction globally. Yet for entrepreneurs and companies alike the case for incorporating in Hong Kong has often been as part of an overall strategy to do business in and with the mainland. Because of the prevalence of a legal system and system of governance with its foundations in the British style, foreigners could come to Hong Kong and feel just enough familiarity not to be scurrying back to wherever they came from (and often this meant quite a lot of familiarity was on offer). Recently a contact of mine who does business in the mainland linked me to a new structure in Shanghai for establishing 100% foreign owned companies. While the corporate tax rate on the mainland is higher (25% vs 16.5% in Hong Kong), the fees associated with establishing such an entity are far lower, and skipping Hong Kong to go directly to the supplier or client has the benefit of reduced friction and complexity. There is no obvious remedy to this dilemma for Hong Kong. As companies have become more confident engaging directly with the mainland, the appeal of Hong Kong in this respect has waned. Added to this the fact that Hong Kong itself is too small to be a genuine start-up hub, there exists a need for the city to take a new approach. Economic Woes At the same time as Hong Kong's role as gateway to the mainland has diminished, there has been an ever growing inflow of both capital and people from the mainland. Every year the prevalence of Mandarin on the streets of the city grows, but, in the wake of the pandemic, this growth has been offset by an exodus of both Hong Kongers (primarily to the UK, Canada and Australia) and Western Expats. This population shuffle fundamentally changes the fabric of Hong Kong society, and is a phenomenon seen elsewhere, including for example in Germany. Those leaving Hong Kong are by-and-large wealthier than the average Hong Konger, and with them goes their skills and capital worsening the city's already pessimistic demographic outlook (with a Total Fertility Rate of 0.7 according to the World Bank, Hong Kong's ageing population - an almost worldwide issue - is one of its greatest challenges in the years ahead). population shuffle population shuffle Arrivals from the mainland have helped to offset this exodus, but only so much, and with the collapse in the Yen, Tokyo is increasingly attractive to wealthy Chinese looking to diversify themselves both financially and by way of residency. The fact that Hong Kong remains one of the most expensive places in the world only adds fuel to the fire. As the saying goes, one man's (or city's) loss is another's gain , and as already mentioned, Singapore has been effective in attracting capital and businesses included in the exodus. At the same time, countries such as Malaysia with its sizeable Chinese diaspora and corporate structures offering tax rates as low as 3% (via the Labuan incorporation route), are also seeing an uptick in interest from those who might otherwise have stayed in the Fragrant Harbour. one man's (or city's) loss is another's gain While the economy on the mainland has been sluggish, the PBOC has adjusted rates downwards. Hong Kong's peg however has dictated that the Hong Kong Monetary Authority has followed the Fed's increases over the past few years. This has resulted in a policy rate that sits at 5.25% vs 3.10% for the PBOC at the time of writing (5 years ago the PBOC rate stood at 4.31% while the HKMA policy rate was around 1%). While the increase in rates in the USA was implemented to reign in inflation, Hong Kong suffered no such comparable phenomenon - although it did suffer significant capital outflows - and the increase in rates has been in direct contradiction to conventional economic wisdom that may have encouraged a policy of easing rather than tightening over the last few years had it not been for the peg. Crypto In February 2022, with the invasion of Ukraine by Russia marking a dramatic escalation in hostilities, Chinese policy makers and tycoons alike were undoubtedly keenly observing the geopolitical fallout. If not already clear, this event and the close to three years since has demonstrated the closeness of these two civilisational states. However, and perhaps more importantly, it has exposed the extent to which the United States will go to both pursue sanctions and weaponise the financial system that it controls via the greenback. Many, including myself, did not think that Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin would do it, and many others believed that the Russia - which had popularly, and falsely, been described by many in the West as a 'gas station masquerading as a country' (John McCain, 2015) - would quickly crumble under the weight of economic exclusion. As is usually the case, pretty much nothing happened according to consensus. Russia which had been so successful in its quick, practically bloodless annexation of Crimea, did not scare the Ukrainians back to the negotiating table. Conversely, the Russian economy has actually experienced something of an economic boom. However, and the point I want to drive home, from the perspective of those in Asia, it was a test case for what Hong Kong may face in the wake of any escalation in the straits of Taiwan. China's approach to crypto-currencies has been mixed at best. While officially there are bans on crypto, it is no coincidence that Hong Kong, which initially pushed back so hard on this financial innovation, has now seen a dramatic uptick in crypto assets. In a recent report by Chainalysis Hong Kong saw the fastest growth in its region at 86% from July 2023 to June 2024. In light of the situation in Ukraine, it is possible that crypto could be considered a useful tool in mitigating the effects of an economic war, such as that which the West has waged on Russia. At the very least, it does provide an incentive for regulators to look the other way or turn a blind eye. report Conclusion With approximately 7.5 million inhabitants, Hong Kong just doesn't have the scale to make it a stand-out start-up hub, and its role as a conduit into the mainland will in all probability be further eroded by the likes of Shanghai and Shenzhen. Nevertheless, its role as a critical financial centre may be reinvigorated by a realignment towards crypto-assets and the newly emerging financial paradigm unfolding before our very eyes. Whether Trump's reelection will inspire a rapprochement and deescalation of the now vivid geopolitical schism calving up the world is yet to be seen. Nevertheless, one thing is abundantly clear, if Hong Kong is to retain its prestige and replicate its past success, things will need to change.

