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This paper is available on under CC 4.0 license. Arxiv Authors: (1) Md Masud Rana, Department of Mathematics, University of Kentucky; (2) Duc Duy Nguyen, Department of Mathematics, University of Kentucky & ducnguyen@uky.edu. Table of Links Abstract & Introduction Datasets and Results Methods Conclusion, Data and Software Availability, Competing interests, Acknowledgments & References 4 Conclusion The study of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and the prediction of mutation-induced binding free energy changes are of great importance in understanding the molecular basis of biological processes. The application of geometric graph theory and atom-level graph coloring techniques provides a powerful framework for analyzing biomolecules and capturing their intricate relationships. By utilizing the concept of geometric subgraphs and constructing multi-scale weighted colored geometric subgraphs (MWCGS), we can effectively represent the structural and functional properties of PPIs. The site-specific MWCGS features allow us to extract meaningful patterns and characteristics, shedding light on the effects of mutations and the underlying molecular interactions. In this work, we developed a mutation-induced binding free energy change predictor, called GGL-PPI, by incorporating site-specific MWCGS features for PPIs and gradient-boosting trees. Our method demonstrates superior performance compared to existing methods. The model was validated on three datasets: AB-Bind S645, SKEMPI 1.0 S1131, and SKEMPI 2.0 S4169 and S8338, showcasing its robustness and effectiveness. Furthermore, GGL-PPI was evaluated on a blind test set, the Ssym dataset. To prevent data leakage between the test and training sets, the model was trained on a homology-reduced balanced training set Q3488. This approach ensures the reliability and fairness of the evaluation process. GGL-PPI exhibits the most unbiased and superior performance in predicting binding free energy changes for both direct and reverse mutations, outperforming other existing methods, particularly for reverse mutations. Overall, the results highlight the potential of the GGL-PPI approach in accurately predicting mutation-induced binding free energy changes in protein-protein interactions, providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying protein-protein interactions and facilitating drug design and discovery efforts. 5 Data and Software Availability The source code is available at Github: https://github.com/NguyenLabUKY/GGL-Mutation. 6 Competing interests No competing interest is declared. 7 Acknowledgments This work is supported in part by funds from the National Science Foundation (NSF: # 2053284, # 2151802, and # 2245903), and the University of Kentucky Startup Fund. References [1] Dana Chuderland and Rony Seger. 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PPIs and the Prediction of Mutation-Induced Binding Free Energy Changes: What It All Means

Q - A lot of times, we'll hear from technologists “software is eating the world.”  You and I probably disagree with this as we know there are so many other creative intelligences to add to the picture. A -  Software might be eating the world, but at what cost to humanity? Are we becoming lazier? Or are we just mentally drained or more distracted? Being addicted to apps is no solution to being overwhelmed or depressed. We shouldn’t encourage people to be vain digital hermits. Automation could be doing more harm than good, especially in the world of B2B, as it has plagued sales and marketing with disgusting amounts of spam and ineffective email sequences. What about the ? Is there too much software? Do too many software solutions copy each other, and do the same things? SaaS valuation bubble The bottom line: software is like a magnifying glass to the end user. It enhances life for those who use it properly, and destroys lives who abuse it. Q - You're an interesting mix of a musician turned digital marketer.  Why do you think that so many other musicians do not embrace marketing? A - Have you heard the phrase, “ ” before? Personally, I think it’s awful advice. If your passion isn’t financially lucrative, it should probably remain a hobby. You need to become financially independent and find ways to subsidize your passions and creative endeavors with your day hustle. follow your passion How can you follow your passion if you’re broke? That’s the problem with most musicians. They’d prefer not to embrace a digital marketing career, because they’d rather be in the music studio all day creating songs. While this is admirable, it’s not realistic in today’s world. (Unless you want to live in your mom’s basement). The primary reason I switched to marketing is because . The idea of not having to promote my own content was very attractive, and I immediately fell in love with SEO. I stumbled upon my passion for SEO while blogging about the music business As a self-taught growth marketer with an agency background, I soon figured out that my skills were in very high demand, especially within the tech sector. Fast forward to today, and I’m head of growth marketing at Nextiva, a leader in cloud communications. I’ve applied my SEO skills to help the company rank highly in search engines for competitive terms like . virtual phone system I eventually realized that a career in growth marketing might provide me with a more stable income to support my music projects. I haven’t completely forsaken music; now I use it to . Pouring energy into music improves critical workplace skills. Pursuing a passion overflows into inspiration in your marketing. balance my life and charge up my creativity That said, all musicians and music producers are their own marketers. Even if they’re successful enough to hire a marketing team eventually, it’s up to them to sell themselves. The more they can improve their marketing skills, the better chance they have of surviving – especially during uncertain economies. And I say this as someone who has experienced some success in the music industry. I’m a singer / songwriter / producer and have produced records for some of the biggest names in urban music including Shaggy, Fat Joe and Ryan Leslie. But at this point, I’ve earned more success as a growth marketer. Not to mention, it’s been more financially lucrative. Q - How do you see the music industry evolving out of necessity due to COVID and digital distribution? A - The music industry is holding on for dear life, trying to survive as a result of the pandemic. Cities like New York, LA, Nashville, Atlanta and Austin are traditionally known for their live music venues - none of which are able to operate due to surging COVID cases across the US. Live shows, concerts and performances represent a huge portion of revenues, which are no longer happening. Therefore, it’s 100% digital, but the margins for songwriters, producers and musicians remain very small. While creators have more time on their hands to create music, distribution and promotion has become more difficult due to all the clutter and congestion. Unfortunately, songwriters and producers don’t make a lot of money from streaming. - e.g. placing their music in movies and commercials, in order to generate meaningful revenue. Songwriters should focus on sync deals So who's really killing it? . Spotify, Apple, YouTube, Amazon and many others who are banking on advertising revenue and paid subscriptions. They’re basically collecting the rake, and leaving table scraps for the little guys. The major platforms Q – Is COVID affecting digital marketing in a negative or positive way and why? A - Digital marketing is surging due to lockdowns and a dragging pandemic. Software as a Service (SaaS) companies are thriving like never before. The pandemic created a for the tech-heavy Nasdaq, which in 2020. bull market environment grew by an astounding 40% Businesses that were already online are expanding and optimizing while those who lagged behind are scrambling to support employees suddenly working from home – possibly indefinitely. Seeking Alpha summarized the and conveniently compiled many charts including the one below. They indicate that  “Software-as-a-Service generates more revenue than any other cloud segment”. top segments driving growth As Director of Growth Marketing at Nextiva, I’ve seen firsthand the growth being driven by businesses in  technology. , only High Tech is seeing increased industry spend – up 7.1% -- rather than contractions of 5-10% or greater. According to Coupa Businesses have no choice but to do more online and improve their business processes. And that is only going to be a positive factor for companies like Nextiva where we are seeing . growth of 30% year-over-year

