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What is a DAO? A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is a group or community built around a certain mission(s) and is coordinated through a shared set of rules that are enforced on the blockchain. DAOs are more transparent than traditional organizations since all the actions can be seen and verified on the former. Shareholders can view the financial statements of the DAO in real-time as they are always readily available on the blockchain, which reduces the risk of censorship and corruption. DAOs are easier to join and have better global access when compared to traditional companies. Essentially, the beginnings of a cult. Traditional Company vs DAO. Source: Aragon Types of DAOs There are more than 100 DAOs today that manage assets worth over $10 billion. Creating a DAO is not as difficult as it seems. While a DeFi protocol with over $1 billion of assets governed on-chain by over 10,000+ token holders qualifies to be a DAO. A Telegram group with at least 1 ETH and no less than ten members also qualifies as a DAO. This also allows shitposters to get a job. This is how the current DAO Landscape looks: DAO Operating Systems These are the operating systems used to create DAOs. Such projects will provide different frameworks, templates, and tools to help communities pool resources together and create their DAO. These operating systems offer smart contracts and interfaces that facilitate on-chain actions for these DAOs. DAO operating systems make it easy for non-techies to create and launch DAOs. Grant DAOs The first real application of DAOs was in grants. Online communities will donate funds and then use a Decentralized Autonomous Organization to vote on how that money is allocated to various contributors in the form of governance proposals. In the past, Governance of Grants DAOs was done through non-transferable shares, meaning that social capital motivated participation and not the financial returns. Protocol DAOs These protocols allow the transition of power from the hands of the core team to that of the community. Protocol DAOs introduced the concept of transferable ERC20 tokens  that come with a secondary market value. Token holders have the authority to vote, propose and implement various changes to the network’s underlying mechanics. Members of Protocol DAOs vote on how to distribute tokens, opening up to yield farming, liquidity mining, and fair launches. Investment DAOs DAOs were originally created as non-profit communities. Protocol DAOs introduced a new class of tokens with secondary market value, and groups started to gain interest to invest in them. Investment DAOs came with tighter restrictions when compared to Grant DAOs. However, they showed that individuals could come together and invest large amounts with low entry barriers. These DAOs allow members to pool resources together and invest in projects in their earliest stages. Service DAOs Talent is needed as more and more tokens are continuously being created and introduced. Service DAOs are simply talent aggregators that use on-chain credentials to funnel and allocate resources from one DAO to the next. These DAOs establish decentralized working groups for individuals that will act as crypto-native talent agencies. Service DAOs create funnels to contract Web3 mercenaries that work on areas such as legal, creative, development, treasury management, governance, and marketing. Work done is mostly rewarded using ERC20 tokens. These DAOs explore what the future of work will look like. Social DAOs The modern world is mostly focused on financial capital. Social DAOs are changing the landscape by focusing on social capital. Social DAOs are evolving group chats where friends become co-workers working towards a common goal. Social DAOs challenge the traditional social community set up and aims to create digitally-native tribes. They also show that there is more to crypto than just making a quick buck. Collector DAOs Collector DAOs were created to collect and curate NFTs that are expected to increase in value. By teaming up and coordinating efforts and funds, digital collectors are able to purchase NFT's that would otherwise be too expensive or perhaps even too risky to be purchased by an individual on their own. Media DAOs Web 2.0 has made information globally accessible. However, shared ownership of narratives through which such information is distributed has not been possible. Whether it be media mining programs to incentivize contributions or governance over which topics make the front page, Media DAOs turn consumption into a two-way street. Media DAOs are crafted to give that power to the consumers of content. Media DAOs break down how writers, readers, and streamers interact with content. The main aim of Media DAOs is to share the open agenda of the outlet and spread awareness and news. Examples of DAOs Now that you understand the different types of DAOs, let’s explore specific examples. There are thousands of DAOs out there, but I will just highlight a few. The DAO The DAO was one of the first DAOs to be launched. was launched in 2006 as a decentralized venture capital fund. Members of this DAO contributed ETH and received in return. These DAO tokens allowed members to