Hong Kong and the Crypto Boom: Economic Woes, Money Flows and Sanctions

Newer technology is always a game-changing thing. In the case of video games, it’s literally so. And what other new piece of tech to talk about than what’s all the rage at the moment—artificial intelligence or AI? Companies have been quick to adopt AI for various purposes. Whereas the majority of corporations from Bloomberg to Disney see it as a tool to cut costs, the game development industry has a very different take on all this. This take is more creative in nature. It’s being used to develop new story arcs, generate new gameplay ideas, and analyze existing player data at a whole other level. Some companies are even experimenting with AI-based NPCs (non-playable characters) where these seemingly harmless folks can now hold entire conversations and retain context throughout their adventures in-game. We’re at a very early level here. In this post, we’ll focus on a new aspect that can be revolutionized with AI—virtual economies. Let’s hop right into it, shall we? What are Virtual Economies? Believe it or not, virtual economies are one of the most lucrative businesses today. A lot of gamers are a part of at least one such economy, sometimes unknowingly. A virtual economy is an in-game trading system. It ranges from the player-based economy of trading posts in classic MMOs such as World of Warcraft and Elder Scrolls Online to Loot Boxes in CS:GO and Valorant. A strong virtual economy is at the heart of these games. These don’t necessarily have to involve real money transactions. There’s a lot of in-game currency transactions, trading, and item barter involved here. But yes, the most popular forms of virtual economies are tied to real money. The best case would be CS:GO skins that you can buy from reputed sellers. These are skins that you buy with real money for a nice change of clothes or a weapon loot box. It’s an active, thriving community of transactions and items. AI in Virtual Economies Developers are quickly realizing the potential of leveraging AI-based technologies and deep learning models to optimize these in-game virtual economies. The only current problem is the scale. To really scale it up, a developer will need to make some serious investments in AI. Today, suffice it to say that justifying this cost in front of stakeholders isn’t going to go very smoothly. But the potential is there, and we all know it. AI has already shown us how we can build better games. Smart NPCs, dynamic procedural environments, choice-based challenges, matchmaking balances, data analysis, anti-cheat, etc., are all very serious real-world use cases where AI is already doing a lot of work or is poised to be a strong factor in the coming years. Now, let’s shift our focus toward virtual economies. What exactly can AI do in this space? Players trade in-game items ranging from armor and weapons in some games to skins and cosmetics in others. These are facilitated mainly with the help of real-world money or some kind of virtual currency that can only be purchased using real money. With that in mind, here’s how AI can help. Dynamic Pricing AI models can be trained to be good at understanding the virtual economy’s market demand. Many financial models are already available, often proprietarily, to do this for real-world markets. These algorithms will be able to maintain pricing stability just by looking at the market trends, user demand, and trading history of these virtual items. Trend Prediction With all that data, such algorithms or models can easily predict the rise and fall in demand for certain skins or cosmetics, which will allow the marketplace to adjust the listings and prices accordingly. For example, we know that a lot of people buy bundles and treasures in Dota around The International, only to sell them at a higher price later. But when you make all this formulaic, suddenly you can predict a lot more trends than just that. Preventing Fraud AI can also help in detecting instances of fraudulent transactions and suspicious activities. This is a huge benefit for any marketplace moderator or game developer. The strength of an AI model is the training or inferencing part. This is why AI can predict weather better than a supercomputer. It relies on past data. The more data it is fed, the more accurate it will be. So, if a company like Valve trains an AI algorithm on fraudulent transactions and suspicious users, it will quickly learn to spot future offenders, which will be an immense help for all the other players. Leading CS:GO skin selling platforms can develop their own algorithms this way to make sure that their marketplace remains spotless. Such a case has already been implemented by sites such as skinsmonkey. Where Do We Go From Here? The times are changing fast. The future is full of AI, even in the world