AMA With Musician Turned Growth Marketer, Gaetano DiNardi

Holistic Evaluation of Text-to-Image Models: Author contributions, Acknowledgments and References

Currently, 50% of advanced IT departments have invested in artificial intelligence, and another 20% plan to do so by the end of 2024. Even less advanced organizations are starting to invest in AI, with 35% jumping on board this year. This means it’s essential for CTOs to know how to use AI in order to keep their companies ahead and competitive. For 22-year-old co-founder and CTO of Lumaa, Luis Fernando, driving innovation with AI isn’t just about technical skills. It’s about embracing the unexpected, iterating quickly, and leaning on industry experts. Follow Luis Fernando’s unique journey into software engineering and AI innovation, and learn the valuable lessons he’s picked up that can help startup CTOs in any industry. From Teen Coder to CTO Luis Fernando started coding at just 14 years old, exploring and experimenting with various programming languages and projects. This laid the foundation for an impressive career in software engineering and AI innovation. In 2020, he deferred university for a year due to the COVID pandemic and began working professionally as a Junior Software Engineer in his hometown of Feira de Santana, Brazil. Following that, he went from transforming system infrastructures at a London startup to handling high-stakes government projects at Microsoft. Throughout his journey, Luis has consistently taken on new challenges and leadership roles, whether it was revamping platforms, managing logistics, or guiding teams. As a Peer Programming Instructor, he honed his teaching skills and mentored fellow coders, while his leadership in the Brazilian Students Association involved coordinating large-scale events and managing diverse teams. His diverse background equips him with the unique skills and insights needed to drive AI innovation as a CTO at Lumaa, which he co-founded with Madhumitha Somu Dinakaran. Madhu Dinakaran: a Partner in Innovation Madhumitha Dinakaran left home at 14 after raising $250k in scholarships to study in 12 different countries through Think Global School. Through TGS, she focused on the modern educational approach of active-based learning — working on projects instead of taking tests. In Panama, she created goggles for the visually impaired, and in Japan, she made a VR film about the Hiroshima bombing — a project that was showcased at a UN session in Germany. After graduating high school in 2021, she got $100k in scholarships to study at Minerva University, majoring in Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities. At Minerva, she worked as a Student Life Intern, helping integrate remote students into the community. During her time in South Korea, Madhu designed a community project to combat loneliness among the elderly using art. In Argentina, she worked as a UI/UX designer to develop a landing page for Caminito, showcasing the stories of Buenos Aires residents. While in Argentina, she also began research on procurement for Lumaa. In January 2024, Madhu moved to San Francisco to focus full-time on Lumaa with Luis. Lumaa Created by Luis and Madhu, Lumaa is a platform that automates vendor responses to RFPs and security questionnaires. This automated workflow saves time and money for companies bidding on new projects by quickly generating precise responses, eliminating the need for teams to manually craft each answer. This allows organizations to focus on other important tasks and reduces the need for additional resources. Luis Fernando’s Insights for AI-Minded CTOs Thanks to his storied history of working with AI and tech innovation at large, Luis has developed several insights for other CTOs working with AI. Embrace Unexpected Challenges When Luis started his first job as a junior software engineer, the senior engineer left just two weeks later. Suddenly, he was the only engineer on the team, and he had very little professional experience. This unexpected challenge forced him to quickly learn and adapt, suddenly having to manage a huge codebase and create new features on his own. This experience taught him a lot about problem-solving and innovation under pressure. For CTOs harnessing and adapting to AI technologies, unexpected challenges are even more frequent and complex. In fact, around 66% of CTOs believe that their current network infrastructure lacks the capacity to effectively support generative AI, while 76% report feeling increasing pressure to make it work. In Luis’s view, the key to AI innovation is seeing these challenges as chances to improve. For example, leveraging generative AI might be difficult, but it could speed up data processing and allow for real-time analytics. This can better inform CTOs’ decision-making and make their day-to-day operations more efficient. So tackling these issues head-on not only fixes current problems but also prepares organizations for future growth in an increasingly AI world. Iterate Quickly and Efficiently When adopting AI tools, a CTO should be able to develop a basic model or prototype to demonstrate its core functionality to customers or stakeholders. However, this basic model doesn’t have to be perfect. This means that for Luis, gone are the days of sweating over a painstaking design process before meeting with potential users. Instead, he realized that a CTO’s role is about determining the best technological steps for the company and its customers, not building robust solutions right off the bat. “Back in April,” he explains, “I was trying to build a fully-fledged working code to show people, and I got very attached to the solution I was creating. Now, with a demo next week, I’m just going to build a simple Python script that can be shown online, where people can upload files and see the output in the console.” This approach keeps Luis flexible and responsive to feedback so that he can quickly build prototypes that address his users’ actual needs. Learn From Industry Experts Luis also stresses the importance of connecting with other industry experts to drive AI innovation. After all, tech is always changing, and no CTO or developer can know everything. Talking to other professionals helps innovators stay updated and gain new insights from those with years of experience and honed skills. For example, engaging with experts in different areas can provide new avenues for improving products that rely on AI. Luis explains,"You can use their knowledge to write better code, improve your product, enhance your minimum viable product, and ultimately take your startup to the next level — attracting more clients in the process.” Leading AI Innovation as a CTO Driving AI innovation is a key responsibility for CTOs, and Luis Fernando shows how to do it right. From handling unexpected challenges to quickly iterating and learning from others in the field, his journey offers important lessons. His approach highlights the importance of being flexible, taking feedback seriously, and using the expertise of others to address the real-world needs of customers. By following his insights, CTOs can help their companies stay ahead in an increasingly AI-driven marketplace. For more tips and practical advice on leading AI innovation, follow Luis Fernando’s story, and see how you can apply these strategies in your own role as a CTO. Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our business blogging program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR. Currently, 50% of advanced IT departments have invested in artificial intelligence, and another 20% plan to do so by the end of 2024. Even less advanced organizations are starting to invest in AI, with 35% jumping on board this year. 50% of advanced IT departments 50% of advanced IT departments This means it’s essential for CTOs to know how to use AI in order to keep their companies ahead and competitive. For 22-year-old co-founder and CTO of Lumaa, Luis Fernando, driving innovation with AI isn’t just about technical skills. It’s about embracing the unexpected, iterating quickly, and leaning on industry experts. Follow Luis Fernando’s unique journey into software engineering and AI innovation, and learn the valuable lessons he’s picked up that can help startup CTOs in any industry. From Teen Coder to CTO Luis Fernando started coding at just 14 years old, exploring and experimenting with various programming languages and projects. This laid the foundation for an impressive career in software engineering and AI innovation. In 2020, he deferred university for a year due to the COVID pandemic and began working professionally as a Junior Software Engineer in his hometown of Feira de Santana, Brazil. Following that, he went from transforming system infrastructures at a London startup to handling high-stakes government projects at Microsoft. Throughout his journey, Luis has consistently taken on new challenges and leadership roles, whether it was revamping platforms, managing logistics, or guiding teams. As a Peer Programming Instructor, he honed his teaching skills and mentored fellow coders, while his leadership in the Brazilian Students Association involved coordinating large-scale events and managing diverse teams. His diverse background equips him with the unique skills and insights needed to drive AI innovation as a CTO at Lumaa, which he co-founded with Madhumitha Somu Dinakaran . Madhumitha Somu Dinakaran Madhumitha Somu Dinakaran Madhu Dinakaran: a Partner in Innovation Madhumitha Dinakaran left home at 14 after raising $250k in scholarships to study in 12 different countries through Think Global School. Through TGS, she focused on the modern educational approach of active-based learning — working on projects instead of taking tests. In Panama, she created goggles for the visually impaired, and in Japan, she made a VR film about the Hiroshima bombing — a project that was showcased at a UN session in Germany. After graduating high school in 2021, she got $100k in scholarships to study at Minerva University, majoring in Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities. At Minerva, she worked as a Student Life Intern, helping integrate remote students into the community. During her time in South Korea, Madhu designed a community project to combat loneliness among the elderly using art. In Argentina, she worked as a UI/UX designer to develop a landing page for Caminito, showcasing the stories of Buenos Aires residents. While in Argentina, she also began research on procurement for Lumaa. In January 2024, Madhu moved to San Francisco to focus full-time on Lumaa with Luis. Lumaa Created by Luis and Madhu, Lumaa is a platform that automates vendor responses to RFPs and security questionnaires. This automated workflow saves time and money for companies bidding on new projects by quickly generating precise responses, eliminating the need for teams to manually craft each answer. This allows organizations to focus on other important tasks and reduces the need for additional resources. Luis Fernando’s Insights for AI-Minded CTOs Thanks to his storied history of working with AI and tech innovation at large, Luis has developed several insights for other CTOs working with AI. Embrace Unexpected Challenges When Luis started his first job as a junior software engineer, the senior engineer left just two weeks later. Suddenly, he was the only engineer on the team, and he had very little professional experience. This unexpected challenge forced him to quickly learn and adapt, suddenly having to manage a huge codebase and create new features on his own. This experience taught him a lot about problem-solving and innovation under pressure. For CTOs harnessing and adapting to AI technologies, unexpected challenges are even more frequent and complex. In fact, around 66% of CTOs believe that their current network infrastructure lacks the capacity to effectively support generative AI, while 76% report feeling increasing pressure to make it work. around 66% of CTOs around 66% of CTOs In Luis’s view, the key to AI innovation is seeing these challenges as chances to improve. For example, leveraging generative AI might be difficult, but it could speed up data processing and allow for real-time analytics. This can better inform CTOs’ decision-making and make their day-to-day operations more efficient. So tackling these issues head-on not only fixes current problems but also prepares organizations for future growth in an increasingly AI world. Iterate Quickly and Efficiently When adopting AI tools, a CTO should be able to develop a basic model or prototype to demonstrate its core functionality to customers or stakeholders. However, this basic model doesn’t have to be perfect. This means that for Luis, gone are the days of sweating over a painstaking design process before meeting with potential users. Instead, he realized that a CTO’s role is about determining the best technological steps for the company and its customers, not building robust solutions right off the bat. “Back in April,” he explains, “I was trying to build a fully-fledged working code to show people, and I got very attached to the solution I was creating. Now, with a demo next week, I’m just going to build a simple Python script that can be shown online, where people can upload files and see the output in the console.” This approach keeps Luis flexible and responsive to feedback so that he can quickly build prototypes that address his users’ actual needs. Learn From Industry Experts Luis also stresses the importance of connecting with other industry experts to drive AI innovation. After all, tech is always changing, and no CTO or developer can know everything. Talking to other professionals helps innovators stay updated and gain new insights from those with years of experience and honed skills. For example, engaging with experts in different areas can provide new avenues for improving products that rely on AI. Luis explains,"You can use their knowledge to write better code, improve your product, enhance your minimum viable product, and ultimately take your startup to the next level — attracting more clients in the process.” Leading AI Innovation as a CTO Driving AI innovation is a key responsibility for CTOs, and Luis Fernando shows how to do it right. From handling unexpected challenges to quickly iterating and learning from others in the field, his journey offers important lessons. His approach highlights the importance of being flexible, taking feedback seriously, and using the expertise of others to address the real-world needs of customers. By following his insights, CTOs can help their companies stay ahead in an increasingly AI-driven marketplace. For more tips and practical advice on leading AI innovation, follow Luis Fernando’s story , and see how you can apply these strategies in your own role as a CTO. follow Luis Fernando’s story follow Luis Fernando’s story Vested Interest Disclosure: This author is an independent contributor publishing via our business blogging program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR. Vested Interest Disclosure : This author is an independent contributor publishing via our business blogging program. HackerNoon has reviewed the report for quality, but the claims herein belong to the author. #DYOR. Vested Interest Disclosure