vote on how the funds contributed would be utilized. The DAO DAO tokens The project raised $150 million in ETH, but lost $60 million in a hack. The hack stained the DAOs impression, and people became skeptical about pooling funds for this new organization structure. Even though The DAO is now defunct, public members can still view all the transactions as they are on a public blockchain. Curve DAO Curve DAO is an automated market maker (AMM). This DAO generates fees and provides a system for revenue sharing for token holders that lock their tokens. The rewards and voting rights of the members are determined by how long the Curve token (CRV) is locked. is unlike traditional companies where profits are paid out pro-rata; what matters in Curve DAO is the length of time that a token holder has remained invested in the company. Curve DAO DAO Tools DAO tools are a suite of tools that have been built to help create and coordinate DAOs, so interested members do not have to create everything from scratch. The following are some of the most notable tools: : Frontend software where individuals can create and deploy DAOs and vote on proposals. This tool also has a suite of add-ons that easily integrates DAO activity with external applications such as Discourse, Gnosis Safe, and Discord. DAOHaus : Governance dashboard used to track the on-chain voting history that occurs across different protocols. Tally : Treasury management tool that helps to track and send payments easily. Parcel : Bots that provide token-gated access and tips to community chat groups. Collab.land : Forum that is used to discuss governance issues. Discourse : Multisig wallets that are used to manage online communities’ treasuries. Gnosis Safe : Tool that manages proposals for voting by the various token holders, making it possible to see all the relevant details of the proposal and the status of votes cast. Snapshot : Tool to keep track of the entire DAO ecosystem. Some of the important metrics available are the number of proposals, number of members, and voter participation on a platform. DeepDAO : Governance tool for token holder management. It is the tool that empowers key decision-making. Boardroom : Suite of products and services for DAO treasuries. This tool is also engaged with community and governance. Llama : Allows users to create locks and place them anywhere they would like to lock content. Users can then purchase memberships as NFT keys, and this will grant them access to tickets or content or anything else that has been monetized. Unlock protocol : Tool that helps create a community with ‘superpowers’. It provides powerful tools that help different creators build and operate their tokenized communities. Coinvise : Sandbox solution that allows various creators to test out their NFTs with their fans and community before minting. Mintgate : Tool that makes it possible to create legal agreements and contracts that agree with Ethereum. OpenLaw DAO Protocols : An open-source blockchain protocol that allows users to manage and build DAOs. Aragon uses Ethereum smart contracts when creating, managing, and sharing the proceeds of the organization. The project allows voting, payroll, accounting, and assignment management. Aragon : Decentralized Autonomous Organization protocol that awards grants aimed at advancing the Ethereum ecosystem. Members of the Moloch DAO are allowed to withdraw funds in “ragequit” if they don’t agree with the overall decisions of the system. Its smart contracts have been forked several times to create other DAOs. Moloch DAO : Smart contract framework that offers the organizational structure for ownership and financial management. The users can customize various DAOs using the available smart contract modules. Colony : Modular and open-source software that allows for the governance of DAOs. Stakeholders can come together to create and manage a DAO that is shared by all the contributors. DAOStack : Protocol designed around working groups or “pods”. Pods are usually treated as sub-DAOs that have their own membership and governance. An individual pod can become a member of the wider DAO. Orca Protocol : Decentralized social network and investing protocol that is transforming how the world creates value. The protocol democratizes investing, empowering communities to raise and invest capital. Syndicate Smashing Quorums with the DAO 1. Decisions are made based on the votes casted on the DAO. Users can easily collaborate without the need to know each other. Decisions will then be executed on-chain as long as the predetermined guidelines are met. Token weight voting, on-chain execution: 2. Also known as a multisignature system, where actions on the DAO will require two or more signatures to be executed. The smart contract of the DAO determines the minimum number of signatures that are needed to execute a certain action. Token weight voting, multisig execution: 3. Governance structure that takes one vote from every member of the DAO. The financial or social influence of a person to the system is not considered when voting on decisions within the DAO. One-person-one-vote: 4. Members are only allowed to participate in various functions, such as voting. However, core actions such as execution are left to the core team. Participation only: Printing Cash for DAOs Creators of DAOs can make money through the following approaches: 1. The creators of DAOs can develop a subscription model where members will pay to be part of the community. Membership subscription. 