of video games. Though there’s still time before we can reach a world akin to Cyberpunk 2077, it’s much easier to accept a worldview where we will have AI-controlled virtual economies that can be easily scaled. AI-driven price predictions, automated price setting, authenticity verification, highly optimized trade algorithms, and so on. Artificial intelligence models and algorithms can bring about a net positive change in the world of in-game economies that so many gamers rely on. It won’t be an overstatement to say that games will be much better for player transactions and economies with AI in the picture. Major Concerns in AI Gaming AI Needs Data: AI requires heaps of data and training. Any company that wishes to make a foray here needs to properly label and deconstruct its existing data and then train a model on it. If it’s done in a shallow or incorrect way, such an algorithm will be able to do nothing good for the players.


Constant Learning: At its core, AI models are all about constant learning. If they are not allowed to hook into the economies in a friendly manner, then trends will change before they can pick up on them. This is especially challenging because so far, virtual economy data hasn’t really been intended for public use through APIs. Such APIs will be crucial if we want to use AI for continuous learning. This might require major rewrites of the game’s code before they can even be prepared for something like this. We Wrap Things Up Here It's all exciting, that’s for sure. But only time will tell how practical these AI use cases are, or when we finally achieve something valuable for the gamer. Until then, happy gaming. Newer technology is always a game-changing thing. In the case of video games, it’s literally so. And what other new piece of tech to talk about than what’s all the rage at the moment—artificial intelligence or AI? Companies have been quick to adopt AI for various purposes. Whereas the majority of corporations from Bloomberg to Disney see it as a tool to cut costs, the game development industry has a very different take on all this. Bloomberg Disney This take is more creative in nature. It’s being used to develop new story arcs, generate new gameplay ideas, and analyze existing player data at a whole other level. Some companies are even experimenting with AI-based NPCs (non-playable characters) where these seemingly harmless folks can now hold entire conversations and retain context throughout their adventures in-game. We’re at a very early level here. In this post, we’ll focus on a new aspect that can be revolutionized with AI— virtual economies . Let’s hop right into it, shall we? revolutionized virtual economies What are Virtual Economies? Believe it or not, virtual economies are one of the most lucrative businesses today. A lot of gamers are a part of at least one such economy, sometimes unknowingly. A virtual economy is an in-game trading system. It ranges from the player-based economy of trading posts in classic MMOs such as World of Warcraft and Elder Scrolls Online to Loot Boxes in CS:GO and Valorant . virtual economies MMOs World of Warcraft Elder Scrolls Online Loot Boxes CS:GO Valorant A strong virtual economy is at the heart of these games. These don’t necessarily have to involve real money transactions. There’s a lot of in-game currency transactions, trading, and item barter involved here. But yes, the most popular forms of virtual economies are tied to real money. The best case would be CS:GO skins that you can buy from reputed sellers. These are skins that you buy with real money for a nice change of clothes or a weapon loot box. It’s an active, thriving community of transactions and items. AI in Virtual Economies Developers are quickly realizing the potential of leveraging AI-based technologies and deep learning models to optimize these in-game virtual economies. The only current problem is the scale . To really scale it up, a developer will need to make some serious investments in AI. only current problem is the scale Today, suffice it to say that justifying this cost in front of stakeholders isn’t going to go very smoothly. But the potential is there, and we all know it. AI has already shown us how we can build better games. Smart NPCs , dynamic procedural environments , choice-based challenges , matchmaking balances , data analysis , anti-cheat , etc., are all very serious real-world use cases where AI is already doing a lot of work or is poised to be a strong factor in the coming years. Smart NPCs dynamic procedural environments choice-based challenges matchmaking balances data analysis anti-cheat Now, let’s shift our focus toward virtual economies. What exactly can AI do in this space? What exactly can AI do in this space? Players trade in-game items ranging from armor and weapons in some games to skins and cosmetics