3 Startup CTO Insights from Luis Fernando: Driving Technological Innovation with AI

লুইস ফার্নান্দো থেকে 3 স্টার্টআপ CTO অন্তর্দৃষ্টি: AI এর সাথে প্রযুক্তিগত উদ্ভাবন চালানো

3 Startup-CTO-Einblicke von Luis Fernando: Technologische Innovation mit KI vorantreiben

3 ideas del CTO de startups de Luis Fernando: impulsar la innovación tecnológica con IA

3 idées du CTO de startup de Luis Fernando : stimuler l'innovation technologique avec l'IA

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ルイス・フェルナンドによるスタートアップCTOの3つの洞察: AIによる技術革新の推進

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Med-Flamingo: a Multimodal Medical Few-shot Learner - Discussion, Acknowledgments, and References

Now that Super Tuesday has taken place in America, it seems clear that we'll be treated to a rematch of the 2020 presidential duel in America. Donald Trump has been dreaming of this for the past 4 years, and now he'll be able to take on Joe Biden again for revenge. Donald Trump's goal seems obvious: to return to the White House so he can wage his vendetta against all those he deems traitors. , it would seem that Joe Biden has his work cut out for him. With the slogan “It's the economy stupid” seemingly no longer an election staple I'm not for Joe Biden or Donald Trump because I believe that both will pursue disastrous policies that will continue to worsen the situation. It can't be otherwise, because beyond the politicians, the current system is flawed. All these politicians can't change the situation. The system won't be fixed, and the revolution will come from the people. This revolution is embodied by Bitcoin. That said, something is astonishing. While , Donald Trump is now enthusiastic about Bitcoin. Bitcoin has just beaten a new ATH above $72K and entered uncharted territories . He was interviewed a few hours ago on Squawk Box Here's where Donald Trump talks about Bitcoin: “Sometimes we'll let people pay through Bitcoin...it's an additional form of currency.” The most blinkered optimists went straight to ultra-bullish thinking that Donald Trump was now pro-Bitcoin. These people almost forgot what he said a little later about possible competitors to the US dollar: “I would not allow countries to go off the dollar, because when we lose that standard, that will be like losing a revolutionary war.” Donald Trump has become a true politician since he can say two contradictory things in the same televised speech. You can't be pro-Bitcoin and then say that you'll do anything to protect the hegemony of the US dollar over the world. These are two contradictory things. As Hillary Clinton has said in the past, “Bitcoin has the potential of undermining the role of the dollar as a reserve currency.” Bitcoin's potential goes far beyond replacing gold as a reference store of value for the general public. Quite simply, . Bitcoin has the potential to become the world's next reserve currency From now on, you need to learn to read between the lines and understand that Donald Trump was not Bullish on Bitcoin. Far from it! He wants to capitalize on Bitcoin's current popularity to try and make people think he's different from Joe Biden and get more votes for the 2024 presidential election. Remember what Donald Trump said about Bitcoin in 2019: Donald Trump had even tasked some of his staff with finding a way to ban Bitcoin ... LOL ... So, have no illusions. Donald Trump won't do any better than Joe Biden on Bitcoin. In fact, in his 2024 program, Joe Biden is proposing a 30% tax on the electricity consumed by Bitcoin Miners. Something disgraceful, designed to pave the way for the arrival of a Digital Dollar in the future. . This Digital Dollar will be the worst thing for your privacy All these politicians will do nothing but protect the current system, in which the American dollar is king. For those who doubt this, look to the past, and you'll see why Americans have gone to war so often in past decades. The latest example relates to Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. Shortly before Gaddafi's fall, Libya had a plan to create a pan-African currency based on the Libyan dinar backed by its 143 tons of gold reserves, as revealed in an April 2011 email from Sidney Blumenthal, found in the Clinton documents leaked to the Net by Wikileaks. Gaddafi imagined breaking French hegemony over the former African colonies by offering an alternative to the