2. It is one of the latest concepts in the gaming world. Gamers will be required to pay certain fees to unlock various features or speed up the game. Play-to-earn. 3. We have already seen examples of DAO protocols. If your DAO is a protocol, you can charge individuals who want to use it fees. Protocol fees. 4. A DAO can ask for donations from members of the public who would love to support their vision. Donations. 5. A DAO can invest in a money-making stream that will support its operations. Investment. 6. Clients that are not knowledgeable in creating DAOs can contract you to create one for them. Client payment. 7. Crowdfunding is one of the best ways to fund a project. DAOs can crowdfund and raise money to work on the core mission. Research crowdfund. Future The use of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations is still in its infancy stage. The following are some of the areas where we are likely to see more applications: A good example is DAOs that use futarchy for decision-making where members will bet in prediction markets. Members will then use the outcomes of those markets to determine the course of action to take. Experiment with governance systems more rapidly. DAOs will serve a number of varying protocols, and they will be rewarded in governance tokens. We are also likely to see DAOs voting and becoming delegators in other protocols. Meta-governance. Each member can vote on different attributes of pieces of art. The final piece will have different features based on individual contributions. Collective NFT art collections. We are likely to see individuals building up their reputations in a DAO without necessarily revealing their identities. Such an approach allows members to be on a level playing field, and the DAO can reward individual contributors rather than catering to high-profile members who have a large following. Anonymous memberships. Potential Issues Even though DAOs promise to revolutionize groups, they cannot solve every problem that organizations face. The following are some of the issues DAOs face: Code used in a DAO can be a replacement for aspects of legal contracts and save huge amounts of operational overheads. However, there may be no legal protection outside the rules highlighted in the DAO. Issues may arise if the DAOs control is centralized or vaguely defined. There may be a lack of legal protection outside the DAO’s rules. Decision-making in a DAO may depend on how responsive the members are. This is unlike centralized organizations where CEOs can make quick decisions and help push the company forward. However, DAOs can employ the ‘progressive decentralization’ where a centralized group makes decisions during the early stages, and then the DAO decentralizes over time. There may be difficulties coordinating and moving quickly. There may be a situation where not all members want to vote. In some cases, the voters might not be capable of making quality decisions. This may lead to a situation where members delegate their voting powers, and it will be no different from existing organizational structures. Voter apathy. -- Have an early-stage blockchain startup or even an idea for one without a team? Momentum 6 is an early-stage fund focused primarily on decentralized finance, Web 3.0, gaming and metaverse, and NFTs. Incubation (M6 Labs): We leverage our deep knowledge of blockchain and past experiences building successful startups to build market-leading companies. Submit your idea or startup for incubation here . Investment (M6 Ventures): We have successfully invested in over 130+ blockchain startups. Our diverse portfolio shows that we have positioned ourselves as one of the leading investment firms. Research (M6 Labs): We use our unique approach and analysis to produce quality research surrounding industry trends and opportunities: https://t.me/M6bullets. :-) Portfolio (135+ Projects). Managing Partner: Garlam Won . Head of Labs: Kadeem Clarke

Everything You Need to Know About DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations)

Credits: Space Odyssey 2001 Becoming a spacefaring civilization is both inspiring and necessary to in case of existential threats that may end civilizations on Earth. Humans are explorers by nature. Early humans stepped foot out of Africa about years ago. However, it was only homo sapiens who moved out 60,000 years ago that seem to have become the forebearers that populated the rest of the world. preserve consciousness 2 million If humans had never taken the risk or found the necessity to venture out of Africa, it is possible that human civilization would have perished. Or, at the very least, the progress we have made thus far would have been unlikely. We built technologies to adapt to harsh conditions that were different from early Africa. Our forefathers and foremothers gave us agriculture, roads, democracy and trade. However, only after the Enlightenment era did we start seeing rapid progress in making the world . a better place Advances in science and technology - the steam engine, air travel, computers, medicine, etc - have tremendously shaped the modern world we are in today. The arrival of the space race in the 1950s and 60s helped us reach for the final frontier. We put a man in space in 1958 and sent a manned mission to Moon and brought them back in 1969. Although interest in outer space gradually started to cool down, the knock-on effects from space technology enabled us to build satellite-based communication, positioning services, earth observation, and that could be used . With SpaceX, its brainchild Starlink, new space companies such as Planet and Relativity Space, we see a renewed interest in Space. Building and deploying constellations of internet satellites will enable connectivity for the remotest of areas. 