in others. These are facilitated mainly with the help of real-world money or some kind of virtual currency that can only be purchased using real money. With that in mind, here’s how AI can help. Dynamic Pricing AI models can be trained to be good at understanding the virtual economy’s market demand. Many financial models are already available, often proprietarily, to do this for real-world markets. These algorithms will be able to maintain pricing stability just by looking at the market trends , user demand , and trading history of these virtual items. market trends user demand trading history Trend Prediction With all that data, such algorithms or models can easily predict the rise and fall in demand for certain skins or cosmetics, which will allow the marketplace to adjust the listings and prices accordingly. For example, we know that a lot of people buy bundles and treasures in Dota around The International, only to sell them at a higher price later. Dota around The International, But when you make all this formulaic, suddenly you can predict a lot more trends than just that. Preventing Fraud AI can also help in detecting instances of fraudulent transactions and suspicious activities. This is a huge benefit for any marketplace moderator or game developer. The strength of an AI model is the training or inferencing part. This is why AI can predict weather better than a supercomputer. It relies on past data. The more data it is fed, the more accurate it will be. So, if a company like Valve trains an AI algorithm on fraudulent transactions and suspicious users, it will quickly learn to spot future offenders, which will be an immense help for all the other players. So, if a company like Valve trains an AI algorithm on fraudulent transactions and suspicious users, it will quickly learn to spot future offenders, which will be an immense help for all the other players. Leading CS:GO skin selling platforms can develop their own algorithms this way to make sure that their marketplace remains spotless. Such a case has already been implemented by sites such as skinsmonkey . skinsmonkey skinsmonkey . Where Do We Go From Here? The times are changing fast. The future is full of AI, even in the world of video games. Though there’s still time before we can reach a world akin to Cyberpunk 2077, it’s much easier to accept a worldview where we will have AI-controlled virtual economies that can be easily scaled. AI-driven price predictions , automated price setting, authenticity verification , highly optimized trade algorithms , and so on. Artificial intelligence models and algorithms can bring about a net positive change in the world of in-game economies that so many gamers rely on. AI-driven price predictions automated price setting, authenticity verification highly optimized trade algorithms It won’t be an overstatement to say that games will be much better for player transactions and economies with AI in the picture. Major Concerns in AI Gaming AI Needs Data: AI requires heaps of data and training. Any company that wishes to make a foray here needs to properly label and deconstruct its existing data and then train a model on it. If it’s done in a shallow or incorrect way, such an algorithm will be able to do nothing good for the players. Constant Learning: At its core, AI models are all about constant learning. If they are not allowed to hook into the economies in a friendly manner, then trends will change before they can pick up on them. This is especially challenging because so far, virtual economy data hasn’t really been intended for public use through APIs. Such APIs will be crucial if we want to use AI for continuous learning. This might require major rewrites of the game’s code before they can even be prepared for something like this. AI Needs Data: AI requires heaps of data and training. Any company that wishes to make a foray here needs to properly label and deconstruct its existing data and then train a model on it. If it’s done in a shallow or incorrect way, such an algorithm will be able to do nothing good for the players. AI Needs Data: Constant Learning: At its core, AI models are all about constant learning. If they are not allowed to hook into the economies in a friendly manner, then trends will change before they can pick up on them. This is especially challenging because so far, virtual economy data hasn’t really been intended for public use through APIs. Such APIs will be crucial if we want to use AI for continuous learning. This might require major rewrites of the game’s code before they can even be prepared for something like this. Constant Learning: We Wrap Things Up Here It's all exciting, that’s for sure. But only time will tell how practical these AI use cases are, or when we finally achieve something valuable for the gamer. Until then, happy gaming.