CFA franc and using the weight of his nearly 2 million barrels of daily oil production. At one time, Gaddafi was also talking about denominating his oil exports in euros. In short, Gaddafi's ambition was to undermine the exorbitant privileges that Westerners granted themselves in Africa. It will then come as no surprise that a coalition led by America, France, and the UK took it upon themselves to put an end to Gaddafi's regime in Libya. Of course, I wouldn't say that Gaddafi was a democrat, far from it. He was a dictator, but what must be shocking here is the radical reversal of position on the part of Westerners, who had no hesitation in inviting Gaddafi to their homes in style, as President Sarkozy did in December 2007 at the Elysée Palace. It was later revealed that Gaddafi's Libyan regime had paid 50 million euros to finance Nicolas Sarkozy's 2007 French presidential campaign. The official amount of Sarkozy's 2007 presidential campaign was 20 million euros ... I'll stop there, but you can do your research on these subjects to understand that these politicians will do anything to protect the current system. None is better than the other. The real revolution comes from Bitcoin, and it's by supporting the Bitcoin revolution that the people will be able to regain power. But to do this, we need to put speculation aside and focus on , to take full advantage of . the why of Bitcoin the liberating power of the Bitcoin revolution Quite a program, you may say! But that's what's at stake for the Bitcoin revolution in the future. It's up to you to tell me what you think of Donald Trump's statements on Bitcoin. Also published here

Is Donald Trump Really Bullish on Bitcoin? Read Between the Lines!

Web applications have greatly benefited from the inclusion of maps, providing users with valuable location-based information. Maps have transformed our interaction with the world, from navigating unfamiliar places to discovering nearby eateries. As a result, the integration of maps into websites has become increasingly popular in recent times. Nevertheless, designing maps that are both functional and user-friendly can present a challenge, especially for those lacking experience in this domain. In this article, I will share useful tips on how to create effective maps within your browser. Tech stack Let’s discuss technologies. When working with maps, we typically use three layers: Rendering the user interface, which includes buttons and forms. In our stack, React performs this role; Rendering the map and enabling user interaction. We use Mapbox for this; Fetching data from the server, such as information about markers or polygons. To retrieve data, we use the browser’s built-in fetch feature. Let’s review each item to gain a better understanding of our technology stack when working with maps. React The library enables you to work with page elements conveniently and efficiently. It was developed by Facebook for their own use, and includes numerous components such as buttons, forms, and other interactive elements on the pages. For example, Facebook created a to quickly compare different states. React reconciliation algorithm As changing elements on a page is the most expensive operation for a browser, it’s essential to do it as efficiently as possible. To address this issue, Facebook engineers developed the React library, which enables fast and straightforward element changes on a page. Besides providing rapid state changes on a page, React allows us to do this declaratively without working with DOM elements directly. Instead, we use an abstraction, usually , which looks like HTML. Let’s consider an example: JSX // It's our state. Is the user our friend or not?
// false by default
const [isFriend, setIsFriend] = useState(false)

// Depending on the state, we show the text on the button
const buttonText = isFriend ? 'Your my Friend' : 'Add as Friend'

// There is JSX, syntax for UI
// In this case, we display a button, when clicked, we change the state
return (
  <button onClick={() => setIsFriend(true)}>{buttonText}</button>
) It is possible to nest components with ordinary DOM elements like forms, buttons, and inputs at the bottom of the hierarchy. By assembling these simple elements, we can create more complex ones, such as a complete form: const Form = () => (
  <form>
      <input name="Email"/>
      <input name="Password"/>
  </form>
)