3D printing rockets and satellites will enable faster and more launches. Mapping the entire world through Earth observation satellites will help us better understand the world and the role of climate change. spin-off technologies on Earth But what about space manufacturing and why is it necessary? Historically, new cities were built alongside ports where trade and economy flourished. In the modern era, cities have thrived on industrialization. Most cities across the world became modern industrial capitals by building factories and supply chains. The same applies to Space. To accelerate humanity's path out to the stars and colonize other planets, we need to industrialize space and build a space economy. If the first big step towards becoming a space-faring civilization is building reusable rockets. The second is industrializing space. The good thing about industrializing space is, besides the necessity to create a space supply chain, space through micro-gravity, or low gravity, that it offers enormous potential in radically shifting manufacturing capabilities for certain products required here on Earth. Chemistry, the underlying science, is not exempt from the effects of gravity, a fundamental force on Earth that influences all systems at a molecular level. From proteins to semiconductors, everything is made of molecules and compounds. Certain earthbound limitations conjure upon how molecules behave due to gravity. However, microgravity is from forces affected by gravity such as: free , the process of deposition of solid material from a state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or water). The absence of sedimentation in microgravity enables the combination of any number of substances that would normally be extremely challenging or impossible to mix evenly on Earth. 1. Sedimentation Buoyancy forces that generate - the transfer of heat due to the bulk movement of molecules within fluids due to temperature gradients and density differences - is absent in microgravity. 2. convection : In presence of gravity, the weight of the fluid on top pushes down on the fluid below it, resulting in hydrostatic pressure gradients. This pressure can be almost completely eliminated in microgravity which then allows other forces such as - the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force - and - the mixing of particles of liquids or gases so that they move from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration - to dominate. These forces fundamentally transform the behaviour of fluids. 3. Hydrostatic Pressure surface tension diffusion , created by reaction forces on fluid container walls, is absent in microgravity affecting the way proteins and fluids respond. 4. Shear stress There are no directions in microgravity since a spacecraft in free fall results in weightlessness. Additionally, allows materials to levitate and thus removing the need for containers which drastically makes it easy to manufacture materials in a contaminant-free environment. 5. weightlessness The forces mentioned above affect how molecules crystallize. All crystals (diamonds, salts, proteins, etc.) are made of constituents (atoms/molecules/ions) that are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. Eg: Take salt(NaCl), the crystals are made up of Sodium/Na ions and Chlorine/Cl ions and they form a repetitive structure. Take Diamond and Graphite - they are both made of carbon but differ only in their crystal structures giving them completely different properties. The reduction or absence of gravity-driven forces allows for a slower and more orderly arrangement of molecules into the crystal lattice. This enables researchers to better determine the structures that offer high performance. Microgravity applications span across: : The same principle of crystal structure applies to one of the key constituents of life that are vital to the proper functioning of tissues and organs in our bodies: . Each Protein - molecules made of a particular sequence of amino acids - has a unique 3D folded crystal structure that determines its function. Studying the structure enables one to better understand the protein's function and design drugs to work with the proteins and treat diseases. Drug Research Proteins : Many products such as photovoltaic cells, chemical sensors, and optical fibres are multilayered thin films. Manufacturing these products in microgravity offers homogeneity, precise orientation, and stability of multi-layered thin films that increase the performance