AI in Gaming: A Case Study in Virtual Economies 

CAMPINAS, Brazil, November 5th, 2024/Chainwire/--SP Negócios, São Paulo’s investment and export promotion agency, has partnered with Polkadot to foster innovation among companies in São Paulo. Driven by the growing market demand, Polkadot is increasingly positioning itself as an ally for businesses looking to grow in an innovative, secure, and transparent way. It has been sponsoring educational initiatives through Código Brazuca. Thanks to this, companies and citizens in São Paulo will have access to blockchain programming training through Código Brazuca's content starting in December. This will be possible through the partnership established with Polkadot / Sunset Labs and São Paulo’s investment and export promotion agency, SP Negócios. “The partnership between Polkadot and SP Negócios will contribute to the training of Blockchain Programmers and is open to bringing technology to companies in São Paulo, whether they are startups, small and medium-sized enterprises, or large corporations seeking to invest in or adopt the technology,” says Gustavo J. Massena, Decentralized Business Developer at Polkadot. The program is free and will be available online, open to companies in São Paulo. Registrations will soon be available through SP Negócios, and no prior qualifications are required. The partnership with Polkadot is part of SP Negócios’s strategy to boost the business environment within the crypto economy sector, reinforcing São Paulo as a hub of technology and innovation. Blockchain plays a transformative role in various areas, including decentralized finance, asset tokenization, NFTs, and more. By promoting the training of qualified professionals, SP Negócios seeks to attract investments, foster new startups, and solidify the city as a reference in adopting and developing blockchain-based solutions. About SP Negócios SP Negócios is an autonomous social service aimed at boosting investments and business in São Paulo. It is linked to the Municipal Secretariat of Economic Development and Employment. The goal is to help São Paulo-based companies conduct more business through exports, innovation and technology, public sector engagement, and improvement of the business environment. About Polkadot Polkadot is an open-source, multichain sharing protocol that facilitates the transfer of any type of data or asset, not just tokens, between networks, making a wide range of blockchains interoperable. Contact Polkadot São Paulo www.viracomunicacao.com.br claudia.carnevalli@viracomunicacao.com.br This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here CAMPINAS, Brazil, November 5th, 2024/Chainwire/--SP Negócios, São Paulo’s investment and export promotion agency, has partnered with Polkadot to foster innovation among companies in São Paulo. Driven by the growing market demand, Polkadot is increasingly positioning itself as an ally for businesses looking to grow in an innovative, secure, and transparent way. It has been sponsoring educational initiatives through Código Brazuca. Thanks to this, companies and citizens in São Paulo will have access to blockchain programming training through Código Brazuca's content starting in December. This will be possible through the partnership established with Polkadot / Sunset Labs and São Paulo’s investment and export promotion agency, SP Negócios. “The partnership between Polkadot and SP Negócios will contribute to the training of Blockchain Programmers and is open to bringing technology to companies in São Paulo, whether they are startups, small and medium-sized enterprises, or large corporations seeking to invest in or adopt the technology,” says Gustavo J. Massena, Decentralized Business Developer at Polkadot. “The partnership between Polkadot and SP Negócios will contribute to the training of Blockchain Programmers and is open to bringing technology to companies in São Paulo, whether they are startups, small and medium-sized enterprises, or large corporations seeking to invest in or adopt the technology,” says Gustavo J. Massena, Decentralized Business Developer at Polkadot. The program is free and will be available online, open to companies in São Paulo. Registrations will soon be available through SP Negócios , and no prior qualifications are required. SP Negócios SP Negócios The partnership with Polkadot is part of SP Negócios’s strategy to boost the business environment within the crypto economy sector, reinforcing São Paulo as a hub of technology and innovation. Blockchain plays a transformative role in various areas, including decentralized finance, asset tokenization, NFTs, and more. By promoting the training of qualified professionals, SP Negócios seeks to attract investments, foster new startups, and solidify the city as a reference in adopting and developing blockchain-based solutions. About SP Negócios SP Negócios is an autonomous social service aimed at boosting investments and business in São Paulo. It is linked to the Municipal Secretariat of Economic Development and Employment. The goal is to help São Paulo-based companies conduct more business through exports, innovation and technology, public sector engagement, and improvement of the business environment. SP Negócios SP Negócios About Polkadot Polkadot is an open-source, multichain sharing protocol that facilitates the transfer of any type of data or asset, not just tokens, between networks, making a wide range of blockchains interoperable. Contact Polkadot São Paulo www.viracomunicacao.com.br claudia.carnevalli@viracomunicacao.com.br This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here This story was distributed as a release by Chainwire under HackerNoon’s Business Blogging Program. Learn more about the program here here here

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