const App = () => (
  <main>
      <h1>My form!</h1>
      <Form />
  </main>
) How does React assist us in the context of maps? As the map on the page is interactive, similar to a button or form, we aim to optimize its rendering and interaction through events like clicks on the map. React can help achieve this optimization. Here is an example of how it works: // Use React to render the map with different event handlers
// and render markers
return (
  <BaseMap
    onInitMap={() => console.log('I am alive!')}
    onClickMap={() => console.log('Click!')}
    onDestroyMap={() => console.log('Oh no!')}
  >
    <ClustersMarkers />
    <PostsMarkers />
    <ListingsMarkers />
  </BaseMap>
) When working with React, it is essential to remember that it allows for efficient manipulation of elements on the page, quick changes, and interaction with them through events. This is achieved through an abstraction that resembles HTML, making it easy to create complex components from simpler ones. Mapbox Now, let’s discuss the map itself. Creating and using maps can be challenging, and only a few product companies can design maps from scratch. Typically, most people rely on pre-made libraries with a user-friendly API that has been tried and tested. Numerous dynamic map providers are available, including Google Maps, Leaflet, Bing Maps, Mapbox, and more. However, we will focus on due to its extensive features and fair pricing policy. For instance, Google Maps charges for 100k map views per month, while Mapbox only charges . Moreover, Mapbox offers free access for up to 50k map views per month. Mapbox $700 $250 Mapbox offers , a tool often compared to Photoshop for maps. With this tool, designers can create custom styles, hide unnecessary map elements, and remove house displays. One of its benefits is the ability to enhance the visibility of . Another advantage is the opportunity to experiment with map styling in corporate colors. However, it’s essential to consider the user experience and maintain a familiar color palette, including green grass and blue water. The best part about Mapbox Studio is that it simplifies the map design process by eliminating the need for developing and transferring requirements, ultimately reducing the cost of working with maps. Mapbox Studio Points of Interest Additionally, Mapbox provides a that can convert addresses to coordinates or vice versa, simplifying the process of locating points on a map. However, the tool’s may be insufficient, leading to difficulties for certain projects. Mapbox gathers data from , such as governments, open data initiatives like OpenStreetMap, and private companies. geocoding tool worldwide coverage numerous sources Mapbox provides a variety of , although the could benefit from some improvement. For instance, when incorporating marker functionality, examples can be more informative than the documentation. Additionally, challenges may arise when merging multiple components, such as marker clusters, custom data loading, normalization, and marker state changes. practical examples documentation Let’s revisit Mapbox maps. What does the do? Mapbox API It initializes the map in an HTML element on the page; It loads and renders images that make up the map; It draws additional elements, such as markers, using GeoJson as input data; It generates events, such as clicks or zoom changes, that can be handled. Let’s take a closer look at each of these items. Mapbox specializes in map rendering using tiles. Tiles are small square images that make up the larger map. The default size of a tile is 512x512 pixels, and it can be either . tiles are used to display roads, buildings, Points of Interest (PoI), and more. They can be dynamically styled, are lightweight, and allow for smooth interaction with the map. tiles, on the other hand, are used for displaying satellite imagery. vector or raster Vector Raster Just so you know, Mapbox Studio allows us to choose the specific data we want to include in the map tiles. These tiles are then placed onto a , which is a special DOM element in the browser that displays images and other graphical elements on the web. To give you an idea, it’s similar to how documents are displayed on a canvas in Google Docs. canvas <canvas width="100" height="100" /> Mapbox handles the loading, insertion, and updating of tiles. All we have to do is specify where we want the map to be displayed and the initial conditions, like the zoom level or the map’s coordinates. To use Mapbox, you’ll need an , which is a unique key that can be found in your Mapbox account. To set up a basic map, here’s a quick example, but for more information, check out the provided: access token link mapboxgl.accessToken = 'YOUR_MAPBOX_ACCESS_TOKEN';

const map = new mapboxgl.Map({
  container: 'map', // we can use an Id or an element
  style: 'mapbox://styles/mapbox/streets-v11', // URL for styles
  center: [-74.5, 40], // initial coordinates [lng, lat]
  zoom: 9, // initial zoom
}); After this, we will get a map on the page in an element with the id ‘map.’ To provide users with more information on the map, we often display the location of a certain establishment or the boundaries of a specific area. To achieve this, we use a specific data format called and instruct Mapbox on how to showcase this data. GeoJSON GeoJSON is the standard format for storing geographic structures on maps. It can store various primitive types that describe geographic objects such as addresses, locations, streets, highways, borders, countries, states, and combinations of these, known as multipart. GeoJSON was introduced in 2008 and is represented like this: {
  "type": "Feature", // also can be FeatureCollection, it's collection of Feature
  "geometry": {
    "type": "Point", // also can be LineString, Polygon, MultiPolygon
    "coordinates": [125.6, 10.1] // for other types you can use Array with coordinates
  },
  "properties": { // it's metadata, we can you that to show something on the map
    "name": "Dinagat Islands"
  }
} Let’s talk about the coordinate system used in Mapbox. By default, Mapbox employs , which is a way of projecting the Earth onto a flat surface to work with tiles. This is known as Web Mercator and is the standard for online maps. However, when dealing with data about markers and polygons, it uses a different coordinate system called . This system relies on latitude and longitude to describe coordinates on the Earth’s ellipsoid. Mapbox and other map providers automatically convert coordinates from EPSG 4326 to EPSG 3857. If we need to work with different , we can use the method. EPSG 3857 EPSG 4326 projections map.setProjection Now, we will discuss how to display GeoJSON on the map. Mapbox offers two entities that we will find helpful: — This is the data seed. We can create a new source with GeoJSON data and configure it, for example, to generate an ID for each feature in the feature collection. Source — This is the data representation. We can display the data from the source in different ways, such as showing boundaries. Layer To display polygons or markers on the map, we must retrieve the data in GeoJson format from the server. Then, we create a source, input the data into it, and connect it to the required layer. const geoJsonFeature = {
  'type': 'Feature',
  'geometry': {
      'type': 'Polygon',
      'coordinates': [
          [-67.13734, 45.13745],
          [-66.96466, 44.8097],
          [-68.03252, 44.3252],
          [-67.13734, 45.13745]
      ]
  }
}