of these products at least by a factor of 10. Undersea silica fiber optic cables have repeaters that cost 1 Million $ every 50 miles and are subject to excess crystallization. However, cables made in microgravity have 2 orders of less attenuation and require less than 15 times fewer repeaters compared to these silica fiber optic cables. Thin Film Manufacturing ZBLAN : Microgravity can help identify the components of the organisms (bacteria/virus) that facilitate increased virulence in space, and then applies that information to pinpoint targets for anti-microbial therapeutics, including vaccines. Vaccine development experiments : An organ contains multiple tissues made of different layers of cells. Let's suppose there are 3 different layers each with different types of cells - Layer 1 above which is Layer 2 and Layer 3 the topmost. When these layers are printed on Earth, due to the kind of materials and gravity, the layers may end up combining. To combat the effects of gravity, researchers use scaffold structures to support these layers. This limits the types of materials used and the types of cells that thrive in these environments. However, in micro-gravity, the mixing wouldn't happen due to the absence of forces such as gravity and the can develop into complex three-dimensional structures. 3D Bioprinting tissue organs tissues : One of the strongest materials that is both lightweight and conductive known to science is - sheets of graphene. They are extremely difficult to produce on Earth due to convection but microgravity may offer a solution to manufacture them in a robust and scalable process that is commercially viable. Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Nanotubes There are companies working towards enabling in-space manufacturing but understanding the capabilities of different materials in microgravity, preserving the material manufactured for long durations before bringing these materials back to Earth and building an economically viable supply chain system are the challenges that need to be overcome before space manufacturing becomes the norm. Technical Landscape Research in microgravity has been around for 20-25 years. But the viability of commercializing the applications boils down to the economics of orbital manufacturing. At a high level, there are 3 stages involved here: Launching the required materials at an affordable price A standardized autonomous space manufacturing unit/spacecraft Safe return of the manufactured product back here on Earth Until the era of SpaceX, the cost of launching anything into space was prohibitively expensive. But the launch costs have from 50,000$/kg in the 1980s to 5,000$ per kg today. With new smallsat rocket launchers cropping up everywhere, this trend will continue to go further down to at least 3000$/kg or optimistically less than 1000 $/kg by end of this decade. drastically dropped Credits: SpaceX Microgravity experiments have taken place so far in parabolic flights or on the ISS. However, they come with their own set of challenges. Parabolic flights last for a very short duration. While they can be ideal for testing the hardware and conducting research, manufacturing is not an option. The International Space Station (ISS) has been the host for both research experiments and manufacturing activities to date and has propelled the possibilities of in-space manufacturing. However, it has two major concerns: ISS is part of a research community including NASA, ESA, etc, and not a commercial entity. Hence, a need for a new commercial equation that enables an in-space manufacturing economy. The presence of humans/astronauts demands an extremely cautious approach towards manufacturing or conducting research in microgravity, increasing both complexity and cost. Additionally, the presence of humans demands air to be circulated which will hamper the effect of microgravity. The current exorbitant costs of sending and bringing back a human from space also demand completely autonomous manufacturing units in space which is definitely not easy either. Building an autonomous manufacturing space unit that can be launched and returned to Earth is much more economically feasible because it will not require docking mechanisms or the environmental control systems like capsules designed to carry people. In other words, a free-flying spacecraft that can be sent into low Earth Orbit with robotic systems onboard to manufacture high-value products. Different materials require different manufacturing units with different functionalities. Manufacturing protein crystals in space require different capabilities as compared to manufacturing optical fibres. Therefore, it is necessary to standardize spacecrafts based on manufacturing requirements. Additionally, they must also support themselves with solar panels to power themselves throughout the journey, primary batteries to store and distribute power to perform manufacturing activities, propellants to change orbits or descend and other components to ensure automated, free-flying capabilities. The third but most important segment is bringing the spacecraft safely back to earth from orbit. While gravity can assist in helping the spacecraft re-enter, the spacecraft has to tackle the atmosphere and the speed of