// Create source with our data
map.addSource('ourSource', {
  'type': 'geojson',
  'data': geoJsonFeature
});

// Add layer for background
map.addLayer({
  'id': 'background',
  'type': 'fill',
  'source': 'ourSource', // название нашего source
  'layout': {},
  'paint': {
      'fill-color': '#0080ff',
      'fill-opacity': 0.5
  }
});

// Add layer for border
map.addLayer({
  'id': 'border',
  'type': 'line',
  'source': 'ourSource',
  'layout': {},
  'paint': {
      'line-color': '#000',
      'line-width': 3
  }
}); After running this code, we get the result: To learn more about this topic, you can refer to the provided by Mapbox. In this tutorial, we have covered the process of initializing the map and presenting our data. Next, we will explore how to handle events like clicking, dragging, and zooming. For instance, we can use Mapbox to monitor events and display the coordinates in the console as the user moves their cursor on the map. To achieve this, we simply call the method with the event type we want, similar to how we work with DOM elements. documentation on map.on('mousemove', (e) => {
  console.log(JSON.stringify(e.point));
});

// Result: {"x":330,"y":49} In summary, what do we need to remember? Mapbox allows us to display a map, draw our data on top of it, and process map events. At the same time, Mapbox takes care of loading and displaying images (tiles). Fetch A word about . We have already seen how to render data on a map, but first, we must retrieve it from the server. When we dynamically request data from the server in the background without reloading the page, we call this approach (“ synchronous avaScript nd ML”). There are many tools for loading data asynchronously from the server, such as Axios or XMLHttpRequest (native). fetch AJAX A J a X What to remember? We retrieve data from the server, and there are many libraries for this, but we will use fetch. Next, we will look at how we do this specifically when working with maps, as there are nuances. React + Mapbox Now let’s see how the technologies described above work together. First, we will retrieve the data for displaying the polygon using fetch. Then we will declare the initialization of the map, and after it loads, we will add the polygon to the map. You can also find a working example at the provided. link const useFetch = () => {
  /*
  Our data
  {
      'type': 'Feature',
      'geometry': {
          'type': 'Polygon',
          'coordinates': [
              [
                  [-67.13734, 45.13745],
                  [-68.03252, 44.3252],
                  [-68.90478, 47.18479],
                  [-67.13734, 45.13745],
              ]
          ]
      }
  }
  */
  const [data, setData] = useState(null)

  useEffect(() => {
    fetch('https://our-api.com/polygon')
      .then(response => response.json())
      .then(setData)
      .catch(e => {
        console.error(e)
      })
  }, [setData])

  return { data }
}

const BaseMap = () => {
  // Use the hook to fetch data
  const { data } = useFetch(GET_REGION);

  // Map instance
  const map = useRef(null);
  // DOM element
  const mapContainer = useRef(null);

  // Main logic - init the map and add the event
  useEffect(() => {
    if (map.current) {
      return; // initialize map only once
    }

    mapboxgl.accessToken = 'YOUR_MAPBOX_ACCESS_TOKEN';
    map.current = new mapboxgl.Map({
      container: mapContainer.current,
      style: 'mapbox://styles/mapbox/light-v10', // style URL (it's Mapbox's core style)
      center: [-68.137343, 45.137451], // starting position
      zoom: 5 // starting zoom
    });

    // Handle event
    map.on('load', () => {
      const sourceId = 'source-region'

      // Add a data source containing GeoJSON data
      map.addSource(sourceId, {
        'type': 'geojson',
        'data': data.region // our data from Apollo
      });

      // Add a new layer to visualize the polygon
      map.addLayer({
        'id': 'background',
        'type': 'fill',
        'source': sourceId, // reference the data source
        'paint': {
            'fill-color': '#0080ff', // blue color fill
            'fill-opacity': 0.5
        }
      });
      // Add a black outline around the polygon
      map.addLayer({
        'id': 'outline',
        'type': 'line',
        'source': sourceId,
        'paint': {
            'line-color': '#000',
            'line-width': 3
        }
      });
    });
  });

  return <div ref={mapContainer} />;
} Conclusion We looked at the technology stack that underpins our future architecture. In the following article, we will discuss the principles that help design a map architecture, how to achieve maximum low coupling and high cohesion of modules, and how to maintain and develop a scalable map system. Thank you very much for your attention! Have a great day.

Maps on the Web Using React and Mapbox

প্রতিক্রিয়া এবং ম্যাপবক্স ব্যবহার করে ওয়েবে মানচিত্র

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Have you ever felt the adrenaline rush of checking your bank account, unsure if the numbers will spell adventure or setback? That's the daily gamble for us digital nomads, making not just about numbers but about navigating life. budget planning I tried different budgeting/financial planning apps and created “one more tool.” The Challenge of a Nomadic Wallet Picture this: You're in Phuket, rent’s due, a baby's needs, and a new currency exchange rate to wrap your head around. It’s not just about tracking expenses; it’s about predicting life in different currencies. Traditional money management advice falls flat when your lifestyle is as dynamic as the places you explore. It’s worth mentioning that personal budgeting is different for everyone, depending on so many factors, so I can’t imagine a one-fits-all solution is possible. This article is mostly about my own experience in setting up the budget. I genuinely believe that some people struggle with the same issues as I did, where existing solutions do half the work at most. If you recognize yourself in this story and would like to share yours, I’d be happy to talk more about your journey; please write me at dmitrii@malakhov.one Preamble Planning a budget is challenging. It takes months to years to properly prepare it, learn your habits, do educated estimates, and stick to the plan. Even so, emergencies happen, and you’d better be ready. When you’re a nomad (or traveler, or entrepreneur, or you’re just starting your path in financial planning) - you always deal with extreme uncertainty. There always are things you couldn’t think of a week ago; there are always things that will happen in a few weeks or months you are not ready for. That’s where many people overspend, underestimate, and fall into money stress. The problem As a nomad and expat with a family, I had to deal with numerous problems I was unprepared for with “traditional” money planning approaches. The variety of living costs - from rent to groceries, medical expenses, visas, taxes, etc. are different every time. I always have at least three active currencies in mind - the local one, my homeland currency, and the payroll currency - it’s tricky to track everything in one place. But the main problem is the question: “Do I have enough money till the next payroll?”. It’s easier to answer if your budget is relatively constant - you learn it, and you’re more or less confident with estimates. But when you need to know when to buy tickets, when your rent deposit will be returned, payroll changes, etc. - it is easy to miss that little thing and get into the big problem: But payroll is on the 5 and 25 of the month (for example) Estimates show a positive monthly balance You have considerable expenses between 5 and 25 (flight and rent, for example) You’re broke for a week because of that There are lots of variations of this case, but the general idea is the same: Can I spend X now always to have enough cash Should I transfer Y from one account to another (it may take days) And so on. Should I take N from the fund and return after Z days? Surprisingly, there are not many solutions for this case, and none help to answer all of them. The Misfit of Existing Tools After diving into , my comfort zone, I quickly hit a wall—the nomad's wall. No premade spreadsheet was ready for the financial gymnastics of managing rent in dinars, groceries in rubles, and savings in dollars. Excel Existing solutions and what’s missing Here, I’ll list a few options I’ve discovered. To be clear on what I’m looking for - I want to find two main features: Daily balance in the calendar Multi-currency support Excel/Google Sheets Of course, the first thing most people refer to when it comes to budgeting is Excel. There are countless templates, presets, and macroses to help with this. Actually, “Excel on steroids” tools like AirTable, Notion, and others also go here. It’s hard to underestimate the power of those tables - you can customize them in whatever way you like, write your macroses, and craft The System. There is nothing wrong with this approach in general - it helped thousands of people to keep track of their money. But when it comes to the case above, it lacks several essential things that are very hard to handle, and even if we can do it, it becomes a Frankenstein. Plus, if we want to simplify logging expenses - it’ll require even more effort. Regarding daily balance and multi-currency - you’d better be an Excel wizard to implement something like this on your own. In conclusion, it works for some, but it is not the best choice for us here. Expense tracking apps They’re following in our queue. Most offer neat UI, allowing you to visualize spending habits, set goals, and adjust plans, and are suitable for those who don’t want to bother with Excel. Often, those are mobile-only, which is excellent for quick logging but struggle to show things that may be important. Some offer multi-currency support (some with great auto-conversions to show all of them in Euros, like ZenMoney) and other cool features; others (DollarBird and Calendar Budget) - show daily balance, but only in one currency. After a few days of searching and several months of testing, I’ve realized that, for example, Calendar Budget is a great tool - it shows daily balances that support multiple currencies (but when you look at the total balance of several accounts with different currencies it just sum up numbers, so if you have 100 Thai Bath, 100 dollars and 100 Argentinian pesos, you’ll see you have 300 in total). Plus, it looks pretty outdated, so I still don’t have all my questions resolved. So, I’ve started building my own thing. Crafting My Solution First, I’ve decided to do the - to test the idea, find some use cases, etc. Two evenings later, I realized things were getting quite complex; the target was still not reached, and the solution wouldn’t work anyway. prototype in AirTable Okay, let’s write some code. Frustration became an innovation. I coded a prototype, envisioning a dashboard that understands the ebb and flow of a traveler's life. Here’s a sneak peek: ￼ Notice the highlighted cell? That's the danger zone indicator, telling me when my finances are walking a tightrope. This screenshot is a bit later version, but here is the solution in a nutshell - we can log transactions in different currencies, see the balance for each currency, and, in this case - see that the cell below is highlighted if the balance is negative (which was the most important feature to me) Later, I added an option to display the balance summed across accounts in a single currency and lots of other things. For example, I’ve simplified reconciliation - pull the natural balance for each account and keep planning. But one of the most significant improvements I didn’t see previously - is a ChatGPT input from the single-line message in Messenger. I use Telegram, so this - is how it looks now: It auto-detects the amount, account, date, category, and type of transaction. It’s WIP yet, so it's not 100% accurate, but still. It’s only a fraction of the features this product has at the moment, and even more are coming, but this allowed me to switch from all other apps and finally see the accurate picture of my budget and see in advance if there are potential risks so that I can handle them timely. Thank you for reading! Let's Connect and Collaborate My journey is ongoing, and this tool is growing. If you're craving a budget that moves with you, let's talk. or . Together, we can craft the financial compass for the digital age. Book a demo email me

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