re-entry (which increases as it gets closer to Earth). Air is made up of molecules, anything that passes through air should push through these molecules. The high speed at which spacecrafts re-enter Earth (thanks to gravity) heats up the air molecules. The heat then breaks the chemical bonds in these air molecules resulting in the electrically charged plasma surrounding the spacecraft. To prevent the spacecraft from burning, a thermal heat shield is required. Additionally, for controlled descent, it is likely that the spacecrafts will carry parachutes to splash down on water. (Although that directly land the spacecraft could be an option in the future if we make advances in technology for landing small spacecrafts, miniaturize the technology, make it fail-proof, and make regulations a little looser.) retro-propulsive thrusters While landing a spacecraft on land is far easier than on water, the current regulatory enivironment is not friendly for such operations. If the economics of orbital manufacturing - launch costs, re-usable spacecrafts, and safe return - turn out to be comparable to manufacturing on Earth, there will be an increase in volume for the launch market, opening doors to industrializing space. And the returns will be enormous which is why so many companies are venturing towards industrializing space. Market Landscape In-space Manufacturing as a commercial opportunity has been explored for at least almost a decade now. , a company recently acquired by Redwire Space, has been one of the biggest players in space manufacturing. They have sent successful missions with facilities that leverage additive manufacturing to produce new materials at the ISS National Lab. Made In Space builds research and manufacturing systems into compact smart containers, called CubeLabs focused on biotech and biomedical applications in microgravity. They also unveiled plans for a fully autonomous robotic orbital platform called ST-42 designed specifically for manufacturing in space. Space Tango is the most recent startup to create a buzz in this 'space'. The company raised 9 Million$ to create a scalable and economically viable system to manufacture products in space that are extremely important on Earth. With a vision to industrialize space, Varda Space aims to start with profitable unmanned in-space factories manufacturing products. Varda Space is a European company that plans to leverage the advantages of a microgravity environment on manufacturing and production. The startup has formed a subsidiary dedicated to in-space biotech specifically called Space Biology Unlimited. Space Cargo Unlimited is a UK start-up that is looking to lead the clean industrial revolution by harnessing space and has raised $600K in seed funding in June 2020. They are developing fully reusable satellites that are designed for manufacturing next-generation super materials in space in order to return to Earth and be used to help move to low carbon technologies. Space Forge Ltd There are a bunch of startups such as , , and that provide services to research institutions to run their microgravity experiments in space and may eventually build factories in Space. , a commercial operator of microgravity research and manufacturing equipment, developed and sent a 3D BioFabrication Facility (BFF) aboard the ISS that bio-printed human tissues and intends to commercialize 3D bioprinting in space. , an Israeli startup growing meat directly from non-GMO animal cells, launched its ‘Aleph Zero’ program focused on cultivating meat for space exploration. The company believes this will enable human life to become multiplanetary and build resilience for food security by producing meat in harsh as well as remote conditions on Earth and beyond. Yuri Luna Researchsat Techshot Inc. Aleph Farms is a company that aims to leverage the miniaturized microgravity lab technology through the end-to-end miniaturized lab systems developed in-house with sensors and readers, enabling unprecedented possibilities to develop new drugs in Space. SpacePharma is a company that develops robotic arms and manufacturing technologies to be deployed aboard the ISS in-space manufacturing to support long-duration manned missions. which recently raised 130 Million $ is building the world's first commercial space station to provide Microgravity-as-a-Platform that will enable microgravity research and product development. Tethers Unlimited Inc. Axiom Space is a space robotics startup developing robots that can conduct tasks in all realms of space development, some of which will include space manufacturing but mostly focused space operations for building Lunar and Martian bases. They build general-purpose robots, task-specific robots, and remote tele-operable robots. GITAI , a subsidiary of Astrotech, is a biotechnology company developing and commercializing novel therapeutic products in microgravity in space. Astrogenetix Resources offers the best resources on startups working towards accelerating the space economy Factories in Space A by Bloomberg covering Made in Space on how space manufacturing could change everything we make. video Also published at https://infinitiventures.substack.com/p/space-manufacturing-microgravity

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